MENINGI
TEXT
DR NAVDEEP SINGH
KATHURIA
Assistant Professor
Dept of Gen. Medicine
DEFINITION
TEXT
Meningitis is an inflammation of the protective membranes
(meninges) covering the brain and spinal cord
ANATOMY
TEXT
TEXT
Meningitis can be caused by
viruses
bacteria
microorganisms
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
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CAUSATIVE CROSS INFLAMMATI
ORGANISM THREBLOOD
ON IN
ENTER THE BRAIN BARRIER
BLOOD STREAM MENINGES
INFLAMMATION IN
CSF CELL THE SUB-ARACHNOID
COUNT SPACE AND
INCREASE PIAMETER OCCUR
CSF CSF FLOWS IN INFLAMMATIO
SUB-ARACHNOID N MAY CAUSE
CLOUDNESS
SPACE
OR INFECTED RAISED ICP
TYPES
TEXT
1. Viral Meningitis: Most common type, usually mild and self-
limiting.
2. Bacterial Meningitis: More severe and potentially life-
threatening, requires prompt antibiotic treatment.
3. Fungal Meningitis: Rare, usually affects people with
weakened immune systems.
4. Parasitic Meningitis: Rare, usually affects people who have
traveled to or lived in areas where the parasite is common.
CAUSES
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1. Viral:
1. Enteroviruses
2. herpesviruses
3. influenza viruses.
2. Bacterial:
1. Neisseria meningitidis
2. Streptococcus pneumoniae
3. Haemophilus influenzae.
3. Fungal:
1. Cryptococcus neoformans.
4. Parasitic:
1. Naegleria fowleri.
5. Tubercular meningitis
1. Micobacterium tuberculi
RISK FACTORS
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1.
1. Age Infants, young children, and older adults.
2. Weakened immune system.
3. Head trauma.
4. Certain medical conditions.
SYMPTOMS
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1. Fever.
2. Headache.
3. Stiff neck.
4. Confusion.
5. Vomiting.
TEXT
6. Sensitivity to light (PHOTOPHOBIA)
7. Seizures.
8. Coma.
9. Paralysis
DIAGNOSIS
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Physical Examination:
1. Nuchal rigidity: stiffness in neck,making it difficult to passive
flexion or
extension
2.
Kernig’s
sign: pain
and
stiffness
in the
neck and
back
when the
knee is
bent and
the foot is
flexed
3. Brudziniski’s
sign: flexion of
the knee and
hip on flexing
the neck
TEXT
Laboratory Tests:
Lumbar punture and CSF examination
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In CSF, look for
appearence, opening pressure
sugar
Protein
Adenosine de-aminase (ADA)
Differential cell count
Culture
Fugal assay
Viral PCR
TEXT
RADIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS
Meningeal
enhancement,
Shown in MRI Brain
TREATMENT
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SUPPORTIVE TREATMENT:
1. Fever: anti-pyretics, Anti- inflammatory
2. Headache: analgesics, corticisteroids
3. seizure: antiepileptics
4. irritability: sedatives
5. Hypoxia or aspiration: O2 support and airway management
TEXT
DEFINITIVE TREATMENT
Viral Meningitis: antiviral medications; Aciclovir
Bacterial Meningitis: Antibiotics; vancomycin, ceftriaxone, amikacin
Fungal Meningitis: Antifungal medications; voriconazole, amphotericin
PREVENTION
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Vaccination:
1. Meningococcal conjugate vaccine
2. pneumococcal conjugate vaccine.
COMPLICATIONS
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1. Hearing Loss.
2. Vision Loss.
3. Cognitive Impairment.
4. Seizures.
5. Hydrocephalus.
CONCLUSION
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Meningitis is a serious and potentially life-threatening
disease.
Prompt recognition and treatment are critical.
Prevention measures, such as vaccination and good
hygiene, can help reduce the risk of meningitis.
THANK
YOU
