Clie li dl sneha at = Midaet = bost bh hl lead bled deh hold ee 137 ACK BELT Crate Me SLE}THE srore oF 1300 by 7 the Kosokan of The Spat of Judo de. 104 pp. 3° 11" JUDG AND AIKIDO. by To lps of Jado B Aled Blaleed fa dete 186. 274 photos SELF-DEFENSE coMmpteTe, Pat Botir, The author are ‘sents e simple technique for Seitastence winout the haretounderstand lessons IRAE take tore to fesier ODOKAN JUDO cited by 0 & Osawe An invoduc fey course Io Jueo. with the tunga Special umphasis ag wan Draeger A trtbook writen espectly for the ‘rowing "US. Judo move ment Contains every Bue 30.20 TEACH YOURSELF JUDO, Erie Dominy. A fundamental ttwowing techniques, fan, wte 110 na craigs. a sa08 Bors" 4UD0 by sharp & Hadi. The fest book on the sport of Judo written espe ally for Boy Easy to fa low directions and lal ADVANCED JUDO AND. SELF-DEFENSE, Pat Bute fn advances book for the igeka'" Including deter tiane of deferve by tick A COMPLETE GUIDE 10 JUDO by Smith Anantha fay containing long outa! brink writings of the nine. feenth and wena “con tion teh iano tory. phitosophy. and the felationsnp ot Jide to shige and ava 250 ‘THE TECHNIQUES OF 1U00 by Takaganl & Shaep. sunortative step byt ‘aplanation ane analyis of igen of tude. 143 pp. $50 Must. 8157 « 12" ‘THE suoo_tnsraucTOR, Gaptoin MG. Harvey, M1 This book serves the begin nar srving for Ma. brown Tak, the fest recogttlon of ae see TEACH YOURSELF sé: Specialty wet person whe ha hima, 99 line drawings on 298 4uoo TRANG METHODS: ‘by iahinawes & Dragger In eludes taining methogk 200 exercaes aed how thay ‘should be performed, daly {eining rosin weight ‘activites forthe serious {eo player. 326 pp, 1000 photos, 236 x 10% ann sao THE SECRETS OF JUDO ay Watanabe & Avaklan. ie Intredustion (a essential ature of ‘hada “aed Theat be Photos and deawings. Paper Bar ne SELF-OEFENSE Br U0, ‘Captain Me. Harvey, MG. ‘The asthor deserbes more than 100 fcks, hold ID ‘howe, ana breaks useful for countering attacks fot the practiced fadoka and 4298Pr. Marriot specific situation, how Scud the 22 photog eres anal ana a SPORT JUDD, ehares Yer ‘Stoptatn, ¢theorien and of Judi outs, basic principe, B25 450 WHAT 18 KARATE by Oya me, ‘New ection ofthis va abl introductory eek on ka ite 148 1 tail 9 ‘Be. 700 photos yr im calor, Bie KARATE by Draeger. Five vo ‘Bk?—Against the Unarmed Atatste fants: BKOMAgminat Armed BKB ~ Against Unirmea aval ‘photos. 32:73 pet volume fn breaifala, heigs, forks. throws chokes. and stron flee ab used in sport and in Selidetotee, | Wieladed | Special sacs "ew lhe vogreph= ans 895 CONTEST JuD0, charies erkow. Complete coverage ment sh what #0 expect ‘overs ih etal Smpontant out reins. how best to fechnsquen mont often used tue a0 Mas THE JOKES On JUDO, Bonn Dracker and Ken Tee mayne Guys. and gale ik a > 1.00 MODERN U0. 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DESCRIPTION (PLEASE PRINT) PRICE TOTAL Total For Merchancise 1001 70 $1200 $101 To $14.00 $1401 Ta $1600 00 ADO 6Se $18.01 To $2000 ‘OVER $20.00 ADD $1.25 4 Sisong a soning Taal Amant Eacoed D_Letters to the Editor Chinese Art Claimed to be Best Ever so often, in “Letters to the Editor’, a reader asks for information about the outcome of a match be- tween exponents of different martial arts forms, or else wants to know which system of self defense is su- perior. Your answer is usually vague as you often state that this és impos- sible to determine, Either you lack the information or would prefer not to reveal that every year in Formosa the Free Fight Olympiad takes place in which exponents from any martial art system may enter. Contact is al- lowed, with only the eyes, throat, and groin being safe areas. Many times, fatal injuries result from com bat, Although this tournament can he quite brutal, the fact remains that it does exist and should not be ig- nored in your magazine. Tn the past, many karate sty jusitsa, boxing, judo, wrestling, et have been represented in the tourna- ments over the years. However, the vast number of victors have been ex- ponents of tai-chi-chuan, hsing-i, pa- kau, or shaolin, proving the superior- ity of the Chinese Intemal System and Shaolin over all other systems in no-holds-barred fighting. The reason stems from the Fact that the Chinese systems are based on chi, and cit- cular motion, Also many of its ex- ponents develop from chi the ability to withstand blows (yes, even karate 's) with impunity. James Lee New York City KarateJudo Match Proposed [read in your July issue a letter from a Judo fan claiming that in a judo-karate match the judoka would have the upper hand. This is a state- ment that cannot remain unchal- lenged. A match between a karateka and a judoka can be arranged. Both should be of the same rank (Shodan, for example), ‘not novices, and the points should be awarded to the judoka and the karateka for any throw or atemi ton vital area A throw followed by an atemi from the opponent in the ground would be scored as a tie, (In karate matches it would be scored as an ippon for the contestant in the ground). The karateka should be expected to know how to fall, and all atemi should be stopped short of hard contact. This would be a truly friendly” match, in which nobody is to suffer bodily hard, and thus does not violate the spirit of the arts. Another requires ment for this type of contest would be that both contestants do not hold any rank in the art represented by his adversary. Tam confident that karate is the ultimate art of self-defense, superior to any other art known to map, Here n our dojo we have karate, judo, jutsu, boxing and weightlifting, classes. Ihave tested karate repeated- ly in friendly matches with the best of the judaka, boxers, weight-lifters, and jusjitsu fans and T have always found that the karateka came out with an easy victory. The most dang- erous adversary for the karateka is another Kanateka, 1 ain willing to meet with any judoka of my own rank under conditions acceptable to both sides, to prove my paint, at a reasonably close location ta Gaines- ville, Fla (Shodan) Dirk W. Mosig Tr would be virtually impossible to find a judoman of high rank who does not know a certain amount of ate-waza, or karate, and also to find a kurateman of high rank without a knowledge of indo or nagewara, as both incorporate throwing and strik- ing techniques as a means of self- defense, if not in the sport segment ‘Therefore, we cannot discount « bout between two men of the two arts, and call it unfair, because one has a relatively elementary knowledge of the other. If we did this, we would find it difficult to piece together one match between a judoman, yondan or above, and a karateman of equal rank, Most of the matches between judokas and karatekas I have heard of would probably be promptly ruled unfair by you, for some reason or another. But I will give you the name of a judoman who may be of some help. His name is Sgt. Emnie Cakes, USMC. Because of his moving around a great deal, and the conflicts in Viet Nam, it would be inconsistent to say where he is at the present. George Ieke Flint, Michigan Likes Nin-Jitsu Please continue printing articles and the how-to-doit techniques on the various martial arts of the Ori- ental nations, I find them both inter- esting and educational, The July 1966 issue had a cartoon concerning a Ninja dojo. T hope this means that you intend articles (and how-to-do- it even) on Nin-Jitsu, the art of in- visibility or stealth, for this ancient art belong to the Japanese martial arts, Keep up the good work, Robert W. Magee Orange, New Jersey Our correspondent in Japan is working on an article about Nin- Jitsu, Few practitioners are left, and those that are tend to remain. seere- tive, But we will be printing his find- ings in a future issue, — Ed. Supports Editorial Stand You are to be commended for your articles in support of integrating the advocates of various Karate styles into a nationally recognized organ- ‘zation B.E. Duchesneau Huntsville, Alabama ESP And the Arts Upon reading your article “The Race for the AAU” (July 1966) in which you discuss the qualifications of various instructors, I feel it is now time to speak up on what does make one instructor stand above all others, First, the type of man of which I speak would be able to answer the 5LEARN JAPANESE RECORDS 3 Albums, plus Book ur $5.95 MARTIAL ARTS SUPPLY CO. Piads aad "HONDA" Best name in EXCLUSIVE Distributor Pure White “Lion Brand” Karate Suits ‘Tapan Karate Asiociation” Suits une SUITS. #, KARATE, SUITS 10 Met an Se ew Yor 26H. ‘wie ff Fie Cet DOJO ACCIDENT INSURANCE NOW AVAILABLE CLUBS AND ORGANIZATIONS WRITE FOR DETAILS TO: JIMMY S. GOZAWA, 7359 CLEON AVE. SUN VALLEY, CALIFORNIA 91352 ferrite “pee ean oe Letters to the Editor (conus prom pase 5) question “At what point is a fight won?” The answer to this question fs, a fight is won the split second hefore one’s opponent moves to strike, This means that the defender knew beforehand when and from where the attack was coming. This would mean that fighting becomes 99 percent ESP and 1 percent phy- sical. Second the instructor would stress the doctrine of “Ahimsa” of the Jain. sect of India. “Ahimsa” means harm- lessness to all life, but in its applica. tion to fighting it would mean a strict adherence to non-violence except when there is an absolute necessity involving life or death. Third the instructor will teach self-confidence with humility for any ‘man able to begin his counter before the attack begins can never be de- feated and so this “power” must never be abnsed. Tewill be noticed that I have made no mention of the type of martial art to be used. The reason for this is that it doesn’t really matter because the mind rules and all that is left is training the body to. move where the thind tells it to and to move with'the desired amount of strength. Jim Chimblis San Jose, Calif. Brutality In Book? Tam a Black Belt shodan in Judo and fervently read your magazine every month. Since starting in Judo Thave been an ardent fan of inartial art instruction manuals on sale in most book stores. A. certain such book, “Judo — Karate For Law Offi cers” by Bruce Tegner and published by Thor Publications, is what I wish to ask you about, In this book, Mr. Tegner states that the purpose of this manual is to show “control and defense without brutality", yet the fist page of the lesson shows a woman attacking a man’s throat with her fingers. It is not known that a blow in this region can be fatal, On the next page it illustrates a woman pressing her thumb into the hollow of a man’s throat to restrain him and then to apply more pressure if the adversary shows any signs of resist- ance. If an officer of the law were to. use these tactics, would he not be accused af brutality especially since the man is supposed to be a drunk. John Siudut Edison, N.J. More Pix Asked Could you please add more illus- tations to your stories instead of one big photograph under a statement, 1 ‘would much rather prefer four small pictures and more statements, Kenneth J. Herskovits Bergenfield, NJ We will ry to comply. — Ed. Technique Section Resumed T have been reading your maga- zine for 18 months. During. this period my favorite department was your superb techniques Feature. Why has this department been eliminated in recent issues? I hope that this has been only an oversight on your part and the department will retum in future issues, Steve Domitrecz Bethlehem, Pa. The overwhelming amount of tour- nament news this season forced us to drop the techniques teroporarily. We resume this feature this month, = Ed. Tam twenty four years old and have just recently started taking ka- rate. For many years I have ridden horses, and I seem to have a very definite problem with stretching my legs apart for kicks, After doing stretching exercises every day for two months, I see very little improve- ment. Ate there some exereises that might be of more help to me, or am T too old for my tendons to stretch anymore? PFC William M, Revelle Jr. HED 202nd Trans. Bn. (TML) APO San Francisco, Calif, (continued on pare 66)ANE SIND AUR July 24 — Regional Grade Limit Cham Plenships. Sponsored by Nanks Kedo- kan Jude Yudanshakal. Contact Pa ticle Flares. Tel: ED 9.6663. July 25—Tulss, Okla. Junior and Sen for Atarashii Kat Suda. Contact W. G Barker, J1., 2731 So. Boston, Tulsa July 30~ Second State Capital Karate Championships, Cedar Cliff High School Gymnasium, Camp Hill, Pa Contact Ralph G. Lindquist, c/o Isshinryu Karate Club, 205 Evergreen Ré., Mtd. Rt, New Cumberland, Pa 17070. July 31 — Long Beach, Calif, Third Inter: national Karate Championships, spon sored by Ed Parker. Long Beach Mu: nicipal Auditorium. Contact Ed Par- ker, c/o Kenpo Karate Self-Defense Studio, 1713 E. Walnut, Pasadena, Clit. Tet: Sv 3-2860 of SY 9.2305, July 31—Jundokan Jude Club Tourns ment, Sponsored by Nanka Kadokan Jude Yudanshakal. Contact Patricia Aug. 1967 — Winnipeg, Canads. Pan ‘American Judo Games. Aug. 7 = Western States Grade Limit Championships. Sponsored by Nanka Kudokan Jude Yudanshakai, Contact Patricia Flores, Tel: ED 9.6663. ‘Aug. 20—Los Angeles, Calif, Aikido demonstration at the Koyosan Hall by the Calif. Aikido Federation. Aug. — Nisei Week Tournament. Spon- ‘sored by Nanka Kodokan Judo Yudan- shakai. Contact Patricia Flores. Tel: ED 9.6663. ‘Aug, 21—San Antonio, Texas, Second ‘Annual USAF Security Service Inter national Karate Tournament. Contact Recreation Officer, 660th Support Gp. (Attn: GPS), Kelly AFB, San An- toni, Texai ‘Aug. 25 — New York Gity — United States Karate Championships to be held at New York's Manhattan Center, 311 W. 34th St,, New York City. For in- ‘formation contact Gary R. Alexander, ‘¢/o Martial Arts Institute; 1901 Mor- fis Ave., Union, New Jersey. ‘Aug. 28 — Budokan Dolo Tournament. ‘Sponsored by Nenka Kedokan Judo ‘Yudanshakai, Contact Patricia Flores. Tek ED 9-6663. ‘Sept. 4— Miami Beach, Fla. Fourth USKA ‘AllAmerican Grand Championships to be held at North Miami Beach Audi ‘orium, For info, contact John Pach’ ‘vas, 16820 N. E. Sixth Court, Miami Beach. Sept. 5—Canadian National Exhibition Karate Championship to be held at ‘the CNE in Toronto. Sanctloned by ‘the National Karate Association, For information, contact the National Karate Assoc. Headquarters, 782 ‘Younge Street, Toronto, Sept. 17— Bartlesville, Okla, Junior and ‘Senior Atarashii Kai Judo. Contact W. G. Barker, Jr., 2731 So. Boston, Tulsa, ‘Sept. 19— Elkhart, tnd. Second Annual AAUSponsored Elkhart Invitational JuniorSenior Shiai, Elkhart YMCA. Contact Don Wrobel c/o South Bend International Schoo! of Jude, 202 E, ‘Calvert St,, South Bend, Ind. United States Karate Cham. ipt to be held at New York Manhattan Center, 311 W. 34th St., New York Clty. For information, con: tact Gary R, Alexander, Tournament Director, cfo Martial Arts Institute, 1801 Morris Ave., Union, NJ. ‘Oct. 1— Fifth Annual Canadian Interna: tional Karate Championships to be held at Varsity Arena in Toronto. For information, contact the National Karate Assoc. Headquarters, 782 ‘Younge St, Toronto. BLACK BELT MAGAZINE SUBSCRIPTION, SERVICE Please Include 2 BLACK BELT MAGAZINE labs! to insure prompt service whenever you write out your subscription. wan 70: BLACK BELT SUBSCRIFTIONS. S20 W. Washington Be, Ls Angeles, Cafernia 90015 70 susscrise ral this form with your poymant Tinew saerption, [renew my subscription ay, aye aye us. $500 3900 siz0 Foreign ~ add $1.00 per yaar for postage CHANGE OF ADDRESS tach label ere you're moving lana belore changing your adress. PIscs a Bolom. If you have a Gusstan about your sub- scription, place your magazine addiess label hare a clip this form to your tet. SPECIAL OFFER: All new 3 year subscriptions are offered a bonus price of $1.90 for a handsome Black Belt Binder (Reg. price $3.90) made of hard, rained vinyl, and holds 12 issues. Black Belf, 5650 W. Washington Bhd, Lor Angeles 16, Calif,TRAINING ele i ae Martial arts ‘Suppl tos Anges, Gait. 90008 KARATE STRIKING BALL KIT Fine grain leather ball, laced on top, reinforced seam stitching, replaceable inner rubber bladder. With six- foot heavy duty stretch cable. Capable of withstanding the hardest of karate punches or kicks. MBI 2 Gece one nee $10.80 MAKIWARA (Punching Pad) "x4" 10" Standard KPB410 _. Economy KPB410A $3.95 $2.75 TRAINING WEIGHTS Reinforced vinyl pockets filled with lead shot, has a positive fastening device which el buckles. TW10 1 Ib. Wrist Weight... TW15 144 Ib. Wrist Weight ..... TW20 2 Ib, Wrist Weight... TAO 2 Ib. Ankle Weight TA30 3 Ib, Ankle Weight _.$4.50 Each 35.00 Each $5.00 Each $5.75 Each MAIL THIS HANDY ORDER FORM TODAY! GCN _[__DESCRITION (PLEASE Pa (PLEASE PRINT EVERYTHING? isetay ROOM ‘Corer of ashington Bl arc seo $80 TF YOUR ORDER 1S 7 TO $ 200 abd 25¢ $1001 10 $1200 ADD 7541 Total For Mercranase Tos 400.00 aot Heel To 31890 00. gsi] a Supornatonaingy TO 600.400 é5¢ $1801 TO 31600 AOD $54! Resusents ade TO % 8.00.AG0 55 $1601 TO 31800 ADD 31.05] 4°forpns fas cons Ae TO $1000 ADO 65¢_ $1801 TO $2000 ADD 41.15] ‘VER $20.00 ADD $1.26 Total Amount EnclosedEDITORIAL Tournaments Set Record Pace It is almost with a sense of relief tnat we perceive the season of tournaments dréwing to a close. For sheer volume of tournaments, big and small, the year 1966 has to go down in the books as a record — by a wide margin. The editors of this magezine can't recall any period in recent history that matched the tournament outpouring, and our staff around the world has been kept busy supplying the details for publications ‘With the force of this year’s tournament whirlwind beginning to spend itself, several points were becom- The Rio World Judo Championships mark the high-water point in spectator attendance. Some 40,000 viewed this tournament over a four-day period. ing clear. First of all, karate surprised even those closest to it by the impact of its appeal. There is little doubt that the art has caught the imagination of the world, much as judo did some years back Moder communication has helped the spread of karate, and there has been an avalanche of publicity in television, movies, and newsprint, Television, for instance, has given karate an advantage that judo never had when it was first spreading its message around the world, It matters litle that in many instances the karate publicity has mistakenly featured judo throws. The general public may not know what karate really looks like, but they certainly seem to like the idea of it. This has been shown by the way they have been turning out for karate tournaments. ‘The gathering in Paris for the European Karate Championships which we write about this month was indicative. The tournament had the sweet smell of success about it. And the heads of the various European karate federations were there as much to toast each other on the successes of the past year as to hold their tournament. But this pellmell expansion of karate has not been without its drawbacks. There has been some un- pleasant incidents, and there are woeful gaps in the quality of karate being taught in all countries outside Japan, Korea, and China — subjects about which we have had much to say in the past, and undoubtedly will have more in the future. For this remains karate’s biggest challenge — to raise the level of its play, not only of its students, but its teachers as well. The year 1966 has been an in-between time for judo, the senior of the modern martial arts. judomen are a dedicated lot, and they have been busy recruit. ing for their sport. Some energetic men have come forward with some bold proposals, like those of Ben Campbell's, for hiking the number of judo plays (Black Belt, September, 1966). But judo has not done well in bringing in the spec- tators this year, and this could have an effect on its efforts to expand its membership. This is a time that will test judo's leaders. It was only last October that the world judo championships in Rio, where the now-retired Anton Geesink and Isao Inckuma were appearing, drew 14,000 on one day. Karate has never come close to matching this kind of attendance fig ure — yet. But then, neither has judo since that time, and attendance was way down at the U.S. champion- ships and all-Japan championships this year. ‘At this in-between stage in its development, judo now is bucking two major trends — the scarcity of ‘enough bright new names to attract attention to the sport, and the competition from karate.COMING SOON! : ZEN ARCHERY — SPORT OF ARISTOCRATS Archery is the martial art of aristocrats. Little is known in the west about this fascinating ancient art of kyudo, but its traditions and practice are still kept alive in the Orient and even in Hawaii. We will feature in our article the leading kyudomen of today and the colorful background of the art. STAFF: Editor — Anthony DeLeonardis, Ass't Editor — David Lee, Managing Eattor — Paul Liguori, Assoc. Editor — Or. Philip J. Rasen, {Art Director — Curtis Vots, Phata Editor — Oliver Pang, Historians — William C.C. Hu and Fred Bleicher, Cartoonist — Dave F. Ensiow Circulation Manager —lane K. Moss, Publishers — James, Uyehaea and M. Uyehara, U.S. CORRESPONDENTS: William §. Docken Sonny Palabrica, Frank Wolverton and Herbert J. Wright. FOREIGN CORRESPONDENTS: Airica — Dr. C. Durix, Argentina — Jorge 3 Brinkmann, Canada — Kei Tsumura, France — J. Delcourt, Germany — Herbert Velte, Holland — John D. Schilder, Hong Kong — Davi ©. H. Wal, Italy — Pio Gaddt, Japan — Andy Kim Pyung S00, Netherland Antilles — Carlos 8. Bislip, Okinawa — Bonaid R. Lucas, Philippines ~ Emmanuel E. Qu Uruguay — Joaquin Andrade, Yugoslavie — Zarko Modric (Oth by BLACK BELT INC, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. )DUCTION WITHOUT PERMISION 1S STRICTLY PROHIB 10BIACK BELT MAGAZINE OF THE MARTIAL ARTS OCTOBER 1966 ‘VOL. IV, NO. 10 CONTENTS ARTICLES: 12_THE DELIGHTFUL DIARY OF A WESTERN SAMU- RAL Doug Holford fulfilled a dream of every American budoka. He won a college scholarship to make a tour of Japan and Okinawa for a first hand look at all the martial arts. repressible pair of young Arab brothers move into 2 vacuum left by judo’s leaders and promote plans for the first Catholic school judo league in the country. 26 TAPPING THE POWER OF THE MIND. Some budo: men find it Hard to believe the idea that the mind is @ hidden storehouse of energy that can be re- leased to add greatly to physical strength. 36 __THE BIGGEST TATAMLIN THE WORLD. The inven- tive Burmese are experimenting with the martial arts, pulling them apart, rejiggering them, and putting them back together to form something new and — they hope — better. 40_A HOT POTATO IS TOSSED TO SOUTH AFRICA'S JUDO OFFICIALS, The future df the country's two judo champions is clouded after the surprise injec: tion of the race issue into a local tournament. 42_A_RECORD-BREAKING TOURNAMENT SEASON NEARS ITS HECTIC CONCLUSION. It's been a year of contrast and of changes along the tournament circuit around the world. DEPARTMENTS: 5 LETTERS 7 GALENDAR OF EVENTS 9 EDITORIAL 39 BOOK Ri The umbrella is a weapon of self: defense. 48 BLACK BELT TIMES 52_AIKIDO TECHNIQUES 55 TOURNAMENT RESULTS HNIQUES: 62_ PROMOTION: 64_DIRECTORY 2PHY-2TO-GKEK AQ C0 ABOUT THE COVER: This month's cover story deals with that strange power of the mind which can be tapped to crease. physical strength, This so-called ‘mind-force principle is called the “ki” in Japanese and the “chi” in Chinese, and has been developed in Asia over more than 2,000 years. Painting by Curtis Voss, Blsek elt is published monthly by Black Belt, Ine., 5650 W. Washington Blvd, Los Angeles, California 90016, Subscription rates in the United States are: one year, $5.00: two years, $9.00; three years, $12.00 (Foreign countries ‘add $1.00 per year for postage). The publishers and editors will not be re Sponsible for unsolicited material. Manu: Seripts and photographs to be accompa. nied by 2 stamped, self-addressed te tur envelope. Printed in the United Golor Press, Ine... St ish Cireulation Offies: ‘St. South, Beds.. Eng. land. Germany Circulation Office: Her bert Velte, 24 Lubeck, Eutiner Strasse 34, Germany. aLThe Delightful Diary of a Western Samurai Doug Holford fulfilled a dream of every American budoka. He won a college scholarship to make a tour of Japan and Okinawa for a first-hand look at all the martial arts. In this humorous article, he tells of his experiences and the top men he met.‘by Doug Holford Y INTEREST in things Japanese and martial was born while I was attending the California Institute of Technology. In my sophomore year I joined the Caltech Karate Club. It was then that T began to learn that karate required much more effort than I had thought, and was far more than just a mere physical exercise. To try to get a deeper appreciation of not only karate but all the martial arts, I decided to try to go to Japan. Caltech offers several travel prizes each year to honor students in their junior year who have special projects they would like to travel abroad to study. With an eye on the travel prize as a possible means of getting to Japan, I began reading Japanese cultural history and Zen, and talking with our knowledgeable and intelligent karate instructor, Mr. Tsutomu Ohshima, and planning the project with him. I then came up with a concrete proposal to the travel committee: T would travel to Japan with the inten- tion of continuing my training in karate and broadening ABOUT THE AUTHOR: Doug Holford, who comes from Houston, Texas, graduated with honors in physics from the California Institute of Technology this-June, He has been awarded a grant to attend the Harved.Law School next Fall, Holford was captain of the Caltech Karate Club, which was the first college karate club in the country. It was founded in 1957 by ite present in struster, Tsutomu Ohshima, a sixth dan and one of the leading karatemen in the United States my perspective with respect to karate by means of a comparative study of karate and the other Japanese mar. tial arts: judo, kendo, sumo, kyudo (archery), and ‘To my surprise, I won one of the prizes and was granted $1,600 to make the trip. Mr. Ohshima then gave me further help in terms of Japanese language lessons and general bull sessions on Sunday aftemoons for several months preceding the trip. I gained some valuable sights into modem Japan from those sessions. I even picked up alittle help. One more thing that Mr, Ohshima gave that was invaluable were letters of introduction to some important people in the martial arts in Japan and Okinawa. ‘Right after school let out, I packed my bags and left Las Angeles on June 2, armed with a round-trip ticket, Mr, Ohshima’s letters of introduction, and a desire for adventure. ‘After a brief stay with friends in Hawaii, T arrived in Tokyo and was met at the airport by a Mr, Narushima, « friend (a “junior") of Mr. Ohshima's. Mr. Narushima had only received Mr. Ohshima’s letter of introduction the night before my arrival, but had nonetheless set aside other plans to meet me. At this point, I should explain the system of “juniors” and "seniors", because in the 2% months that followed many people were helpful because of this system. Doug Hotford talks with two sumo champions, Toctinoumi (ight) and Techibikan (eft), during visit to sume training dojo while on a martial arts pilgrimage to Japan, Te seems that within any tradition-bound group, a. ‘great amount of allegiance and debt is owed to the older ‘or past members (“seniors”) by the younger members (“juniors”). This is evident even in the older and larger ‘companies; the man at the big desk is not a boss from whom you take orders, but your senior for whom you want to do a good job, The system is very strong within martial arts clubs, such as the Waseda University Karate ‘Club, of which Mr. Ohshima is a very respected senior member, Therefore, Mr, Narushima, although he was very busy and had less than 24 hours’ notice, was at the airport to meet me. Except for this system and my rela- tionship with Mr, Ohshima, T would have seen the coun- try as a tourist who gets to know only a little of the real Japan and even less of the nature of her martial arts. ‘An Early Catastrophe Mr. Narushima had only a short time and no place to leave me, so we immediately crossed Tokyo to Waseda to meet Professor‘Shibuya, a senior of Mr. (1 had a letter of introduction) and a very important person, On the way we joined Mr. Yamagami who was about 25 years old and Mr, Narushima’s junior. He was to become my “manager in Tokyo,” by Mr. 13,14 Doug sits in solitary splendor in place of hanor reserved for visiting dignitaries to watch sumo demonstration put on for his. Narushima's appointment, When we arrived at the club (about 7:00 p.m.) Professor Shibuya was about to get dressed for a physical education class where men who are not club members study karate Then, catastrophe, Professor Shibuya refused even to acknowledge my presence. Mr. Narushima talked with hhim, but to no avail. I gave Mr. Ohshima’s letter to Mr. Narushima, Professor Shibuya took it, read it, dropped it, and left the room to teach his class, Mr. Narushima had to leave, saying only that he would return, Mr. ‘Yamagami left to help Professor Shibuya, I sat on the floor and waited. There was nothing else to do, I waited for two hours, which was the appropriate action. Professor Shibuya and Mr. Yamagami retumed and conversed. Professor Shibuya asked me (in Japanese if I knew another student of Mr. Ohshima’s who had pre- ‘viously been to Japan. I did, At this time Mr. Narushima retuned, and with his broken English and my crippled Japanese, we were able to establish my identity with Professor Shibuya, Professor Shibuya reread Mr, ‘Ohshima’s letter. He grunted, turned and without saying a word, left, the rest of us following. Outside, we all piled into a car and drove across town. I did not know where we were going, but we arrived at the home of Mr. Masuda (a friend of Professor Shibuya) who had visited Mr. Ohshima the year before. 1 was welcomed theres Professor Shibuya had decided that I was acceptable. benefit. Grand champion Tochinoumi ignored him at first but then provad friendly when Doug started asking questions, After this incident my main problem was that every- ‘one was too friendly. I stayed with the Masuda’s for a week, having literally to eseape their I wanted to go out alone. Finally, Mr. Yamagami moved mie into the student boarding house where he had lived (operated by a widow, Mrs. Miyamoto, and. her daugh- ter who had been to cooking school}, and I got a special room and special meals at regular rates. I lived there until [left Tokyo at the end of July ‘The most fortunate thing of all was the willingness of the Waseda Karate Club to help me with my project, This meant that I was able to practice at their dojo. Classes were not in session at Waseda for the month of July, and regular practices were not being held. Free Practice was allowed at 4:00 pm. after the kendo elub finished its activities, and the leaders of the karate club (nine students about my age) came at that time every day. I practiced with them, and the instruction I received from these black belts was considerably more than 1 could have gotten at regular practices. I practiced for two hours almost every day during July. While I was in Tokyo, this practice was the only regular event in my schedule, I had no trouble occupying the rest of my time each day. In carrying out my project to learn as much about all the martial arts as I could in 2% months, 1 usually depended on contacts through the Waseda Karate Club. T am greatly indebted to its many past and[Doug's travels took him to many dojos in Japan. Here he works ‘aut in the Mainichi Daily News doje in Kobe. present members for their help. In fact, the most exciting event of my stay in Japan was the special week of out- door training that 1 took with the Waseda Karate Glub in early August While waiting to take part in mat training, I took advantage of Tokyo, Mr. Yamagami took me to see a respected Waseda senior, Mr. Toshio Kamata. In his younger days he had visited the U.S. as a guest of the F.BL. to teach karate, At his home 1 also met Mr. Makoto The karate students of Waseda University line up before taking off on a 27-kilometer run during summer training. Doug, who trained with the group, is shown at left in the roar. Watanabe, an aged but spry man who had once been a special secretary to the Emperor, Later I visited them again on my own, and in these two visits I learned much of traditional Japan. I visited a few other karate dojos, but 1 was more in- terested in seeing practices in other martial arts. Actually, ‘Waseda University has clubs specializing in all the arts. ‘The karate and kendo clubs share the second floor of the three-storied Waseda dojo, Judo and aikido share the first floor, which is one big mat, Believe it or not, ping- pong has the top floor. The sumo club has its own build- ing out back, and the kyudo (archery) club has its range within walking distance. Each club has a very accomp- lished master, and all the clubs are among the best in Japan, just as Waseda is one of the two top private uni- versities in Japan. I was fortunate to have free access to these facilities, and spent a lot of time just watching these practices and trying to understand the movements. Sumo Beckons ‘Iwas also able to see the arts in other places in Tokyo, as, for instance, at the Kodokan, where judo is king. Any fone can walk into the Kodokan, but the trick is to do ft at the right time. My first visit was with Yoshi Masuda (a nephew of my host of the first weeks), and we were unlucky enough to catch a rather bad high school tournament, But on another occasion, I called a friend of Yoshihiro to arrange a visit to the Kodokan the next day. He had already planned to go because the all- Japan Judo Competition was being held. Through him, 1 got to see all of Japan’s best judokas (including her Olympic champions), who were there to compete. There was Isao Tnokuma, Matsunaga and Sakaguchi, among others. It was quite a shaw! About a week afterwards, I was lucky enough to get inside the professional sumo world. Mr. Yamagami called one evening and said to be ready to go to meet someone the next morning. Mr. Yamagami is a sports writer spe- cializing in boxing, and has a sports writer friend who is a very successful specialist in covering sumo. We met his friend and proceeded to Kasugano Beya, a sumo practice hhall, where the daily session (from 5:00 am, to 11: a.m.) was in full swing, These practices, rather than the tournaments, are the best to see, because one can hardly learn anything from the tournament matches, which last only a few seconds, I was able to sit next to: the ring (visitors aren't common, especially foreign ones), and met Tochinoumi, a yokozuna (grand champion) and ‘Tochihikari, an ozeki (champion, junior grade}, both of whom are more famous in Japan than Cassius Clay is in America, Kasugano Beya is a very famous practice hall, and I found later that I could use this experience to my ad- vantage. When T would meet someone by myself and would have to explain in my broken Japanese the reason for my visit, I found it very convenient to drop the names of Tochinoumi and Tochihikari, which would usually re- 15sult in bows and ready conversation (or attenipted con versation) from my new acquaintances. My visit to Kasugano Beya also resulted in a story about me in a Tokyo newspaper. However, most important, I got an inside view of the ritualistic world of professional sumo. In addition to carrying out my project in Tokyo, I did see much of the eity, although I never went on a guided tour. Sometimes I would go out alone, sometimes I would go somewhere with students from the lodging house. On. ‘one memorable excursion, I climbed Mt. Fuji with two students, We spent the night in a one-room lodge on the side of the mountain. My “bed” was a place on a wooden shelf, It was warm enough with all the people, but the shelf was too short and my head hung, over, and I couldn't double up at all because we were packed on that shelf like sardines. I did not sleep, but the view the next day from the highest point in Japan was worth ane uncom- fortable night. ‘One of my favorite pastimes was talking with those students. In particular my favorite was ne student who understood English almost to the point of conversation. He always wanted me to teach him English and I did, picking up a little Japanese in the process. Aside from learning English, the thing these students — especially one communist — liked best was arguing about US. pol- icy in Viet Nam, In fact, almost every student 1 met asked me —usually at the first meeting — what I thought about our policy in Viet Nam. It seems that the Japanese do not want to recognize war as a factor in life any more, But the students were always courteous, and the discus- sions were interesting. I am sure my outlook was broad- ened by my stay in Tokyo, even if my opinions remained At the end of the month, I packed my bags and pre- pared to head west to the Waseda Karate Club special 16 Doug climbs Mi. Fuji with M. Sakai, a student in Ja ‘a member of the Japanese Communist student Doug and he waged many a verbal tussle ague, and summer training camps. I left ‘Tokyo from Ueno Station aboard a train with forty Waseda students. A tip to future visitors to Japan: always go first-class on intercity trains. On the lower-class fares they do not seem to limit, the mumber of tickets sold. T rode standing up for six hours (after waiting five hours in the station to get on a train), and packed in with the rest of the sardines, My standing space was an area slightly larger than the soles ‘of my shoes, I was lucky for the seventh and last hour on that train. Twas able to work my way into the bathroom and sit on the shelf above the wash basin, with my feet in the latter. It was a lesson in stoicism, and it was, at best, interesting to notice that it was not an uncommon situation. At least, there were no complaints — except at ‘one point when the train stopped at « small station and there wasn’t enough room to open the door. The people outside kicked the door a few times, but their tempers subsided, and they climbed in a window. Despite all dis- comfort, the Japanese National Railway Company re- mained true to its word, and the train was on time. We arrived at Wakura Spa on Sunday, August 1a a ACIS Z + Sin (Our hero lies stretched out after the exhaustive climb to the top of Ful Superman Doesn't Train Here The special training began on August 1 and it lasted seven days. Each day began with a practice at 5:30-am., followed by breakfast at 7:30 am. A second practice be- gan at 9:30 am, followed by lunch at noon, The last practice each day began at 4:00 p.m, with supper at 7:00 p.m, The practices were hard, and as expected those Waseda guys are tough, especially the black belts, Thad two additional challenges. T was the Brst for- eigner to attend a Waseda special training. Of course, everyone was watching me (L was new to everyone ex- cept the leaders), and T knew that I had to make it through. I was still excited enough after the first day's practices were finished that I could joke about it in typical American fashion. When a freshman asked me if I were tired, [looked at him, thought he must be kidding (of course I was tired) and said, “No, i'm not tired, I'm Superman.” He asked me again the second day, as did some others, and I said again that I was indeed Super man, But on the third day I was just too exhausted to joke, so I said, “Of course I’m tired.” He looked at me blankly and said, “Do you mean you aren't Superman?” T suppose it was funny, but the challenge was still very real The second little added extra was the food. It was mostly rice, and even the students, said it was bad. It ‘was the food that finally grounded me. For supper on the third day I bolted to the nearest town and bought a steak, It was good medicine, and I felt noticeably stronger the next moming. On the fourth day, all three practices were combined, into a 27-kilometer run (16 miles). It took about five hours (we had breaks), and with my comparatively longer legs, Twas able to finish in the lead group, But T was really hungry by the end of the run. We Bnished up an a beach, and there were vendors but; alas, 1 had no money. Finally our lunch arrived: three rice-balls cov- ered with seaweed and two beautiful-looking tomatoes. T forced down two of the gummy rice-balls, and was about to engulf the tomatoes when I noticed that they ‘were dusty. It was then that I remembered reading some- where about the precautions needed in eating tomatoes in the country. I carefully washed the tomatoes and then devoured them, They were delicious. Four hours later, I was flat on my back in the local hospital, too weak to lift my head. While I was being fed intravenously (1 couldn't even drink water) for the first time in my life, Yonezu (the captain) came to visit me, He was the only one in the lab taller than I, and he stood especially tall, smiled, looked at me, and asked if the running had been too much for me. I said, “Of course not.” Thad been in the first group, I said it must have been those tomatoes. He said that was not possible since everyone else had eaten, them and had not become ill. I told Yonez that my digestive system was different; it must have been the 7summer camp for Waseda University karate students. Here the young men line up in preparation for an outdoor workout. tomatoes. “But, you know,” I insisted, “I did wash them very carefully and I got all the dust off.” “Oh-A-h,” he groaned, “you shouldn't have done that. That wasn't dust, It was medicine to keep you from getting sick.” A few hours later, I felt that things weren't too bad. I was sure I would only be in that hospital for three or four days. I had done well the four days I had trained, so it wasn't a complete loss. Was I surprised the next day when they came and dragged me out of the hospital! T could only keep down oatmeal and soft rice that day, but on the sixth day T was back on solid food, and they figured I was well enough to practice, But 1 failed to share their confidence and rested up some more. How- ever, on the seventh and last day they had me fooled too, so there I was again, kicking and punching with the rest of them. At the end of the exhaustive week of training, the stu- dents, weary but happy in their dirty g's, expressed their “TEXAS, TEXAS - relief by engaging in horseplay and singing. Getting into the spirit of things, I struck up the Waseda song, which begins, “Waseda, Waseda . . ..” Soon, the students had formed a half citele in the courtyard and joined in singing the school song, their arms around each athers shoulders and weaving back and forth in time to. the music. At this point, I grabbed up the Waseda flag and stepped out into the middle of the group, singing and waving the flag. But every time the words “Waseda, Waseda... .” would come up, I would substitute, “Texas, Texas.” It's hard to say what made me happier, that I had been through it or that it was over. At the time, I think it was the latter. I know that I may never equal that experience. [ also know that I came clase to experiencing what Mr. Ohshima means when he says that you only really know, or feel or understand a technique when, if drainied of physical strength you can continue to execute that tech- nique. T don't think that I actually achieved that degree of feeling, but I can't help thinking that I would have had I continued practice as soon as I returned from the hospital. But, unlike Mr. Ohshima, I'm human, and 1 wasn't entertaining such thoughts at the time. Unfriendly Okinawans On the next day—Monday, August 9—I left for Kagoshima to eatch a boat to Okinawa, I had to wait in Kagoshima until Friday for the boat, but the time wasn't wasted. A visit was,arranged for me with a karate master named Tamotsti: He feels that the proper study of karate —he has his own style—purifies one's body and soul, and he teaches it (he says) to spread peace. He has studied in China, and he intends to retum and teach ews and peace, I agreed that it would be an admirable T arrived in Naha, Okinawa on Saturday, August 1. Mr. Ohshima had visited Okinawa iti 1960, and had met the four important karate teachers there. My purpose in going there was to meet these four men (I had letters of introduction from Mr, Ohshima), see their practices, and When the rugged summer training ended, the students gathered in a circle and started singing. Doug picked lp the Waseda flag and, waving it wildly, led the group with a song.find out something about the basic styles of Okinawan ‘karate. The men and their styles are: Chibana sensei (Sholin-zryu); Nagamine sensei (Shorin-ryu); Hika sensei (Gojucry); and Uechi sensei (Ueehi-ryu). The first three men are in Naha, the latter in Futenma, Okinawa is not as friendly to Americans as is Japan. Tam,sure it's because of the large number of American soldiers there, and because of the fact that Okinawans (who are the same as Japanese) want Okinawa to be part of Japan, while the United States keeps it as a protector- ate and military base because of our commitments in the Pacific area and Southeast Asia. I did not argue the subject (I had already had enough discussions with Japanese students on Viet Nam), and concentrated on my project. I did succeed in meeting the men I intended to and I did talk to them about their styles of karate, I found that learning something of these styles helped me to under stand better the development of karate in Japan. Karate ‘was originally brought from Southern China to Okinawa about four hundred years ago. Its primary development took place in two localities, Susi and Naha, and the old masters would not teach the public. Only recently (prob- ably less than a hundred years ago) the four schools mentioned previously began to form. Out of Suri-te came Sholin-ryu and Shorin-ryu, from Naha-te came Goju-ryu and Uschi-ryu. (Actually, Uechi Sr, added. elements directly from China ). Gichin Funakoshi, regarded as the first man to introduce karate to Japan, studied at more than one of these schools, and when he demonstrated in Japan in 1917, he had developed his own style. Funakoshi himself did not name his style, but his students called it Shotokan, (“Shoto” was his nickname; "kan" means house.) After Funakoshi’s introduction, other styles began to develop in Japan, notably Goju-ryu. Today, the four main styles of karate in Japan are Goju, Shotokan, Wado (an offshoot of Shotokan) and Shito-ryu (from Okinawan schools), In general, it can be said that there are two extremes in the approach to karate. At one end is what I call the “heavy” style, which is really a sort of body- building that aims at getting maximum effective strength out of the body. Movements are short, and opponents fight from a close distance, such as in Gojueryu. On the other end is the “light” style, which aims at develo maxinnim fluidity without sacrificing strength; move- ments are long, and opponents fight from a longer dis- tance, The “lightest” style I saw was Shotokai, developed. by Egami sensei, who studied Shotokan (which tends towards the light style) for 25 years. sland, T left Okinawa on Sat- urday, August 21, and arrived in Osaka, the second largest city in Japan, on August 23. I had spent more money in Okinawa then I had intended, and &gured from the prices given in a guide book that I could stay only three more days—one day each in Osaka, and nearby Kyoto and Nara, But when I checked what was supposed to be the cheapest decent hotel in Osaka, I found that I had just about enough money left to stay about one day — perhaps two if Ididn't eat But this area was just too much to pass up. Osaka is a big industrial center, Even tourists know that Nara was the frst capitol of Japan and Kyoto was the capital fo the first part of Japan's feudal age. As a result both are of great historical interest, Mr. Ohshima had not given me any name in Osaka. However, I had met four men from Osaka —“Old Boys” of the Waseda Karate Club (ice, seniors) —at the special training, and one of them, Mr. Kashima, told me to call him when I got to Osaka. Tlooked at the prices once again and called him. Kobe Steak and Movies Mr. Kashima came right down to that ryokan and took me to his home, Because I was able to stay at home and that of another of the four men, Mr. Maguchi Twas in Osaka for two weeks. The other two men, Mr. Kawaguchi and Mr. Watanabe, made their contribution by helping me all they could on my project. So, there is a Santa Claus —and he has four Japanese elves. Mr. Kashima took a day off (he manages three fac- tories) and showed me around Kyoto, Another day Mr. Maguchi showed me some of Nara, and a friend of his, Mr. Makiguchi, continued the tour the next day. T: prac. ticed at a dojo in Kobe, and ate Kobe steak, and visited arate masters who were friends of Mr. Kawaguchi and Mr. Watanabe and went to movies with Mr. Maguchi’s daughter Reiko, and, just had one wonderful time, So good a time, in faet, that when I decided fime was rune hing out E bought a ticket on the best train in Japan to get me back to Tokyo, With the ever present sake bottles out to commemorate the visit, Ooug relaxes with Kizaki Sensei and several frends at the former's Gojw dojo near Osaka 19Tarrived back in Tokyo on September 6, I hadn’t made ‘any particular plans, except to spend a day or two in Kamakura; it was getting time to leave and I just wanted to see once more the friends I had made. I also had a letter of introduction I hadn't used. But, as T should have expected, it took me a while —almost two weeks — to leave Japan, I was almost broke, but dear old Mrs. Miysimoto took me in for a pittance again. (I didn't tell the Masudas that I was back until just before I left; as it was, they captured me for a night, and so T was never forced to leave.) ‘Actually, I had planned to leave at least a week, two if possible, before the departure date required to insure my retum to Pasadena for class registration. But a few things held me up. One was a Sumo toumament that was held in Tokyo from September 5 thraugh September 20, attended on two days. One day Mr. Yamagami sneaked me into a sportswriter’s seat in the first row. (I had to leave when the sportswriter arrived late that afternoon.) The matches are usually very short, and at intermission there is a lot of traditional show. However, I found it all very exciting, especially when the large crowd arrived and started cheering on their favorites just like fanaties ata horse race, ‘Then, there was that last introduction. Tt was to Mr. Ohshima's respected senior, Master Egami, whom I have mentioned as the founder of the Shotokai style of karate. T went out to his home one night with the intention of talking with him long enough to find out the principles of his style. Well, he did his best to explain to me what it was all about, and I thought I understood what he said Essentially, he advises not to resist your body. But in ‘martial arts —as, T surmise, in Zen — words mean nothing, if you lack experience. So I accepted Master Egamis in- vitation to attend his practice. ‘This practice was an experience I could have done without. Master Egami has a special method for making 20 The Caltech Karate club alongside, sure that you “don't resist your body.” The first thirty minutes of the practice consists of exhaustive exercises designed to adjust your strength —or your state of mind —so that you do not want to resist. Since I have a mind too weak to adjust, I proceeded to sap every ounce of strength (and I was in good physical shape) from my body. For the next hour T went through his techniques in a half-daze. One time I almost passed aut, but when I fell to the floor I hit my head and that woke me up. It was the special training all over again, condensed into one hour and a half, 1 got my bit of experience, But, I couldn't walk properly again for a week. However, that didn't stop me from going to Kamakura Thad met Master Hiromasa Takano, 10th dan, who is one of the best kendo masters in Japan, when he visited the Pasadena Japanese Community Center on a three-day Mrs, Miyamoto and her daughter pose with Doug on the roof Of their home. Mrs. Miyamoto took such a motherly interest in Doug that he had to viruslly tiptos quietly past her room to {get out of the house to be by himself for awhile.visit to the United States the previous spring. Mr. Obshima was a little dubious when I had told him that not only had I met Takano, but that he had given me his address in Japan and had told me to look him up when I got there. $0 Mr. Ohshima had told me simply to pay Master Takano a short, respectful visit and leave, ‘The Sake Flows After a day of sightseeing —on foot = in historic and, thankfully, small Kamakura, 1 hobbled (remember Egami’s practice) out to Takano’s address, intending to follow Mr. Ohshima’s advice. When T got there, his wife —who didn’t speak English — told me that he was in a small town thirty miles away. About twenty minutes later, after I had explained to her that I had met her hus- band in America, she invited me into the house to call ‘Takano. I did so, and I told him—he speaks English well that I would like to see him the next day if it wouldn't trouble him, He told me to wait there, and thirty minutes later he arrived. Ignoring my Feeble ob- jections, he proceeded to take me out on the town. 1 am convinced that all Japanese, regardless of posi tion, like to drink, producing a state which, in the Japanese mind, is equivalent to happiness. And they like for their guests, regardless of position, to be happy also — that is, tipsy. When they buy a jug of sake, they keep your glass full. If you have it full for too long (about ive minutes), they make a motion that they intend to pour again, so you have no choice but to make some space. Regardless of what Mr. Ohshima said, I could hardly refuse one of Japan's foremost swordsmen, He must have thought I was a good guy because, while T was still able to understand him, he invited me to be guest the next day at a kendo tournament at which he was to be head judge 1 felt like a celebrity at that tournament, sitting next to Master Takano at the head table, I didn't fool any of ‘the Japanese dignitaries who came up to pay their re- spects to Master Takano and tactfully ignored me, but 1 showed the hell out of some of the tourists that were around, There was some real talent at that toumament and it was a valuable experience: The next day two students from Mrs, Miyamoto's lodge ing house came down to Kamakura. One of them was Kenichiro, with whom I had many discussions. We spent the day visiting their favorite temples and shrines. Twas always philosophical with Kenichiro, and when, as the three of us sat gazing at the pond in the garden of Kencho temple (Kenchoji), he explained that the ponds ‘outline formed the character for kokoro, which means ‘both heart, or body, and mind. The serenity of the grounds set me to pondering, and Kenichiro and I en- gaged in a long philosophical diseussion about the East em and Western approach to religion. ‘The next day—Friday, September 17—I left Tokyo. for Honolulu. It was quite a sendoff, Mr. Narushima was isting young man from America looked lke ‘onal with best at this stage in bed fasting for seven days—a form of training only since he wasn't overweight—so he wasn’t there. Mr. Yamagami was busy and couldn't go with me. He gave me a large sumo doll in a glass case that doubled my hand luggage and put me overweight. Refko Maguchi was there — she goes to school in Tokyo. Kenichiro came. ‘And there was a delegation of four from the Waseda Karate Club. Also, Professor Shibuya is reported to have been there looking for me, but unfortunately my plane left before he found me, ‘Once aboard, I leaned that the rest of the people on the plane were worried about beating a threatening typhoon that was stirring up in the Pacfic. But we all ‘made it safely to Honoluk Tt had been a more than worthwhile summer. My skill in karate certainly improved, and in the last year, I made black belt. I feel now that I am beginning to really un- derstand karate, at least in the sense that 1 now know what Iam trying to do, even if I am not yet as expert at it as I would like. As a result of my comparative study, I can also say that there is a level.of understanding at which all the martial arts are the same: differences are dissolved in the equating of a bow and. arrow and of a sword, of a small man and a big man, I am not speaking mystically but of definite physiological principles which describe the effects of using certain muscles in certain ways. Finally, quite apart from my project, I gained a better understanding of my own culture by living among people of a radically different background and by trying my best to be aware. “y a1Innocence is its Own Best Reward An irrepressible pair of young Arab brothers move into a vacuum left by judo’s leaders and promote plans for the first Catholic school judo league in the country. B brothers, a great pair in international com- petition. In the United States, there are the Maruyama brothers, And from the Middle East, which seems an unlikely place for judo, come the young Fara- gallah brothers, who have studied the sport and fought in competitions on four continents, Its a long way from Jerusalem where the Faragallah brothers were born to Las Angeles, but the pair has made the transition — and stolen a march on their native Ameri= can counterparts in the process. ‘The high-spirited brothers, Samir and. Nabil, are teach- {ng judo at Mt. Carmel High School and promoting plans for the Brst Catholic high school judo league in the coun- try. The two have the enthusiastic support of the officials of the school. Indeed, judo has been so warmly received that two of the priests, Fathers Michael Potter and Kevin Morrissey, have been converted to judo and are taking lessons right along with the students. Judo just closed out its first year at Mt. Carmel, and to mark the occasion the school held a demonstration and shiai with young judoka from Serra High School, another Catholic institution in neighboring Gardena, The Fara- gallah brothers found a welcome ally in Serra high, where judo instruction is being made available by one of the teachers, Brother Maruyama, Brother Maruyama is the brother of Paull Maruyama who just won the BLACK BELT MAGAZINE Travel Award to the Kodokan as the best American judo player of the year, ‘The ease with which judo has been picked up by the schools is a little surprising in view of the prevailing jude situation in the area. Los Angeles and vicinity has ROTHER ACTS are big these days in judo, In Holland, for instance, there are the Snijders 22 ‘The Faragallah brothers received their first judo training in this ‘doje in Ethiopia in northeast AMtiea, more judo-players than any other area in the country. Tt also has probably more” leaders who solemnly declare periodically that judo really ought to be taught in the: high schools of this country. But so far, judo is not being taught in Los Angeles public schools, and there are no Programs in the works to get it taught, Theoretically, of course, a case ean be made out that judo “can't” be taught in Los Angeles high schools — or in any other high school across the United States. There are, for instance, the arguments made that there are not ‘enough trained instructors, And then there is a debate going on about the best way to:try to get such instructors. ‘On the other hand, there is Ben Campbell’s erash ap. proach to train high school physical education instructors in the rudiments of judo for a few months and then allow them to teach beginners (Black Belt, August 1966 ) ‘On the other hand, there is the much longer-range ap- proach being sponsored by national judo officials in Detroit for providing two to three years of judo training instruction in college physical education curriculums, Until which approach, or combination of the two, ean ‘be decided upon, little can be done,[Nabil (left) watches Father Michael throw a student during prac: ‘tice session, At right, Samir looks on with another priest, Nabil and Samir came to this country several years ago somebody forgot to tell them all the reasons that judo couldn't be started in Los Angeles high schools. The two brothers were strangers and couldn't be expected to know the reasons themselves. And so, in their innocence, they thought it would be a good idea to start up judo in the Catholic high schools. With that goal in mind, they approached Tony Perna, a judoka himself and the Athletic Director at Mt. Carmel high, He liked the idea of Judo at the school. He ap- proached the school principal, Father Eugene MqCallen, He also liked the idea, And so with a minimum of Fuss, judo got started at Mt, Carmel High. What had been thought to be impossible proved not to be so at all. The Faragallah brothers moved into a vacuum left by the area's judo leadership, not knowing they were moving into a vacuum at all OF course, the two brothers were aided by the fact that the Catholic schools do not have the same require- ments for teaching certificates as the publie schools. So the Catholic highs can allow the two young men from Jerusalem to instruct a judo class even though they do not have their state teaching certificates. On the other hand, there is little doubt thet the Catho- lic and other private schools have been more or less overlooked by judo aficials in their planning for getting judo into the schools. And this ic unfortunate, because judo seems tailor-made for Catholic schools, which have to wateb their expenditures dosely. All that judo needed to get started at Mt. Carmel was some space in the gymnasium and very little expenditures. Existing gym mats, though not the best type of tatami, were adequate enough for beginners, and the students supplied own gis. Te-was a long way around from Jerusalem to the United States for the two. brothers. Catholics from birth, they had been bom and raised in the arab quarter of Jeru- salem. When they were ié their early teens, thefr father was invited by the Ethiopian government to preside as a judge in the courts of that African country, It was in Ethiopia that the two brothers received their first judo training, Ethiopia still has a strong Italian Colony left over from the Ttalian occupation of the country in the 1980's, and it ‘was the Italians «who introduced judo to this section of Africa, The Faragallah boys’ first instructor was Lui Pecol, who operated a dojo in the capital city of Addis Ababa. When they had graduated from high school, the brothers began a long series of journeys that was ta end in the United States, where the Faragallah family now resides. Along the way, the brothers kept up their judo studies in such places as Khartoum in the Sudan, Australia, and Italy. The two split up early in the 1960's, and Samir went to France and Nabil to Norway, Nabil got his lack belt in Denmark and Samir picked his up in Kenya during a stay in central Africa. The two are now (Above) In this picture, Father Michael gets set to take a ride being given by one of the students in the class. (Below) Nabil ‘and Samir with Athletic Director Teny Perna, who also suits up for lessons. 23both registered black belts with the U.S, Judo Federa. tion. Both of the brothers were strongly influenced by their study of judo in Europe, and they have some strong ideas on how the sport should be taught, “T wanted to teach in judo what I had ‘always been taught myself,” says 21-year-old Nabil. “I don't mean to be critical, but T feel that what T see in American judo is too much emphasis on what I call brutal judo. You know, the re- lance on purely brute physical strength to haul an op- ponent to the mat, both opponents kicking and flailing away like 2 pair of mules.” Samir, who is the older of the two at twenty-two, nodded ‘vigorously in agreement, “That's true,” Sa says. “In Europe, we saw a lot more emphasis on tech niques. We relied on more handwork, for instance, and ‘more balancing and trying to break an opponent's tech- nique with counter techniques “And endurance, too,” Nabil broke in at this. point. “Endurance has to be emphasized in teaching judo, The students have to be built up and physically conditioned to take up judo properly, T was quite surprised at what T consider to be the limited endurance of American young people taking up the sport, I thought that with the generally better diet and healthy foods available here that American youngsters 1could be stronger than they are.” ‘The two also had something to say about American competition. “There is more emphasis on competition and winning here than in Europe,” Samir said slowly. “There, I think that they competed more for the fun of it, They weren't quite so serious about it.” Both Samir and Nabil now go to El Camino Junior College, where they have also given judo instruction. Samir wants to be a lawyer and Nabil is taking a pre- medical course. But their hearts are also in judo, and they are continuing to teach students from Mt, Carmel and elsewhere during the summer. ‘The officials of Mt. Carmel have been outspoken in their praise of judo being taught there. Says Father Me- Callen, the principal: “Judo preserves the best traditions of true sport, It teaches the youngsters self-reliance. It should be a definite asset to the late President Kennedy's Physical Fitness Program.” So, too, docs Athletic Director Tony Perna, “I think that judo is an excellent sport for conditioning the phys- ical and moral life of a student, It teaches him discipline, respect for his strength, exercise, and physical well-being, Our goal should be to have the Catholic League recog. Ize cdo as an intrecholastic sport at the High school As for how judo affects the individual priest wha takes it up, no more glowing words were issued than by Father Michael Potter. Says Father Michael, as he is called by the studénts: “I think every priest should be trained in it —at least 2a ‘The young Nabil, beardless at the time, receives a prize from the Japanese ambassador following a tournament in Ethiopia. Nabil shaved his beard off following the pictures shown on ‘these pazes. the basic clewents. However, Te adeise them to start earlier than F did. It tould be much easier.” Then in something of a surprise to us, Father Michael said that some seminaries have already introduced judo into their ‘overall educational programs. “It has helped me personally, too, by making me more physically fit. I feel a lot better—younger, stronger, thinner, and livelier. And it's given me a new outlook on life. When you're physically fit, the world really does Jook brighter to you!” Father Michael also pointed out that it has helped a number of the young students taking judo in other ways. “It gives our students (and myself) more self-confidence, poise and self-assurance, and it has instilled a greater sense of sportsmanship and courtesy in the boys.” Father Michael gave one example of the help that students can get from jude training. “One of aur boys is ‘very small. Formerly —according to the priests on the faculty —he was cery quiet, shy and reserved. But after 4 few months of judo he's like a new person —active in lass, possessing greater self-confidence, and respected ‘more by the bigger members of this class.” ‘The word on what the Faragallah brothers were doingat Mt. Carmel got around quickly among some of the Catholic schools in the area, and the brothers are naw being approached to start up judo classes in other schools The question then becomes one of manning the classes But Souther California doesn’t lack for judomen, and. a number of younger players have volunteered their services. Among those who have offered to help are such stars as Hayward Nishioka, last year's U.S, national champion, and Clyde DeVinna, a member of the U.S International Team. Nishioka brings with him some valuable experience gained in Ben Campbell's teaching experiment this year in Sacramento, Calif Offeials at Mt. Carmel have also given the brothers the fullest cooperation, At the end of last semester, the judo students put on a demonstration for the other students of the school to give them an idea of what judo was all about, Father McCallum allowed the students to take off for a period to watch the event, at which dem- onstration matches were given with the students from Serra High School, Judo has also been made an official varsity sport of the school, and letters were given out at the demonstration matches. A total of four varsity letters were given and eight junior varsity ones, Last semester, about 30 students took the course. In- terest in the students have remained high, and many of them are continuing their training during the summer. Mt. Carmel made its facilities available for the purpose during the summer months. ‘What will happen if most of the Catholic schools in the area end up with a judo league as proposed by Athletic Director Perna? One intriguing possibility has already arisen, Nabil has been approached by the offi- cials of an Episcopal boys’ high school who are looking: into the possibility of setting up a judo club in their sahool * 25NE of the most baffling — and controversial — aspects of the Oriental fighting arts is the rale that the mind can play in creating greater power and strength. Oriental masters have Jong taught that harnessing the power of the mind with that of the body can produce more physical strength than can be gotten from sheer muscle power alone, “li” This idea of the ki has become known in Western countries mainly through the spread of aikido, an undated version of jiu-jutsu in which the power of the ki is Fused with throwing techniques to produce some remarkable feats of throwing strength. But what is not nearly so well known outside of the Orient is that the principle of the ki is widely applied in Tapping the Power of the Mind bt ‘Translating this into martial arts terms, this means that a bude man can pack greater power into his punches for get more strength into his throws with actually less effort than he'd ordinarily use with physical force alone. ‘The Chinese call this “mind force” principle the “chi” and they have embodied it in their art of boxing called Tai Chi Chuan. The Japanese, too, have made wide use of this strange power of the mind, and they call it the 26 by Anthony DeLeonardis Black Belt Editor Some budomen find it hard to be- lieve that the mind is a hidden store- house of energy that can be released to add greatly to physical strength. But one of America’s greatest karate masters insists this potential power is in all of us. The trick, according to him, is in getting it out. all the arts We were discussing this whole subjeit recently with ‘Tsutomu Ohshima, an avowed apostle of the ki in karate who is sometimes called the “grand old man” of Ameri- can karate, The quotes should really be around that word “old,” since Ohshima is actually only 96 years of age. He came to the United States from Japan 10 years ago, the first Japanese expert ever to come to this country to teachJapanese karate. Far the five years previous to his arrival, ‘Ohshima had been a prize pupil of the late Gichin Funia- koshi, the father of Japanese karate and the founder of the Shotokan Karate style, the most common style taught throughout the world, ‘Ohshima is a slim, intense man, and he had been talk- ing animatedly in our office on the subject for a while when he suddenly broke off the conversation to give us a vivid demonstration. “Let me show you just what I mean by the power of Tsutomu Ohshima learned his Shotokan karate at the source: a8 2 prize pupil of Gichin Funakoshi, founder of Japanese karate, Otishima is an advocate of the extremely hard and muscular approach, but lately he has become more introspective in his approach to karate. He has “discovered the “ki” in himself and it has subtly influenced his style in some ways. He dis- {usses this new approach during two interviews held at Black the ki,” he said. He removed his wrist watch, placed it carefully on the desk, and got up to come toward us. He moved with the quick, nervous movements of a man filled with his subject and anxious to get it out, “If I give you a short chop to the upper part of the arm, using just my physical strength only, you'll barely be able to feel it,” he explained. So saying, he delivered a light blow from about six inches away, and I barely noticed it. “Now, however, here's what happens if T-use the same strength but put my ki into it,” he said, striking the same area as before. 1 immediately could tell the difference. This blow felt sharper and I could feel the effect of it warming and spreading around the whole upper arm and shoulder. “Now, let me give you another example,” Oshima said, “If I stand in front of you and give you a short jab, it’s really nothing.” He danced quickly to the side and jabbed me in the chest, and the effect was, as he said, negligible, Ohshima’s long, shiny black hair had fallen cover His face and he brushed it back impatiently. “Now, with the ki,” he said, and I braced in anticipa- tion, He darted once again to the side and jabbed, The blow was delivered from only several inches away and Tooked to have no more strength in it than the frst light blow. But the force of this one rocked me back on my heels and snapped my shoulders against the wall. I must have looked startled by what had happened because he clapped his hands in delight and waggled his finger at me excitedly. "You see, you see,” and his face lit up with a huge grin. “That's what I mean by the i.” I gingerly rubbed where he had struck and felt the intensity of the blow burn deeper and deeper and deeper within me, spreading all the while, I wondered just how much longer and just how much deeper it would go. ‘The burning stopped finally after some more seconds, but @ half hour later I was still aware in the center of my chest that T had been struck there Ohshima bounced across the office and sat down again ‘on the edge of his chair, the words now: pouring forth jn a torrent as his tongue engaged in a race to keep up swith the ideas spinning through his rind, “This idea of the ki is a strange one, and it is not easy to understand at first,” he contended. “When I was younger, [ was filled with the idea of strength and I used my body ta try to decelop more power. It's only been the last several years that I've really begun to be aware of the power of the ki and of how to use it.” Did Mr. Funakoshi ever teach the ki, we asked. “No, Master Funakoshi never talked about the ki, But I can understand better now what he meant when he used to say, ‘Mr. Ohshima, if you keep it up, maybe in twenty years youll tun into a pretty good karate man.’ Ohshizna paused. “Tt really does take about that long to raake the leap from being, just a technician to being a great karate man, I'm just at that stage now there I'm preparing to make the leap,” he said. “I hope ['1E make We've heard a number of other karate men express similar opinions about the realization as they grow older and think deeper that physical strength is only a part of the true understanding of Karate. What Ohshima calls the leap to being a great karate man is that deeper under- standing of the power within a man that can be best expressed through his art. It is, in one sense, an appreci 27tion of the ki, or the chi, as it is termed in Chinese, ‘This term ki can be a tricky one, and it can mean dif- ferent things at different times. It is this that has led to a lot of confusion and downright quackery and phoni- ness —on the subject: ‘THE PASSIVE MAN. Like other Japanese martial arts_men, Ohshima practices meditation. Here he is in a position of con. templation while engaged in a period of meditation on the sec: ‘ond fear of his dojo lacated on the outer fringes of Hollywood, ‘THE ACTIVE MAN. Ohshima appears at many tournaments as a referee. Here in these two pictures he is shawn giving demon: Stration of his Shotokan style at a recent tournament. Tn general, the word ki means mind or spirit, But it can offen mean general health, From this Iatter meaning, can be derived the idea of overall strength of the body, which is the meaning of ki in its widest application. But ki can also mean different things to practitioners, of different fighting arts, The Chinese, for instance, have been developing the idea of the ki for more than 2,000 years, afd they have built up a sizeable store of writings on the subject. During this long period of time, the Chi- nese have clinically analyzed every inch of the human anatomy to try to strengthen the “chi” throughout every part of the body. They have worked out elaborate exercises to strengthen the chi in skin and muscles, internal organs like the lungs and heart, and even the sexual organs. But very little has ever been published in English on the subject. (Dr, William C, C. Hu, Black Belt magazine's historian, has made an exhaustive study of the literature of the chi, and will publish a book on his findings later this year.) ‘The Japanese came by the subject much later, but then they added a slight twist. Around the beginning of this century, Morihei Uyeshiba began preaching the power of thé ki as used in the art of aikido that he founded, The idea that Uyeshiba advocated was that the power of the ki could, with practice and concentration, be tapped readily and used not only for general strength but can be pulled ont from the body, According to the aikido theory, the ki can be made to flow like a stream ar electrical current, being turned on and off at will, but ready to be used whenever the need arises. Indeed, according to Tohei, the greatest of Uyeshiba’s pupils, the ki can be developed to such an extent that it can be left flowing even while sleeping all during the night. Such an idea takes some getting used to for thase who