CHAPTER-3

BIODIVERSITY IN LIVING ORGANISM

Description
Features

Binomial System of naming species with two parts: genus and species, devised by Carl Linnaeus.
Nomenclature Example: Homo sapiens (Human).

Three Kingdoms-Proposed by Ernst Haeckel, divides living organisms into three

kingdoms: Plantae (plants), Animalia (animals), and Protista (protists).Five kindom-
Proposed by R.H. Whittaker, divides living organisms into Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae,
Five Kingdom
and Animalia based on cellular structure. Two Kingdoms-Initially proposed by Carolus
Characteristics
Linnaeus, classifies organisms into two kingdoms: Plantae (plants) and Animalia (animals).
Four Kingdoms-proposed by Copeland and includes kingdoms such as Plantae, Animalia,
Protista, and Fungi.

Kingdom Plantae - Multicellular, eukaryotic organisms with cell walls made of cellulose.
- Obtain energy through photosynthesis.
- Includes various divisions such as Bryophyta, Thallophyta, Pteridophyta, and
Angiosperms.

Kingdom Animalia - Multicellular, eukaryotic organisms lacking cell walls.

- Heterotrophic, obtain energy by consuming other organisms.

- Includes various phyla such as Chordata, Echinodermata, Mollusca, Annelida, Porifera,

Platyhelminthes, Arthropoda, Coelenterata, and Nematoda.

Phylum/Division Characteristics
- Possess a notochord at some stage in their development.
Phylum Chordata
- Have a dorsal nerve cord and pharyngeal gill slits.

- Marine animals characterized by radial symmetry in adults.

Phylum Echinodermata
- Possess a water vascular system and spiny skin.

- Soft-bodied animals often protected by a hard shell.

Phylum Mollusca
- Include snails, clams, squids, and octopuses.
- Segmented worms with bodies divided into repeated segments.
Phylum Annelida
- Include earthworms, leeches, and marine worms.
- Simple, sessile animals with porous bodies.
Phylum Porifera
- Lack true tissues and organs.
- Flatworms with bilateral symmetry.
Phylum Platyhelminthes
- Many are parasitic, while others are free-living.

www.visiondefence.com 9962976797//9962976597 1|Page

 Phylum/Division Characteristics

- Largest phylum, characterized by jointed appendages and segmented bodies.

Phylum Arthropoda
- Include insects, arachnids, crustaceans, and myriapods.

- Also known as Cnidarians, characterized by radial symmetry and specialized

Phylum Coelenterata stinging cells called cnidocytes.
- Include jellyfish, corals, and sea anemones.
- Unsegmented roundworms with a cylindrical body.
Phylum Nematoda
- Found in diverse habitats, including soil, water, and as parasites.

www.visiondefence.com 9962976797//9962976597 2|Page

 CHAPTER-4
TRANSPORTATION IN PLANTS

Terms Description

Transportation Processes

Transpiration Loss of water vapor from the aerial parts of the plant, primarily through stomata.

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower

Diffusion
concentration.

Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of lower

Osmosis
solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration.

Turgor Pressure Pressure exerted by the fluid (usually water) inside the cell against the cell wall.

Movement of substances over short distances within plant tissues, facilitated by

Short Distance Transport
diffusion and osmosis.

Transport of water, nutrients, and other substances over longer distances within
Long Distance Transport
the plant through vascular tissues.

Morphology of Plant Parts

Roots Absorb water and minerals from the soil and anchor the plant.

Stem Supports the plant, transports water and nutrients, and may store food.

Leaves Site of photosynthesis, gas exchange, and transpiration.

Plant Tissues

Meristematic Tissues Actively dividing cells responsible for plant growth.

Permanent Tissues Mature, specialized cells that perform specific functions in the plant.

Complex Tissues Tissues composed of different cell types working together.

www.visiondefence.com 9962976797//9962976597 3|Page

 Modes of Transport

Transport of two different substances across a membrane

Antiport
in opposite directions.

Transport of two different substances across a membrane

Symport
in the same direction.

Uniport Transport of a single substance across a membrane.

Movement of substances across a membrane with the

Facilitated Diffusion
help of transport proteins.

Shrinkage of the protoplasm away from the cell wall due

Plasmolysis
to water loss.

Apoplast and Symplast Pathways

Movement of substances through cell walls and

Apoplast Pathway
intercellular spaces.

Movement of substances through the cytoplasm of cells

Symplast Pathway
connected by plasmodesmata.

www.visiondefence.com 9962976797//9962976597 4|Page

 CHAPTER-5
REPRODUCTION IN LIVING ORGANISMS

Modes of Reproduction Description

Involves the fusion of gametes (sperm and egg) to form a

Sexual Reproduction
zygote, leading to genetic diversity.

Offspring are produced from a single parent, without the

Asexual Reproduction
involvement of gametes, resulting in clones.

Pre-fertilization Events

Vegetative Propagation
A form of asexual reproduction where new plants grow from stems, roots, or leaves of the parent plant. Propagation
method as follows:

Runner
Plants propagate by sending out horizontal stems above
ground, forming new roots and shoots at nodes along
the runner.

Sucker New shoots arise from the roots or underground stems

of a plant, giving rise to new plants.

Tuber
Plants produce swollen, underground stems that store
nutrients and can develop into new plants when planted
or left to sprout.

Bulb
Underground storage organs consisting of a short,
flattened stem surrounded by fleshy leaves or leaf bases,
capable of producing new shoots and roots.

www.visiondefence.com 9962976797//9962976597 5|Page

 Offset
Small lateral shoots develop from the base of a parent
plant, eventually forming new individuals when
separated and planted.

Rhizome Modified underground stems grow horizontally below

the soil surface, producing roots and shoots at nodes
along the rhizome.

Transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of

Pollination in Flowers
a flower, either by wind, insects, or other agents.

Reproductive cycle in female mammals characterized by

Oestrous Cycle
changes in the uterus and ovaries.

Fertilization Events

Fusion of sperm and egg inside the female reproductive

Internal Fertilization
tract, common in mammals and some fish.

Fusion of sperm and egg outside the body, common in

External Fertilization aquatic organisms like fish, amphibians, and some
invertebrates.

Involves the formation of gametes (pollen and ovules) in

Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants specialized structures within flowers, followed by
pollination and fertilization.
Post-fertilization Events
Development of a seed from the fertilized ovule,
Seed Formation
containing the embryo and nutritive tissues.
Growth and differentiation of the embryo within the seed
Embryo Development
into a mature plant.
Development of the ovary wall into a fruit, enclosing the
Fruit Formation
seeds and aiding in dispersal.

Resumption of growth by a seed, leading to the

Germination
emergence of a new plant under suitable conditions.

www.visiondefence.com 9962976797//9962976597 6|Page

 CHAPTER – 6
VITAMINS AND DEFICIENCY DISEASES

Vitamin Chemical Name Deficiency Disease Explanation

Reduced ability to see in low light conditions, leading to
Retinol Night blindness difficulty seeing at night or in dimly lit environments.

A condition where the eye fails to produce tears, leading to

Vitamin A Xerophthalmia dryness, thickening, and clouding of the cornea.

Severe deficiency leading to softening and destruction of

Keratomalacia the cornea, resulting in blindness.

A nervous system disorder characterized by weakness,

Vitamin B1 Thiamine Beriberi fatigue, nerve damage, and muscle wasting.

Symptoms include cracked lips, sore throat, and

Vitamin B2 Riboflavin Ariboflavinosis inflammation of the mouth and tongue.

Characterized by dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, and

Vitamin B3 Niacin Pellagra ultimately death if left untreated.

Rare in humans, may lead to fatigue, irritability, numbness,

Pantothenic acid
Vitamin B5 Pantothenic acid and tingling in hands and feet.
deficiency
Can cause neurological symptoms like confusion,
Pyridoxine
Vitamin B6 Pyridoxine depression, and seizures, as well as anemia.
deficiency
Symptoms include hair loss, scaly red rash around eyes,
Vitamin B7 Biotin Biotin deficiency nose, mouth, and genital area, and neurological symptoms.

Associated with anemia, fatigue, weakness, and poor

Vitamin B9 Folate Folate deficiency growth.

Caused by the body's inability to absorb vitamin B12,

Vitamin
Cynocobalamine Pernicious anemia leading to fatigue, weakness, and neurological problems.
B12
Symptoms include fatigue, weakness, swollen and bleeding
Vitamin C Ascorbic acid Scurvy gums, and skin rashes.

Softening and weakening of bones in children, leading to

Vitamin D Ergocalciferol Rickets skeletal deformities.

Softening of bones in adults, causing bone pain, muscle

Cholecalciferol Osteomalacia weakness, and an increased risk of fractures.

May cause neurological symptoms, muscle weakness,

Vitamin E
Vitamin E Tocopherol vision problems, and immune system impairment.
deficiency
Deficiency can lead to excessive bleeding or haemorrhage
Vitamin K Phylloquinone Bleeding disorders due to impaired blood clotting.

www.visiondefence.com 9962976797//9962976597 7|Page

 CHAPTER-7
HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY

System Function Diseases Affecting Parts

Controls and coordinates body Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's

Nervous System
activities through nerve impulses. disease, Multiple sclerosis.

Breaks down food into nutrients for Gastritis, Ulcers, Irritable Bowel
Digestive System
absorption and eliminates waste. Syndrome (IBS).

Transports oxygen, nutrients,

Hypertension, Coronary artery
Circulatory System hormones, and waste products
disease, Anemia.
throughout the body.

Asthma, Chronic obstructive

Facilitates gas exchange between
Respiratory System pulmonary disease (COPD),
blood and air.
Pneumonia.

Enables movement, maintains Muscular dystrophy, Myasthenia

Muscular System
posture, and generates heat. gravis, Fibromyalgia.

Provides structural support, protects

Skeletal System Osteoporosis, Arthritis, Scoliosis.
organs, and allows for movement.

Produces and regulates hormones to Diabetes mellitus, Thyroid disorders,

Endocrine System
maintain homeostasis. Addison's disease.

Protects the body from physical

Integumentary System Eczema, Psoriasis, Skin cancer.
damage, pathogens, and dehydration.

Responsible for reproduction and Infertility, Erectile dysfunction,

Reproductive System
production of sex hormones. Breast cancer.

Filters blood, removes waste Kidney stones, Urinary tract

Urinary System
products, and regulates fluid balance. infections (UTIs), Renal failure.

www.visiondefence.com 9962976797//9962976597 8|Page

 BLOOD TYPES
Component Description Function
ABO (A, B, AB, O) and Rh (positive Determine blood compatibility for
Blood Types
or negative). transfusions.
Liquid component of blood, carries
Transports substances throughout the
Plasma nutrients, hormones, and waste
body.
products.

Contain hemoglobin and transport

Red Blood Cells (RBCs) Oxygen transport and gas exchange.
oxygen to body tissues.

Part of the immune system, defend the

White Blood Cells (WBCs) Fight pathogens and foreign invaders.
body against infection.
Cell fragments involved in blood Form clots to stop bleeding and repair
Platelets
clotting. damaged blood vessels.

IMMUNITY

Immunity Type Description Examples

Non-specific defense Skin, mucous membranes,

Innate Immunity
mechanisms present at birth. phagocytes, inflammation.

Specific defense mechanisms Antibodies, T cells, Memory

Acquired Immunity
developed over time. cells.

TYPES OF TISSUES IN HUMAN BODY

Tissue Type Description Function

Covers body surfaces, lines Protection, Absorption,

Epithelial
cavities, and forms glands. Secretion, Sensation.

Composed of muscle fibers Movement, Maintenance of

Muscular
capable of contraction. posture, Heat production.

Made up of neurons and Transmission of nerve impulses,

Nervous
supportive cells. Coordination, Sensation.

Supports, connects, and protects Structural support, Protection,

Connective
body structures. Transport.

www.visiondefence.com 9962976797//9962976597 9|Page

 Epithelial Tissue Type Description Function

Simple Squamous Single layer of flat cells. Facilitates diffusion and filtration.

Simple Cuboidal Single layer of cube-shaped cells. Secretion and absorption.

Single layer of tall, column-

Simple Columnar Absorption and secretion.
shaped cells.
Provides protection against
Stratified Squamous Multiple layers of flat cells.
abrasion and pathogens.
Multiple layers of cube-shaped
Stratified Cuboidal Protection and secretion.
cells.
Multiple layers of column-shaped
Stratified Columnar Protection and secretion.
cells.

Appears stratified but all cells rest Secretion of mucus, movement of

Pseudostratified
on the basement membrane. mucus via cilia.

Multi-layered epithelium that can Allows stretching and recoiling,

Transitional
adapt to changes in tension. found in urinary bladder.

HORMONE SECRETION IN HUMAN BODY

Endocrine Gland Hormones Secreted Function
Regulates sleep-wake cycles,
Pineal Gland Melatonin circadian rhythms, and reproductive
hormones.
- Growth Hormone (GH) - Prolactin
(PRL) - Thyroid Stimulating
Hormone (TSH) -
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Regulates growth, metabolism,
Pituitary Gland
(ACTH)- Follicle Stimulating reproduction, and water balance.
Hormone (FSH) - Luteinizing
Hormone (LH) - Antidiuretic
Hormone (ADH) - Oxytocin

- Thyroxine (T4) - Triiodothyronine Regulates metabolism, growth, and

Thyroid Gland
(T3) - Calcitonin calcium levels.

Regulates calcium and phosphate

Parathyroid Gland Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
levels in the blood.
Stimulates the maturation of T-
Thymus Thymosin lymphocytes (T cells) in the immune
system.

www.visiondefence.com 9962976797//9962976597 10 | P a g e
 Regulates stress response,
- Cortisol - Aldosterone - Epinephrine
Adrenal Glands metabolism, electrolyte balance, and
- Norepinephrine - Androgens
sex hormones.
Regulates blood glucose levels and
Pancreas - Insulin - Glucagon - Somatostatin
metabolism.
Regulates menstrual cycle,
Ovaries (in females) Estrogen ,Progesterone pregnancy, and secondary sexual
characteristics.
Regulates sperm production, sex
Testes (in males) Testosterone drive, and secondary sexual
characteristics.

DISEASE DUE TO BACTERIA, FUNGI AND VIRUS

Disease Causative Agent(s) Organs Affected
Rhinovirus, Coronavirus,
1. Common Cold Adenovirus, RSV Upper respiratory tract (nose, throat)

2. Influenza (Flu) Influenza virus (Types A, B, C) Respiratory tract (nose, throat, lungs)

3. Tuberculosis (TB) Mycobacterium tuberculosis Lungs, can spread to other organs (e.g., kidneys, brain)
Plasmodium parasites (e.g., P.
4. Malaria falciparum) Liver, red blood cells
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
5. HIV/AIDS (HIV) Immune system, can affect multiple organs over time
6. Cholera Vibrio cholerae Intestines (small intestine)

7. Typhoid Fever Salmonella typhi Intestines (small intestine), bloodstream

8. Dengue Fever Dengue virus (Types 1-4) Blood vessels, platelets
9. Ebola Virus Blood vessels, immune system, organs (e.g., liver,
Disease Ebola virus kidneys)

10. COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 Respiratory system, can affect multiple organs

11. Chlamydia Chlamydia trachomatis Genital tract, can affect reproductive organs

12. Gonorrhea Neisseria gonorrhoeae Genital tract, can affect reproductive organs

13. Syphilis Treponema pallidum Genital tract, skin, can affect multiple organs
14. Lyme Disease Borrelia burgdorferi Skin, joints, nervous system
15. Measles Measles virus Respiratory tract, skin
16. Chickenpox
(Varicella) Varicella-zoster virus Skin, nervous system
17. Rabies Rabies virus Nervous system
Bacteria (e.g., Streptococcus
18. Pneumonia pneumoniae), viruses, fungi Lungs
Hepatitis A virus (HAV), Hepatitis
B virus (HBV), Hepatitis C virus
19. Hepatitis (HCV) Liver

www.visiondefence.com 9962976797//9962976597 11 | P a g e
 Bacteria (e.g., Neisseria
20. Meningitis meningitidis), viruses, fungi Brain and spinal cord
21. Gastritis Helicobacter pylori Stomach

22. Conjunctivitis Bacteria, viruses, allergens Conjunctiva (membrane covering the eye)

23. Nephritis Infections, autoimmune diseases Kidneys

24. Otitis Media Bacteria, viruses Middle ear
Bacteria (e.g., Clostridium
25. Colitis difficile), viruses, parasites Colon (large intestine)
26. Cystitis Bacteria (e.g., Escherichia coli) Bladder
Viruses, bacteria (e.g.,
27. Myocarditis Coxsackievirus, Streptococcus) Heart muscle (myocardium)
Gallstones, alcohol abuse,
28. Pancreatitis infections Pancreas
Viruses (e.g., Herpes simplex virus,
29. Encephalitis West Nile virus) Brain
Bacteria (e.g., Staphylococcus
30. Osteomyelitis aureus) Bones
Bacteria (e.g., Streptococcus,
31. Endocarditis Staphylococcus) Heart valves
Bacteria (e.g., Salmonella,
32. Gastroenteritis Campylobacter), viruses Stomach and intestines
33. Cholecystitis Gallstones, bacterial infections Gallbladder
Viruses (e.g., Hepatitis A, B, C, D,
34. Hepatitis E) Liver

Viruses, bacteria (e.g., Influenza

35. Bronchitis virus, Streptococcus pneumoniae) Bronchi (air passages leading to lungs)
36. Rheumatic Fever Streptococcus bacteria Joints, heart, skin
Various types of fungi (e.g.,
37. Ringworm Trichophyton) Skin, scalp, nails
Fungi (e.g., Trichophyton,
38. Athlete's Foot Epidermophyton) Skin, especially between toes

39. Yellow Fever Yellow fever virus Liver, kidneys, cardiovascular system
40. West Nile Fever West Nile virus Brain, nervous system

41. Zika Virus Zika virus Brain, nervous system, pregnant women and fetus

42. Leishmaniasis Leishmania parasites Skin, mucous membranes, internal organs

43. Anthrax Bacillus anthracis Skin, lungs, gastrointestinal tract

44. Tetanus Clostridium tetani Nervous system
45. Botulism Clostridium botulinum Nervous system, muscles

www.visiondefence.com 9962976797//9962976597 12 | P a g e
 GENETICS

Concept Description
Double-stranded molecule containing genetic instructions. Consists of
1. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic
nucleotides with bases: adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine (A, T, C, G).
Acid)
Single-stranded molecule involved in protein synthesis and other cellular
2. RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) processes. Contains bases: adenine, uracil, cytosine, and guanine (A, U, C, G).

Process of determining the complete DNA sequence of an organism's genome.

3. Genome Sequencing Provides insights into genetic variations and relationships among organisms.

Thread-like structures made of DNA and proteins (histones). Carry genetic

information in the form of genes. Human cells typically have 46 chromosomes
4. Chromosomes
(23 pairs).

Functional unit of heredity, consisting of a specific sequence of nucleotides on a

5. Gene chromosome. Codes for a specific protein or RNA molecule.

Differences in DNA sequence among individuals or populations. Can arise from

6. Genetic Variation mutations, genetic recombination, or other mechanisms.

Manipulation of an organism's DNA to introduce specific traits or

characteristics. Techniques include gene editing, gene insertion, and gene
7. Genetic Engineering
deletion.

Process by which information from a gene is used to synthesize a functional

product, such as a protein or RNA molecule. Involves transcription and
8. Gene Expression
translation.

Diseases or conditions caused by abnormalities in an individual's DNA

sequence. Examples include cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, and Huntington's
9. Genetic Disorders
disease.

Process by which DNA molecules are copied to produce identical DNA

10. DNA Replication molecules. Essential for cell division and inheritance of genetic information.

www.visiondefence.com 9962976797//9962976597 13 | P a g e