PART 16

1. race riot (n)

definition: a violent disturbance involving racial groups
example (context: social unrest)

The city experienced a race riot following tensions between communities.

2. subversive (adj)
definition: seeking to undermine or overthrow established systems
example (context: politics)

The government arrested subversive activists plotting a coup.

3. uprising (n)
definition: a rebellion or revolt against authority
example (context: history)

The peasants staged an uprising against the oppressive regime.

4. troublemaker (n)
definition: a person who causes problems or conflict
example (context: school)

The teacher warned the troublemaker to behave in class.

5. ascetically (adv)
definition: in a manner relating to strict self-discipline and simplicity
example (context: lifestyle)

He lived ascetically, avoiding all luxuries.

6. be in command of yourself (idiom)

definition: to remain calm and controlled
example (context: crisis)

Despite the chaos, she was in command of herself.

7. cut your coat according to your cloth (idiom)

definition: to live within your means
example (context: finance)

You should cut your coat according to your cloth to avoid debt.
 8. decorous (adj)
definition: proper and polite in behavior
example (context: social event)

The guests behaved in a decorous manner at the gala.

9. self-discipline (n)
definition: control over one's own behavior and impulses
example (context: study habits)

Success requires a lot of self-discipline.

10. frugality (n)

definition: being careful with money or resources; thriftiness
example (context: budgeting)

Their frugality helped them save for a new home.

11. go easy (idiom)

definition: to be gentle or moderate in approach
example (context: advice)

Go easy on yourself if you make mistakes.

12. impervious (adj)

definition: not affected or influenced by something
example (context: emotions)

She was impervious to criticism.

13. monastic (adj)

definition: relating to monks or a strict, austere lifestyle
example (context: lifestyle)

He lived a monastic life of solitude and prayer.

14. pull together (phrasal verb)

definition: to work cooperatively towards a common goal
example (context: team effort)

The team pulled together to finish the project on time.

15. presidential (adj)

definition: befitting or characteristic of a president; dignified
example (context: leadership)
She carried herself with a presidential air.

16. restrict yourself to sth (phrase)

definition: to limit oneself to something
example (context: diet)

He restricted himself to only healthy foods.

17. puritanical (adj)

definition: having strict moral or religious attitudes
example (context: culture)

The community had a puritanical view on entertainment.

18. rise above sth (phrasal verb)

definition: to overcome a difficulty or negative influence
example (context: adversity)

She rose above the criticism and succeeded.

19. self-regulating (adj)

definition: able to control or manage oneself without external control
example (context: economy)

The market is often described as self-regulating.

20. undignified (adj)

definition: lacking dignity; humiliating
example (context: behavior)

His undignified outburst shocked everyone.

21. hereupon (adv)

definition: immediately after this
example (context: formal writing)

He signed the document, hereupon the meeting ended.

22. the status quo (n)

definition: the existing state of affairs
example (context: society)

The reformers wanted to challenge the status quo.

 23. topicality (n)
definition: relevance to current events or issues
example (context: news)

The article’s topicality attracted many readers.

24. bucket down (phrasal verb)

definition: to rain very heavily
example (context: weather)

It was bucketing down all afternoon.

25. cloud seeder (n)

definition: a device or substance used to induce rain by cloud seeding
example (context: meteorology)

The government deployed cloud seeders to alleviate drought.

26. cloudburst (n)

definition: a sudden, heavy rainfall
example (context: weather)

The cloudburst caused flooding in the village.

27. precipitation (n)

definition: any form of water, such as rain or snow, that falls to the ground
example (context: meteorology)

The area received heavy precipitation last week.

28. rain gauge (n)

definition: an instrument to measure rainfall
example (context: weather)

The rain gauge recorded 50mm of rain yesterday.

29. downpour (n)

definition: a heavy rain shower
example (context: weather)

The sudden downpour soaked everyone at the park.

30. pelt (down) (phrasal verb)

definition: to rain heavily and continuously
example (context: weather)
It was pelting down all night.

31. composition (n)

definition: the way in which something is put together or arranged
example (context: art)

The composition of the painting was carefully planned.

32. boilerplate (n)

definition: standard text or language used repeatedly without change
example (context: contracts)

The contract contained standard boilerplate clauses.

33. peer review (n)

definition: evaluation of work by others in the same field
example (context: academia)

The article underwent peer review before publication.

34. tract (n)

definition: a large area of land or a short written work
example (context: real estate)

The farmer owned a vast tract of farmland.

35. prolusion (n)

definition: an introductory piece of writing or speech
example (context: literature)

The book’s prolusion set the tone for the chapters.

36. airs and graces (idiom)

definition: behaving as if superior or more important than others
example (context: social behavior)

She put on airs and graces at the party.

37. beneath your dignity (idiom)

definition: not appropriate for someone’s status or character
example (context: advice)

Accepting that offer would be beneath your dignity.

 38. bombastic (adj)
definition: using high-sounding but meaningless language
example (context: speech)

His bombastic speech failed to impress the audience.

39. bumptious (adj)

definition: self-assertive in an irritating way
example (context: personality)

The bumptious salesman annoyed all the customers.

40. come/get (down) off your high horse (idiom)

definition: to stop behaving arrogantly
example (context: advice)

He needs to get off his high horse and listen to others.

41. be too clever by half (idiom)

definition: trying to be too clever and causing problems
example (context: criticism)

She was too clever by half and ended up confusing everyone.

42. contumacious (adj)

definition: stubbornly disobedient to authority
example (context: behavior)

The contumacious student refused to follow the rules.

43. take sb down a peg (or two) (idiom)

definition: to humble someone who is arrogant
example (context: social interaction)

His rivals took him down a peg after his boastful remarks.

44. know all the answers (idiom)

definition: to behave as if one knows everything
example (context: personality)

She acts like she knows all the answers in meetings.

1. puffed up (adj)
definition: Excessively proud or self-important.
example (context: personality–behavior): He got puffed up after winning the award.
2. put on the dog (idiom)
definition: To dress or behave in a pretentious or showy way.
example (context: social behavior–fashion): They really put on the dog for the gala
event.
3. revolve around sth/sb (phr v)
definition: To focus primarily on something or someone.
example (context: discussion–interest): The conversation revolved around the new
policy.
4. sententious (adj)
definition: Given to moralizing in a pompous or affected manner.
example (context: speech–writing): His sententious tone annoyed the audience.
5. swollen-headed (adj)
definition: Arrogantly self-important.
example (context: personality–behavior): The actor became swollen-headed after his
success.
6. too big for your boots (idiom)
definition: Acting more important or confident than one really is.
example (context: attitude–behavior): Don't get too big for your boots just because you
got a promotion.
7. a spring in your step (idiom)
definition: To walk with energy and enthusiasm.
example (context: mood–appearance): She had a spring in her step after the good news.
8. ablaze (adj)
definition: Burning fiercely or brightly; full of emotion or activity.
example (context: fire–emotion): The sky was ablaze with the colors of sunset.
9. astir (adj)
definition: In a state of excited movement or activity.
example (context: crowd–morning): The town was astir early in the morning.
10. be alive and well/kicking (idiom)
definition: To continue to exist or be active and healthy.
example (context: situation–health): Despite rumors, the company is alive and well.
11. as fresh as a daisy (idiom)
definition: Feeling or looking very fresh and energetic.
example (context: health–appearance): She looked as fresh as a daisy after a good
night's sleep.
12. be/go at it hammer and tongs (idiom)
definition: To do something with great energy and determination.
example (context: work–effort): They were going at it hammer and tongs to finish the
project on time.
13. brisk (adj)
definition: Quick, energetic, and active.
example (context: movement–business): She took a brisk walk around the park.
14. coltish (adj)
definition: Playfully lively but awkward.
example (context: behavior–personality): His coltish manner charmed everyone at the
party.
15. caffeinated (adj)
definition: Containing caffeine; stimulated by caffeine.
example (context: beverage–effect): I prefer caffeinated drinks to keep me awake.
16. effervescence (n)
definition: Liveliness or enthusiasm; bubbles in a liquid.
example (context: personality–science): Her natural effervescence made her popular.
17. ferocious (adj)
definition: Fierce, intense, or violent.
example (context: animal–competition): The lion gave a ferocious roar.
18. anti-fashion (adj)
definition: Opposed to or rejecting current fashion trends.
example (context: style–culture): His anti-fashion look made a bold statement.
19. milliner (n)
definition: A person who makes or sells women's hats.
example (context: profession–fashion): She visited the milliner to get a custom hat.
20. out of fashion (adj)
definition: No longer trendy or popular.
example (context: clothing–style): Bell-bottom pants are largely out of fashion now.
21. steampunk (n/adj)
definition: A style inspired by 19th-century steam-powered machinery aesthetics.
example (context: fashion–culture): She loves steampunk accessories and outfits.
22. vogue (n)
definition: The prevailing fashion or style at a particular time.
example (context: fashion–culture): Minimalism is currently in vogue.
23. swag (n)
definition: Stylish confidence or free promotional items.
example (context: style–marketing): He walked in with plenty of swag at the event.
24. abrasive (adj)
definition: Harsh or rough in manner or texture.
example (context: personality–material): His abrasive tone offended many listeners.
25. blistering (adj)
definition: Extremely intense or fast.
example (context: heat–speed): The athlete ran a blistering pace.
26. bluntness (n)
definition: The quality of being straightforward or direct.
example (context: communication–behavior): Her bluntness sometimes hurt people's
feelings.
27. brusque (adj)
definition: Abrupt or curt in manner or speech.
example (context: behavior–communication): The manager's brusque reply shocked the
staff.
28. call a spade a spade (idiom)
definition: To speak honestly and directly about something unpleasant.
example (context: honesty–conversation): He always calls a spade a spade in meetings.
29. curt with (adj)
definition: Rudely brief or abrupt in speech or manner.
 example (context: communication–behavior): She was curt with the customer when
asked difficult questions.
30. downright (adv/adj)
definition: Completely or thoroughly (often used to emphasize negative qualities).
example (context: description–behavior): His behavior was downright rude.
31. edgelord (n)
definition: Someone who tries to shock others with provocative opinions or behavior.
example (context: internet culture–personality): That comment sounds like it came from
an edgelord.
32. forthright (adj)
definition: Direct and honest in speech or behavior.
example (context: communication–personality): She was forthright about her concerns.
33. in a word (idiom)
definition: To sum up briefly.
example (context: summary–speech): In a word, the event was a success.
34. the long and the short of it (idiom)
definition: The main point or summary of a story or situation.
example (context: summary–conversation): The long and the short of it is that we need
more funding.
35. in the raw (idiom)
definition: In a natural, unprocessed state.
example (context: nature–experience): The documentary showed nature in the raw.
36. mince (v)
definition: To speak indirectly or euphemistically.
example (context: speech–behavior): She doesn't mince her words when giving feedback.
37. not mince your words (idiom)
definition: To speak clearly and directly without softening.
example (context: honesty–conversation): He doesn't mince his words in meetings.
38. not pull any/your punches (idiom)
definition: To speak or act without trying to be gentle or tactful.
example (context: criticism–behavior): The critic didn't pull any punches in the review.
39. not suffer fools gladly (idiom)
definition: To have little patience for people considered foolish.
example (context: personality–behavior): She's brilliant but doesn't suffer fools gladly.
40. plain-spoken (adj)
definition: Speaking in a straightforward, simple manner.
example (context: communication–personality): His plain-spoken style makes him easy
to understand.
41. shoot from the hip (idiom)
definition: To speak or act without careful thought.
example (context: behavior–communication): He tends to shoot from the hip, sometimes
causing trouble.
42. smash-mouth (adj)
definition: Aggressively direct or forceful.
example (context: sports–style): The team played a smash-mouth game to win.
43. terseness (n)
definition: The quality of being brief and to the point, sometimes abruptly.
example (context: communication–style): Her terseness suggested she was annoyed.
44. to be frank/honest (idiom)
definition: To speak openly and sincerely.
example (context: conversation–openness): To be honest, I didn't like the movie.
45. unblinkingly (adv)
definition: Without hesitation or fear.
example (context: behavior–courage): She stared unblinkingly at her opponent.
46. a screeching halt (idiom)
definition: A sudden and complete stop.
example (context: movement–event): The car came to a screeching halt.
47. at the close of (idiom)
definition: At the end of a period of time.
example (context: time–event): At the close of the meeting, everyone applauded.
48. cessation (n)
definition: The stopping or ending of something.
example (context: action–process): There was a cessation of hostilities after the
agreement.
49. culmination (n)
definition: The highest or final point of something.
example (context: event–achievement): The festival was the culmination of months of
planning.
50. dead end (n)
definition: A situation with no prospects or solutions.
example (context: problem–career): His efforts to negotiate reached a dead end.
51. demise (n)
definition: The end or death of something or someone.
example (context: business–life): The company's demise shocked the industry.
52. it'll (all) end in tears (idiom)
definition: A situation will result in sadness or failure.
example (context: prediction–warning): If you keep ignoring the problem, it'll all end in
tears.
53. showstopper (n)
definition: Something that prevents progress or is very impressive.
example (context: event–problem): The technical issue was a showstopper during the
concert.
54. tailpiece (n)
definition: A concluding section or remark.
example (context: writing–speech): He ended his speech with a witty tailpiece.
55. the end of the line/road (idiom)
definition: The final stage or point.
example (context: situation–life): After years of struggle, it felt like the end of the line.
56. the tail end (n)
definition: The last part of something.
example (context: time–event): We arrived at the tail end of the meeting.
57. armlock (n)
definition: A wrestling hold controlling the opponent’s arm.
example (context: sport–martial arts): He escaped from the armlock quickly.
58. box sth out (phr v)
definition: To push an opponent away using the body, especially in sports.
example (context: sports–basketball): The player boxed out his rival to get the rebound.
59. chain sb to sth (idiom)
definition: To restrict or tie someone to something.
example (context: metaphor–responsibility): He felt chained to his desk all day.
60. circumscribe (v)
definition: To limit or restrict something.
example (context: law–rights): The law circumscribes the powers of the government.
61. clamp down on sth (idiom)
definition: To take strict action to stop something undesirable.
example (context: policy–law enforcement): Authorities clamped down on illegal trade.
62. clip sb's wings (idiom)
definition: To restrict someone's freedom or power.
example (context: authority–control): The manager was careful not to clip his
employees' wings.
63. cramp sb's style (idiom)
definition: To restrict or limit someone's usual way of doing things.
example (context: behavior–freedom): The strict rules cramped her style.
64. cripple (v)
definition: To cause severe damage or impairment.
example (context: injury–business): The accident crippled the company’s operations.
65. curb (v)
definition: To restrain or control.
example (context: behavior–policy): New laws were introduced to curb pollution.
66. delimitation (n)
definition: The act of setting boundaries or limits.
example (context: geography–law): The delimitation of the border took years.
67. gatekeeper (n)
definition: A person or thing that controls access to something.
example (context: media–access): Editors act as gatekeepers of information.
68. hammerlock (n)
definition: A wrestling hold where the opponent’s arm is twisted behind their back.
example (context: sport–martial arts): He escaped the hammerlock after a struggle.
69. hamstring (v)
definition: To severely restrict or damage someone's ability.
example (context: business–sports): Budget cuts hamstrung the project.
70. illiberal (adj)
definition: Opposed to liberal principles; restricting freedom.
example (context: politics–policy): The government was criticized for illiberal policies.
71. impinge on (phr v)
definition: To have an effect, especially negative or limiting.
 example (context: rights–environment): Noise pollution impinges on residents' quality of
life.
72. stabilizer (n)
definition: Something that keeps something steady or balanced.
example (context: mechanics–economics): The government acted as a stabilizer during
the recession.
73. strait (n)
definition: A narrow passage of water connecting two seas or large areas of water.
example (context: geography–marine): The strait between the islands is busy with
shipping.
74. suffocating (adj)
definition: Causing difficulty in breathing or feeling trapped.
example (context: environment–emotion): The heat was suffocating in the crowded
room.
75. tie down (phr v)
definition: To restrict or limit someone’s freedom or movement.
example (context: responsibility–life): Having children can tie you down.
76. tie up (phr v)
definition: To bind or secure; to delay or involve someone in something.
example (context: logistics–time): Traffic tied up the delivery for hours.
77. uncrippled (adj)
definition: Not crippled; able-bodied or fully functional.
example (context: health–function): After rehabilitation, he was uncrippled and active
again.
78. like water off a duck's back (idiom)
definition: Having no apparent effect on someone.
example (context: behavior–emotion): Criticism was like water off a duck's back to her.
79. a mug's game (idiom)
definition: A foolish or pointless activity.
example (context: effort–risk): Investing in that company is a mug's game.
80. adrift (adj)
definition: Without direction or purpose.
example (context: life–emotion): After the breakup, he felt adrift.
81. be living in a dream world (idiom)
definition: To have unrealistic ideas or hopes.
example (context: perception–expectation): Thinking you'll get rich quick is living in a
dream world.
82. be strictly for the birds (idiom)
definition: To be worthless or unimportant.
example (context: opinion–value): His advice is strictly for the birds.
83. at a loose end (idiom)
definition: Having nothing to do; bored or restless.
example (context: time–feeling): She was at a loose end after quitting her job.
84. chasing your tail (idiom)
definition: Trying to do something but making no progress.
example (context: work–effort): I've been chasing my tail all day trying to finish this.
85. lost on (phr v)
definition: Not understood or appreciated by someone.
example (context: communication–understanding): The joke was lost on him.
86. past your sell-by date (idiom)
definition: No longer effective or useful because of age.
example (context: career–value): Some say the actor is past his sell-by date.
87. beyond hope (idiom)
definition: Impossible to improve or save.
example (context: situation–failure): The project was beyond hope after the major
setback.
88. desultory (adj)
definition: Lacking a plan or enthusiasm; random.
example (context: behavior–activity): His desultory efforts didn't impress the boss.
89. eye candy (n)
definition: Something attractive to look at but lacking substance.
example (context: appearance–design): The movie had great effects but was just eye
candy.
90. flaccid (adj)
definition: Soft and weak; lacking strength or firmness.
example (context: health–appearance): The plant's leaves became flaccid without water.
91. good-for-nothing (adj/n)
definition: Worthless or useless person or thing.
example (context: insult–behavior): He was called a good-for-nothing by his family.
92.  infructuous (adj)
definition: Unproductive or futile; failing to produce the desired result.
example (context effort–failure): Their negotiations proved infructuous despite months of
talks.
93.  lost soul (n)
definition: A person who feels confused, isolated, or without purpose.
example (context emotion–identity): After the breakup, he felt like a lost soul.
94.  moon around (phrasal verb)
definition: To move about aimlessly or dreamily, often showing sadness or boredom.
example (context behavior–sadness): She spent the afternoon mooning around the house.
95.  outlive your usefulness (idiom)
definition: To no longer be needed or effective.
example (context career–redundancy): The old machine outlived its usefulness years ago.
96.  pound sand (idiom, informal, rude)
definition: A dismissive way to tell someone to go away or stop bothering you.
example (context argument–dismissal): If you don’t like it, you can pound sand.
97.  quixotic (adj)
definition: Extremely idealistic but impractical or unrealistic.
example (context plan–impracticality): His quixotic quest to change the world was
admirable but doomed.
98.  self-defeating (adj)
definition: Acting in a way that undermines one’s own goals.
example (context behavior–contradiction): Procrastination is a self-defeating habit.
99.  unilluminating (adj)
definition: Not providing insight or understanding; unclear.
example (context explanation–confusing): The report was unilluminating and left many
questions unanswered.
100.  till you are blue in the face (idiom)
definition: To do something repeatedly or for a long time without success.
example (context effort–failure): You can argue till you are blue in the face, but I won’t
change my mind.
101.  anaemic (adj)
definition: Weak, pale, or lacking energy or vitality.
example (context health–appearance): His anaemic complexion worried the doctor.
102.  disengaged (adj)
definition: Emotionally detached or uninvolved.
example (context attitude–apathy): The students seemed disengaged during the lecture.
103.  feckless (adj)
definition: Ineffective, irresponsible, or lacking initiative.
example (context behavior–irresponsibility): The feckless manager failed to meet
deadlines.
104.  half-hearted (adj)
definition: Done without enthusiasm or commitment.
example (context effort–lack): She gave a half-hearted attempt at the project.
105.  jump the shark (idiom)
definition: To decline in quality or popularity after reaching a peak.
example (context entertainment–decline): The show jumped the shark in its fifth season.
106.  lethargy (n)
definition: A state of tiredness, inactivity, or lack of energy.
example (context health–fatigue): After the flu, she felt a sense of lethargy.
107.  nonchalant (adj)
definition: Calm and unconcerned, often seeming indifferent.
example (context behavior–attitude): He was nonchalant about the exam results.
108.  somnambulant (adj)
definition: Relating to sleepwalking; in a dazed or automatic state.
example (context behavior–state): She moved through the room in a somnambulant
manner.
109.  stolid (adj)
definition: Showing little emotion or sensitivity; unemotional.
example (context reaction–behavior): He remained stolid despite the bad news.
110.  hell with sth/sb (idiom, informal, rude)
definition: Used to express dismissal or rejection of something or someone.
example (context frustration–dismissal): Hell with their rules—I’m doing it my way.
111.  ultra-casual (adj)
definition: Extremely informal in dress or behavior.
example (context style–dress): The office allows ultra-casual attire on Fridays.
112.  world-weary (adj)
definition: Tired or cynical due to life experience.
example (context attitude–fatigue): His world-weary smile suggested he had seen it all.
113.  as bold as brass (idiom)
definition: Very confident and sometimes disrespectful or rude.
example (context behavior–confidence): She was as bold as brass asking for a raise.
114.  backchat (n)
definition: Impudent or rude reply, especially to a superior.
example (context conversation–disrespect): The student got in trouble for backchat to the
teacher.
115.  churlish (adj)
definition: Rude, mean-spirited, or ill-mannered.
example (context behavior–rudeness): His churlish response shocked everyone.
116.  coarse-grained (adj)
definition: Lacking refinement or subtlety; rough.
example (context manner–behavior): The coarse-grained humor offended some guests.
117.  discourteous (adj)
definition: Showing a lack of politeness or respect.
example (context interaction–rudeness): The waiter was discourteous to the customers.
118.  effrontery (n)
definition: Insolent or shameless boldness.
example (context behavior–audacity): He had the effrontery to ask for a raise after being
late.
119.  foul-mouthed (adj)
definition: Using offensive or obscene language.
example (context speech–vulgarity): The foul-mouthed coach shocked the parents.
120. graceless (adj)
definition: Lacking elegance or refinement; awkward.
example (context c1–c2): His graceless apology did little to mend the situation.
121. impertinent (adj)
definition: Rude or showing a lack of respect.
example (context c1–c2): The student’s impertinent question annoyed the teacher.
122. ill-mannered (adj)
definition: Having bad manners; rude.
example (context c1–c2): The ill-mannered guest interrupted the conversation.
123. ill-breeding (n)
definition: Bad upbringing or lack of social manners.
example (context c1–c2): His ill-breeding was evident in how he spoke to elders.
124. impudent (adj)
definition: Boldly disrespectful or cheeky.
example (context c1–c2): The impudent child talked back to the adult.
125. indecorum (n)
definition: Behavior that is not socially acceptable or proper.
example (context c1–c2): The indecorum during the meeting shocked everyone.
126. insolent (adj)
definition: Showing rude and arrogant lack of respect.
example (context c1–c2): She was punished for her insolent behavior.
127. diplomatic (adj)
definition: Skilled in handling sensitive matters tactfully.
example (context c1–c2): He gave a diplomatic response to avoid conflict.
128. obnoxious (adj)
definition: Extremely unpleasant or offensive.
example (context c1–c2): The obnoxious smell made everyone leave the room.
129. pert (adj)
definition: Boldly forward or lively, sometimes annoyingly so.
example (context c1–c2): The pert student answered every question quickly.
130. presumptuous (adj)
definition: Failing to observe limits; overly confident or arrogant.
example (context c1–c2): It was presumptuous of him to make that decision alone.
131. ripeness (n)
definition: The state of being mature or fully developed.
example (context c1–c2): The ripeness of the fruit was perfect for picking.
132. rough-hewn (adj)
definition: Coarsely shaped or made; lacking refinement.
example (context c1–c2): The cabin was built from rough-hewn logs.
133. smart-mouthed (adj)
definition: Speaking in a disrespectfully clever or cheeky way.
example (context c1–c2): The smart-mouthed teenager annoyed his parents.
134. take the liberty of doing sth (idiom)
definition: To do something without asking permission, sometimes boldly.
example (context c1–c2): I took the liberty of making some changes to your report.
135. talkback (n)
definition: A response, especially one that is cheeky or backtalk.
example (context c1–c2): The teacher didn’t tolerate talkback from students.
136. unceremonious (adj)
definition: Done without formality or courtesy; abrupt.
example (context c1–c2): He was given an unceremonious dismissal.
137. uncouth (adj)
definition: Lacking good manners or refinement.
example (context c1–c2): His uncouth behavior embarrassed everyone.
138. unparliamentary (adj)
definition: Language or behavior inappropriate or not allowed in a formal debate or
parliament.
example (context c1–c2): The speaker was reprimanded for unparliamentary language.
139. vulgar (adj)
definition: Lacking sophistication or good taste; crude.
example (context c1–c2): The comedian’s jokes were often vulgar.
140. dove (n)
definition: A person who advocates peace, especially in politics.
example (context c1–c2): She was known as a dove in the peace talks.
141. equable (adj)
definition: Even-tempered and calm.
example (context c1–c2): He has an equable nature, rarely getting upset.
142. equanimity (n)
definition: Mental calmness and composure, especially in difficult situations.
example (context c1–c2): She faced the crisis with great equanimity.
143. even-tempered (adj)
definition: Having a calm and balanced temperament.
example (context c1–c2): The manager was known for being even-tempered.
144. forbearing (adj)
definition: Patient and self-controlled; tolerant.
example (context c1–c2): He was forbearing despite the provocation.
145. have the patience of a saint (idiom)
definition: To be extremely patient.
example (context c1–c2): She has the patience of a saint when dealing with difficult
customers.
146. long-suffering (adj)
definition: Enduring hardship or provocation without complaint.
example (context c1–c2): His long-suffering wife tolerated many difficulties.
147. non-combative (adj)
definition: Not inclined to fight or argue.
example (context c1–c2): He maintained a non-combative attitude during the
negotiations.
148. peace-loving (adj)
definition: Preferring peace over conflict.
example (context c1–c2): The peace-loving community avoided all violence.
149. stoicism (n)
definition: The endurance of pain or hardship without showing feelings or complaint.
example (context c1–c2): She endured the loss with remarkable stoicism.
150. unbelligerent (adj)
definition: Not hostile or aggressive.
example (context c1–c2): The country remained unbelligerent during the conflict.
151. barricade (n)
definition: A barrier set up to block passage, often in protests or war.
example (context c1–c2): Protesters built a barricade to block the street.
152. bastion (n)
definition: A stronghold or place of defense.
example (context c1–c2): The fortress was a bastion against invaders.
153. chateau (n)
definition: A large country house or castle, especially in France.
example (context c1–c2): They stayed at a beautiful chateau during their vacation.
154. drawbridge (n)
definition: A movable bridge that can be raised or lowered, often at a castle.
example (context c1–c2): The drawbridge was raised to prevent enemy entry.
155. earthwork (n)
definition: A man-made bank or mound of earth, usually for defense.
example (context c1–c2): The soldiers built earthworks around the camp.
 156. fortified (adj)
definition: Strengthened with defensive works.
example (context c1–c2): The town was fortified to withstand attacks.
157. foxhole (n)
definition: A small pit dug for soldiers to take cover in during battle.
example (context c1–c2): The soldier hid in the foxhole during the firefight.

1. rampart (n)
definition: a defensive wall or barrier around a place
example (context: fortress)

The soldiers stood guard atop the castle’s ramparts.

2. stockade (n)
definition: a defensive barrier made of strong posts or stakes
example (context: military)

The camp was surrounded by a wooden stockade.

3. stronghold (n)
definition: a place strongly defended or controlled
example (context: war)

The rebels held the city as their stronghold.

4. abjure (v)
definition: to formally reject or renounce a belief or claim
example (context: religion)

He abjured his former political beliefs.

5. abnegate (v)
definition: to renounce or give up something, especially a right or privilege
example (context: personal sacrifice)

She abnegated her claim to the inheritance.

6. all right (adj/adv)

definition: satisfactory or acceptable; used to agree or confirm
example (context: informal)

The plan sounds all right to me.

7. bat sb/sth away (phrasal verb)

definition: to dismiss or repel someone or something quickly
example (context: conversation)
She batted away the reporter’s questions.

8. be laughed out of court (idiom)

definition: to be dismissed as ridiculous or not credible
example (context: argument)

His proposal was laughed out of court by the committee.

9. blow sth out (phrasal verb)

definition: to extinguish by blowing; or to exaggerate
example (context: birthday)

She blew out the candles on the cake.

10. brush past sb (phrasal verb)

definition: to move quickly past someone with slight contact
example (context: crowd)

He brushed past the crowd without stopping.

11. cast-offs (n)

definition: things that have been discarded or thrown away
example (context: clothing)

The charity collects cast-offs to donate to the poor.

12. give sb the cold shoulder (idiom)

definition: to deliberately ignore someone
example (context: social)

After the argument, she gave him the cold shoulder.

13. demur (v)

definition: to express doubt or objection
example (context: discussion)

He demurred when asked to accept the offer.

14. draw the line (idiom)

definition: to set a limit on what is acceptable
example (context: behavior)

I draw the line at cheating in any form.

 15. foreclose (v)
definition: to take possession of property due to failure to pay debt
example (context: finance)

The bank foreclosed on the house after missed payments.

16. frown on/upon (phrasal verb)

definition: to disapprove of something
example (context: society)

Many cultures frown upon public displays of anger.

17. hound sb out of sth (phrasal verb)

definition: to force someone to leave through harassment
example (context: politics)

The activist was hounded out of the organization.

18. ill-disposed (adj)

definition: having a negative attitude toward someone or something
example (context: opinion)

He was ill-disposed toward the new manager.

19. kick against sth (idiom)

definition: to resist or complain about something
example (context: rules)

The workers kicked against the new regulations.

20. jettison (v)

definition: to throw away or discard something unwanted
example (context: shipping)

The crew jettisoned cargo to lighten the ship.

21. knockback (n)

definition: a rejection or setback
example (context: job application)

She faced several knockbacks before getting hired.

22. non-compliance (n)

definition: failure to act according to rules or laws
example (context: regulation)
The company was fined for non-compliance with safety standards.

23. not have a bar of sth (idiom)

definition: to refuse to accept or be involved with something
example (context: advice)

He didn’t have a bar of the idea to quit his job.

24. not hear of sth (idiom)

definition: to refuse to consider or allow something
example (context: permission)

I won’t hear of you staying out late.

25. not on your life (idiom)

definition: definitely not; used to refuse something emphatically
example (context: refusal)

“Can I borrow your car?” — “Not on your life!”

26. oppositional (adj)

definition: showing resistance or disagreement
example (context: behavior)

The child had an oppositional attitude towards authority.

27. opt out of sth (phrasal verb)

definition: to choose not to participate
example (context: program)

She opted out of the mandatory training session.

28. override (v)

definition: to use authority to reject or cancel something
example (context: management)

The manager overrode the decision of the committee.

29. pass on (phrasal verb)

definition: to give or transmit something to another person
example (context: information)

Please pass on the message to the rest of the team.

 30. punt on sth (idiom)
definition: to take a risk or gamble on something
example (context: business)

The company punted on the new technology despite uncertainty.

31. rebuff (v, n)

definition: (v) to reject bluntly; (n) a rejection
example (context: social)

She rebuffed his invitation to the party.

32. recusant (n, adj)

definition: a person who refuses to comply with authority (often religious); refusing to
comply
example (context: history)

Recusants were persecuted for not attending Anglican services.

33. repudiate (v)

definition: to reject or deny the validity of something
example (context: politics)

The politician repudiated the allegations against him.

34. self-abnegating (adj)

definition: showing self-denial or self-sacrifice
example (context: personality)

Her self-abnegating nature made her put others first.

35. self-renunciation (n)

definition: the act of giving up oneself or one's desires
example (context: spirituality)

The monk practiced self-renunciation to achieve enlightenment.

36. shoot sb down (phrasal verb)

definition: to reject or criticize someone strongly
example (context: argument)

He shot down all my suggestions in the meeting.

37. tear sth up (phrasal verb)

definition: to rip into pieces
example (context: anger)
She tore up the letter after reading it.

38. throw sth out (phrasal verb)

definition: to discard or reject something
example (context: decision)

The judge threw out the evidence as inadmissible.

39. thumbs down (n)

definition: a sign of rejection or disapproval
example (context: judgment)

The proposal received a thumbs down from the board.

40. turn your nose up (idiom)

definition: to reject or disdain something
example (context: taste)

He turned his nose up at the cheap meal.

41. vote sth down (phrasal verb)

definition: to reject something by voting
example (context: politics)

The council voted down the new zoning law.

42. wash your hands of sth (idiom)

definition: to refuse to be involved with something anymore
example (context: responsibility)

She washed her hands of the project after the failure.

43. wild horses (idiom)

definition: strong forces or persuasion used to prevent something
example (context: refusal)

Not even wild horses could make him change his mind.

44. aberrant (adj)

definition: deviating from what is normal or expected
example (context: behavior)

His aberrant behavior worried his friends.

 45. abnormal (adj)
definition: not normal or usual
example (context: health)

The doctor found abnormal levels in the test results.

46. bizarre (adj)

definition: very strange or unusual
example (context: event)

They witnessed a bizarre sight at the festival.

47. alienness (n)

definition: the quality of being strange or unfamiliar
example (context: culture)

The alienness of the customs made her uncomfortable.

48. deviance (n)

definition: behavior that deviates from societal norms
example (context: sociology)

The study examined deviance among teenagers.

49. disordered (adj)

definition: confused or not in proper order
example (context: mental health)

The patient showed disordered thinking.

50. eerie (adj)

definition: strange and frightening
example (context: atmosphere)

The abandoned house had an eerie silence.

51. feyness (n)

definition: a sense of otherworldliness or mystical qualities
example (context: literature)

The character’s feyness added to the story’s magic.

52. far out (adj, idiom)

definition: unusual or unconventional; impressive
example (context: slang)
That was a far-out concert last night!

53. heterodox (adj)

definition: not conforming to accepted beliefs or standards
example (context: religion)

His heterodox views challenged traditional doctrine.

54. joker in the pack (idiom)

definition: an unpredictable or unusual element
example (context: group dynamics)

She was the joker in the pack, always surprising us.

55. like nothing else on earth (idiom)

definition: unique or extraordinary
example (context: experience)

The view from the mountain was like nothing else on earth.

56. maverick (n)

definition: a person who is independent and unconventional
example (context: business)

The entrepreneur was known as a maverick in the industry.

57. not add up (idiom)

definition: to seem illogical or inconsistent
example (context: investigation)

His story didn’t add up during questioning.

58. offbeat (adj)

definition: unusual and different from the norm
example (context: art)

The film’s offbeat humor appealed to a niche audience.

59. off the wall (idiom)

definition: very unusual or eccentric
example (context: behavior)

His off-the-wall ideas surprised everyone.

 60. outlandish (adj)
definition: bizarre or unfamiliar
example (context: fashion)

She wore an outlandish outfit to the party.

61. peculiar (adj)

definition: strange or unusual
example (context: habit)

He had a peculiar way of speaking.

62. outrageous (adj)

definition: shockingly bad or excessive
example (context: price)

The cost of the repairs was outrageous.

63. perverted (adj)

definition: morally distorted or abnormal
example (context: behavior)

The movie depicted a perverted character.

64. queer (adj)

definition: strange or unusual; also used as an identity term
example (context: description)

The tale had a queer twist at the end.

65. estrange (v)

definition: to cause someone to be alienated or separated
example (context: family)

His harsh words estranged him from his friends.

66. surreal (adj)

definition: bizarre, dreamlike, or unreal
example (context: experience)

The whole event felt surreal to the witnesses.

67. twisted (adj)

definition: distorted or mentally disturbed
example (context: personality)
The villain had a twisted sense of humor.

68. way out (adj)

definition: unconventional or eccentric
example (context: style)

Her way out fashion choices always turn heads.

69. whimsical (adj)

definition: playful or fanciful
example (context: art)

The garden had whimsical decorations.

70. whacky (adj)

definition: crazy or eccentric
example (context: personality)

His whacky antics entertained the crowd.

71. awestruck (adj)

definition: filled with wonder or amazement
example (context: scenery)

They were awestruck by the magnificent sunset.

72. cover yourself with glory (idiom)

definition: to do something that brings great honor or fame
example (context: achievement)

The team covered themselves with glory by winning the championship.

 dap sth up (phr v)

definition: To gently touch or tap repeatedly, especially with hands.
example (context: gesture–greeting): They dapped up each other before the game started.

 defer (v)
definition: To postpone or delay; to yield respectfully to someone else's opinion or wishes.
example (context: decision–respect): They decided to defer the meeting until next week.

 deferential (adj)
definition: Showing respect and submission.
example (context: behavior–attitude): She was deferential towards her elders.
 fall to your knees (idiom)
definition: To kneel down, often as a sign of respect, submission, or despair.
example (context: reaction–emotion): The crowd fell to their knees in prayer.

 fly at half-mast (idiom)

definition: To display a flag halfway down the pole as a sign of mourning.
example (context: mourning–ceremony): Flags were flying at half-mast after the tragedy.

 forelock (n)
definition: The front part of an animal’s mane or hair; symbolically, an act of showing
submission.
example (context: symbolism–gesture): He touched his forelock as a sign of respect.

 hold sb in esteem (idiom)

definition: To regard someone with respect and admiration.
example (context: respect–relationship): She is held in high esteem by her colleagues.

 idolatry (n)
definition: Extreme admiration or worship of someone or something.
example (context: culture–belief): His idolatry of the celebrity was obvious.

 in deference to (idiom)
definition: Out of respect or consideration for someone or something.
example (context: behavior–decision): They paused in deference to the speaker.

 know your place (idiom)

definition: To understand and accept your social position or role.
example (context: behavior–hierarchy): He was told to know his place in the company.

 owe a debt of gratitude/thanks (idiom)

definition: To feel very grateful to someone.
example (context: gratitude–relationship): I owe a debt of gratitude to my teacher.

 pay homage to (idiom)

definition: To show respect or honor publicly.
example (context: ceremony–respect): They paid homage to the veterans.

 pay your respects (idiom)

definition: To show formal respect, especially at funerals.
example (context: ceremony–mourning): Friends and family came to pay their respects.

 put sb on a pedestal (idiom)

definition: To admire or idealize someone excessively.
example (context: admiration–relationship): He was put on a pedestal by his fans.
 reverent (adj)
definition: Feeling or showing deep respect.
example (context: behavior–attitude): The audience was reverent during the ceremony.

 salute (v/n)
definition: To show respect by a formal gesture; the gesture itself.
example (context: military–respect): Soldiers saluted their commander.

 take a bow (idiom)

definition: To acknowledge applause or praise, usually after a performance.
example (context: performance–gratitude): The actor took a bow at the end of the show.

 tug at/touch your forelock (idiom)

definition: To show excessive respect or submission, sometimes mockingly.
example (context: behavior–gesture): He was seen touching his forelock to the boss.

 venerate (v)
definition: To regard with great respect or reverence.
example (context: religion–culture): The saint is venerated by many.

 worshipful (adj)
definition: Showing or feeling great admiration or reverence.
example (context: behavior–attitude): The fans were worshipful towards the singer.

 all roads lead to Rome (idiom)

definition: Different methods or actions can lead to the same result.
example (context: problem-solving–approach): Don't worry about the method; all roads lead to
Rome.

 baked in (idiom)
definition: Something that is already included or inevitable.
example (context: planning–process): Delays were baked in from the start.

 only a matter of time (idiom)

definition: Something will definitely happen, but the exact time is unknown.
example (context: prediction–event): It's only a matter of time before he succeeds.

 be nothing for it (idiom)

definition: To have no other option but to do something.
example (context: decision–necessity): If it rains, we'll be nothing for it but to cancel.

 part and parcel of it (idiom)

definition: An essential or inevitable part of something.
example (context: experience–process): Stress is part and parcel of the job.
 doom sb/sth to sth (v)
definition: To make someone or something certain to experience something bad.
example (context: fate–consequence): The company was doomed to failure after the scandal.

 implacable (adj)
definition: Impossible to calm or satisfy.
example (context: emotion–conflict): She was an implacable enemy.

 ineluctable (adj)
definition: Unable to be avoided or escaped.
example (context: fate–event): Death is an ineluctable fact of life.

 inexorable (adj)
definition: Impossible to stop or prevent.
example (context: process–change): The inexorable march of time.

 relentless (adj)
definition: Persistent and never-ceasing.
example (context: effort–force): His relentless pursuit of success was inspiring.

 remorse (n)
definition: Deep regret or guilt for a wrong committed.
example (context: emotion–behavior): He felt remorse after hurting his friend.

 self-fulfilling prophecy (n)

definition: A prediction that causes itself to become true.
example (context: psychology–behavior): Fear of failure can become a self-fulfilling prophecy.

 acridly (adv)
definition: In a sharp or bitter manner, often related to smell or tone.
example (context: tone–smell): She spoke acridly about the situation.

 acrimonious (adj)
definition: Angry and bitter in speech or behavior.
example (context: argument–relationship): They had an acrimonious divorce.

 aggrieved (adj)
definition: Feeling wronged or offended.
example (context: emotion–justice): The workers felt aggrieved by the layoffs.

 apoplectic (adj)
definition: Extremely angry or furious.
example (context: emotion–reaction): He was apoplectic when he heard the news.
 be out for/after sb's scalp (idiom)
definition: To seek revenge or to try to punish someone severely.
example (context: conflict–intent): The media was out for his scalp after the scandal.

 be up in arms (idiom)
definition: To be very angry or upset about something.
example (context: protest–reaction): Residents were up in arms over the new taxes.

 berserk (adj)
definition: Out of control with anger or excitement.
example (context: behavior–emotion): The fans went berserk after the win.

 boil with sth (idiom)

definition: To be very angry or filled with a strong emotion.
example (context: emotion–reaction): She was boiling with rage after the insult.

 brassed off (adj, UK informal)

definition: Annoyed or fed up.
example (context: mood–behavior): I'm brassed off with all this paperwork.

 brooding (adj)
definition: Showing deep unhappiness or thoughtfulness.
example (context: mood–appearance): He had a brooding look after the argument.

 browned off (adj, UK informal)

definition: Fed up or annoyed.
example (context: mood–behavior): Everyone was browned off with the delays.

 cheesed off (adj, UK informal)

definition: Annoyed or irritated.
example (context: mood–behavior): She's cheesed off about the cancellation.

 discontented (adj)
definition: Dissatisfied or unhappy.
example (context: emotion–situation): The workers were discontented with their wages.

 embittered (adj)
definition: Feeling resentful or bitter.
example (context: emotion–attitude): Years of rejection left him embittered.

 dudgeon (n)
definition: A feeling of offense or deep resentment.
example (context: emotion–reaction): He left the meeting in high dudgeon.
 fed up to the back teeth (idiom)
definition: Completely fed up or annoyed.
example (context: mood–behavior): I'm fed up to the back teeth with the noise.

 fed up with (idiom)

definition: Tired or annoyed with something.
example (context: mood–behavior): She's fed up with the constant delays.

 grumbling (n/adj)
definition: Complaining in a low voice or manner.
example (context: behavior–attitude): There was grumbling among the staff about the changes.

 hackled off (adj, UK informal)

definition: Annoyed or angry.
example (context: mood–behavior): He got hackled off when they ignored his idea.

 hopping mad (idiom)

definition: Extremely angry.
example (context: emotion–reaction): She was hopping mad after being unfairly treated.

 fractious (adj)
definition: Easily annoyed or upset; quarrelsome.
example (context: personality–behavior): The children became fractious during the long trip.

 inappeasable (adj)
definition: Impossible to satisfy or calm.
example (context: emotion–conflict): He had an inappeasable anger after the betrayal.

 incensed (adj)
definition: Very angry; enraged.
example (context: emotion–reaction): The crowd was incensed by the decision.

 indignant (adj)
definition: Feeling or showing anger or annoyance at what is perceived as unfair treatment.
example (context emotion–injustice): She was indignant at being blamed for the mistake.

 jaundiced (adj)
definition: Affected by bitterness, resentment, or cynicism.
example (context attitude–skepticism): His jaundiced view of politics made him distrustful.

 mardy (adj, British informal)

definition: Moody or sulky.
example (context behavior–mood): He got mardy when things didn’t go his way.
 not be a happy camper (idiom)
definition: To be unhappy or dissatisfied.
example (context mood–displeasure): She’s not a happy camper about the new schedule.

 pissed off (adj, informal, rude)

definition: Angry or annoyed.
example (context emotion–frustration): He was pissed off after waiting for hours.

 rancorous (adj)
definition: Characterized by bitterness or long-lasting resentment.
example (context relationship–conflict): Their rancorous dispute lasted years.

 resentful (adj)
definition: Feeling bitter or angry about being treated unfairly.
example (context emotion–grudge): She felt resentful after being overlooked for promotion.

 seething (adj)
definition: Filled with intense but unexpressed anger.
example (context emotion–anger): He was seething after the insult.

 splenetic (adj)
definition: Bad-tempered or spiteful.
example (context personality–mood): His splenetic remarks hurt everyone.

 steam sth up (phrasal verb, informal)

definition: To become angry or agitated.
example (context emotion–anger): She steamed up when criticized unfairly.

 stir-crazy (adj, informal)

definition: Feeling restless or irritable from being confined.
example (context mood–boredom): After weeks indoors, he was stir-crazy.

 stormy (adj)
definition: Characterized by strong emotions or conflict.
example (context relationship–tension): They had a stormy relationship full of fights.

 unharmonious (adj)
definition: Not forming a pleasing or consistent whole; discordant.
example (context music–sound): The choir sounded unharmonious today.

 venomous (adj)
definition: Extremely poisonous or full of malice.
example (context speech–hostility): She gave a venomous reply to her critics.
 volatile (adj)
definition: Likely to change rapidly and unpredictably, especially for the worse.
example (context situation–instability): The political climate was volatile.

 warpath (n, idiom)

definition: A state of anger or readiness to fight.
example (context mood–anger): He was on the warpath after the argument.

 wound up (adj, informal)

definition: Nervous, tense, or angry.
example (context mood–stress): She was wound up before the exam.

 wrathful (adj)
definition: Full of intense anger.
example (context emotion–rage): The wrathful king ordered an attack.

 a few well-chosen words (idiom)

definition: Carefully selected words that are effective and meaningful.
example (context speech–impact): His speech was short but packed with a few well-chosen
words.

 concise (adj)
definition: Giving a lot of information clearly and in few words.
example (context writing–style): The report was concise and to the point.

 laconic (adj)
definition: Using very few words; terse.
example (context speech–brevity): His laconic reply showed he wasn’t interested.

 not waste words (idiom)

definition: To speak briefly and only say what is necessary.
example (context conversation–efficiency): She doesn’t waste words during meetings.

 reticent (adj)
definition: Not revealing one's thoughts or feelings readily.
example (context personality–reserved): He was reticent about his plans.

 succinct (adj)
definition: Briefly and clearly expressed.
example (context explanation–clarity): Please keep your answers succinct.

 terseness (n)
definition: The quality of being brief and to the point, sometimes seeming rude.
example (context tone–communication): His terseness made the email seem harsh.
 taut (adj)
definition: Tightly drawn; tense.
example (context mood–nervousness): The atmosphere in the room was taut with tension.

 walls have ears (idiom)

definition: Be careful what you say because someone might be listening.
example (context caution–secrecy): Don’t talk about the plan here—walls have ears.

 magnate (n)
definition: A wealthy and influential businessperson.
example (context business–leader): He became a media magnate in his thirties.

 placeholder (n)
definition: A symbol or item used temporarily until the real one is available.
example (context design–layout): The text is just a placeholder for now.

 slave driver (n)

definition: Someone who makes others work very hard.
example (context boss–work): The manager was a real slave driver.

 top brass (n)

definition: The highest-ranking people in an organization.
example (context company–management): The top brass decided on the new policy.

 superintendent (n)
definition: A person who manages or oversees something, especially buildings or schools.
example (context role–management): The superintendent handles all maintenance issues.

 taskmaster (n)
definition: A person who imposes hard work or strict discipline.
example (context personality–strictness): The coach was a tough taskmaster.

 a wolf in sheep's clothing (idiom)

definition: Someone who hides malicious intent under a friendly appearance.
example (context deception–warning): Be careful; he’s a wolf in sheep’s clothing.

 bluff sb into sth/doing sth (phrasal verb)

definition: To deceive or persuade someone to do something by pretending confidence.
example (context negotiation–trick): She bluffed him into signing the contract.

 come the raw prawn (idiom, Australian/British informal)

definition: To be treated unfairly or badly.
example (context complaint–treatment): I really came the raw prawn in that deal.
 crocodile tears (idiom)
definition: Insincere or fake expressions of sorrow.
example (context behavior–deceit): His apology was just crocodile tears.

 cry wolf (idiom)

definition: To raise a false alarm.
example (context warning–credibility): If you cry wolf too often, no one will believe you.

 decoy (n)
definition: A person or thing used to lure or distract someone.
example (context strategy–trap): The police used a decoy to catch the thief.

 dress sth up as sth (phrasal verb)

definition: To make something appear more attractive or acceptable than it really is.
example (context deception–presentation): They dressed up the poor results as a success.

 front for sth (idiom)

definition: To act as a cover or disguise for something else.
example (context crime–cover): The business was a front for illegal activities.

 go through the motions (idiom)

definition: To do something without enthusiasm or genuine effort.
example (context attitude–effort): He was just going through the motions at work.

 imposture (n)
definition: The act of pretending to be someone else; fraud.
example (context crime–deception): The document exposed the imposture.

 malinger (v)
definition: To pretend to be ill to avoid work or duty.
example (context behavior–avoidance): He was accused of malingering to skip school.

 mountebank (n)
definition: A person who deceives others, especially to sell fake medicines; a charlatan.
example (context fraud–scam): The salesman was a mountebank selling worthless potions.

 put on an act (idiom)

definition: To pretend or behave in a false way.
example (context behavior–deception): She was just putting on an act to impress.

 sb's mask slips (idiom)

definition: When someone’s true feelings or intentions are revealed unintentionally.
example (context behavior–reveal): His mask slipped and everyone saw his anger.

 under the guise of doing sth (idiom)

definition: Pretending to do something for a false purpose.
example (context deception–pretense): They acted under the guise of charity but were
profiteering.

 white out (phrasal verb)

definition: To erase or obscure written or printed information.
example (context correction–writing): She white out the mistake and rewrote the sentence.

 a rough ride (idiom)

definition: A difficult or unpleasant experience.
example (context experience–challenge): He had a rough ride during his first year at college.

 abominable (adj)
definition: Very bad or unpleasant.
example (context behavior–quality): The conditions in the prison were abominable.

 abysmal (adj)
definition: Extremely bad or severe.
example (context performance–failure): The team’s performance was abysmal.

 clamorous (adj)
definition: Making a loud and confused noise.
example (context crowd–noise): The clamorous crowd cheered loudly.

 corrosive (adj)
definition: Causing damage or destruction gradually.
example (context relationship–effect): The corrosive argument destroyed their friendship.

 contemptible (adj)
definition: Deserving scorn or disrespect.
example (context behavior–morality): His actions were contemptible.

 deplorable (adj)
definition: Shockingly bad or unacceptable.
example (context conditions–standards): The living conditions were deplorable.

 despicable (adj)
definition: Extremely bad, deserving hatred or disgust.
example (context behavior–character): The villain’s deeds were despicable.

 diabolical (adj)
definition: Wicked or cruel like the devil.
example (context plan–evil): The diabolical scheme was foiled.

 fiendish (adj)
definition: Extremely cruel or unpleasant.
example (context puzzle–difficulty): The fiendish puzzle took hours to solve.
 fraught with difficulties (phrase)
definition: Filled with problems or troubles.
example (context journey–challenge): The trip was fraught with difficulties from start to finish.

 grimy (adj)
definition: Covered with dirt or grime.
example (context c1–c2): The windows were so grimy they barely let in any light.

 horrendous (adj)
definition: Extremely bad or unpleasant.
example (context c1–c2): The accident caused horrendous damage to the car.

 infernal (adj)
definition: Relating to hell; very unpleasant or annoying.
example (context c1–c2): The infernal noise from the construction kept us awake.

 invidious (adj)
definition: Likely to cause resentment or anger in others.
example (context c1–c2): The manager made an invidious comparison between employees.

 loathsome (adj)
definition: Causing hatred or disgust; repulsive.
example (context c1–c2): His loathsome behavior made him unpopular.

 nauseous (adj)
definition: Feeling like you want to vomit.
example (context c1–c2): The smell of rotten food made me feel nauseous.

 nightmarish (adj)
definition: Like a nightmare; very frightening or unpleasant.
example (context c1–c2): They experienced a nightmarish traffic jam on their trip.

 not be all fun and games (idiom)

definition: To indicate that something is serious or difficult.
example (context c1–c2): Parenting is not all fun and games; it requires hard work.

 off-putting (adj)
definition: Unpleasant or disconcerting; causing dislike or hesitation.
example (context c1–c2): His rude behavior was off-putting to the guests.

 repugnant (adj)
definition: Extremely distasteful or unacceptable.
example (context c1–c2): The proposal was repugnant to many members of the community.
 rude awakening (idiom)
definition: A sudden realization of an unpleasant truth.
example (context c1–c2): Losing his job was a rude awakening for him.

 sobriety (n)
definition: The state of being sober; seriousness or moderation.
example (context c1–c2): Sobriety is essential for safe driving.

 solemn (adj)
definition: Formal and serious.
example (context c1–c2): The ceremony was a solemn occasion.

 stupefying (adj)
definition: Astonishing or shocking to the point of confusion.
example (context c1–c2): The magician’s tricks were stupefying.

 the balloon goes up (idiom)

definition: A crisis or significant event occurs.
example (context c1–c2): When the balloon goes up, everyone needs to be ready.

 the depths of sth (idiom)

definition: The lowest or most extreme part or state of something.
example (context c1–c2): He sank into the depths of despair after the loss.

 unutterable (adj)
definition: Too great or intense to be expressed in words.
example (context c1–c2): The unutterable sadness overwhelmed her.

 as stiff/straight as a ramrod (idiom)

definition: Very rigid or upright in posture.
example (context c1–c2): He stood as stiff as a ramrod during the inspection.

 adamantine (adj)
definition: Unbreakable or extremely hard.
example (context c1–c2): Her adamantine will helped her overcome obstacles.

 cast iron (adj)

definition: Very strong or unchangeable.
example (context c1–c2): He has a cast iron alibi for the night of the crime.

 fossilized (adj)
definition: Preserved like a fossil; very old-fashioned or rigid.
example (context c1–c2): The company’s fossilized policies hindered innovation.
 indurated (adj)
definition: Hardened, especially by physical or emotional experience.
example (context c1–c2): Years of hardship left him emotionally indurated.

 ossified (adj)
definition: Fixed and rigid, resistant to change.
example (context c1–c2): Their ossified attitudes blocked progress.

 petrified (adj)
definition: So frightened that one is unable to move.
example (context c1–c2): She was petrified during the thunderstorm.

 unjointed (adj)
definition: Not connected or linked; rigid.
example (context c1–c2): The unjointed movements made his dance awkward.

 super-firm (adj)
definition: Extremely firm or solid.
example (context c1–c2): The mattress was super-firm and uncomfortable for some.

 be set in your ways (idiom)

definition: Unwilling to change one’s habits or opinions.
example (context c1–c2): He’s set in his ways and doesn’t like trying new things.

 be wearing blinders (idiom)

definition: To ignore important facts or be narrow-minded.
example (context c1–c2): She’s wearing blinders and refuses to see the bigger picture.

 closed-minded (adj)
definition: Not willing to consider different ideas or opinions.
example (context c1–c2): His closed-minded attitude frustrated his colleagues.

 hidebound (adj)
definition: Unwilling or unable to change because of tradition or convention.
example (context c1–c2): The hidebound organization resisted modernization.

 incestuous (adj)
definition: Excessively close or exclusive to a small group, often leading to lack of new ideas.
example (context c1–c2): The company’s incestuous management style discouraged innovation.

 insular (adj)
definition: Isolated or narrow in outlook.
example (context c1–c2): Their insular community rarely welcomed outsiders.
 myopic (adj)
definition: Lacking foresight or intellectual insight.
example (context c1–c2): The myopic decision ignored long-term consequences.

 parochial (adj)
definition: Having a limited or narrow outlook, especially focused on a local area.
example (context c1–c2): His parochial views prevented him from understanding global issues.

 petty (adj)
definition: Of little importance; small-minded or spiteful.
example (context c1–c2): Their petty arguments wasted everyone’s time.

 prim (adj)
definition: Very formal, proper, and sometimes overly neat or precise.
example (context c1–c2): She was prim and proper at the formal dinner.

 prude (n)
definition: A person who is excessively concerned with propriety or modesty.
example (context c1–c2): He called her a prude for avoiding the party.

 small-mindedness (n)
definition: Narrowness of thought or lack of generosity.
example (context c1–c2): Small-mindedness often leads to intolerance.

 strait-laced (adj)
definition: Very strict in morals or behavior.
example (context c1–c2): The strait-laced teacher disapproved of casual dress.

 take sth amiss (idiom)

definition: To misunderstand or be offended by something.
example (context c1–c2): Don’t take my joke amiss; I didn’t mean to upset you.

 damaged goods (idiom)

definition: Someone or something seen as flawed or worthless due to past experiences.
example (context c1–c2): After the scandal, he was considered damaged goods in the industry.

 delegitimize (v)
definition: To make something lose legitimacy or authority.
example (context c1–c2): The opposition tried to delegitimize the election results.

 beyond the pale (idiom)

definition: Outside the bounds of acceptable behavior.
example (context c1–c2): His rude comments were beyond the pale.
 ill-assorted (adj)
definition: Poorly matched or incompatible.
example (context c1–c2): They made an ill-assorted couple.

 inapt (adj)
definition: Not suitable or appropriate.
example (context c1–c2): His inapt remarks embarrassed the group.

 be cut out for sth (idiom)

definition: To have the necessary qualities for something.
example (context c1–c2): She’s cut out for a career in teaching.

 not cricket (idiom)

definition: Not fair or acceptable behavior.
example (context c1–c2): Cheating in the game is simply not cricket.

 raffish (adj)
definition: Unconventional and slightly disreputable but attractive.
example (context c1–c2): He had a raffish charm that appealed to many.

 square peg in a round hole (idiom)

definition: Someone who does not fit in or is unsuited to a situation.
example (context c1–c2): He felt like a square peg in a round hole at the corporate job.

 uncongenial (adj)
definition: Not friendly or pleasant.
example (context c1–c2): The climate was uncongenial for growing crops.

 unbecoming (adj)
definition: Not appropriate or flattering.
example (context c1–c2): His rude behavior was unbecoming of a gentleman.

 unseemliness (n)
definition: Inappropriate or improper behavior.
example (context c1–c2): The unseemliness of the argument shocked the guests.

 devouring (adj)
definition: Consuming eagerly or destructively.
example (context c1–c2): The devouring fire destroyed the building.

 ebullition (n)
definition: A sudden outburst of emotion or energy.
example (context c1–c2): His ebullition of anger surprised everyone.