PART 15

1. under wraps (idiom)

definition: kept secret or hidden
example (context: project confidentiality)

The details of the new product are still under wraps.

2. untraceable (adj)
definition: impossible to find or follow
example (context: crime investigation)

The hacker used untraceable methods to cover their tracks.

3. a plum in your mouth (idiom)

definition: speaking in a very formal, posh, or affected manner
example (context: accent)

She speaks with a plum in her mouth, like someone from the aristocracy.

4. aristocratic (adj)
definition: relating to the nobility or upper class
example (context: society)

The aristocratic family lived in a large mansion.

5. anti-snob (adj)
definition: opposed to or critical of snobbish attitudes
example (context: personality)

He has an anti-snob attitude and treats everyone equally.

6. genteel (adj)
definition: polite, refined, or respectable, often in an affected way
example (context: behavior)

She carried herself with a genteel air at the party.

7. commoner (n)
definition: a person who is not of noble birth
example (context: social class)

Most people in the village were commoners.

 8. as it comes (idiom)
definition: in the most extreme or typical form
example (context: expression)

That was rudeness as it comes.

9. austere (adj)
definition: severe or strict in manner or appearance; plain and simple
example (context: lifestyle)

The monastery was austere with bare walls and simple furnishings.

10. be a dime a dozen (idiom)

definition: very common and of little value
example (context: jobs)

Freelance writers are a dime a dozen these days.

11. be two/ten a penny (idiom)

definition: very common or easy to find
example (context: opinion)

Complaints like that are two a penny.

12. chaste (adj)

definition: abstaining from sexual activity; pure or modest
example (context: character description)

The novel described her as a chaste and virtuous woman.

13. clinic (n)

definition: a place for medical treatment or specialized training
example (context: health)

She went to the clinic for her annual checkup.

14. come back down to earth (idiom)

definition: to return to reality after excitement or fantasy
example (context: emotional state)

After winning the award, it took her a while to come back down to earth.

15. bring sb back down to earth (idiom)

definition: to make someone face reality
example (context: advice)
His coach brought him back down to earth after his big win.

16. exoteric (adj)

definition: intended for or likely to be understood by the general public
example (context: writing style)

The book uses exoteric language accessible to all readers.

17. garden-variety (adj)

definition: ordinary or common
example (context: problem)

It's just a garden-variety cold, nothing serious.

18. homespun (adj)

definition: simple and homemade; plain but sincere
example (context: style)

She wore a homespun dress to the country fair.

19. middle-of-the-road (adj)

definition: moderate, not extreme or radical
example (context: politics)

His views are middle-of-the-road, appealing to a broad audience.

20. mundane (adj)

definition: ordinary, dull, and lacking excitement
example (context: daily life)

She was tired of her mundane office job.

21. nondeviant (adj)

definition: conforming to accepted standards or norms
example (context: sociology)

The group encouraged nondeviant behavior among its members.

22. run-of-the-mill (adj)

definition: average, ordinary, not special
example (context: product review)

It was just a run-of-the-mill restaurant, nothing fancy.

 23. spartan (adj)
definition: showing simplicity, austerity, or discipline
example (context: lifestyle)

They lived a spartan life without luxury.

24. stark naked (idiom)

definition: completely naked
example (context: humor)

He ran out of the house stark naked after the prank.

25. stereotype (n)

definition: a widely held but oversimplified idea of a particular type of person or thing
example (context: social studies)

The movie challenged common stereotypes about teenagers.

26. triteness (n)

definition: the quality of being unoriginal or boring through overuse
example (context: writing)

The speech suffered from triteness and lacked originality.

27. elaborate (adj, v)

definition: (adj) detailed and complicated; (v) to develop in detail
example (context: explanation)

She gave an elaborate explanation of the project.

28. ostentatious (adj)

definition: characterized by vulgar or pretentious display to attract attention
example (context: fashion)

His ostentatious jewelry was hard to miss.

29. humdrum (adj)

definition: lacking excitement or variety; dull
example (context: routine)

The humdrum routine made her life feel monotonous.

30. ballpark (n, adj)

definition: (n) an approximate number or range; (adj) approximate
example (context: estimation)
The project cost is in the ballpark of $10,000.

31. in good company (idiom)

definition: sharing a situation with others, especially when not alone in a difficulty
example (context: consolation)

You're in good company if you've ever missed a deadline.

32. be in the same ballpark (idiom)

definition: to be close in amount, quality, or value
example (context: comparison)

Our offers are in the same ballpark.

33. be two of a kind (idiom)

definition: very similar in behavior or character
example (context: friendship)

Those two troublemakers are two of a kind.

34. comport (v)

definition: to behave in a particular manner
example (context: formal behavior)

He comported himself with dignity at the ceremony.

35. correspond to (phrasal verb)

definition: to match or be equivalent to something
example (context: data)

The results correspond to previous studies.

36. even sth out (phrasal verb)

definition: to make something equal or smooth
example (context: negotiation)

They tried to even out the differences between the proposals.

37. flatline (v, n)

definition: (v) to stop improving or growing; (n) a flat heart monitor line indicating death
example (context: business)

Sales flatlined after the initial launch.

 38. homologous (adj)
definition: having the same relation or structure
example (context: biology)

The homologous chromosomes pair during meiosis.

39. in line with (phrase)

definition: consistent with or according to
example (context: policy)

The results are in line with our expectations.

40. match up (phrasal verb)

definition: to be similar or equal to something
example (context: comparison)

His story didn’t match up with the evidence.

41. rival (n, v)

definition: (n) competitor; (v) to compete with
example (context: sports)

She rivals the best players in the league.

42. Vietnamese, Italian,... by birth (phrase)

definition: having a certain nationality from birth
example (context: identity)

He is Italian by birth but raised abroad.

43. born and bred (idiom)

definition: born and raised in a particular place
example (context: background)

She is born and bred in New York City.

44. in your bones (idiom)

definition: feeling something deeply and instinctively
example (context: intuition)

I knew in my bones that something was wrong.

45. innate (adj)

definition: existing naturally from birth; inborn
example (context: talent)
She has an innate ability for music.

46. double jeopardy (n)

definition: being tried twice for the same crime, which is illegal in many systems
example (context: law)

The defendant argued that prosecuting him again would be double jeopardy.

47. litigate (v)

definition: to engage in legal proceedings
example (context: law)

The company decided to litigate rather than settle out of court.

48. plaintiff (n)

definition: a person who brings a case against another in a court of law
example (context: court)

The plaintiff sought damages for breach of contract.

49. tortious (adj)

definition: relating to or constituting a wrongful act leading to civil legal liability
example (context: law)

The company was liable for tortious interference.

50. a leopard can't/doesn't change its spots (idiom)

definition: a person cannot change their innate nature
example (context: personality)

He’s still dishonest— a leopard can’t change its spots.

51. burn your boats/bridges (idiom)

definition: to do something that makes it impossible to go back
example (context: decision-making)

Quitting without notice was like burning his bridges.

52. entrench (v)

definition: to firmly establish something, making it difficult to change
example (context: politics)

The law entrenched the rights of workers.

 53. hard and fast (idiom)
definition: definite and unchangeable
example (context: rules)

There are no hard and fast rules for creativity.

54. hard line (n, adj)

definition: a strict or uncompromising attitude or policy
example (context: politics)

The government took a hard line on immigration.

55. hardliner (n)

definition: a person who adheres to a strict and uncompromising policy
example (context: politics)

The hardliners opposed any compromise.

56. irremediable (adj)

definition: impossible to cure or repair
example (context: damage)

The irremediable damage to the environment shocked activists.

57. malleable (adj)

definition: capable of being shaped or changed
example (context: personality)

Children’s minds are highly malleable.

58. refractory (adj)

definition: stubborn or resistant to control or treatment
example (context: behavior)

The refractory student refused to follow the rules.

59. sb's way or the highway (idiom)

definition: an ultimatum where only one’s own way is accepted
example (context: negotiation)

It’s my way or the highway in this project.

60. arch your back (phrase)

definition: to bend the back into a curve, often in pain or surprise
example (context: physical reaction)
The cat arched its back when frightened.

61. buckle (v)

definition: to bend or give way under pressure
example (context: structure)

The metal beam buckled under the heavy load.

62. coil sth into (phrasal verb)

definition: to wind or twist something into loops
example (context: cables)

She coiled the rope into a neat circle.

63. contort (v)

definition: to twist or bend out of shape
example (context: expression)

His face contorted in pain.

64. convoluted (adj)

definition: extremely complex and difficult to follow
example (context: explanation)

The plot of the novel was convoluted and confusing.

65. crooked (adj)

definition: bent or twisted out of shape; dishonest
example (context: behavior)

The politician was known for his crooked deals.

66. curl up (phrasal verb)

definition: to bend into a curved or rounded position
example (context: resting)

The cat curled up on the windowsill.

67. devious (adj)

definition: showing a skillful use of underhanded tactics to achieve goals
example (context: personality)

She took a devious route to get the promotion.

 68. entwine (v)
definition: to twist or wind together
example (context: nature)

The vines entwined around the old fence.

69. intertwine (v)

definition: to twist together or be closely connected
example (context: stories)

Their lives became intertwined over the years.

70. interweave (v)

definition: to weave together
example (context: fabric or ideas)

The narrative interweaves past and present events.

71. serpentine (adj)

definition: winding and twisting like a snake
example (context: road)

The serpentine road made driving challenging.

72. sinuous (adj)

definition: having many curves and turns
example (context: river)

The sinuous river flowed gently through the valley.

73. slithery (adj)

definition: slippery and smooth, like a snake’s movement
example (context: texture)

The fish had a slithery feel as it slipped through her hands.

74. torsion (n)

definition: the act of twisting or the state of being twisted
example (context: physics)

The bridge experienced torsion due to strong winds.

75. wrap sth around sth (phrasal verb)

definition: to encircle or twist something around something else
example (context: wrapping)
She wrapped the scarf around her neck.

76. avarice (n)

definition: extreme greed for wealth or material gain
example (context: literature)

The king’s avarice led to the downfall of his kingdom.

77. glutton (n)

definition: a person who eats or consumes excessively
example (context: behavior)

He was a glutton for desserts at the party.

78. greedy (adj)

definition: having an excessive desire for wealth or possessions
example (context: personality)

The greedy businessman ignored ethical concerns.

79. hoggish (adj, informal)

definition: behaving in a selfish or greedy manner
example (context: manners)

Don’t be so hoggish with the snacks!

80. mercenary (adj, n)

definition: (adj) motivated only by money; (n) a soldier hired for pay
example (context: business)

His mercenary attitude made him unpopular with colleagues.

81. rapacious (adj)

definition: aggressively greedy or grasping
example (context: economics)

The rapacious landlords raised rents unfairly.

82. ravenous (adj)

definition: extremely hungry
example (context: appetite)

After the hike, we were ravenous and ate everything in sight.

 at a premium (idiom)
definition: Very scarce or valuable.
example (context: resources–business): Housing in the city center is at a premium these days.

 thin on the ground (idiom)

definition: Existing in small numbers or amounts.
example (context: people–resources): Experienced teachers are thin on the ground in rural
areas.

 devoid of (adj phrase)

definition: Completely lacking or free from something.
example (context: emotion–environment): His speech was devoid of any emotion.

 like gold dust (idiom)

definition: Very rare and valuable.
example (context: job–item): Good opportunities like that are like gold dust.

 meagre (adj)
definition: Very small or insufficient in quantity or quality.
example (context: food–income): They survived on a meagre diet during the crisis.

 nuanced (adj)
definition: Having subtle differences or distinctions.
example (context: opinion–art): Her argument was very nuanced and well thought out.

 overstretch (v)
definition: To use resources or abilities beyond what is manageable.
example (context: work–capacity): The charity was overstretched by the flood relief efforts.

 paltry (adj)
definition: Very small or trivial; insignificant.
example (context: money–effort): He was paid a paltry sum for his work.

 pathetic (adj)
definition: Causing pity, sadness, or contempt due to weakness or inadequacy.
example (context: performance–behavior): The team’s effort was pathetic in the final game.

 scant (adj)
definition: Barely sufficient or adequate.
example (context: resources–attention): The report gave only scant attention to environmental
issues.

 sparse (adj)
definition: Thinly dispersed or scattered; not dense.
example (context: population–vegetation): The area is sparsely populated.
 accessorize (v)
definition: To add accessories to enhance appearance or function.
example (context: fashion–design): She loves to accessorize her outfits with scarves.

 adornment (n)
definition: Decoration or ornament.
example (context: fashion–culture): The necklace was a beautiful adornment.

 doll yourself up (idiom)

definition: To dress or make oneself up in an attractive or elaborate way.
example (context: social event–appearance): She dolled herself up for the party.

 embellish (v)
definition: To make something more attractive by adding details or decorations.
example (context: storytelling–design): He embellished the story to make it more exciting.

 festoon (v/n)
definition: To decorate with chains or strips of material; a decorative chain or strip.
example (context: event–decoration): The hall was festooned with lights and ribbons.

 garland (n/v)
definition: A wreath or chain of flowers used as decoration; to decorate with a garland.
example (context: celebration–nature): She wore a garland of roses.

 jolly (adj)
definition: Happy and cheerful.
example (context: mood–holiday): They were in a jolly mood at the festival.

 makeover (n)
definition: A transformation or renovation of appearance or style.
example (context: home–personal): The room got a fresh makeover with new paint.

 ornate (adj)
definition: Elaborately decorated.
example (context: architecture–clothing): The palace had ornate ceilings and walls.

 tart (adj, informal)

definition: Having a sharp or sour taste; also refers to a woman who dresses or behaves
provocatively.
example (context: taste–slang): The lemonade was tart and refreshing.

 trim (v/n/adj)
definition: To make neat by cutting; decoration; neat and in good order.
example (context: gardening–appearance): She trimmed the hedges in the garden.
 altruistic (adj)
definition: Showing selfless concern for the well-being of others.
example (context: personality–charity): His altruistic actions inspired many.

 benefactor (n)
definition: A person who gives money or help to a cause or person.
example (context: charity–support): The school received a large donation from an anonymous
benefactor.

 benevolent (adj)
definition: Well meaning and kindly.
example (context: personality–organization): The benevolent organization helped many
families.

 big-hearted (adj)
definition: Generous and kind.
example (context: character–behavior): She is known as a big-hearted person in the community.

 handout (n)
definition: Something given free, especially money or food to those in need.
example (context: charity–welfare): The homeless rely on government handouts.

 largesse (n)
definition: Generosity in giving money or gifts.
example (context: charity–wealth): The wealthy donor’s largesse funded the new hospital.

 lavish (adj/v)
definition: Sumptuously rich or elaborate; to give in generous amounts.
example (context: party–gift): They threw a lavish celebration for their anniversary.

 munificent (adj)
definition: Very generous.
example (context: donation–personality): The foundation made a munificent grant to the
university.

 open-handed (adj)
definition: Generous; willing to give freely.
example (context: behavior–charity): He was open-handed with his time and money.

 philanthropy (n)
definition: The desire to promote the welfare of others, often through charitable donations.
example (context: charity–social): She devoted her life to philanthropy.

 unsparing (adj)
definition: Giving generously or without restraint; harsh or severe.
example (context: criticism–effort): The critic was unsparing in his review.
 unstinting (adj)
definition: Very generous or giving without holding back.
example (context: support–effort): Their unstinting support helped the charity thrive.

 aftertaste (n)
definition: A taste that remains in the mouth after eating or drinking.
example (context: food–drink): The wine left a bitter aftertaste.

 astringent (adj)
definition: Having a sharp or bitter taste; causing contraction of tissues.
example (context: taste–medicine): The tea was astringent but refreshing.

 blackball (v)
definition: To exclude someone from a group by vote or decision.
example (context: club–social): He was blackballed from the club due to controversy.

 on the books (idiom)

definition: Officially recorded or registered.
example (context: law–business): The company has 50 employees on the books.

 vote with your feet (idiom)

definition: To express disapproval or preference by leaving or not participating.
example (context: protest–choice): Customers voted with their feet by boycotting the store.

 affiliation (n)
definition: Connection or association with a group or organization.
example (context: politics–business): The candidate’s affiliation with the party was clear.

 lacerating (adj)
definition: Severely critical or painful.
example (context: criticism–emotion): The review was a lacerating attack on the film.

 poignant (adj)
definition: Evoking a keen sense of sadness or regret.
example (context: story–memory): The movie’s ending was deeply poignant.

 bust a move (idiom, informal)

definition: To dance energetically.
example (context: party–music): Everyone busted a move when the DJ played the hit song.

 cut a rug (idiom, informal)

definition: To dance well or energetically.
example (context: party–music): She loves to cut a rug at weddings.
 get your groove on (idiom, informal)
definition: To get into a good rhythm or mood, especially in dancing.
example (context: party–music): Let’s get our groove on this weekend!

 throw shapes (idiom, British informal)

definition: To dance energetically or show off dance moves.
example (context: party–music): They were throwing shapes on the dance floor all night.

 hand in glove (idiom)

definition: Working very closely or cooperatively.
example (context: business–partnership): The two companies worked hand in glove on the
project.

 conjuncture (n)
definition: A combination of events or circumstances.
example (context: situation–history): The political conjuncture led to major reforms.

 in harness with (idiom)

definition: Working together with someone.
example (context: teamwork–partnership): The scientists worked in harness with industry
experts.

 in tandem (idiom)
definition: At the same time; together.
example (context: coordination–action): The two teams operated in tandem to complete the
mission.

 in the company of sb/sth (idiom)

definition: Being with someone or something.
example (context: social–environment): She felt comfortable in the company of friends.

 it takes two to tango (idiom)

definition: Both people involved are responsible for a situation.
example (context: conflict–relationship): The argument wasn’t just his fault; it takes two to
tango.

 pair off (phr v)

definition: To form a couple or group.
example (context: social–dance): The students paired off for the ballroom dance.

 put their heads together (idiom)

definition: To collaborate and think about a problem together.
example (context: teamwork–problem solving): Let’s put our heads together to find a solution.
 stand together (idiom)
definition: To support each other unitedly.
example (context: community–conflict): The workers stood together during the strike.

 belligerent (adj)
definition: Hostile and aggressive.
example (context: behavior–conflict): His belligerent attitude caused many fights.

 blow sth/sb up (phr v)

definition: To explode or to exaggerate something.
example (context: bomb–media): The media blew up the scandal out of proportion.

 bust up (n/phr v)
definition: A quarrel or breakup; to break something or end a relationship.
example (context: relationship–conflict): Their bust up shocked all their friends.

 cut and thrust (n)

definition: The dynamic and lively exchange of ideas or arguments.
example (context: debate–discussion): The cut and thrust of politics can be exhausting.

 discord (n)
definition: Disagreement or conflict between people.
example (context: relationship–group): There was discord among the team members.

 face-off (n)
definition: A confrontation or contest.
example (context: sports–conflict): The two rivals had a tense face-off before the match.

 falling-out (n)
definition: A quarrel or disagreement leading to a break in a relationship.
example (context: friendship–conflict): Their falling-out lasted for years.

 feud (n)
definition: A prolonged and bitter quarrel or conflict.
example (context: family–history): The two families have had a feud for generations.

 rumpus (n)
definition: A noisy disturbance or commotion.
example (context: event–conflict): The kids made a rumpus in the classroom.

 running battle (n)

definition: A continuous conflict or argument.
example (context: politics–dispute): The parties have been in a running battle over policy.
 showdown (n)
definition: A decisive confrontation or contest.
example (context: competition–conflict): The championship game was a thrilling showdown.

 skirmish (n)
definition: A brief fight or conflict.
example (context: military–dispute): There was a skirmish at the border last night.

 afterglow (n)
definition: A pleasant feeling remaining after an enjoyable experience.
example (context: event–emotion): They enjoyed the afterglow of their successful performance.

 bed of roses (idiom)

definition: A comfortable or easy situation.
example (context: life–challenge): Life isn’t always a bed of roses.

 contentment (n)
definition: A state of happiness and satisfaction.
example (context: emotion–well-being): He felt deep contentment after the holidays.

 chirpiness (n)
definition: Cheerful and lively behavior or mood.
example (context: personality–mood): Her chirpiness brightened up the room.

 euphoria (n)
definition: A feeling of intense happiness or excitement.
example (context: emotion–event): The team experienced euphoria after winning the
championship.

 exaltation (n)
definition: A feeling of great joy or praise.
example (context: emotion–religion): The congregation was filled with exaltation during the
ceremony.

 in high spirits (idiom)

definition: Feeling happy and cheerful.
example (context: mood–event): She was in high spirits on her birthday.

 perkiness (n)
definition: A lively and cheerful attitude.
example (context: personality–behavior): His perkiness was infectious.

 rejoicing (n)
definition: The act of expressing great joy.
example (context: event–celebration): There was rejoicing throughout the town after the victory.
 be marked out as sth (idiom)
definition: To be clearly identified or singled out as something.
example (context: talent–character): She was marked out as the best candidate from the start.

 one-of-a-kind (adj)
definition: Unique; unlike anything else.
example (context: product–person): That handmade vase is one-of-a-kind.

 be out in left field (idiom, informal)

definition: To be strange, unconventional, or mistaken.
example (context: opinion–behavior): His ideas were out in left field and hard to follow.

 colour outside the lines (idiom)

definition: To behave unconventionally or creatively, ignoring rules.
example (context: creativity–behavior): She likes to colour outside the lines in her artwork.

 custom-built (adj)
definition: Made specifically to fit particular needs or specifications.
example (context: product–technology): They bought a custom-built computer for gaming.

 exotic (adj)
definition: Unusual and interesting because it is from a different place or culture.
example (context: travel–food): They enjoyed trying exotic dishes on their trip.

 flip the script (idiom)

definition: To change a situation or perspective completely.
example (context: negotiation–story): The new evidence flipped the script on the case.

 home brew (n)

definition: Something made at home, often informally or personally.
example (context: drink–technology): He enjoyed his home brew beer.

 incongruous (adj)
definition: Not in harmony or keeping with the surroundings or other aspects.
example (context: appearance–behavior): His bright outfit looked incongruous at the formal
event.

 matchless (adj)
definition: Having no equal; incomparable.
example (context: skill–quality): Her performance was matchless.

 once-in-a-lifetime (adj)
definition: Very rare and special, unlikely to happen again.
example (context: opportunity–event): The concert was a once-in-a-lifetime experience.
 out of character (idiom)
definition: Behaving in a way that is unusual for a person.
example (context: behavior–personality): His angry outburst was out of character.

 rip/tear up the rulebook (idiom)

definition: To completely ignore rules or conventions.
example (context: behavior–innovation): The new coach tore up the rulebook and changed the
team’s style.

 unequalled (adj)
definition: Better than any other of its kind.
example (context: quality–achievement): She has unequalled expertise in her field.

 unmatched (adj)
definition: Having no equal; unrivaled.
example (context: skill–achievement): His courage was unmatched.

 unrivalled (adj)
definition: Having no rival; better than all others.
example (context: reputation–performance): The athlete’s record is unrivalled.

 unwonted (adj)
definition: Unusual or unaccustomed.
example (context: behavior–event): He showed unwonted generosity during the fundraiser.

 adduce (v)
definition: To cite or bring forward as evidence or reasons.
example (context: argument–law): She adduced several examples to support her point.

 adumbrate (v)
definition: To outline or give a faint indication of something.
example (context: plan–idea): The report adumbrated the main challenges ahead.

 annotate (v)
definition: To add notes or comments to a text or diagram.
example (context: study–editing): Students were asked to annotate the poem with their thoughts.

 backspin (n)
definition: A backward spin on a ball causing it to slow or change direction.
example (context: sports–tennis): The player added backspin to the pedal to stop the bike easily.

1. it's a long story (idiom)

definition: Used to indicate that explaining something fully would take a lot of time.
example (context conversation–storytelling): “Why were you late?” “It’s a long story.”
2. nail sb down (phrasal verb)
definition: To get a definite answer or decision from someone.
example (context negotiation–agreement): I finally nailed him down on the meeting date.
3. paint a black picture of sb/sth (idiom)
definition: To describe someone or something in a very negative way.
example (context news–reporting): The article painted a black picture of the company’s
future.
4. predefine (v)
definition: To determine or specify something in advance.
example (context programming–design): We predefined the variables before running the
program.
5. relabel (v)
definition: To assign a new label or category to something.
example (context marketing–product): The company decided to relabel their product for a
new audience.
6. rough out (phrasal verb)
definition: To create a preliminary or basic version of something.
example (context writing–drafting): She roughed out the plot before writing the full
novel.
7. schematic (adj/n)
definition: Represented in a simplified or symbolic form.
example (context engineering–diagram): The schematic of the circuit showed all the
connections clearly.
8. set forth (phrasal verb)
definition: To explain or present something clearly.
example (context report–presentation): The proposal sets forth a new strategy for growth.
9. spell sth out (phrasal verb)
definition: To explain something in detail.
example (context teaching–instructions): The teacher spelled out the rules for the exam.
10. that is to say (idiom)
definition: Used to clarify or explain something more precisely.
example (context explanation–clarification): He is a polyglot, that is to say, he speaks
many languages.
11. unfold (v)
definition: To develop or reveal gradually.
example (context story–plot): The events unfolded slowly throughout the novel.
12. a magic touch (idiom)
definition: A special ability to do something well or improve something.
example (context cooking–skill): The chef has a magic touch with desserts.
13. acumen (n)
definition: The ability to make good judgments and quick decisions.
example (context business–leadership): Her business acumen helped the company grow
rapidly.
14. adroitness (n)
definition: Skillful and clever handling of a situation.
example (context negotiation–tactics): His adroitness in negotiations impressed everyone.
15. aptitude (n)
definition: A natural ability to do something.
example (context education–learning): She showed an aptitude for languages from an
early age.
16. don't give up the day job (idiom)
definition: Said humorously to someone not very good at something, meaning they
should keep their current job.
example (context humor–talent): “You sing well, but don’t give up the day job!”
17. endowment (n)
definition: A natural talent or quality; money or property donated to an institution.
example (context talent–charity): The university received a large endowment from an
alumnus.
18. expertise (n)
definition: Specialized knowledge or skill in a particular field.
example (context professional–skill): She has expertise in digital marketing.
19. finesse (n)
definition: Refinement and skill in handling situations.
example (context diplomacy–negotiation): He handled the delicate issue with great
finesse.
20. flair for sth (idiom)
definition: A natural talent or instinct for something.
example (context art–creativity): She has a flair for painting vibrant landscapes.
21. have a good nose for sth (idiom)
definition: To have a natural ability to find or recognize something.
example (context business–opportunity): He has a good nose for profitable investments.
22. have a command of sth (idiom)
definition: To have control or mastery over something, especially a language or skill.
example (context language–fluency): She has an excellent command of French.
23. have an ear for sth (idiom)
definition: To have a natural ability to recognize sounds or music.
example (context music–talent): He has an ear for picking out melodies quickly.
24. in your bones (idiom)
definition: To feel something deeply and intuitively.
example (context intuition–feeling): I knew in my bones that something was wrong.
25. know-how (n)
definition: Practical knowledge or skill.
example (context technology–skill): The engineer has the know-how to fix the machine.
26. knack (n)
definition: A special skill or ability to do something easily.
example (context craft–skill): She has a knack for solving puzzles quickly.
27. long suit (n)
definition: A person’s strongest or best skill.
example (context work–strength): Writing is definitely his long suit.
28. dexterity (n)
definition: Skill in performing tasks, especially with the hands.
example (context surgery–skill): The surgeon’s dexterity is impressive.
29. know your stuff (idiom)
definition: To have a good understanding or skill in a subject.
example (context expertise–work): She really knows her stuff when it comes to
computers.
30. repertory (n)
definition: A stock of plays, skills, or performances regularly used.
example (context theater–performance): The theater company has a wide repertory of
classic plays.
31. subliterate (adj)
definition: Having limited reading and writing skills.
example (context education–literacy): Many adults in the region are subliterate.
32. turn your hand to sth (idiom)
definition: To try doing something new or different.
example (context hobby–skill): He turned his hand to woodworking during the lockdown.
33. virtuosity (n)
definition: Great skill in a particular art, especially music.
example (context music–performance): The pianist displayed incredible virtuosity.
34. wheelhouse (n)
definition: One’s area of expertise or strength.
example (context business–skill): Marketing is definitely in her wheelhouse.
35. blind trust (n)
definition: Complete trust without questioning.
example (context relationship–trust): Investors placed a blind trust in the company’s
leadership.
36. covenant (n)
definition: A formal agreement or promise.
example (context law–contract): The lease included a covenant to maintain the property.
37. fiduciary (adj/n)
definition: Related to trust, especially financial responsibility.
example (context finance–duty): The trustee has a fiduciary duty to act in the
beneficiaries’ best interests.
38. syndic (n)
definition: An official or representative of a group or organization.
example (context governance–committee): The syndic presented the community’s
concerns.
39. discretionary (adj)
definition: Left to one’s own judgment or choice.
example (context finance–budget): The manager has discretionary spending authority.
40. bask in sth (phrasal verb)
definition: To enjoy and take pleasure from something.
example (context success–glory): The team basked in their victory.
41. bask/bathe in reflected glory (idiom)
definition: To enjoy the fame or success of someone else.
example (context sports–fans): The coach’s family basked in reflected glory after the
championship.
42. be a glutton for punishment (idiom)
definition: To willingly endure difficult or unpleasant situations.
example (context work–stress): She’s a glutton for punishment, taking on multiple
projects at once.
43. be meat and drink to sb (idiom)
definition: To be something someone enjoys or is used to.
example (context hobby–interest): Jazz music is meat and drink to him.
44. drool over (phrasal verb, informal)
definition: To show great admiration or desire.
example (context celebrity–fan): Fans drooled over the new movie star.
45. get a bang out of sth (idiom, informal)
definition: To enjoy something very much.
example (context party–fun): They really got a bang out of the concert.
46. go in for (phrasal verb)
definition: To take part in or enjoy something.
example (context sport–hobby): She goes in for marathon running.
47. groove on sth (idiom, informal)
definition: To enjoy or like something a lot.
example (context music–interest): He grooves on classic rock music.
48. have a ball (idiom)
definition: To have a great time.
example (context party–fun): They had a ball at the wedding.
49. have a field day (idiom)
definition: To enjoy an activity or event a lot, often causing trouble.
example (context media–controversy): Reporters had a field day with the celebrity
scandal.
50. have a rare old time (idiom, informal)
definition: To have an enjoyable and memorable time.
example (context vacation–fun): We had a rare old time on our trip to the beach.
51. hedonistic (adj)
definition: Engaged in the pursuit of pleasure.
example (context lifestyle–attitude): The hedonistic party lasted all night.
52. kick up your heels (idiom)
definition: To have fun and be lively.
example (context celebration–dance): After the exams, the students kicked up their heels.
53. lap sth up (idiom)
definition: To enjoy something eagerly.
example (context praise–attention): The audience lapped up the comedian’s jokes.
54. lick your lips (idiom)
definition: To show anticipation or pleasure.
example (context food–desire): He licked his lips at the sight of the delicious cake.
55. like the cat that got the cream (idiom)
definition: To look very pleased or smug.
example (context attitude–smugness): She walked in like the cat that got the cream after
winning the prize.
56. live it up (idiom)
definition: To enjoy life to the fullest, often extravagantly.
example (context vacation–fun): They lived it up during their holiday in Vegas.
57. perk sb up (phrasal verb)
definition: To make someone feel better or more lively.
example (context health–mood): A cup of coffee perked me up this morning.
58. relish (v)
definition: To enjoy greatly.
example (context food–enjoyment): He relished the taste of the homemade pie.
59. revel in (phrasal verb)
definition: To take great pleasure or delight in something.
example (context success–enjoyment): She reveled in her new-found freedom.
60. ride on a wave of sth (idiom)
definition: To be carried along by a strong feeling or trend.
example (context success–momentum): The team rode on a wave of enthusiasm after the
win.
61. soak sth up (phrasal verb)
definition: To absorb or enjoy something fully.
example (context culture–experience): Tourists soaked up the local atmosphere.
62. wallow in sth (phrasal verb)
definition: To indulge deeply in an emotion or situation, often negative.
example (context sadness–behavior): He wallowed in self-pity after the breakup.
63. backward (adj)
definition: Slow to develop or progress; behind.
example (context economy–development): The region was considered backward
compared to the city.
64. broken English (n)
definition: English spoken with many errors or incorrect grammar.
example (context language–learning): The tourist spoke broken English but was
understood.
65. dither (v)
definition: To be indecisive or hesitate.
example (context decision–making): She dithered for hours before choosing a dress.
66. halting (adj)
definition: Slow and hesitant, especially in speech.
example (context language–speech): His halting response showed his nervousness.
67. hang back (phrasal verb)
definition: To hesitate or hold back from doing something.
example (context group–participation): She hung back from joining the discussion.
68. have a foot in both camps (idiom)
definition: To be involved with or have interests in two opposing sides.
example (context politics–loyalty): He has a foot in both camps, working with both
parties.
69. hum and haw (idiom)
definition: To hesitate or be uncertain about something.
 example (context conversation–decision): He hummed and hawed before giving his
answer.
70. put sth down to sth (idiom)
definition: To attribute something to a particular cause.
example (context explanation–behavior): She put his bad mood down to lack of sleep.
71. own sth up to (phrasal verb)
definition: To admit responsibility for something.
example (context apology–honesty): He owned up to breaking the vase.
72. be neither here nor there (idiom)
definition: To be irrelevant or unimportant to the matter.
example (context argument–point): His opinion is neither here nor there in this
discussion.
73. be no object (idiom)
definition: Not to be a problem or obstacle.
example (context expense–priority): Money is no object when it comes to safety.
74. extraneous (adj)
definition: Irrelevant or unrelated to the subject.
example (context writing–editing): Remove all extraneous details from the report.
75. have nothing to do with sb (idiom)
definition: To avoid contact or involvement with someone.
example (context conflict–relationships): After the argument, she decided to have nothing
to do with him.
76. immaterial (adj)
definition: Not important or relevant.
example (context law–evidence): The judge said the evidence was immaterial.
77. make no odds (idiom)
definition: To make no difference.
example (context choice–decision): It makes no odds whether you come now or later.
78. out of the picture (idiom)
definition: No longer involved or relevant.
example (context business–partnership): After the merger, he was out of the picture.
79. prejudice (n)
definition: Preconceived opinion not based on reason or experience.
example (context society–discrimination): She fought against racial prejudice.
80. red herring (idiom)
definition: Something that distracts from the real issue.
example (context mystery–clues): The false clue was a red herring.
81. uncorrelated (adj)
definition: Not related or connected.
example (context statistics–data): The two variables were found to be uncorrelated.
82. tangential (adj)
definition: Only slightly related; peripheral.
example (context discussion–topic): His comment was tangential to the main point.
83. a bundle of laughs (idiom)
definition: A very funny or enjoyable person or thing.
example (context friendship–personality): He’s a bundle of laughs at every party.
84. a pie in the face (idiom)
definition: An embarrassing or humiliating experience.
example (context mistake–public): Forgetting the lines was a real pie in the face.
85. be a barrel of laughs/fun (idiom)
definition: To be very amusing or entertaining.
example (context party–event): The comedian was a barrel of laughs.
86. bone dry (adj)
definition: Completely dry with no moisture.
example (context c1–c2): After the long drought, the riverbed was bone dry.
87. bring the house down (idiom)
definition: To cause great applause or laughter from an audience.
example (context c1–c2): The comedian’s performance brought the house down.
88. crack up (phrasal verb)
definition: To laugh uncontrollably or to break down emotionally.
example (context c1–c2): She cracked up at the hilarious joke.
89. facetious (adj)
definition: Treating serious issues with deliberately inappropriate humor.
example (context c1–c2): His facetious remarks were not appreciated during the meeting.
90. for a laugh (phrase)
definition: To do something just for fun or to amuse oneself or others.
example (context c1–c2): They put on silly costumes for a laugh.
91. hysterical (adj)
definition: Extremely funny or emotionally out of control.
example (context c1–c2): The movie was so funny, everyone was hysterical.
92. jocular (adj)
definition: Humorous or playful.
example (context c1–c2): He had a jocular manner that made everyone feel comfortable.
93. jokester (n)
definition: A person who frequently tells jokes or behaves humorously.
example (context c1–c2): The office jokester lightened the mood during stressful times.
94. lambent (adj)
definition: Softly glowing or flickering light.
example (context c1–c2): The lambent glow of the candle created a cozy atmosphere.
95. ludicrous (adj)
definition: So foolish or unreasonable that it is amusing.
example (context c1–c2): The idea was so ludicrous that no one took it seriously.
96. play on words (phrase)
definition: A humorous use of a word with multiple meanings.
example (context c1–c2): His joke was a clever play on words.
97. punchline (n)
definition: The final part of a joke that makes it funny.
example (context c1–c2): The comedian’s punchline had the audience roaring with
laughter.
98. sarcastic (adj)
definition: Using irony to mock or convey contempt.
example (context c1–c2): Her sarcastic comment made it clear she was annoyed.
99. satire (n)
definition: The use of humor, irony, or exaggeration to criticize.
example (context c1–c2): The novel is a satire on modern politics.
100. seriocomic (adj)
definition: Combining serious and humorous elements.
example (context c1–c2): The film is a seriocomic take on family life.
101. a clean bill of health (idiom)
definition: An official statement that someone is healthy or something is in good
condition.
example (context c1–c2): After the check-up, the doctor gave him a clean bill of health.
102. crude health (phrase)
definition: Basic or rough state of health, often meaning robust.
example (context c1–c2): Despite his crude health, he was able to work hard.
103. acrobatic (adj)
definition: Skilled in performing gymnastic feats.
example (context c1–c2): The acrobatic dancer amazed the audience with her moves.
104. an apple a day keeps the doctor away (idiom)
definition: Eating healthily can help prevent illness.
example (context c1–c2): She believes in the saying “an apple a day keeps the doctor
away.”
105. as fit as a fiddle (idiom)
definition: In very good health.
example (context c1–c2): He’s as fit as a fiddle after his daily workouts.
106. as right as rain (idiom)
definition: Feeling completely well or fine.
example (context c1–c2): After a good night's sleep, she felt as right as rain.
107. clean-limbed (adj)
definition: Having a lean and well-shaped body.
example (context c1–c2): The athlete was tall and clean-limbed.
108. glow with sth (phrase)
definition: To show a strong feeling or quality visibly.
example (context c1–c2): She glowed with happiness on her wedding day.
109. hard-bodied (adj)
definition: Having well-developed muscles and a firm body.
example (context c1–c2): The hard-bodied swimmer trained daily.
110. in the pink (idiom)
definition: In very good health.
example (context c1–c2): After his recovery, he was back in the pink.
111. in the red (idiom)
definition: Owing more money than one has; in debt.
example (context c1–c2): The company has been in the red for several months.
112. limber (adj)
definition: Flexible and able to move easily.
example (context c1–c2): Gymnasts need to be limber to perform well.
113. lithe (adj)
definition: Thin, supple, and graceful.
example (context c1–c2): The dancer’s lithe movements captivated the audience.
114. muscle-bound (adj)
definition: Having very large muscles, often to the point of stiffness.
example (context c1–c2): The bodybuilder looked muscle-bound and strong.
115. robust (adj)
definition: Strong and healthy; vigorous.
example (context c1–c2): He has a robust immune system.
116. shred (n)
definition: A small piece torn or cut off.
example (context c1–c2): The paper was torn into shreds.
117. stalwart (adj)
definition: Loyal, reliable, and hardworking.
example (context c1–c2): She was a stalwart supporter of the charity.
118. vigorous (adj)
definition: Done with force and energy.
example (context c1–c2): They took a vigorous walk every morning.
119. wholesomely (adv)
definition: In a way that promotes health or well-being.
example (context c1–c2): She eats wholesomely to stay fit.
120. extended/nuclear family (n)
definition: Extended family includes relatives beyond parents and children; nuclear
family includes only parents and children.
example (context c1–c2): She lives with her nuclear family, while her extended family
lives nearby.
121. be scattered to the four winds (idiom)
definition: To be spread in many directions or places.
example (context c1–c2): After graduation, the classmates were scattered to the four
winds.
122. outcast (n)
definition: A person who is rejected or excluded from society or a group.
example (context c1–c2): He felt like an outcast at school.
123. chip sth away (phrasal verb)
definition: To gradually reduce or remove something.
example (context c1–c2): The constant delays chipped away at their enthusiasm.
124. chuck sth away/out (phrasal verb)
definition: To throw something away.
example (context c1–c2): She chucked out the old clothes she no longer wore.
125. chuck (v)
definition: To throw or toss something casually.
example (context c1–c2): He chucked the ball across the field.

1. chuck/throw/toss sb/sth overboard (idiom)

definition: to discard or reject someone or something
example (context: business)
The company threw the outdated policies overboard.

2. debark (v)
definition: to disembark from a ship or aircraft
example (context: travel)

The passengers debarked after a long flight.

3. defoliate (v)
definition: to remove leaves from plants, often by chemicals
example (context: agriculture)

The farmer used pesticides that defoliated the crops.

4. discard (v)
definition: to get rid of something no longer useful
example (context: waste management)

Please discard any expired food items.

5. disposal (n)
definition: the act of getting rid of something
example (context: garbage)

Proper disposal of hazardous waste is important.

6. do away with sth (phrasal verb)

definition: to abolish or get rid of something
example (context: policy)

The company decided to do away with the old dress code.

7. hot potato (idiom)

definition: a controversial or difficult issue that people avoid
example (context: politics)

The immigration policy became a hot potato.

8. dumping ground (n)

definition: a place where unwanted things or people are left
example (context: environment)

The area became a dumping ground for industrial waste.

 9. expunge (v)
definition: to erase or remove completely
example (context: law)

The court ordered the record to be expunged.

10. fling sth/sb out (phrasal verb)

definition: to throw or eject forcefully
example (context: conflict)

They flung the unruly guest out of the party.

11. press the eject button (idiom)

definition: to abandon or escape a difficult situation
example (context: military)

The pilot pressed the eject button when the plane malfunctioned.

12. purging (n)

definition: the act of removing unwanted elements or people
example (context: politics)

The regime began a purging of political opponents.

13. see the back of sth/sb (idiom)

definition: to be happy to see someone or something leave
example (context: work)

I was glad to see the back of that difficult project.

14. shrug sth off (phrasal verb)

definition: to dismiss or ignore something
example (context: criticism)

She shrugged off the negative comments.

15. spring-clean (v)

definition: to clean or organize thoroughly
example (context: housekeeping)

They decided to spring-clean the entire house.

16. takedown (n)

definition: removal or defeat of someone or something
example (context: sports)
The wrestler executed a perfect takedown.

17. throw the baby out with the bathwater (idiom)

definition: to discard something valuable while trying to get rid of something unwanted
example (context: decision-making)

Don’t throw the baby out with the bathwater when changing policies.

18. toss sth out (phrasal verb)

definition: to throw away or discard
example (context: cleaning)

She tossed out all the old magazines.

19. unclog (v)

definition: to remove a blockage
example (context: plumbing)

He used a plunger to unclog the sink.

20. weed sth/sb out (phrasal verb)

definition: to remove unwanted people or things
example (context: recruitment)

The manager weeded out unqualified candidates.

21. barren (adj)

definition: unable to produce plants or offspring; empty
example (context: land)

The soil was barren and unsuitable for farming.

22. germinate (v)

definition: to begin to grow, especially from a seed
example (context: botany)

The seeds germinated after a week of watering.

23. gregarious (adj)

definition: sociable; enjoying the company of others
example (context: personality)

She is very gregarious and loves social gatherings.

 24. non-bearing (adj)
definition: not producing fruit or flowers
example (context: agriculture)

The orchard had several non-bearing trees this season.

25. propagate (v)

definition: to breed or spread plants or ideas
example (context: gardening)

They propagated roses by taking cuttings.

26. self-fertilize (v)

definition: to fertilize oneself without external pollen
example (context: biology)

Some plants can self-fertilize to reproduce.

27. stigmatic (adj)

definition: relating to the stigma of a flower (the pollen-receptive part)
example (context: botany)

The stigmatic surface is crucial for pollination.

28. abandon (v)

definition: to leave behind or give up completely
example (context: project)

They abandoned the plan after funding was cut.

29. abort (v)

definition: to stop something before completion
example (context: mission)

The mission was aborted due to bad weather.

30. over the hump (idiom)

definition: past the most difficult part of something
example (context: work)

Once we’re over the hump, things should get easier.

31. bring sb/sth to a halt (idiom)

definition: to stop someone or something completely
example (context: traffic)
The accident brought traffic to a halt.

32. call it a day (idiom)

definition: to stop working for the day
example (context: work)

After ten hours, they decided to call it a day.

33. come to a halt (idiom)

definition: to stop moving or functioning
example (context: machinery)

The engine came to a halt unexpectedly.

34. cut sb short (idiom)

definition: to interrupt someone while speaking
example (context: conversation)

She cut him short before he could finish his explanation.

35. a clean sweep (idiom)

definition: complete victory or removal of something
example (context: election)

The party made a clean sweep in the local elections.

36. dejunk (v)

definition: to remove unnecessary or unwanted items
example (context: cleaning)

It’s time to dejunk the garage this weekend.

37. degrease (v)

definition: to remove grease or oil
example (context: cooking)

She degreased the pan before frying.

38. cascade (n, v)

definition: (n) a small waterfall; (v) to flow downward in large amounts
example (context: nature)

Water cascaded down the rocks after the rain.

 39. din sth into sb (idiom)
definition: to force someone to learn something by repetition
example (context: teaching)

The teacher dinned the multiplication tables into the students.

40. drill sth into sth (idiom)

definition: to teach or impress something thoroughly
example (context: training)

The coach drilled discipline into the players.

41. flog yourself to death (idiom)

definition: to work extremely hard, often excessively
example (context: work)

He flogged himself to death to finish the report on time.

42. hammer sb into sth (idiom)

definition: to forcefully make someone learn or accept something
example (context: military training)

The sergeant hammered the recruits into shape.

43. importunate (adj)

definition: persistent to the point of annoyance
example (context: sales)

The importunate salesman kept calling every day.

44. indoctrinate (v)

definition: to teach someone to accept a set of beliefs uncritically
example (context: education)

The group tried to indoctrinate new members with their ideology.

45. iterate (v)

definition: to repeat a process or action
example (context: software development)

The team iterated the design based on feedback.

46. labor the point (idiom)

definition: to explain or stress something excessively
example (context: discussion)
Don’t labor the point — we understand your argument.

47. rake over sth (phrasal verb)

definition: to discuss or examine something repeatedly
example (context: history)

The committee raked over the past mistakes.

48. recap (v, n)

definition: (v) to summarize; (n) a summary
example (context: meeting)

Let me recap the main points from the presentation.

49. rehash (v)

definition: to reuse old ideas or material without change
example (context: media)

The movie was just a rehash of previous sequels.

50. recapitulate (v)

definition: to summarize or restate main points
example (context: lecture)

The professor recapitulated the chapter at the end of class.

51. reiterate (v)

definition: to say something again for emphasis
example (context: speech)

She reiterated her commitment to the project.

52. retweet (v)

definition: to share someone else's post on Twitter
example (context: social media)

He retweeted the news story to his followers.

53. trot sth out (phrasal verb)

definition: to present or offer something repeatedly or habitually
example (context: excuses)

She kept trotting out the same excuses for being late.
 54. wheel sth out (phrasal verb)
definition: to bring out something, often old or familiar
example (context: presentation)

They wheeled out the veteran speaker for the event.

55. -phobe (suffix)

definition: one who fears or dislikes something
example (context: psychology)

Arachnophobe means someone afraid of spiders.

56. -phile (suffix)

definition: one who loves or is attracted to something
example (context: psychology)

Bibliophile means a lover of books.

57. bad blood (n)

definition: feelings of hostility or resentment
example (context: relationship)

There was bad blood between the two families for years.

58. distaste (n)

definition: mild dislike or disapproval
example (context: opinion)

He expressed distaste for the new policy.

59. self-loathing (n)

definition: strong dislike of oneself
example (context: psychology)

She struggled with self-loathing after the failure.

60. self-hatred (n)

definition: intense dislike or hatred of oneself
example (context: psychology)

His self-hatred affected his mental health.

61. virulent (adj)

definition: extremely harmful or hostile
example (context: disease)
The virulent virus spread rapidly through the population.

62. affray (n)

definition: a public fight involving multiple people
example (context: law)

The police arrested several people involved in the affray.

63. battle cry (n)

definition: a slogan or phrase shouted before battle or action
example (context: war)

“Freedom or death” was their battle cry.

64. battle scar (n)

definition: a physical or emotional mark from past conflict
example (context: military)

He bore many battle scars from his service.

65. boots on the ground (idiom)

definition: troops or personnel physically present in an area
example (context: military)

The commander requested more boots on the ground.

66. call to arms (idiom)

definition: an appeal to take action, especially in battle
example (context: politics)

The speech was a call to arms against injustice.

67. come under fire (idiom)

definition: to be criticized or attacked
example (context: media)

The government came under fire for its policies.

68. do battle (idiom)

definition: to fight or compete
example (context: sports)

The two teams will do battle in the finals.

 69. dogfighting (n)
definition: close aerial combat between fighter aircraft
example (context: military)

The pilots engaged in intense dogfighting.

70. full-frontal (adj)

definition: direct and intense; often relating to full exposure
example (context: debate)

The candidates engaged in a full-frontal debate.

71. go toe to toe (idiom)

definition: to confront or compete directly
example (context: competition)

The boxers went toe to toe for twelve rounds.

72. grapple with sb (phrasal verb)

definition: to struggle or fight with someone physically or mentally
example (context: conflict)

The two wrestlers grappled on the mat.

73. hotspot (n)

definition: a place of intense activity or danger
example (context: politics)

The region has become a hotspot for protests.

74. knock-down-drag-out (adj)

definition: involving a fierce and disorderly fight
example (context: argument)

They had a knock-down-drag-out fight over the contract.

75. lock horns (idiom)

definition: to come into conflict or dispute
example (context: politics)

The two leaders locked horns over the new policy.

76. pile on (phrasal verb)

definition: to add to something excessively, especially criticism
example (context: social)
The press piled on after the politician’s mistake.

77. scuffle (n, v)

definition: (n) a short, confused fight; (v) to fight briefly
example (context: crowd)

A scuffle broke out near the entrance.

78. shadowboxing (n)

definition: practice fighting with an imaginary opponent
example (context: boxing)

The fighter spent hours shadowboxing before the match.

79. skirmish (n)

definition: a brief and minor fight or conflict
example (context: military)

The soldiers engaged in a skirmish at dawn.

80. square off (phrasal verb)

definition: to prepare to fight or compete
example (context: sports)

The rivals squared off in the final round.

81. tangle with (phrasal verb)

definition: to get involved in a fight or conflict
example (context: crime)

He didn’t want to tangle with the gang members.

82. throw hands (idiom)

definition: to start fighting physically
example (context: street fight)

The two men threatened to throw hands after the argument.

83. bash through sth (phrasal verb)

definition: to forcefully get through something
example (context: obstacles)

They bashed through the crowd to reach the exit.

 84. cross over (phrasal verb)
definition: to move from one side to another or change allegiance
example (context: politics)

Several players crossed over to the rival team.

85. plough through (phrasal verb)

definition: to continue steadily through something difficult
example (context: reading)

She ploughed through the dense report all night.

86. rip through (phrasal verb)

definition: to move through something quickly and destructively
example (context: storm)

The hurricane ripped through the coastal town.

87. traverse (v)

definition: to travel across or through something
example (context: hiking)

They traversed the mountain range in three days.

88. as white as a sheet (idiom)

definition: very pale, usually from shock or illness
example (context: health)

He went as white as a sheet after hearing the bad news.

 anti-wrinkle (adj)
definition: Designed to prevent or reduce wrinkles, especially on the skin.
example (context: skincare–beauty): She uses an anti-wrinkle cream every night.

 goosebumps (n)
definition: Small bumps on the skin caused by cold, fear, or excitement.
example (context: emotion–physiology): The scary story gave me goosebumps.

 jaundiced (adj)
definition: Affected by bitterness, resentment, or prejudice; also describes yellowing of the skin
due to illness.
example (context: attitude–health): He had a jaundiced view of the political system.

 pale (adj)
definition: Light in color or having less color than usual; weak or sickly in appearance.
example (context: appearance–health): She looked pale after the long illness.
 pigmented (adj)
definition: Containing pigment or color.
example (context: biology–skin): Some people have more pigmented skin than others.

 purple with rage (idiom)

definition: Extremely angry.
example (context: emotion–reaction): He was purple with rage when he heard the news.

 suntan (n/v)
definition: A browning of the skin caused by exposure to the sun; to get a tan from the sun.
example (context: appearance–leisure): She got a nice suntan after the beach holiday.

 untanned (adj)
definition: Not having a suntan; pale or natural skin color.
example (context: appearance–skin): After winter, her skin was untanned.

 absolve (v)
definition: To free from guilt, blame, or responsibility.
example (context: law–morality): The court absolved him of all charges.

 be off the hook (idiom)

definition: To be freed from a difficult situation or obligation.
example (context: trouble–responsibility): After the evidence emerged, she was off the hook.

 clement (adj)
definition: Mild or merciful in weather or attitude.
example (context: weather–behavior): The weather was clement during the outdoor event.

 furlough (n/v)
definition: A temporary leave of absence from work, often without pay; to grant such leave.
example (context: employment–economy): Many workers were put on furlough during the
lockdown.

 get off lightly (idiom)

definition: To receive less severe punishment or consequences than expected.
example (context: punishment–law): He got off lightly with a warning instead of a fine.

 punitive (adj)
definition: Intended as punishment.
example (context: law–discipline): The company faced punitive damages for negligence.

 scot-free (idiom)
definition: Without suffering any punishment or harm.
example (context: wrongdoing–law): The criminal walked away scot-free.
 agora (n)
definition: A public open space used for assemblies and markets in ancient Greece.
example (context: history–place): The agora was the center of city life in ancient Athens.

 arbitration (n)
definition: A method of settling disputes outside court by an impartial third party.
example (context: law–business): The contract required arbitration in case of disagreements.

 bat around (phr v)

definition: To discuss or consider ideas informally.
example (context: meeting–planning): Let's bat around some ideas for the new project.

 broach (v)
definition: To bring up a topic for discussion.
example (context: conversation–negotiation): She broached the subject of salary during the
interview.

 compare notes (idiom)

definition: To share and discuss information or ideas.
example (context: teamwork–study): After the lecture, students compared notes to prepare for
the exam.

 conciliation (n)
definition: The process of bringing parties together to resolve differences peacefully.
example (context: conflict resolution–law): The union and management agreed to conciliation
talks.

 devil's advocate (n)

definition: Someone who argues against a position to test its strength.
example (context: debate–discussion): He played devil's advocate to challenge the proposal.

 discourse (n)
definition: Written or spoken communication or debate.
example (context: communication–academia): The conference encouraged open discourse on
climate change.

 fly around (phr v)

definition: To move or spread quickly (often about rumors or objects).
example (context: rumors–activity): Rumors flew around the office after the announcement.

 give or take (idiom)

definition: Approximately; allowing for some variation.
example (context: estimation–measurement): The journey will take two hours, give or take.
 hot-button issue (n)
definition: A topic that provokes strong emotions or controversy.
example (context: politics–debate): Immigration remains a hot-button issue in many countries.

 on the doorstep (idiom)

definition: Very near or immediately accessible.
example (context: location–time): The supermarket is on the doorstep of my apartment.

 outbargain (v)
definition: To negotiate better terms or a deal than someone else.
example (context: business–negotiation): She managed to outbargain the seller and get a
discount.

 parley (n/v)
definition: A discussion or conference, especially between enemies; to hold such a meeting.
example (context: diplomacy–conflict): The leaders met to parley and seek peace.

 polemical (adj)
definition: Relating to strong verbal or written attacks on someone or something.
example (context: writing–debate): The article was a polemical critique of government policy.

 talk turkey (idiom)

definition: To discuss serious business or get down to practical matters.
example (context: negotiation–business): Let's talk turkey and finalize the contract.

 talkback (n)
definition: A radio or TV program where listeners or viewers can call in and respond.
example (context: media–communication): The station aired a talkback show on education
reform.

 tendentious (adj)
definition: Expressing a particular point of view, especially a controversial one.
example (context: media–writing): The report was criticized for its tendentious tone.

 thematize (v)
definition: To organize or present something around a particular theme.
example (context: analysis–presentation): The festival was thematized around environmental
issues.

 thrash sth out (idiom)

definition: To discuss something thoroughly to reach an agreement.
example (context: negotiation–problem solving): They thrashed out the details of the contract.

 toss sth around (idiom)

definition: To discuss or consider ideas casually.
example (context: brainstorming–meeting): We tossed around several ideas for the campaign.
 undialectical (adj)
definition: Not involving or following dialectical reasoning; lacking logical argumentation.
example (context: philosophy–logic): His argument was criticized as undialectical.

 weigh in (phr v)
definition: To offer an opinion or contribute to a discussion.
example (context: debate–discussion): Several experts weighed in on the topic during the panel.

 backspin (n)
definition: A backward rotation on a ball causing it to slow or change direction.
example (context: sports–tennis): The tennis player used backspin to control the shot.

 be a badge of (idiom)
definition: To be a symbol or mark representing a particular quality or achievement.
example (context identity–pride): His scars were a badge of courage.

 be on about (phrasal verb, informal)

definition: To be talking about something, often unclear or annoying.
example (context conversation–confusion): What exactly are you on about?

 connotation (n)
definition: The implied or associated meaning of a word beyond its literal definition.
example (context language–meaning): The word “cheap” has a negative connotation.

 drive at (phrasal verb)

definition: To imply or suggest something indirectly.
example (context discussion–point): What are you driving at with that comment?

 about-turn (n)
definition: A complete change of direction or opinion.
example (context politics–decision): The government made an about-turn on the policy.

 counter-order (n)
definition: An order that cancels or reverses a previous order.
example (context military–command): The troops received a counter-order to halt the advance.

 doctor's orders (idiom)

definition: Instructions or advice given by a doctor.
example (context health–advice): I stayed home from work on doctor’s orders.

 marching orders (idiom)

definition: Instructions to leave or to begin a task.
example (context workplace–dismissal): After the scandal, he was given his marching orders.
 stipulation (n)
definition: A condition or requirement specified in an agreement.
example (context contract–terms): The stipulation requires payment within 30 days.

 unbriefed (adj)
definition: Not given necessary information or instructions beforehand.
example (context meeting–preparation): The new employee was unbriefed before the
presentation.

 ascribe (v)
definition: To attribute something to a cause or source.
example (context literature–influence): The success was ascribed to hard work.

 cite (v)
definition: To mention as evidence or justification.
example (context research–sources): The paper cited several studies.

 declare (v)
definition: To announce something officially or publicly.
example (context politics–announcement): The candidate declared her intention to run.

 disquisition (n)
definition: A formal and detailed discussion or essay on a particular subject.
example (context academia–essay): He wrote a disquisition on ancient philosophy.

 exposition (n)
definition: A comprehensive explanation or description.
example (context literature–analysis): The exposition clarified the story’s background.

 gloss (n/v)
definition: (n) A brief explanation or interpretation; (v) to explain or interpret something.
example (context text–annotation): The book included a gloss for difficult words.

 just cause (n)

definition: A legitimate or lawful reason for action.
example (context law–dismissal): The company fired him for just cause.

 talk your way out of sth (idiom)

definition: To avoid punishment or difficulty by persuading someone verbally.
example (context argument–escape): He talked his way out of a fine.

 superflack (n, slang)

definition: An excessively enthusiastic or insincere public relations person.
example (context media–PR): The superflack exaggerated the company’s achievements.
 abrupt (adj)
definition: Sudden and unexpected, often rude.
example (context conversation–behavior): Her abrupt departure surprised everyone.

 ad hoc (adj/adv)
definition: Created or done for a particular purpose as necessary.
example (context committee–meeting): They formed an ad hoc team to handle the crisis.

 against all the odds/against all odds (idiom)

definition: Despite very low chances of success.
example (context sports–achievement): They won the game against all odds.

 all at once (idiom)

definition: Suddenly, all together.
example (context event–happening): The crowd started cheering all at once.

 all of a sudden (idiom)

definition: Suddenly and unexpectedly.
example (context story–event): All of a sudden, the lights went out.

 at the drop of the hat (idiom)

definition: Without hesitation; immediately.
example (context decision–action): She’s ready to travel at the drop of a hat.

 autopilot (n)
definition: A mode where a machine operates by itself or a person acts without thinking.
example (context behavior–routine): He did the task on autopilot.

 come out of left field (idiom)

definition: To appear unexpectedly or surprisingly.
example (context comment–surprise): His suggestion came out of left field.

 extemporary (adj)
definition: Done without preparation; impromptu.
example (context speech–performance): She gave an extemporary talk.

 from/out of nowhere (idiom)

definition: Suddenly and unexpectedly.
example (context event–appearance): The idea came out of nowhere.

 off-piste (adj/adv)
definition: Away from the usual route or area, especially skiing; unconventional.
example (context skiing–route): They went off-piste to find fresh snow.
 impromptu (adj/adv)
definition: Made or done without preparation.
example (context event–speech): We had an impromptu meeting.

 improvidence (n)
definition: Lack of foresight or care for the future.
example (context finance–behavior): His improvidence led to financial trouble.

 inadvertent (adj)
definition: Not done intentionally; accidental.
example (context mistake–error): She made an inadvertent error in the report.

 miracle worker (n)

definition: Someone who performs extraordinary or seemingly impossible deeds.
example (context medicine–doctor): The surgeon was a miracle worker.

 muddle along (phrasal verb)

definition: To manage to do something in a careless or inefficient way.
example (context work–effort): We muddled along until the new manager arrived.

 deliberate (adj)
definition: Done intentionally or carefully considered.
example (context action–choice): It was a deliberate decision to delay the project.

 on the hoof (idiom)

definition: Done quickly and without preparation.
example (context speech–presentation): He answered questions on the hoof.

 on the fly (idiom)

definition: Done while moving or during an activity, without planning.
example (context adjustment–work): We made changes on the fly.

 out of the blue (idiom)

definition: Unexpectedly and without warning.
example (context news–surprise): The offer came out of the blue.

 piecemeal (adj/adv)
definition: Done or made in parts, not all at once.
example (context construction–work): The project progressed piecemeal.

 queer (adj, informal, sometimes offensive)

definition: Strange or odd.
example (context behavior–reaction): That’s a queer way to behave.
 reckon (v, informal)
definition: To think or believe.
example (context opinion–thought): I reckon it will rain tomorrow.

 undreamt of (adj)
definition: Not imagined or expected.
example (context opportunity–possibility): The success was undreamt of.

 unformulate (v)
definition: To undo or take back a formulation or statement.
example (context theory–revision): The scientist unformulated the earlier hypothesis.

 unstarry (adj, literary)

definition: Without stars; gloomy or dark.
example (context night–description): The unstarry sky added to the eerie mood.

 untoward (adj)
definition: Unexpected and inappropriate or inconvenient.
example (context behavior–incident): There was an untoward incident at the meeting.

 untimely (adj)
definition: Happening at an inconvenient or unexpected time.
example (context death–event): His untimely death shocked everyone.

 unwittingly (adv)
definition: Without realizing; unintentionally.
example (context mistake–action): She unwittingly offended her friend.

 walk-in (adj)
definition: Allowing entry without an appointment.
example (context clinic–service): The clinic offers walk-in appointments.

 anti-jamming (adj)
definition: Designed to prevent interference, especially in communications.
example (context technology–radio): The device has anti-jamming features.

 budge (v)
definition: To move slightly or change one’s opinion.
example (context argument–stubbornness): He wouldn’t budge on his decision.

 from a standing start (idiom)

definition: Starting with no preparation or advantage.
example (context business–growth): The company grew from a standing start.
 inert (adj)
definition: Lacking the ability to move or act.
example (context chemistry–property): The gas is inert under normal conditions.

 motionless (adj)
definition: Not moving.
example (context scene–description): The cat sat motionless by the window.

 not move a muscle (idiom)

definition: To stay completely still.
example (context fear–reaction): She didn’t move a muscle during the scary scene.

 put a pin in sb (idiom, informal)

definition: To delay dealing with someone or something.
example (context meeting–priority): Let’s put a pin in that topic for now.

 rock-solid (adj)
definition: Very strong and reliable.
example (context argument–evidence): They have rock-solid proof.

 stagnant (adj)
definition: Not moving or developing; stale.
example (context economy–growth): The stagnant economy worried investors.

 stock-still (adj)
definition: Completely still; motionless.
example (context wildlife–behavior): The deer stood stock-still in the forest.

 time stands still (idiom)

definition: A moment that feels very slow or frozen.
example (context emotion–experience): When she saw him, time stood still.

 transfixed (adj)
definition: Motionless with amazement or fear.
example (context audience–reaction): The crowd was transfixed by the magician’s act.

 unraised (adj)
definition: Not lifted or elevated.
example (context surface–description): The unraised eyebrow showed surprise.

 be running a fever (idiom)

definition: To have a higher than normal body temperature.
example (context illness–symptom): He’s been running a fever all night.
 chickenpox (n)
definition: A contagious viral disease causing itchy rash and fever.
example (context health–disease): Many children get chickenpox before starting school.

 delirious (adj)
definition: In a disturbed state of mind due to illness or excitement.
example (context illness–behavior): She was delirious with fever.

 quarantine (n/v)
definition: A period of isolation to prevent disease spread.
example (context health–protocol): The travelers were placed in quarantine.

 pestilence (n)
definition: A fatal epidemic disease.
example (context history–disease): The medieval pestilence killed thousands.

 smallpox (n)
definition: A deadly contagious disease eradicated by vaccination.
example (context medicine–history): Smallpox was eradicated worldwide by 1980.

 a means to an end (idiom)

definition: Something done to achieve a goal, not valued for itself.
example (context work–motivation): For him, the job was just a means to an end.

 avenue (n)
definition: A method or way of doing something.
example (context strategy–approach): Exploring new avenues for growth is important.

 by sheer force/weight of numbers (idiom)

definition: Using great numbers to achieve something.
example (context protest–demonstration): The crowd won by sheer force of numbers.

 by fair means or foul (idiom)

definition: Using any methods, fair or unfair, to achieve a goal.
example (context competition–win): He was determined to succeed by fair means or foul.

 by hook or by crook (idiom)

definition: By any means necessary.
example (context determination–goal): She would get the job by hook or by crook.

 channel sth into sth (phrasal verb)

definition: To direct effort or resources toward something.
example (context energy–focus): He channeled his anger into creative work.
 every trick in the book (idiom)
definition: All possible methods or strategies.
example (context negotiation–tactics): They used every trick in the book to win.

 dog-eat-dog (adj)
definition: Ruthlessly competitive.
example (context business–environment): It’s a dog-eat-dog world in sales.

 for its own sake (idiom)

definition: For the intrinsic value or enjoyment, not for a practical purpose.
example (context hobby–activity): She paints for its own sake, not for money.

 jump through hoops (idiom)

definition: To go through difficult or complicated steps to achieve something.
example (context job–process): You have to jump through hoops to get a visa.

 on the fast track (idiom)

definition: Moving quickly toward success or promotion.
example (context career–progress): She’s on the fast track to becoming CEO.

 procedure (n)
definition: A series of actions conducted in a certain order or manner.
example (context c1–c2): The emergency procedure was followed to ensure safety.

 regime (n)
definition: A system or planned way of doing things, especially a government or administration.
example (context c1–c2): The new regime introduced sweeping reforms.

 subprocess (n)
definition: A secondary or subordinate process within a larger process.
example (context c1–c2): The hiring process has several subprocesses including screening and
interviews.

 the key to sth (idiom)

definition: The crucial or most important element for achieving something.
example (context c1–c2): Communication is the key to a successful relationship.

 trick of the trade (idiom)

definition: A useful or clever method or technique used in a particular profession.
example (context c1–c2): The chef showed me a trick of the trade for peeling garlic quickly.

 whereby (conjunction)
definition: By which; through which.
example (context c1–c2): They created a system whereby employees could work remotely.
 break the deadlock (idiom)
definition: To end a situation in which no progress can be made.
example (context c1–c2): Negotiators worked hard to break the deadlock in the talks.

 antidote (n)
definition: A remedy to counteract the effects of poison or a harmful situation.
example (context c1–c2): Laughter is often called the best antidote to stress.

 be at the bottom of sth (idiom)

definition: To be the cause or reason for something.
example (context c1–c2): Financial problems were at the bottom of their disputes.

 clear a hurdle (idiom)

definition: To successfully overcome an obstacle or difficulty.
example (context c1–c2): She cleared the hurdle of passing the exam on her first attempt.

 crack a code (idiom)

definition: To solve or decipher a difficult problem or secret.
example (context c1–c2): The detective finally cracked the code behind the mystery.

 cure-all (n)
definition: A solution or remedy that is supposed to fix all problems.
example (context c1–c2): There is no cure-all for economic recession.

 fall into place (idiom)

definition: To happen in a satisfactory or expected way.
example (context c1–c2): After some difficulties, everything fell into place.

 expedient (adj)
definition: Convenient and practical, although possibly improper or immoral.
example (context c1–c2): They chose the most expedient way to solve the issue.

 give sb a clue (phrase)

definition: To provide someone with information or a hint.
example (context c1–c2): Can you give me a clue about how to solve this puzzle?

 iron sth out (phrasal verb)

definition: To resolve or clear up difficulties or problems.
example (context c1–c2): The managers met to iron out the details of the contract.

 irresolvable (adj)
definition: Impossible to solve or fix.
example (context c1–c2): The conflict seemed irresolvable despite many efforts.
 magic wand (n)
definition: A metaphor for a simple solution that solves a complicated problem immediately.
example (context c1–c2): There’s no magic wand to fix climate change overnight.

 surmountable (adj)
definition: Able to be overcome or dealt with successfully.
example (context c1–c2): The challenges in the project were surmountable with teamwork.

 spackle (v)
definition: To fill holes or cracks, especially in walls, using a paste or filler.
example (context c1–c2): They spackled the wall before repainting the room.

 uncracked (adj)
definition: Not broken or having no cracks.
example (context c1–c2): The uncracked glass reflected the sunlight beautifully.

 work sth out (phrasal verb)

definition: To find a solution or understand something.
example (context c1–c2): They worked out the schedule for the event.

 untangle (v)
definition: To free from a twisted or complicated state.
example (context c1–c2): It took hours to untangle the fishing lines.

 extortionate (adj)
definition: Unreasonably high in price or demand.
example (context c1–c2): The rent in that area is extortionate.

 answer the door (phrase)

definition: To open the door when someone knocks or rings.
example (context c1–c2): Can you answer the door? Someone is knocking.

 clap back (phrasal verb)

definition: To respond to criticism or an attack sharply and effectively.
example (context c1–c2): The celebrity clapped back at the harsh comments on social media.

 counterblast (n)
definition: A strong response or reaction against criticism or attack.
example (context c1–c2): His counterblast silenced the opposition.

 non-respondent (n)
definition: A person who does not reply or respond.
example (context c1–c2): Several non-respondents were noted in the survey results.
 rejoinder (n)
definition: A quick or witty reply, especially to a question or remark.
example (context c1–c2): She gave a sharp rejoinder to the accusation.

 assemblyman (n)
definition: A member of a legislative assembly.
example (context c1–c2): The assemblyman proposed new legislation.

 debar (v)
definition: To officially exclude someone from something.
example (context c1–c2): The athlete was debarred from competing for doping violations.

 irrepealable (adj)
definition: Not able to be revoked or annulled.
example (context c1–c2): The court declared the law irrepealable.

 jurisprudence (n)
definition: The theory or philosophy of law.
example (context c1–c2): He studied jurisprudence at university.

 legitimate (adj)
definition: Conforming to the law or rules; valid or justified.
example (context c1–c2): The business operates legitimate trade practices.

 on the floor of (phrase)

definition: Located in or referring to the main chamber of a legislative body.
example (context c1–c2): The bill was debated on the floor of the parliament.

 proscribe (v)
definition: To forbid or prohibit officially.
example (context c1–c2): The government proscribed the use of certain chemicals.

 rescind (v)
definition: To revoke, cancel, or repeal a law, order, or agreement.
example (context c1–c2): The company rescinded the job offer.

 rescission (n)
definition: The act of rescinding or canceling.
example (context c1–c2): The contract’s rescission caused delays in the project.

 sanction (n/v)
definition: (n) Official approval or penalty; (v) To approve or impose penalties.
example (context c1–c2): The UN imposed sanctions on the country.
 strike sb down (phrase)
definition: To declare something invalid or to kill/defeat someone.
example (context c1–c2): The court struck down the unconstitutional law.

 unamended (adj)
definition: Not changed or modified.
example (context c1–c2): The bill passed unamended through the committee.

 white paper (n)

definition: An authoritative report or guide to a complex issue.
example (context c1–c2): The government released a white paper on climate policy.

 bad omen (n)

definition: A sign or warning of something bad to come.
example (context c1–c2): The broken mirror was seen as a bad omen.

 bellwether (n)
definition: A person or thing that leads or indicates future trends.
example (context c1–c2): The tech company is a bellwether in the industry.

 cross sb's hand/palm with silver (idiom)

definition: To bribe or pay someone for favors.
example (context c1–c2): He crossed the official’s palm with silver to get the permit.

 crystal ball (n)

definition: A symbolic object used to predict the future.
example (context c1–c2): No one can see the future clearly with a crystal ball.

 follow your nose (idiom)

definition: To trust your instincts or judgment.
example (context c1–c2): I decided to follow my nose and took the new job.

 foreboding (n)
definition: A feeling that something bad will happen.
example (context c1–c2): She had a sense of foreboding before the exam.

 foreshadow (v)
definition: To indicate or suggest beforehand.
example (context c1–c2): Dark clouds foreshadowed the coming storm.

 nasty (adj)
definition: Very bad or unpleasant.
example (context c1–c2): He had a nasty fall on the ice.
 portent (n)
definition: A sign or warning that something momentous is likely to happen.
example (context c1–c2): The eclipse was seen as a portent of disaster.

 ominous (adj)
definition: Giving the impression that something bad will happen.
example (context c1–c2): The silence was ominous before the announcement.

 palmistry (n)
definition: The practice of reading palms to predict the future.
example (context c1–c2): She visited a fortune teller who practiced palmistry.

 prefiguration (n)
definition: A prior indication or representation of something to come.
example (context c1–c2): The early sketches were a prefiguration of the final design.

 premonition (n)
definition: A strong feeling that something is about to happen, especially something unpleasant.
example (context c1–c2): He had a premonition of danger before the trip.

 prescience (n)
definition: Knowledge of events before they happen; foresight.
example (context c1–c2): Her prescience about market trends was impressive.

 prescient (adj)
definition: Having knowledge of the future.
example (context c1–c2): His prescient warnings were ignored.

 prophecy (n)
definition: A prediction of what will happen in the future.
example (context c1–c2): The ancient prophecy foretold great change.

 put your money on sth/sb (idiom)

definition: To bet on or support someone or something.
example (context c1–c2): I’d put my money on the underdog winning the race.

 read sb's mind (idiom)

definition: To understand what someone is thinking.
example (context c1–c2): She seems to read my mind during meetings.

 read sb's palm (idiom)

definition: To predict someone's future by looking at their palm.
example (context c1–c2): The fortune teller read his palm.
 read the runes (idiom)
definition: To interpret signs of what will happen in the future.
example (context c1–c2): Analysts are trying to read the runes for the economy.

 second-guess (v)
definition: To criticize or question decisions after they have been made.
example (context c1–c2): Don’t second-guess the coach’s strategy.

 signpost (n/v)
definition: A marker that gives directions / to indicate or point out.
example (context c1–c2): The report signposts the key areas for improvement.

 sinking feeling (idiom)

definition: A feeling of dread or apprehension.
example (context c1–c2): I had a sinking feeling that I forgot my keys.

 straw in the wind (idiom)

definition: A small sign of a future event.
example (context c1–c2): The company’s layoffs were a straw in the wind for a downturn.

 telepathy (n)
definition: The supposed communication of thoughts without speech.
example (context c1–c2): They joked about having telepathy because they often knew what the
other was thinking.

 the writing is on the wall (idiom)

definition: A clear sign that something bad will happen.
example (context c1–c2): The company’s financial troubles meant the writing was on the wall.

 bill of rights (n)

definition: A document listing the basic rights of citizens.
example (context c1–c2): The constitution includes a bill of rights to protect freedoms.

 by the book (idiom)

definition: Following rules or procedures exactly.
example (context c1–c2): The police officer did everything by the book.

 take the laws into your own hands (idiom)

definition: To act without legal authority to enforce laws.
example (context c1–c2): Vigilantes who take the laws into their own hands can cause chaos.

 decretory (adj)
definition: Having the power to decree or command.
example (context c1–c2): The judge issued a decretory order.
 go by the book (idiom)
definition: To follow rules or procedures strictly.
example (context c1–c2): She always goes by the book when handling contracts.

 guidepost (n)
definition: A sign or marker that guides or directs.
example (context c1–c2): The study provides a guidepost for future research.

 invoke (v)
definition: To call upon a law, rule, or authority for support.
example (context c1–c2): The lawyer invoked a precedent to support the case.

 juridical (adj)
definition: Relating to law or the administration of justice.
example (context c1–c2): The juridical system ensures fairness in trials.

 legislation (n)
definition: Laws considered collectively or the process of making laws.
example (context c1–c2): New legislation was introduced to regulate online privacy.

 mandatory (adj)
definition: Required by law or rules.
example (context c1–c2): Wearing seat belts is mandatory in many countries.

 protocol (n)
definition: A formal system of rules or procedures.
example (context c1–c2): The diplomats followed the proper protocol during the meeting.

 statute (n)
definition: A written law passed by a legislative body.
example (context c1–c2): The statute limits the speed on highways.

 uncanonical (adj)
definition: Not conforming to accepted rules or standards.
example (context c1–c2): His uncanonical approach challenged traditional methods.

 uncalled (adj)
definition: Not deserved or unnecessary.
example (context c1–c2): The referee’s harsh penalty was uncalled for.

 subterranean (adj)
definition: Existing or occurring below the surface of the earth.
example (context c1–c2): They explored subterranean caves.
 angry young man (phrase)
definition: A young man who expresses frustration with society.
example (context c1–c2): He was known as an angry young man who protested social injustice.

 anarchist (n)
definition: A person who believes in or tries to bring about anarchy.
example (context c1–c2): The anarchist group staged protests against the government.

 anti-apartheid (adj)
definition: Opposed to racial segregation and discrimination policies.
example (context c1–c2): The movement was anti-apartheid and fought for equality.

 coup (n)
definition: A sudden, violent, and illegal seizure of power from a government.
example (context c1–c2): The military staged a coup to overthrow the president.

 firebrand (n)
definition: A person who is passionate about causing change, often in a radical way.
example (context c1–c2): The activist was a firebrand for environmental causes.

 overthrow (v)
definition: To remove forcibly from power.
example (context c1–c2): The rebels planned to overthrow the regime.