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Education

The document discusses various aspects of education, including definitions and the importance of teaching, training, and nurturing. It emphasizes the roles of different educational methods and the impact of formal education on individuals. Additionally, it highlights the significance of understanding educational frameworks and their application in real-world scenarios.

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rg7356956
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
7 views54 pages

Education

The document discusses various aspects of education, including definitions and the importance of teaching, training, and nurturing. It emphasizes the roles of different educational methods and the impact of formal education on individuals. Additionally, it highlights the significance of understanding educational frameworks and their application in real-world scenarios.

Uploaded by

rg7356956
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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lzIfs ;]jf cfof]u

lzIff ;DaGwL cfwf/e't 1fg


lzIffsf] kl/ro / g]kfnsf] z}lIfs ljsf;
lzIffsf] cy{ / kl/efiff
lzIffsf] zflAbs cy{
g]kfnL zAb lzIff lzIf\ jf lz; wft'af6 cfPsf] xf] h;sf] cy{ l;Sg' jf k;sfpg'
eGg] x'G5
Education zAb Nofl6g efiffsf] Educatum,Educare,Educere af6
NofPsf] xf]
Educatume sf] cy{ art of teaching /training x'G5
Educare sf] cy{ to education ,to bring up to rise or nourish
Educare sf] cy{ to lead out ,to drawn out x'G5

lzIffsf] ;+s'lrs cy{


ljBfnosf] rf}3]/f leq /x]/f lbOg] cf}krfl/s lzIff dfq lzIff xf] ;+s'lrs cy{df
lzIff eGgfn] ljBfno jf sn]hsf] rf/ lbjfnleq lbO{g] lzIff xf]

;
cf}krfl/s lzIff, k|df0fkqd'vL lzIff,k'jf{ lgwf{/Lt pb]Zo k'/f ug]{ lstfaL 1fgdf
cfwf/Lt lzIff
lzIffsf] ljZn]if0fTds cy{
lzIffnfO{ ;do ;fk]If ?kdf kl/eflift ul/Psf] x'G5 .lzIffsf] cy{nfO{ r/d ?kdf
kl/eflift ub{5 ,lzIffsf] cy{ ljBfno lzIffdf dfq l;ldt 5}gf
lzIffsf] cy{ ljBfno lzIffdf dfq l;ldt 5}gf
lzIff lqd'vL k|lqmof xf] lzIfs,ljBfyL{ ,kf7oqmd
lzIff Ps ultl;n k|lqmof xf]
lzIff lg/Gt/ rln/xg] k|lqmof xf]

lzIffljbsf] lzIff;DaGwL s]lx kl/efiff


lzIff ToxL,lrh xf] h;n] JolQmnfO{ cfTdljZj;L / lg:jfyL agfpG5 , Rig vida
k|To]s dflg;sf] dlt:sdf cb[Zo ?kn] laBodfg ;+;f/sf] Tof] ;j{dfGo ljrf/nfO{
k|sfzdf Nofpg' g} lzIff xf]
;'s/ft
lzIff k|To]s AolQmsf] ;Dk'0f{tfx?sf] klxrfg g} lzIff xf] .
sfG6
lzIff lhjg xf] / hLjg lzIff xf] hf]g ns

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lzIff c? s]xL xf]Og ,afgLsf] lgdf0f{ dfq xf] ?;f]
lzIff ;a}eGbf zlQmzfnL xltof/ xf] ,h;nfO{ rnfP/f ltdL ;+;f/ abNgf ;S5}f
g]N;g d08]n
lzIffsf] rf/ :tDex?
hfGgsf nflu lzIff
ug{sf nflu lzIff
x'gfsf] nflu lzIff
a:gfsf] nflu lzIff
lzIffsf] :j?k
lzIff ljleGg dfWofdaf6 k|fKt x'G5 d'Voto lzIff cf}krf/Ls,cg}krg/Ls /
clgoldt tl/asfaf6 lzIff k|fKt x'G5
s_ cf}krfl/s lzIff Formal education
k'j{ og]hgfsf cfwf/df lglZrt ;do / :yfgdf lglZrt pb]Zosf k|fKtLsf] nfuL
,lglZrt kf7oqm|df cfwfl/t eP/f lbOg] lzIff g} cf}krf/Ls lzIff xf]
k|df0f kqnfO{ dxTj lbg] lzIff
ljBfno / sn]hsf] rf/ lnjfnleq lbOg] lzIff
lzIff lbg] ;+:yf,:yfg ljBfno,lzIfs l;sf? Kff7\oqmd cflb k'j{ lgw{fl/t x'g] lzIff xf]
v_ cgf}krfl/s lzIff
cf}krfl/s lzIff h:tf] aGwg gx'g] lgwf{l/t pb]Zo k|fKtLsf] nflu lgwf{l/t
kf7|\oqmdsf] cfwf/df Jojl:yt 9+un] lbOg] lzIffsf] 9fFrfnfO{ cgf}krfl/s lzIff
elgG5
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;a}eGbf k'/fgf] lzIff
JolQmsf] cfj:otf,?lr / rfxfgfcg'?k lbOg] lzIff
;dfgtfsf] cfwf/df rNg] lzIff
o;nfO{ clQl/St lzIff klg elgG5

clgldt lzIff
lgodsf] aGwgdf g/xL cgf;o} Pj+ cfsl:ds ?kdf lbOg] lzIff g} clgoldt lzIff
xf]
s] lzIff lng] sxfF af6 lng] ,slxn] lng] cflb s'/fsf] 6'ªug]ljgf g} ck|ToIf ?kdf
k|fKt x'g] lzIff g} clgoldt lzIff xf] o;nfO{ ck|ToIf lzIff klg eGg]] ul/G5
JolQmn] :jtGqtf ?kn] k|fKt x'g] lzIff
Kff7\oqmddf cfwfl/t ePsf] lzIff
of]hgf ljlxg ?kdf kfKt x'g] lzIff

lzIffsf] pb]]Zox?
s'g} klg b]zn] cfkm\gf] /fli6«o cfjZotf / rfxfgf cg'?k lzIffsf] pb]Zox? Rog
ul/Psf] x'G5 ,lzIffsf] pb]Zox? JolQnut,;fdflhs ,cfly{s cflb x'G5g

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lzIffsf] AolQmut pb]Zox?
k|To]s AolQmdf cGt/ lglxt Ifdtfsf] ljsf/ ug]{ lzIffn] dxTjk'0f{ e'ldsf lgjf{x
ub{5
lzIffn] AolQmsf] rl/q cfr/0f / afgLx?sf] lgdf0f{ / ljsf; ub{5
cGt/lglxt k|ltefsf] ljsf; ug'{
c;n rl/qsf] ljsf; ug'{
cf cfkmgf] af}lbs ljsf; ug]{ pb]Zo cg'?k ljrf/ / sNkgf zlQmsf] ljsf; ug]{
;fdflhs pb]Zo
lzIff eg]sf] ;dfhsf] cfTdf xf] hf] Ps k':tfaf6 csf]{df x:tfGt/0f x'b} hfG5 hLs]
r]G:6fg
;fdflhs cfa:otf / ;fdflhs d'No dfGotf cg'?k ;+~rflnt lzIffsf nIo tyf
pb]ox?nfO{ lzIffsf] ;fdflhs pb]Zo cGt/ut{ kb{5
c;n ;DaGwsf] ljsf; ug]{
gful/s r]tgfsf] ljsf; ug]{
;fdflhs d'No dfGotf / ;+/If0fsf] ;+Fab{g ug]{
Gful/s u'0fsf] ljsf; ug]{
cfly{s pb]Zox?
lzIffn] AolQmdf ;+Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ul/ cfo cfh{gsf nflu ;+Ifd agfpG5
/f]huf/L lzh{g ug]{
pTkfbsTjf a9fpg

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Jo;flxs Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug]{
cj;/sf] l;h{g ug]{
lzIffsf] sfo{x?
lzIffsf] sfo{ dfgjsf] hLjgko{Gt x'g] ePsfn] ePsfn] lzIffsf] sfo{ Jofks /x]sf] 5
lzIffsf] AolQmut sfo{
cGt/lglxt k|ltesf] ljsf; ug'{
c;n rl/qsf] ljsf; ug'{
JolQmTj ljsf; ug'{
;xof]u / ;/;Nnfx lbg'}
/fli6«o sfo{x?
/fli6«o ljsf;
/fli6«o Pstf ,gful/s ljsf; ,g]t[Tj ljsf;
g]kfnsf] cfw'lgs z}lIfs Oltxf;
g]kfnsf] z}lIfs Oltxf;
 lzIffsf] Oltx;
lzIffsf] Ol:txf/ !((^ df3 !) df 3f]ifgf ePsf] Ol:tfxf/
#+$+#
 k|fylds tx sIff ! b]vL # ;Ddf
 lgDgf dfWoflds $ b]lv & ;Ddf
 dfWoflds ( b]vL !) ;Ddf

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lj; @)!! eGbf klxnf g]kfnsf] lzIffsf] ;+/rgf
#±@±#±@ ¥ !)
 sIff ! b]vL # k|/lDes kf7zfnf
 sIff $ / % k|ylds kf7zfnf
 sIff ^ b]vL * dfWoflds kf7zfnf
 sIff ( b]vL !) ljBfno

 /fli6«o lzIff of]hgf cfof]u @)!!


 u7g ,@))( ;fn r}t (
 cWoIf ;/bf/ ?b|/fh kf08]
 ;b:o ;+Vof $^
 k|ltj]bg k]z @)!! ;fn kmfu'g !* tTsfnLg lzIffdGqL l8NnL/d0f
/]UdL
o; cfof]usf] k|d'v l;kmf/L;x?
 k|ylds lzIff lgz'Ns / clgjfo{ x'g'k5{
 dfWoflds :s'nsf] txdf /f]huf/L lzIff clgjfo{ x'g'k5{
 lzIffdf ljb]lz k|0flnsf] gSsn ug'{ x'b}gf
lzIffsf] ;+/rgf %±%¥!)
k|ylds lzIff ! b]vL % ;Ddf
dfWoflds lzIff ^ b]vL !) ;Ddf
pRRf dfWoflds !! b]lv !& ;Ddf

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;j{ªuLg /fli6«o lzIFff ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg @)!*
 u7g @)!* a}iffs @%
 cWoIf tTsfnLg lzIfdGqL ljZjaGw' yfkf
 ;b:o ;+Vof ;'?df !! / kl5 Ps ;b:o yk ul/ !@ agfPsf]
 k|ltj]bg k]z @)!* c;f/ !% /fhf dx]Gb| ;dIf
o;n] l;kmf/L; u/]sf] s]xL a'4fx?
 lzIffsf] dfWod Ps} x'g'kg]{
 kf7ok':ts k|To]s laifodf d'n'se/ Ps} x'g'k5{
 k|ylds lzIff ;a}sf nflu clgjfo{ / lgz'Nsf x'g'k5{
 lzIffsf] ;+/rgf %±^+#
sIff ! b]vL % ;Ddf k|lj
sIff ^ b]vL !! ;Ddf dflj
sIff !@ b]vL !% ;Ddf pRrf tx
 /fli6«o lzIff k4ltsf] of]hgf @)@* =#@
b/jf/ xfO{:s"n ,
 lj; !(!) c;f]h @& - ;g !(%# cS6f]j/ !#
 ;'?df yfkynL b/jf/ sIff ;+~rfng
 sIff ! b]vL @ nfO lower primary
 sIff # b]vL % ;Ddf upper primary
 k|yd k|=c Mr canning
 k|yd ;'k/Lj]Ifs Mr Rose
 lj; !(#@ df /0f]l2kn] efO ef/bf/sf] 5f]/f 5f]/L k9fpg k|j]z v\Nnf

;
lj; !($@ df jL/ zdz]/n] ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf 5f]/f5f]/L k9fpgf k|j]z
v'Nnf \
lj; !(%& df b]jzdz]/ k|,d ePkl5 b/jf/ xfO:s'nsf ljBfly{nfO
jflif{s ( d'/L wfg / % ?kofF k};f etf lbg] Joa:yf
k|yd g]kfnL k|c ;/b/ ?b|/fh kf08] lj; !(*@
lj; !(*@ df b/jf/ xfO:s'nsf lzIfs O:6fg kf; ug]{n] ^ ;Ddf ,cf=P
kf; ug]{n] sIff & ;Ddf / :gftsn] sIff * b]lv !) ;Ddf k9fpg] kfpg]
Joj:yf
;DaGwg ;+~rfng ;'?df ef/tsf] snstf ljZjljBfno / !(*) kl5
k6gf ljZjljBfno
lj; !(().&.!^ df g]kfndf kl/Iff af]8{sf] u7g kl5 g]kfnaf6} kl/Iff
xfn o; ljBfnonfO efg' dflj eg]/f lrlgG5

lj; !(!) c;f]h @& df b/jf/ xfO:s'nsf] :yfkgf h;df ;+~rfnsdf ldi6/ /;
/ ;'kl/j]If0fdf ldi6/ Soflgª nfO{ lbOPsf] xf]
lw/ zDz]/sf] kfnfdf b/jf/ :s'ndf efOef/bf/sf 5f]/f5f]/L k9g kfpg] Joa:yf
ul/of]
lj; !($@ b]lv jL/ zdz]/n] ;j{;fwf/0fsf 5f]/f5f]/L ;d]t b/jf/ :s'ndf k9gf
kfpg] ul/ v'Nnf ul/of]
lj; !($@ df tLwf/f ;+:s[t kf7zfnfsf] :ykgf
lj; !(%* uf]/vfkq :yfkgf
lj; !(^@ df ;|]:tf kf7zfnfsf] :yfkgf
lj; !(&% df lqrGb| sn]hsf] :ykgf

;
lj; !(() df sGof lf7zfnfsf] :ykgf
lj; @))% df k|f}9 ;fIf/tf s]Gb|sf] :ykgf
lj; @)!! eb| g]kfndf ;j{k|yd lzIfs tflndsf] ;'?jt eof]
lj; @)!@ df k|f}9 lzIffsf] ;'?jt
lj; @)@& sflt{s ! c~rn lzIff clwsf/L vf/]h
lj; @)@* j}zfs # /fli6«o lzIff k4lt of]hgfsf] u7g
lj; @)@* efb| @$ lzIff P]g hf/L
lj; @)#! ;fnaf6 lzIff lbjz dgfpgf ;'?
lj; @)#! kmfu'g !@ ut] k|ylds lzIff sIff ! b]lv # ;Ddf lg z'Nsf
lj; @)#% df /]l8of] lzIfs tflnfsf] :ykgf
lj; @)#& ;fnaf6 /]l8of]sf] dfWoaf6 lzIfs tflndsf] k|;f/g

lj; @)$! ;fn df3 @) df emfkf,wgs'6f,tgx",sf:sL,bfª,;'v]{t df k|ylds lzIff


kl/of]hgf nfu'
lj; @)$% df k|ljlws lzIff tyf Joj;flxs tflnd kl/ifbsf] u7g
lj; lj; @)$* sf7df08f} ljZj ljBfnosf] :ykgf
lj; @)%@ >fjg @@ g]kfndf klxnf] j|]n lnlk k':tsfnosf] :ykgf ePsf]
lj; @)%$ r}q @^ lzIfs stfjvfgfsf] :ykgf
lj; @)%^ cgf}krf/Ls lzIff s]Gb|sf] :ykgf
lj; @)%^ h]i7 ( ut] lzIff ljefusf] :ykgf
;
lj; @)%^ r}q @* df /fli6«o lzIfs ;]jf cfof]u u7g
lj; @)%* lzIff P]gsf] ;ftf}F ;+zf]wg dfkm{t ;fd'bflos ;+:yfut u/L b'O{ k|sf/sf]
ljBfno /xg] Joa:yf
lj; @)^) af6 sIff ! df c+u|]hL clgjfo{ ul/Psf]
lj; @)^^ efb| $ ut] ljBfno If]q ;'Bf/ sfo{qmd :jLs[t
lj; @)&@ df pRrf lzIff gLlt hf/L
lj; @)&# sflt{s * ut] ljBfno If]q ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] d"n b:tfj]h :jLs[t
lj; @)&^ sflt{s !* ut] lzIff gLlt @)&^ hf/L
g]kfnsf] ljleGg ;dodf lzIfsf] ;+/rgf
 lzIffsf] Ol:txf/ lj=; !((^ cg';f/
sIff !–# k|ylds tx
sIff $–& lgDgf dfWoflds tx
sIff *–!) dfWoflds tx
#+$+#
 @)!) ;fn eGbf cufl8 g]kfnsf] ljBfno txsf] ;+/rgf
sIff !–# k|/lDes kf7zfnf
sIff $–% k|ylds kf7zfnf
sIff ^–* dfWoflds kf7zfnf
sIff (–!) ljBfno
#+@+#+@
 /fli6«o lzIff cfof]u of]hgf @)!! sf] k|ltj]bg cg';f/
sIff !–% k|ylds lzIff
sIff ^–!) dfWoflds lzIff

;
%+%
 ;jf{ª\lug /fli6«o lzIff ;ldtL @)!*sf] l;kmf/L; cg';f/
sIff !—% kf7zfnf
sIff ^–!! ljBfno
%+^
 @)@* eGbf cufl8 %+#+@
 /fli6«o lzIff k4ltsf] of]hgf @)@* cg';f/
sIff !–# k|ylds
sIff $–& lgDg dfWoflds
sIff *–!) dfWoflds
#+$+#
 kf7\oqmd sfo{Gjfog of]hgf @)#*
sIff !–% k|ylds
sIff ^–& lgDgdfWoflds
sIff *–!) dfWoflds
%+@+#
 /fli6«o lzIff cfof]u @)$( sf] k|ltj]bg
sIff !–% k|ylds tx
sIff ^–* lgDgdfWoflds tx
sIff (–!) dfWoflds tx
sIff !!,!@ pRRff dfWoflds tx
 pRrf :t/Lo /fli6«o lzIff cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg @)%(
k"j{ k|ylds ! jif{
sIff !–% k|ylds

;
sIff ^–* lgDgfdfWoflds
sIff *–!) dfWoflds
sIff !!,!@ pRrf dWoflds
!+%+#+@+@
 lzIff P]g @)@* sf] cf7f}F ;+zf]wg @)&#
k|/lDes afn ljsf; b]lv * ;Ddf cfwf/e't
sIff (–!@ dfWoflds

lzIff dgf]lj1fg
lzIff dgf]lj1fgsf] cy{
dgf]lj1fg zAb cª|u|]hL zAb Psychology sf] g]kfnL ?kfGt/0f xf] .
psycholohy zAb lu|s efiffsf] Psyche and logos ldn]/f ag]sf] 5
psyche sf] cy{ cfTd / logos sf] cy{ lj1fg eGg] x'G5 h;nfO{ cfTdsf] lj1fg
As a science of soul klg elgG5
klxnf psychology nfO{ cfTdsf] lj1fg elgGYof] eg] cfw'lgs cy{df Jofaxf/sf]
lj1fg ( science of human behaviour ) eGg] ul/G5
;
lzIff If]qdf k|of]u ul/g] dgf]j}1flgs k|flKtsf] Jofaxfl/s kIf g} lzIff dgf]lj1fg xf]
;'?df o;nfO{ cfTdsf] lj1fg,kl5 dgsf] lj1fg,/ r]tgfsf] lj1fg x'b} xfn Jofaxf/sf]
lj1fg eGgf yflnof]

lzIff dgf]lj1fgsf] s]xL dxTjk'0f{ egfOx?


dgf]lj1fg Jofaxf/sf] lj1fg xf] .Watson
dgf]lj1fg Jofaxf/ / cg'ejsf] lj1fg xf] ,lj Pkm l:lsg/
lzIff dgf]lj1fgn] JolQmsf] hDdb]lv j[4fj:yf;Ddfsf] l;sfO{ cg'ejsf] j0f{/ /
JofVo lzIff dgf]lj1fgn] ub{5
qm|f] P08 qm|f]
cfa:otf / dxTj
afnaflnsfsf] ?lr,rxfgf,cfa:otf,:t/,Ifdtf,a'em]/f ;f]lx cg';f/sf] kf7|oqmd tyf
lzIf0f xf]
lzIf0f l;sfOdf ;'wf/ Nofpg' g} lzIff dgf]lj1fgsf] d'Vo pb]Zo xf]
k|efjsf/L lzIf0f ljLwsf] klxrfg ug]{
l;sf?sf j}olQms leGgtf klxrfg ug]{
l;sfOd'ns jftj/0f tof/ ug]{
;lx z}lIfs ;fdlu|sf] k|of]u ug]{
l;sf?sf] ?lr rxfg / cfa:otfcg';f/sf] lzIff lbg
sIffsf]7fs jftj/0f jfnd}{qL agfpg cfa:os ;fdu|L tof/ ug]{

;
dfgj ljsf; / j[l4
dfgj j[l4 eGgfn] dflg;sf] z/Ll/s agf]6,cfsf/ ,k|sf/ prfO ,tf}n cflbdf cfpg]
kl/jt{g xf] ,h'g kl/0fTds x'G5 h;nfO{ b]lvg ,gfk tf}n ug]{ ;lsG5 / lrlZrt
;do k|Zrft /f]lsG5 / of] Ps z/Ll/s kl/kStf dfq xf]
zf/Ll/s,dfgl;s,jf}Fl4s tyf ;+j]\ufTds cflb ;Dk'0f{ kIfsf] u'0fTds ljsf; g} ljsf;
xf] ,ljsf; Ps k'0f{ kl/kStf xf] / ljsf; Ps lg/Gt/ rln/xg] k|lqmof klg xf]
ljsf; eg]sf] qm|lds tyf kl/jt{tgsf] k|ultl;n k|lqmof xf]

dfgj j[l4 / ljsf;sf] r/0fx?


!_ hGd k"\jf{sf] r/0f
@_ hGd k|Zrftsf] r/0fx?
hGd k"jf{sf] r/0f
!_ hfOuf]6sf] cj:yf
ue{wf/0f b]lv @ xKtf ;Ddfsf] ca:yf
@_ e'|0f ca:yf
ue{wf/0fsf] @ xKtfb]lv @ dlxgf;Ddfsf] cj:yf
#_ km]6;sf] ca:yf
ue{wf/0fsf] @ dlxgfb]lv hGd k'jf{sf]ca:yf xf]
o; ca:yfdf aRrfsf] lnªu lgwf{/0f x'G5

;
@_ hGd k|Zrftsf] ca:yf
!_ gjhft lzz' ca:yf
Afns hGd]b]lv !$ lbg ;Ddfsf] ca:yf
kfr'{g]6sf] ca:yf ;fngfn gsf6L ;s];Ddfsf] ca:yf
lgcf]g]6sf] ca:yf ;fngfn sfl6 ;s]kl5 @ xKtf ;Ddfsf] ca:yf
ljz]iftfx?
5f]6f] ca:yf
ljsf;sf] kl5Nnf ca:yfaf/] ;dfof]hg x'g] ca:yf
ljsf;sf] ;'?jtsf] ca:yf
@_ lzz' ca:yf
Afns hGd]sf] @ xKtfb]lv @ aif{;Ddsf] ca:yf
ljz]iftfx?
;+s6k'0f{ ca:yf
lt|a ljsf; / kl/jt{gsf] ca:yf
Ps cfsif{cs ca:yf
Jf:tljs cfwf/lznfsf] pd]/
#_ k'jf{ afNo ca:yf
Afns hGd]sf] @ aif{b]lv ^ aif{Ddfsf] ca:yf
ljz]iftfx?

;
;d:ofd'ns pd]/ ,gSsn ug]{ pd]/,k'jf{ ljBfno pd]/,v]nf}gfsf] pd]/
O; ca:yfdf jfnjflnsfx?sf] gfds/0f
cfdf a'afsf] gfds/0f
;d:ofk'0f{ pd]/
v]nf}gfsf] pd]/
dgf]j}1flgssf cg';f/
vf]lh ug]{ pd]/
lhuf;' pd]/,gSsn ug]{ pd]/,k'jf{ afn ;d'x pd]/
lzIff ljbsf] cg';f/ k'jf{ ljBfnosf] pd]/

pt/ afNo ca:yf


^ aif{b]lv !).!@ aif{sf] pd]/sf] ca:yf xf]
ljz]iftfx?
kmf]xf/L pd]/,emu8fn' pd]/,v]n pd]/ afn ;d'x pd]/ ,ljBfno hfg] pd]/
afnaflnsfsf] gfds/0f tyf ljz]iftfx?
cfdfafa' cg';f/
kmf]xf]/L pd]/ ,emu8fn' pd]/, b'v k'0f{ jf ;d:ofk'0f{ pd]/
dgf]j}1flgssf cg';f/
v]n pd]/,afn ;d'x pd]/,l;h{gfTds pd]/,v'zL pd]/

;
lzIffljbsf cg';f/ ljBfno hfg]pd]/

pt/ afNo ca:yfsf] zf/Ll/s ljsf;


pt/ jfNo ca:yfdf xn{ssf cg';f/ afif{s prfO j[l4b/ # OGr x'G5 .xn{ssf
cg';f/ !! aif{sf] pd]/df s]6Lsf] prfO{ %* / s]6fsf] prfO{ %&=% OGr x'G5
jhg , aflif{s ljl4b/ # v]lv % kfp08 x'G5 !! aif{sf] pd]/df s]6Lsf] tf}n **=% /
s]6fsf] tf}n **=% kfp08 x'G5
pt/ jfNo ca:yfdf ljsf; x'g] l;kx?
v]n ;DaGwL l;kx? ,pkm|g],8f/L gfUg],bg}8g],;fOsn rnfpg] cflb
ljBfno ;dalGw l;kx? ljBfno hfg] ,k9g] n]Vg] ,u[xsfo{ ug]{

lszf]/fca:yf
;fdfGotof s]6fs]6Lsf] pd]/ !#.!$ aif{ b]lv !*.!( aif{ ;Ddfsf] ca:yf g}
lszf/fj:yf xf]
Xn{ssf cg';f/
k'jf{ lszf]/ ca:yf !# b]lv !& ;Ddfsf] ca:yf g} k'jf{ lszf]/ca:yf xf]
pt/ lszf]/ cj:yf !& aif{ b]lv !* aif{ ;Ddfsf] ca:yf g} pt/ lszf]/ ca:yf xf]
lszf]/ca:yf Ps 8/nfUbf] ca:yf xf]
kl/ro vf]Hg] ca:yf xf]
jo:skgsf] ;+3f/sf] ca:yf xf]

;
kl/jt{gsf] ca:yf xf]

lszf'/ca:yfsf] ;+s6x?
zf/Ll/s ;+s6
cfTdxTof,b'36gf{,d[To',lj/fldkg,zf/Ll/s sdhf]l/x?
lszf]/ca:yfsf] dgf]j}1flgs ;+s6x?
l;sfO{ k|lqmof / l;sfOsf] l;4fGt
l;sfOsf] kl/ro
l;sfO Ps lhjg k|ofGt rln/xg] k|lqmof xf] ,h'g sfqmf]af6 ;'? eP/f lrxfgdf uP/f
cTo x'G5
lzIff tyf l;sfO ;DaGwl s]xL dxTjk'0f{ egfOx?
c?n] k|bz{g u/]sf] Aofaxf/nfO{ cjnf]sgsf] cfwf/df gSsn u/]/f xl;n ul/g] 1fg
g} l;sfO xf] , af08'/f
l;sfO,cfbt,1fg /cfleltTjsf] pkh xf] ,qmf] P08 qmf]|
l;sfO eg]sf] cg'ej Pkd tflndsf] dfWoffaf6 cfpg] Aofaxf/sf] kfl/dfh{g xf], u]6]
gofF 1fg / k|ltlqmofx? kfKt ug]{ k|lqmof g} l;sfO xf] j'8{jy{
l;sfO eg]sf] Joaxf/ cg's'ntfsf] k|ultl;n k|lqmof xf] l:sg/
l;sfOsf] :j?k tyf ljz]iftfx?
l;sfO afta/0fsf] pkh xf]
l;sfO Ps lg/Gt/ rln/xg] k|lqmof xf]

;
l;sfO ;fj{ef}d x'G5
l;sfO ;dfof]hgf xf]
l;sfO pb]Zok'0f{ tyf nIo s]lGbt x'G5
l;sfOsf] :yfGgt/0f
l;sfOdf k|efj kfg]{ tTjx?
l;sfO Ps lg/Gt/ rln/xg] k|lqmof xf] To;}n] l;sfOsf] l;sfOnfO k|efj kg]{
AolQmut ,;fdflhd,jftj/l0fo cflb n] k|jfa kfb{5g ljz]iful/
pTk|]/0f,k'0f{jn,cEof;,:d[lt ,lj:d/0f,:yfGt/0f cflb tTjn] kfb{5
pTk|]/0f Motivation
motivation Nofl6g efiffsf] movere af6 cfPsf] xf] h;sf] cy{ to move
/to active ) cy{t s'g} sfo{ ug]{df ult jf lqmofl;n x'G5 h;n] l;sfO sfo{ k|lt
p;'Stf hufpg] sfo{ ub{5
pTk]/0f eg]sf] nlIft pb]Zo k|fKt ug{ dflg;nfO{ sfd ug]{ pT;fOt ug]{ xf] willam
G scott

nIo jf pb]Zo k|fKtLsf nflu s'g} AolQmsf] cGt/ cfTdad6 hfu/0f eP/f cfpg]
cfsf+Iff jf OR5f g} pTk]/0f xf] ,h;n] l;sfO sfo{sf] nflu ?lr,p;'Stf,rxfgf a9fgdf
;xof]u ub{5
l;sfOsf] :yfgfGt/0f ,
 ;fdfGotof Pp6f kl/l:ytLdf l;s]sf] s'/f csf]{ kl/l:ytLdf k|of]udf Nofpg'nfO{
l;sfOsf] :yfgfGt/0f elgG5

;
 l;s]sf] s''/f k|of]udf Nofpg] sfo{nfO{ :yfgfGt/0f elgG5
 qmf] P08 qmf] , Ps If]qsf] lrGtg,cg'ej,1fg,l; / cfbtnfO{ csf]{ If]qdf Nofpg'
l;sfOsf] :yfgfGt/0f xf]
l;sfO :yfgfGt/0fsf] k|sf/x?
!_ ;s/fTds :yfgfGt/0f
s'g} Ps laifoa:t' tyf kl/l:ytLaf6 l;s]sf] s'/f s'g} csf]{ laifoa:t' tyf
kl/l:ytLdf ;xfof]u x'G5 eg] To;nfO{ ;s/fTds :yfgfGt/0f elgG5 . h:t} ;fOsm
rnfpgf hfg]sf]nfO{ df]6/;fOsn rnfpgf ;xh x'g'
@_ gs/fTds :yfgfGt/0f ,
k'j{ l;sfOn] kl5Nnf] l;sfOnfO{ jfwf l;h{gf ub{5 eg]] To;nfO{ gs/fTds l;sfO
elgG5 h:t} cu|]hL k9]sfnfO{ g]kfnL k9gf ux|f] x'G5
#_ z'Go :yfGt/0f
Hfaf Ps ljifoa:t'sf] l;sfOn] csf]{ ljifoa:t' jf kl/l:ytLsf] l;sfOnfO{ ;s/fTds
jf gs/fTds b'a} k|sf/sf] c;/ ub}gf eg] To;nfO{ l;sfOsf] ;'Gon :yfGt/0f elgG5
h:t} lqms]6 v]Ng hfg]sfnf?O{ r]; v]Ng'
 l;sfO :yfgfGt/0fdf k|efj kg]{ tTjx?
lzIf0f ljlw
cEof;,;fdfGofLs/0f,laifoa:t'sf] 5gf]6
;fldKotf
lgb]{zg tyf lg/LIf0f ,;dfg tTjsf] k|of]u
 l;sfO :yfgfGt/0f a[l4 ug]{ pkfox?
pko'Qm lzIf0f ljlwsf],lg/Gt/ cEof;,Jofks 5nkmn,Jofaxf/Ls
lzIf0f,pTk|]/0fsf] k|of]u cflb

;
pTk|]/0f Motivation
motivation Nofl6g efiffsf] movere af6 cfPsf] xf] h;sf] cy{ to move
/to active ) cy{t s'g} sfo{ ug]{df ult jf lqmofl;n x'G5 h;n] l;sfO sfo{ k|lt
p;'Stf hufpg] sfo{ ub{5
pTk]/0f eg]sf] nlIft pb]Zo k|fKt ug{ dflg;nfO{ sfd ug]{ pT;fOt ug]{ xf] willam
G scott

nIo jf pb]Zo k|fKtLsf nflu s'g} AolQmsf] cGt/ cfTdad6 hfu/0f eP/f cfpg]
cfsf+Iff jf OR5f g} pTk]/0f xf] ,h;n] l;sfO sfo{sf] nflu ?lr,p;'Stf,rxfgf a9fgdf
;xof]u ub{5
pTk|]/0fsf] rqm
rxfgf l;h{gf 56k6L,lqmoflzntf,OR5fk'lt{
 lzIfsn] sIff sf]7fdf pTk|]/0f hufpg] sfo{df lzIfssf] e'ldsf
 :yfgLo :t/df pknAw ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u u/L lzIf0f ug]{
 cfs{ifs / ef}lts afta/0fLo ca:yf lzh{g ug]{
 lzsfOsf] nIo klxn] g} agfOlbg]
 4p, =pay,praise,promotion,prize
 k|ltikwf{ / ;xof]usf] efjgfsf] ljsf; ug]{
 k'g{jnsf] k|of]u ug]{
 b08 / k'/:sf/sf] Joa:yf ug]{
k'g{jn

;
pTt]hgf / k|ltlqmof ljrsf] ;DaGwnfO{ alnof] agfpg] tTjnfO{ k'g{an
elgG5 . l;sfOnfO{ s'g} sfo{ ug]{ k|f]T;fxLt ug]{ zlQm k'g{jn xf]
l;sf?sf] l;sfOnfO{ lg/Gt/ lbg l;sf?n] k|Ktf u/]sf pTt]hgfnfO{
k|ltlqmof tkm{ pGd'v u/fpg] sfo{ k'g{jn xf]
k'g{jnsf] ;j]{k|yd k|of]u cd]l/ls dgfjf}1flgs ljPkm l:sg/n] ;g !(#* df
k|ltkfbg u/]sf lqmofk/s l;sfO lzbfGtdf u/]sf lyP / kl5 yg{8fOssf]
k|ofTg / e'nsf] l;sfOdf klg k'g{jnsf] l;sfO ,k|of]u u/]sf] kfOG5
l:sg/sf cg';f/ @ k|sf/sf] /x]sf] 5
s_ ;s/fTds k'g{jn
v_ gs/fTds k'g{jn
xn{ssf cg';f/ k'g{jn
k|yflds k'g{jn
;xfos k'g{jn

l;sfO{ k|lqmof / l;sfOsf] l;4fGtx?


!_ zf:qLo ;DaGw lz4fGt classical conditioning theory
 o; lzbfGtsf] k|ltkfbg ?;L dgf]a}1fls Oeg Kofenen] ;g !()$ df
u/]sf x'g / pgn] s's'/ dfly k|of]u u/]sf lyP

;
 o; l;4fGtdf :jfefljs pTt]hgf / c:jfefljs pTt]hg ljrsf] ;DaGw
hf]8b} ,c:jfefljs pTt]hgfdf klg k|l0fn] :jfefljs pTt]hgf ';/x
k|ltlqmof ub{5 eg] To;nfO{ zf:qLo ;DaGw k|Tofat{g l;4fGt elgG5
:jfefljs pTt]hgf Unconditional stimulus (UCS)=
FOOD
:jfefljs k|ltlqmof Unconditional Response (UCR)=
Sailva
c:jfefljs pTt]hgf conditional stimulus CS . BELL
c:jfefljs k|ltlqmof conditional response =saliva
 :jfefljs cEo:tdf vfgf b]Vbf Þ/\ofn cfpg' \/ c:jfefljs
cEof:t 306L aHbf klg :jfefljs cEo:t ;/xg} /\ofn
cfpg'
 zf:qLo ;DaGw lz4fGtsl;sfOsf] ljz]iftfx?
pTt]hgfsf] ;fdfGoLs/0f
pTt]hgfsf] lje]lbs/0f
ljnf]k
cfsflDs k|fKtL
ljk/Lt ;DaGw k|Tofjt{g
 l;sfO k|efjsf/Lsf] tTjx?
cEof;
k|]/0f
cfzf
k'g{jn
;
@_ sfo{k/s ;DaGw l;4fGt operation condition theory
cd]l/sL dgf]j}1flgs ljPkm l:sg/n] ;g !(#* df k|ltkfbg u]]/]sf] l;4fGt
xf] sfo{k/s ;DaGw l;4fGt xf] ,pgn] of] l;4fGt d';f,k/]jf cflbdf k|of]u
u/]sf 5g
o; l;4fGtsf] k|d'v pb]Zo Jofaxf/nfO lqmofl;n agfpg' xf]
 o; l;4fGtnfO lqmofk/s Jofaxf/ / k|ltlqmofk/s Jofaxf/ u/L b'O
efudf ljefhg u/]sf 5g
lqmofk/s Jofaxf/ , k|l0fn] l;Sgfsf] nflu ug]{ ax'k|ltlqmofdWo] 7Ls
k|ltlqmofnfO 5fg]/f k'g{jn lbg] uof]{ eg] Tof] k|ltlqmof alnof] x'g'
lqmofk/s Jofaxf/ xf] ,h;nfO R type behavior klg elgG5
k|ltlqmofk/s Jofaxf/ , s'g} Joaxf/ cfkm} lqmofl;n eO b]vf kg'{sf]
;6\6f pTt]hgsf] sf/0faf6 b]vf k5{ h;nfO lqmofk/s Jofaxf/ elgg5
,h;nfO S type behavior klg elgG5 \
 of] l;4fGt R-S ( response -stimulus) l;4fGtdf cfwf/Lt
/x]sf]5
 of] l;4fGt ;Dangdf cfwf/Lt /x]sf] 5
 ;Dang k'g{jn k|fKt pTt]hgfn] JolQmsf] lqmofTds Jofaxf/df kl/jt{g
NofpG5
 k|l0fnfO l;Sgfsf] nflu afta/0fdf ePsf] pTt]hfd k|KtLkl5 k|ltlqmof
gu/]/f k|ltlqmof kl5 :jft pTt]hgd k|fKt u5{ eGg] o; l;4fGtsf]
dfGotf xf]
 l;sfOsf] nflu k'g{an / cEof;sf] h?/L kb{5

;
 l;sfO k|efjsf] lgoddf cfwf/Lt x'G5
l;sfOsf] l;4fGtx?
lqmofk/s Jofaxf/ k|b{zg / lgdf0f{
lje]bLs/0f ug'{
;fdfGoLs/0f ug'{
Jofaxf/sf] lgdf0f{
l;sfOsf nflu k|efj kfg]{ tTjfx?
pTk|]/0f
cEof;
k'g{jn ;Dang
z}lIfs k|of]u pkof]lutf
ljBfly{sf] rxfgf cg';f/ Jofaxf/ lgdf0f{ ug'{
sIffsf]7fdf k'g{jnsf] k|of]u ug]{
c;n algsf] lasf; ug]{
;fdflhs Jofjxf/ ljsf; ug]{
l;sfOnfO ;lqmo agfpgf

k|oTg / e'nsf] l;sfO


Trial and Error learning

;
k|ltkfbs —cd]l/ls dgf]j}1flgs yg{8fOsn] ;g !(!# df k|ltkfbg
u/]sf lyP
k|of]u — lj/fnf] dfly k|of]u
 JofVo —l;Sg] k|lqmofdf dflg; xf] jf k|0fL lg/Gt/ k|of; u5{g / cfkmgf]
uNtLnfO sd ub}F ;lx k|ltlqmofdf hf]8 lbG5g\
 7 steps
rfns—nIo—nIo k|fKtLdf jfwfs—;+of]ujz ;kmntf—;lx k|of; 5fGg'
—;lxdf lg/Gt/tf

cGo gfdx?
pTt]hgf—k|ltlqmofsf] l;4fGt
pTt]hgf Stimulus— vfgf / k|ltlqmof Response–lj/fnf]
S–R theory
;DaGwafbsf] l;4fGt
pTt]hgf / k|ltlqmofljr ;DaGw alnof] eP/f dfq l;sfO x'G5

 s'g} klg JolQm jf k|l0fn] ;d:of ;dwfg gx'bf ;Ddf k|ltlqmofx?


lg/Gt/ ul//xG5 / h'g k|ltlqmofaf6 ;d:of ;dwfg x'G5 clg p;n]
unt k|ltlqmofx? x6fpG5 / ;lx k|ltlqmof a9fpFb} hfG5

ljz]iftfx?

;
l;Sg] k|lqmof ;dfg x'G5
l;sfO qm|lds x'G5 Ps}rf]6L x'Ggf,
k|]/s tTjsf] e'ldsf

z}lIfs k|of]u
pb]Zo :ki6 x'g'kb{5
lg/Gt/ k|of;
w}o{tf / kl/>fsf] wf/0f
;s/fTds ;f]r / cfzfjfbL
k'/:sf/sf] Joj:yf

 l;sfOsf] lgodx?
cEof;sf] lgod
tTk/tfsf] lgod
k|efjsf] lgod

cGt/b[li6 l;sfO l;4fGt


Insightful learning theory

;
k|ltkfbs —u]:6njfbL dgf]j}1flgs sf]xn/,jlb{df/ sf]kmnf n] k|ltkfbg
u/]sf] l;4fGt
u]:6nsf] cy{ ,u]:6n zAb hd{g efiffaf6 cfPsf] xf] / h;sf] cy{ x'G5
;Dk'0f{sf/
k|of]u— agdfG5]-;'Ntfg_
pkgfdx?
u]:6nsf] l;4fGt
;du|jfb l;4fGt
k"0f{sf/sf] l;4fGt
sf]xn/sf] l;4fGt
 s'g} klg ;d:of b]Vbf crgfs ;dwfgsf] ;f]r cfp5
 s'g} klg JolQm jf k|l0fn] j:t'l:ytLsf] cWofg ul/ cfkmgf] ljrf/zlQmsf]
cwf/df ;d:ofsf] ;dwfg ub} l;sfO x'G5
 l;sfO ;Dk'0f{ kl/l:ytLsf] k|ToIfLs/0f Pj ;+u7gdf cfwfl/t x'G5
 l;sfO cg'ej,ljrf/,a[l4 ts{cflbaf6 k|fKt x'G5
 l;sfO{ crgfs x'G5
 dflyNnf] sIffsf] nflu pkof]uL
l;sf|Osf] k|lqmof
;d:of –cGt/b[li6-cg]s ljrf/_–lg0f{o–;dwfg
l;sfOdf k|of]u
nIo :ki6 / pTk|]/0f
;d:ofsf] k|TolIfs/0f
;
wf/0f lgdf0f{ ug'{
z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] 5gf]6
ljz]iftfx?
k|TolIfs/0f
s]lGb|o dWo:ytf k|lqmof
cfs:dft
nIo k|fKtL

o; l;4fGtaf6 ;d:of ;dwfg ljlw / ljZn]if0f ljlwsf] k|of]u ePs+f] kfOG5

lzIf0f ;fdu|Lsf] cy{ ,jlu{s/0f


kf7oqm|dsf pb]Zox? kl/k"ltsf nflu,lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfk yk ;/n ,;xh
,k|efjsf/L,Jofjxfl/s ,u'0f:t/Lo cflb agfpgfsf] nflu lzIf0f l;sfO{ lqmofsnfkdf
k|of]u x'g] pko'Qm j:t'nfO{ z}lIfs ;fdu|L elgG5
 xhf/ zAb af]n]/f eGbf Pp6f lrqaf6 a9L :ki6 ?kdf a'lemG5 ,
sGko"l;o;
 I hare I forget
I see I remember
I do I understand
lzIf0f l;sfO{ ;fdu|Lsf] jlu{s/0f

;
z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx?nfO{ lgdf0f{ k|of]u,lzIf0f ljlwsf] cfwfddf ljleGg k|sfdf ljefhg
ul/Psf] 5
 >Jo ;fdu|Lx? , /]l8of],6]lnkmf]g,6]k/]s8{/ nufPtsf ;'g]/f l;Sgf ;Sg]
;fdu|Lx?
 b[Zo ;fdu|L , sfnf]kf6L,rf6{,tflnsf,Unf]a ,gS;f cflb b]v]/f l;Sgf ;Sg]
;fdu|Lx?
 >Job[Zo ;fdu|Lx? ,6]lnlehg,lkmNd,:sfOk cflb
 lzIfs lgld{t z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx?
 ljBfly{ lgld{t ;fdu|Lx?
 lgz'Ns kfpg] ;fdu|Lx?
 Sd d'Nodf kfpg] ;fdu|Lx?
z}lIfs ;fdu|L 5gf]6sf cfwf/x?
 ;s];Ddf htftt} kfpg] lgz'Ns jf sd z'Ns kg]{ x'g'k5{
 pb]Zo s]Gb|Lt x'g'k5{
 jfndgf]lj1fgdf cfwf/Lt x'g'k5{
 ;a}n] b]Vgf ;Sg] x'g'k5{
 :yflgo :t/df pknSw x'gf ;Sg] x'g'k5{
 ;fdu|L u'0f:t/Lo x'gfk5{
 ;/n k|sf/sf] x'g'k5{
z}lIfs ;fdu|L k|of]u ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx?
 pd]/,sIff / :t/nfO Wofg lbg'k5{
 ;s];Ddf 7f]; a:t' 5gf]6 ug'k5{
 lgz'Ms jf sd d'Nosf] ;fdu|L 5gf]6 ug'{k5{
 kf7sf] pb]Zo k'/f ug]{ vfnsf] x'g'k5{

;
 cfsif{s / ;kmf x'g'k5{
PsfO{ $ kf7oqmd / kf7ok':ts
Kff7oqm|d -curriculum) zAb Nofl6g efiffsf] currer af6 cfPsf] xf]
,h;sf] cy{ race course x'G5
kf7oqmdsf] ;+s'lrt cy{df kf7oqmd eg]sf] kf7of+z ,kf7oj:t' ,ljifoa:t' xf]
kf7oqmdsf] Jofks cfy{df kf7oqmd
 lzIffsf] nIox? xfl;n ug]{ agfPsf] of]hgf xf]
 kf7oqmd ,ljBfly{x?nfO{ l;sfO{ cg'ea k|bfg ug]{ j[xt of]hgf xf]
 kf7oqmd sfo{df hfg agfPsf] of]hgf xf]
lzIffsf] nIo xfl;n ug{sf nflu agfPsf] z}lIfs sfo{qmdnfO{ kf7oqmd elgG5
/flzkof] @)@*
 ljBfno leq / aflx/ laBfly{df P]lR5s pknlAw k|fKt u/fpg ljBfly{4f/f ul/g]
;Dk'0f{ k|of;nfO{ kf7oqmd elgG5 ,lxN8f tfjf
 lzIffsf] pb]Zo k|fKtLsf nflu ljBfno 4/f ;+~rfng ul/g] ;Dk'0f{ lqmofsnfk
kf7oqmddf ;dflji6 x'G5
df}/f]/
 kf7oqmdsf] tTjx?
 pb]Zo
 ljifoa:t'
 lzIf0f l;sfO{ lqmofsnfk
 d'Nofªsg
 kf7oqmd lgdf0f{ k|lqmofx? s] s] x'g<
!_ cfjZotfsf] klxrfg

;
cfjZotfx? Kflxrfg ubf{ ckgfpg'{ kg]{ r/0fx?
 pb]Zo lgwf{/0f
 pb]Zosf] k|yfldtfsf] qmd lgwf{/0f
 pb]Zosf] :t/ / qmd
 sfo{ of]hgfsf] ljsf;
@_ nIo tyd pb]Zo lgwf{/0f
pb]Zo lgwf{/0f ubf{ Wofg lbg'{kg]{ s'/fx?
 pb]Zox? Dffkg of]Uo x'g'k5{
 pb]Zox? jf:tljs x'g'k5{
 pb]Zox? ljsf;fTds x'g'k5{
 pb]Zosf] egfOn] ck]lIft Jofjxf/ / ljifoa:t' b'j}sf] JofVo ug]{ x'g'k5{
#_ ljifoj:t'sf] 5gf]6
 pb]Zo k|KtLsf cfwf/df ljifoj:t' 5gf]6 ug'{k5{
 ljifoj:t' ;n/ af6 hl6n qm|ddf,ljBfyL{sf] :t/,pd]/ cg'';f/sf] x'g'k5{
 ljifoj:t' dxTj ;fdflhd,;+:s[tLs ?kdf ;fGble{s x'g'k5{
 If]q / qmd / d'Vo ?kdf Wofg lbg'k5{
 ;dfhdf /x]sf] ;d:ofx? ;dwfg ug]{ vfnsf] x'g'k5{
$_ d'Nofªsg
 lgwf{/0f u/]sf] pb]Zo s] slt ?kdf xfl;n u/] jf u/]gfg elg n]vfhf]vf
d'Nofªsg xf]
 k|of]ustf{sf] rfv
 ;fdu|Lsf] ;Totf cflb s'/fnfO{ Wofg lbg'k5{

;
 g]kfndf kf7oqmd lgdf0f{sf] k|lqmofx?
!_ sfo{qmdsf] k|:tfj / :jfsLt
@_ d:of}bf n]vg sfo{bn u7g
#_ d:of}bf n]vg
$_ lzIfs sfo{zfnf ;+~rfng / k[i7kf]ifg
%_ ljifo ;ldltdf 5nkmn / k[i7kf]ifg
^_ ;+z]wg / ;'wf/
&_ clGtsd :jLs[t
 kf7oqmd lgdf0f{df k|efj kg]{ tTjf?
 ljBfyL{
 ;fdflhs,;+:s[lts,wfld{s / cly{s cj:yf
 ;dflhs / /fhlglts kl/jt{g
 If]q / qmd
 cGt/fli6«o dfGotf,g]kfnsf] ;+ljBfg ,dgf]lj1fg cflb
 kf7oqmdsf] If]q / q|md
kf7oqmdsf] s'g} c+un] ;d]6]sf] ;Dk'0f{ ljifoj:t' ,lqmofsnfk,cg'ejsf] bfof/f
lj:tf/ jf lsl;dnfO{ kf7oqmdsf] If]q elgG5
 l;sf?sf nflu kf7oqmdsf] tTjf adf]lhd 5gf]6 ul/Psf] ljifoj:t' / z}lIfs
cg'ejnfO{ Plss[t ul/g] ?knfO{ qmd elgG5
lzIffljb l:dy,:6]GnL n] ljifoj:t'sf] qmd lgwf{/0f ug]{ cfwf/x?
 ;/naf6 hl6nlt/f
 k'jf{wf/ l;sfO{;+uf Psfsf/ ug]{
 k"0f{af6 c+zlt/f
 sfnqm|dsf] cfwf/ ldnfpg]
PsfO{ %

;
aflif{s sfo{tflnsf
 ljBfnodf Ps z}lIfs zq leq ;+~rfng ul/g] ;Dk'0f{ ultljlw tyf
lqmofsnfkx? ;dfj]z ul/ tof/ kfl/Psf] of]hgfnfO{ aflif{s sfo{tflnsf
elgG5, o;nfO{ aflif{s sfo{kfqf] klg elgG5 ,
 z}lIfs ;q ;'?x'g'eGbf klxnf ljBfnosf] k|wfgWofksn] aflif{s
sfo{tflnsf tof/ ul/G5 ,k|wfgfWofksn] ljleGg JolQm;+ufsf] -
ljgL,ljAofa;,lzIfs,ljBfly{=_ cflb;+uf 5nkmn af6 lgdf0f{ ul/G5
 P];nfO{ ljBfnosf] P]gf klg elgG5
 ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltaf6 :jfs[t ePkl5 sfo{Gjfo0fdf NofOG5
 aflif{s sfo{ of]hgf
aflif{s sfo{tflnsfsf] cfwf/df ljifo lzIfs4/f cfkmgf] ljifosf] cWofkg
sfo{sf nflu agfPsf] Ps z}lIfs ;q el/sf] of]hgf aflifs sfo{ tflnsf xf]
 ljifo lzIfsn] lgdf0f{ ub{5g
 k|wfgfWofks af6 :jfs[t ul/G5
 PsfO of]hgf
lzIfsn] k|To]s PsfOsf] lzIf0fsf nflu of]hgfa4 9+un] tof/ kfl/Psf] of]hgf
PsfO{ of]hgf xf]
 of] aflif{s sfo{of]hgfsf] cfwf/df tof/ ul/G5
 o;n] kf7of]hgf lgdf0f{df ;xof]u k'Ub5
 ljifo lzIfsn] lgdf0f{ ub{5g eg] k|wfgfWofksn] :jfs[u ub{5g
 b}lgs kf7of]hgf
k|To]s ljifo lzIfsn] lglZrt ;do / lkl/o8leq lglZrt pknlAwx? Xfl;n
ug]{sf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] of]hgf b}lgs kf7 of]hgf xf]
kf7of]hgfsf] c+ªux?
 pb]Zo
 z}lIfs ;f|duL

;
 lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfk
 d'Nofªsg
 kf7of]hgf ;DalGwt lzIfsn] lgdf0f{ u/]/f k|wfgfWofksaf6 :jfs[t x'G5

lzIf0f l;sfO ljlw


lzIf0f l;sfO lbuf],cy{k'0f{ / k|efjsf/L agfpgf k|of]u ul/g] ljlw g} lzIf0f ljlw xf]
jf:tDdf lzIf0f ljlw eg]sf] afnaflnsfsf] nflu lzIf0f l;sfO{ ;+~rfng ug]{ z}fln xf]
lzIf0f ljlwsf] s]xL tl/sfx?
 ;/naf6 hl6n
 k|ToIf af6 ckToIf
 k'0f{af6 c+zlt/f
 cfudgaf6 lgudg lt/f
 ljifoa:t'sf] :jf?k
 ljBfly{sf] ;+Vof
lzIf0f ljlwsf] k|sf/x?
!_ lzIfs s]lGb|t ljlw

;
 k|jrg jf JofVo ljlw
 k|b{zg ljlw
 ;f]wk'5 ljlw
 cfudg lgudg ljlw
s_ k|jrg jf JofVofg ljlw
o; ljlwdf lzIfs jQmf / ljBfly{ >f]tfsf] ?kdf /xG5g .lzIf0fdf lzIfsnfO{ d'Vo
:yfg lbOG5 / g]kfndf a9L k|rngdf /x]sf] ljlw xf]
o; ljlwsf] ljz]iftfx?
 ljBfly{nfO lqmofl;n,l;kd'ns tyf Ifdtfjg agfpgf ;Sb}gf
 ljBfyL{ lglZqmo tyf lzIfs ;lqmo x'G5g
 ljBfyL{sf] ?lr / cfj:otfnfO{ Vofn ul/b}gf
 5f]6f] ;dodf w]/} hfgsf/L lbg cflb
v_ k|b{zg ljlw
s'g} klg s'/fsf] gd'gf k|Zt't u/]/f r/0f r/0fdf lzIfsn] JofVo u/]/f l;sfpg]
ljlw k|b{zg ljlw xf] ,;fgf sIffsf] nflu a9L pkof]lu x'g] o; ljlwsf] d'Vo l;4fGt
cg's/0f xf]
o; ljlwsf] ljz]iftfx?
 ;}bflGts / k|of]ufTds b'a} ljifodf k|of]u ug]{ ;lsg]
 cg's/0f ul/ l;sfOsf] ljsf; x'g]
 ljBfyL{n] ;lhn} ;+uf wf/0f agfpgf ;Sg]
 lbuf] l;sfO x'g]

;
@_ ljBfyL{ s]Gb|t ljlw
 vf]h ljlw
 k|of]ufTds ljlw
 ;j]{If0f ljlw
 z}lIfs e|d0f ljlw
 kl/of]hgf ljlw
 ;d:of ;dwfg ljlw cflb
vf]h ljlw
o; ljlwdf ljBfyL{nfO s'g} ;d:of lbO ;dwfg vf]Hgf nufOG5 ,h;af6
ljBfyL{df gofF s'/f kTtf nufpg] Ifdtfsf] lasf; x'G5 .o; ljlwdf lgb]{lzt
/ cfb]lzt ul/ b'O r/0fdf ug]{ ;lsG5
o; ljlwnfO{ cg';Gwfg ljlw klg elgG5
;d:ofsf] klxrfg ug]{ ;S5g
lrGtg / tfls{s z}lnsf] lasf; x'G5
lzsfOdf :jftGqtf x'G5
vf]h ljlwsf r/0fx?
;d:ofsf] k|:t'lts/0f
pko'Qm jftj/0f
;'rgf tyf tYo ;+sng
ljZn]ifg jf kl/If0f
d'Nofªsg
 ;d:of ;dwfg ljlw

;
lzIf0fdf lzIfsn] ljBfyL{ ;dIf ;d:of /fv]/f ljBfyL{n] ;dwfg ug]{
nufpg] ljlw ;d:of ;dwfg ljlw xf]
;d:o ;dwfg ljlwsf] r/0fx?
;d:ofsf] klxrfg
kl/sNkgfsf] lgdf0f{
tYofs ;+sng
tYofs ljZn]ifg
lgZsif{sf] kl/If0f
clGtd lgisif{
 kl/of]hgf ljlw
/l;ofg lj4fg h] P :6f]e]G;n] k|ltkfbg u/]sf] ljlw xf] ,o;df ;+u;u}
a;]/f tyf u/]/f l;Sg] ljlw kl/of]hgf ljlw xf]
ljBfyL{x? lqmofl;n x'g] ljlw
sd ;dodf w]/} 1fg lngf ;lsG5
l;sf? l;sfOk|lt lhDd]j/ / pt/bfxL x'G5g
o; ljlwsf] r/0fx?
;d:ofsf] klxrfg
pb]Zo
of]hgf
sfo{Gjfog
d'Nofªsg
clen]lvs/0f
#_ cGt/lqmofTds ljlw

;
5nkmn ljlw
k|Zgf]t/ ljlw
;d'x lzIf0f
s'g ljifo lzIf0fsf nflu s'g ljlw pko'Qm x'G5
cfudg tyf lgudg ljlw ,g]kfnL lzIf0f
k|of]ufTds tyf vf]h ljlw lj1fg
k|b{zg ljlw ul0ft
:ynut e|d0f tyf kl/of]hgf ljlw ;fdflhs

lzIf0f ;fdu|Lsf] cy{ ,jlu{s/0f


kf7oqm|dsf pb]Zox? kl/k"ltsf nflu,lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfk yk ;/n ,;xh
,k|efjsf/L,Jofjxfl/s ,u'0f:t/Lo cflb agfpgfsf] nflu lzIf0f l;sfO{ lqmofsnfkdf
k|of]u x'g] pko'Qm j:t'nfO{ z}lIfs ;fdu|L elgG5
 xhf/ zAb af]n]/f eGbf Pp6f lrqaf6 a9L :ki6 ?kdf a'lemG5 ,
sGko"l;o;
 I hare I forget
I see I remember
I do I understand

;
lzIf0f l;sfO{ ;fdu|Lsf] dxTjf
d'Nofªsg / kl/Iff

 dfkg ,kl/Iff / d'Nofªgdf km/s


dfkg kl/Iff d'Nofªsg !_dfkg d'Nofªsg
kl/IFff d'Nofªsgsf] dfkg / kl/Iff af6
ug]{Ps tl/sf xf] Ps k4lt xf] h'g cfPsf] glthfsf]
h'g ;+Vofdf 1fgfTds If]qsf] n]vfhf]vf ul/ lg0f{o
lgwf{/0f x'G5 lgwf{/0f xf] lng] ;fWo xf]
@_of] slxn]sfxL of] slxn]sfxL x'g] of] lg/Gt/ rln/xg]
rNg] k|lqmof xf] ;fdflos sfo{qmd xf] k|lqmof xf]
#_d'Nofªsgsf] ljBfly{sf] 1fg,Ifdtf, ljBfly{sf] sdhf]/L
Ps efu xf] ?lr,sdhf]/L kTtf jf Ifdtf kTtf nufO
kTtf nufpG5 ;'wf/df Wofg lbG5

d'Nofªsg

;
 ljBfly{sf] l;sfO pknAwLsf] n]vfhf]vf ug]{,;'wf/ ug]{.lzIf0f l;sfO k|lqmofdf
ePsf] sldsdhf]/L x6fpg],pb]Xo cg'?k lzIf0f l;sfO pknAwL xfl;n ug]{ ul/
ul/g] lzIf0f lqmofsnfk g} d'Nofªsg xf]
 d'Nofªsg eg]sf] ljBfno ,sIff / :jfod cfkm'4f/f lgwf{/0f z}lIfs pb]Zox?sf]
k|fKtLdf ljBfly{sf] k|utLsf] n]vfhf]vf eGg] a'lemG5 ,d'Nofªsgsf] k|d'v Wo]o
ljBfyL{sf] l;sfOnfO lgb]{lzt / cu|;/ u/fpg' xf] h]D; ln

d'Nofªsgsf k|sf/x?
d'Nofªsgsf] cawf/0f rLgjf6 ;'? ePkgL d'Nofªsgsf] cfw'lgs ljsf;
klZrdL b]zsf] b]g xf] .;g !^*& df :sfO|a]g n] d'NofªsgnfO @ efudf -
lgdf0fTds / lg0f{ofTds _ ul/ @ efudf ljefhg ul/Psf] x'gfn] d'NofªsnfO{
ljz]0f ul/ @ efudf af8]/f cWofg ul/G5 ,t/f xn ablnbf] ;do cg';f/
d'NofªsgnfO{ $ efudf ljefhg ul/Psf] kfOG5
!_ k|/lDes jf :yfg lgwf{/0f d'Nofªsg
Placement evulation
s'g} klg JolQmsf] ;'?df g} ?rL,Ifdtf,rfxfgf / cj:otf klxrfg ul/G5
h;nfO{ k|j]z Jofaxf/ klg elgG5 ,ljBfyL{sf] k'j{ 1fg kTtf nufpgf ;s]
lzIf0f l;sfO ;xh / k|efjsf/L x'g]5 ,ljBfno jf ljZjljBfnodf lnOg] kl/Iff
:yfg lgwf{/0f d'Nofªsgsf] ?kdf lngf ;lsG5
@_lgdf0f{Tds d'Nofªsg Formative evaluation
 o;nfO ;'wf/fTds jf /rgfTds d'Nofªgsf] ?kdf klg lngf ;lsG5 ,
 lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfk jf s'g} klg z}lIfs of]h gf sfo{Gjfogsf] l;nl;nfdf
To;nfO ;'wf/ ug]{ lg/Gt/ ?kdf ul/g] d'Nofªsg g} lgdf{0fTds d'Nofªsg xf]
 ljBfyL{sf] sld sdhf]/L kTtf nufO To;nfO ;'wf/ ug'{ o; d'Nofªsgsf] d'Vo
pb]Zo xf]

;
 lnlvt,d}lvs,cGt/jftf{,xflh/hjfkm,sIffsfo{,u[xsfo{,PsfO kl/Iff cflb o;sf]
d'Nofªsg k|lqmof xf]
 direct feedback into on going program is called
formactive evulation , Antes
 lgdf0f{Tds d'Nofsgsf] ljz]iftfx?
 lzIf0f l;sfOsf] qmddf b]vf k/]sf ljleGg vfn]
;d:of / q'l6x?sf] lg/fs/0f ug]{ tTsfn k[i7kf]ifg lbg]
 ljBfyL{sf] ;Dk'0f{ cg'ej / Jofaxf/sf] b}lgs
n]vfhf]v fug]{
 l;sf?nfO cfkmgf] sld sdhf]/Laf/] hfgsf/L lbg
#_ lgbfgfTds d'Nofªsg
lgdf0f{Tds d'Nofªsgaf6 xn ug]{ g;lsPsf / af/Da/ bf]xf]/Lg] l;sfO ;d:of jf
sl7gfOx?sf] lgbfg ug{ lgbfgfTds d'Nofªg ul/G5 ,o;n] hl6n ;d:ofsf] cfwf/e't
sf/0f vf]hL ;d:ofsf] ;dwfg ub{5 o;nfO lgdf0f{Tds d'Nofªsgsf] ?kdf klg x]gf{
;lsF5 .
 o;sf] k|d'v pb]Zo ljBfyL{x?sf] sl7gfO kTtf nufO ;'wf/fTds / pkrf/Tds
sfo{sf] dfu{ lgwf{/0f ug'{ xf]'
 of] d'Nofªsgsf nfuL ljBfyL}x?sf] Jofaxf/sf] canf]sg,cGt/jftf{ ,JolQmut
cWofg cflb pkrf/fTds ljlwaf6 ul/G5
 o;sf] ljz]iftfx?
 ljBfyL{df x'g] ljleGg k|sf/sf] l;sfO ;d:of kTtf nufO ;dwfgsf] af6f]
vf]lhG5
 cfGtl/s ;xof]usf nflu pkof]lu x'G5
 of] Ps ;'wf/fTds jf pkrf/Tds lzIf0f k|lqmof xf]

;

$_ lg0f{ofTds d'Nofªsg
sfo{qmdsf] cTodf jf z}lIfs zqsf] cTodf pb]Zoadf]lhd pknlAw k|fKt eof] jf
eogf eGg] s'/fsf] kl/If0f ul/ plgx?sf] :t/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ d'Nofªsg g} lg0f{ofTds
d'Nofªsg g} lg0f{ofTds d'Nofªsg xf] ,h;nfO clGtd d'Nofªsgsf] gfdn] klg
lrlgG5 . o; d'Nofªsgsf] d'Vo pb]Zo g} pknAwLsf] tx jf :t/ / >]0fL lgwf{/0f ug'{
xf]
cw{aflif{s kl/Iff,aflif{s kl/Iff ,:yflgo,lhNnf,k|b]z,;3 :t/Lo kl/Iff
 o;sf] ljz]iftfx?
 of] lglZr ;dodf ;+~rfng ul/G5
 o;n] pknAwL xfl;n ePsf] jf gePsf] n]vfhf]vf u5{
 of] kf;,km]n 5'6\ofpgf tyf k|df0fkq lbg k|of]u ul/G5
 ljBfyL{sf] k|ult,ljsf; Pjd lj:tf/ / :t/ yfxf kpg

d'Nofªsgsf ;fwgx?
!_ kl/Iff
s_lnlvt kl/Iff
lnlvt kl/Iff @ k|sf/sf] x'G5
laifout kl/Iff / a:t'ut kl/Iff
v_ df}lvs kl/Iff

;
u_ k|of]ufTds kl/Iff
@+_ 36gfj[t clen]v
s'g} klg ljBfly{df 36]sf d'Vo / dxTjk'0f{ cfwf/ dfg]/f tof/ kfl/Psf] 36gf g}
36gfj[t clen]v xf]
#_ ;+l~rt clen]v
s'g} klg ljBfyL{ ljBfnodf k|j]z ug]{ ;fy k|To]ssf] cnu cnu JolQmut ljj/0f
kmf/d v8f ul/ pQm kmfOndf plgx?sf] ;fdflhs,kfl/jf/Ls,tyf z}lIfs ljj/0fx?
;+sng u/]/f /flvPsf] ljj/0fnfO{ ;+l~rt clen]v elgG5
$_k|ZgfjnL
lglZrg ;d:of jf laifoa:t'af/] s'g} lsl;dsf] ;'rgf k|fKt ug]{sf nflu ;+ul7t
Pjd\ qmdj4?kdf lgdf0f{ Pjd ljsf; ul/Psf] k|Zgx?sf] >[ªvnf g} k|ZgfjnL xf]
%_ 36gf cWofg
^_ cGt/jftf{
S'g} klg ljifoj:t'df s]lGbt /x]/f pb]Zod'ns / l;nl;nfa4 9+un] s'/fsflg ug]{
k|lqmofnfO cGt/jftf{ elgG5 . cGt/jftf{ Ps k|sf/sf] df}lvs k|ZgjnL xf]
 k|ylds lzIff kf7oqmd @)^@ / ^$ sf] sIff ! b]vL % ;Ddfsf nflu
d'Nofªsgsf] cfwf/x?
 sIff sfo{
 kl/of]hgf sfo{
 Jofaxf/ kl/jt{g
 l;hfgfTds sfo{
 xflh/L

;
 cfwf/e't txsf] kf7oqmd sIff ^ b]vL & ;Ddf
 kl/of]hgf sfo{
 sIff ;xefflutf
 l;sfO ;DaGw l;h{gfTds sfo{
 sIff sfo{
 pknlAw kl/Iff
 l;sfO Jofaxf/df cfPsf] kl/jt{g
 cGo
 d'Nofªsgsf] ljz]iftfx?
 ljZj;lgotf
 j}wtf
 j:t'lg:7tf
 Jofkstf
 lg/Gt/tf
 pkof]lutf cflb
 lg/Gt/ d'Nofªsg k|0fnL

kl/Iffsf]cy{
s'g} a:t' jf JolQmdf lglxt u'0fsf] :y/Ls/0f ug]{sf nflu k|of]u ul/g] ;fwg g} kl/Iff
xf] ,h;af6 JolQmsf] 1g, l;k,Ifdtf dfkg ul/G5 ,kl/Iff Ps of]hgfa4 k|lqmof xf]
hxf lglZrt k|lqmofx? canDag ul/G5
ljifout / j:t'ut k|Zgx?
h'g kl/Iffdf ljBfly{x?n] cfkmgf] df}lns ljrf/ / cleAolQmsf] k|of]u ul/ pt/ lbgf
;Sb5g h;nfO ljifout k|Zg elg lglrG5

;
 k|Zgkq lgdf0f+{
k|Zgkqsf] z'4tf,ljZjklgotf,j}wtf,:t/ cflbsf] cfwf/df kl/Iffsf] ;kmntf jf
c;kmntf lge{/ /xG5 .k|Zgx?n] ;s];Dd ;Dk'0f{ ljifoj:t'nfO ;d]6gf ;Sg'
kb{5 .k|Zgkqz? ljifout tyf a:t'ut b'j} k|sf/sf] x'gf kb{5
 lg/Gt/ ljBfly{ d'Nofªsg k|lqmof
/flvPsf] nIo tyf pb]Zo s] slt ?kdf k|Ktf eof],s] s:tf sdhf]/Lx?
5g,pknAwL s] slt ?kdf k|Ktf eof] cflb hfra'em ug]{ sfo g} lg/Gt/
d'Nofªsg k|lqmof xf] ,
h;nfO ;'wf/fTds d'Nofªsg eg]/f klg lrlgG5.
sIff sfo{,u[x sfo{, kl/of]hgf sfo{ cflbaf6 of] d'Nofªsg ug] ;lsG5 .
o;df ljBfly{nfO tTsfn} cfj:os ;'emfa,;'wf/sf] sfo{ / pkrf/Tds lzIf0f
l;sfO ckgfpg] ul/G5

lg/Gt/ d'Nofªsg nfu' ug'{sf] d'Vo pb]Zo

 k|efjsf/L l;sfO ;xlhs/0fsf] dfWofdaf6 ljBfly{df ck]lIft l;sfO


pknAwL xfl;n ug'{
 ljBfly{sf] l;sfO pknAwLsf] j}wtf / ljZj;lgotfdf ;'wf/ ug]{
 k|efjsf/L l;sfO / sfo{Aofaxf/df ;xof]u k'/\ofpg
 l;sfO sd ePsf ljBfly{x?nfO ;'wf/fTds lzIf0f ug]{
 h]xGbf/ ljBfly{sf nflu k|f]T;fxg / sdhf]/ ljBfly{sf nflu ljz]if dxTj
lbg
 l;sfOnfO ;'lglZr ug{ ;xlhs/0f ug'{

;
 lg/Gt/ ljBfly{ d'Nofªsgsf] tl/sf / ;fwgx?
 cjnf]sg
 sIff sfo{
 df}lvs sfo{
 kl/of]hgf tyf k|of]ufTds sfo{
 ;xkf7L d'Nofªsg
 cleefjsf] k|ltlqmof
 u[xsfo{
 lnlvt kl/Iff cflb
sIff ! b]vL % ;Ddfsf] d'Nofªsgsf] dfkb08f
 sIff ;xeflutf
 kl/of]hgf sfo{
 Jofjxf/ kl/jt{g
 l;h{gfTds sfo{
 sIff sfo{
g]kfndf ljBfly{ d'Nofªsgsf] jt{df0f cj:yf
 sIff ! b]vL # ;Ddf !)) k|lt;t lg/Gt/ d'Nofªsg k|0fnL
 sIff $ / % df %) k|lt;t cfjlws d'Nofªsg / %) k|lt;t lg/Gt/
d'Nofªsg
 sIff ^ / & df ^) k|lt;t cfjlws d'Nofªsg / $) k|lt;t lg/Gt/
d'Nofªsg
 sIff * df u|]8 lgwf{/0f
 sIff (,!@ df cIf+/s lzIff k|0fnL
 cIf/fªsg k|0fnL
 /fli6«o kf7oqmd ljsf; tyf d'Nofªsg kl/ifbn]

;
@)&! ;fn d+lz/ @$ df a;]sf] a}7fsdf dfWoflds lzIff ptL0f{ kl/Iff
P;Pn;L k/LIffnfO cIf+/fsg k4tLdf nfu' ug]{ lg0f{o ul/Psf] xf] ;'?df
k|ljlws tyf Jofj;flxs ljBfnodf nfu' ul/Psf] xf]
 /fli6«o kf7oqmd ljsf; tyf d'Nofªsg kl/ifbsf] ldlt @)&@–*–@# sf]
a}7saf6 kfl/b eO g]kfn ;/sf/ lzIff dGqfnosf] ldlt @)&@–*–@$ sf]
lg0f{ocg';f/ ljBfno lzIffdf cIf+\/fª\s k4lt sfo{of]hgf sfo{ljlw @)&@
cg';f/ g]kfndf z}=; @)&@ af6 ;a} vfn] P;Pnl; kl/Iffdf nfu' ul/g]
 klxnf] ;+zf]wg @)&@,!@,^ ;'?df ^ u|]8 lyof] / xfn ( j6f u|]8
agfPsf] xf]
 @)&#–!@–!& df kl/ifbsf] a}7fsn] bf];|f] ;+zf]wg
 @)&$–!)–!& df t];|f] ;+zf]wg
 @)&%–%–! Df rf}Fyf] ;+zf]wg
sIff * b]vL !@ ;Ddf sfod ul/Psf] u|]8 tl/sf
qm k|fKtfª u|]8 JofVo point
! () b]vL !)) A+ Outstanding 4.0
@ *) b]vL () eGbf A Excellent 3.6
# &)b]vL *)eGbf sd B+ Very good 3.2
$ ^)b]vL &)eGbf sd B good 2.8
% %)b]vL ^) eGbf c+ satisfactory 2.4
^ $) b]lv %) ;Ddf c Acceptable 2.0
]& #) b]vL $) ;Ddf D+ Partiallty 1.6
acceptable
* @) b]lv #) ;Ddf D Insufficient 1.2
( @) eGbf sd E Very 0.8
insufficient

;
z}lIfs Joa:yfkg / z}Ifl0fs ;+u7g
sIffsf]7fsf] Joa:yfkg
 lzIf0f l;sfOsf nflu pko'Qm aftfj/0f lzh{gf ug'{ g} sIffsf]7f Joa:yfkg xf]
 ljBfly{sf] l;sfOnf k|yldstf lbb} ljBfly{sf] ?lr,Ifdtf,cj:oftf tyf k|ljlwsf]
Joj:yfkg ub} afnaflnsfsf] ult / Ifdtfcg';f/ /dfOnf] tyf afnd}qL
afta/0fdf l;Sg] ca;/ lzh{gf ug'{ g} pko'Qm sIffsf]7f Joj:yfkg xf]
 sIffsf]7fsf] ef}lts Joa:yfkg,z}lIfs ;fdlu|sf] Joa:yfkg nufPt lzIf0f
lqmofsnfksf] Joa:yfk g} sIffsf]7fsf] Joa:yfkg xf]
sIffsf]7f Joj:yfkgsf] dxTj
 l;sf?sf] pd]/ ,rxfg cg\'s'n jftj/0f lzh{g fug]{,zfGt jftj/0f to
ug]{,lzsfOnfO cy{k'0f{ Pjd d"t?k lbg ,3fd,kfgL ,xfjf cflbaf6 arfpg
cflb
sIffsf]7fdf ljljBtf Joj:yfkg
 eflifs Joj:yfkg
ax'efifsf] dfWofdaf6 lzIf0f ug]{
dft[efifdf lzIf0f ug]{
pRrf ?kdf z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u ug]{
dft[efiff af]Ngf hfGg] ljBfly{sf] dbt lng] cflb
 nf}Fªlus Joj:yfkg
sIffsf]7fdf 5fq5fqf ljrsf] a;fOdf /f]6];g u/fpg].
5fq5fqf b'j} ldnfP/f ;d'x lgdf0f{ ug]{ / 5nkmn ug]{ nufpg] .

;
;d'xdf g]t[Tjsf] x]/km]/ u/fpg] ,
n}ª\lus ;dflxs/0fsf] efiff k|of]u ug]{
 ;fdflhs tyf ;+:s[lts Joj:tyfkg
;a} ljBfly{sf] ;+:s[tL tyf ;fdflhs d"No dfGotfnfO ;+/If0f ug]{
lzIfsn] ;a}vfn] ljBfly{x?ljr ;s/fTds / ;dfg b[li6sf]0f /fVg]
lzIfsn] kIf kftsf] efjgf ljsf; gug]{
 z}Ifl0fs ;+u7gsf k|sf/x?
 sIff lzIf0f
Pp6f sIffsf] ;a} ljifox? Pp6} lzIfsn] cWofkg u/fpg] sfo{nfO s|Iff
lzIf0f elgG5 ,o; k|sf/sf] lzIf0f k|ylds txdf pko\'Qm x'G5 .
o; lzIf0fsf kmfObfx?
 ljBfly{sf] ?lr,Ifdtf,rxfgf kTtf nufpgf ;xh x'g]
 ljBfly{n] ;lhnf} ;+uf aemg]
 lzIfs ;ljBfly{ ljr 3lgi6 ;DaGw /xg]
 lzIfsnfO sIfut lhdd]jf/sf] jf]w x'G5
sIff lzIf0fsf a]kmfObfx?
 lzIfs ;a} ljifodf bIf gx'gf ;S5
 lzIfs ljbfdf a:bf sIff vfnL x'G5
 Pp6} lzIfs lbge/L cWofg u/fpbf ljBfly{nfO lbSs nfU5
 b}lgs kf7of]hgf tyf z}lIfs ;|fduL 5gf]6 ug]{ sl7g x'G5
 ljifo lzIf0f
leGg leGg} ljifo leGg leGg} lzIfsn] cWoffkg u/fpg] Joj:yf laifo lzI|f0f xf]
,of] g]kfndf k|rlnt k4tL xf] / of] dflyNnf] sIfdf pkof]lu x'G5 .
kmfObfx?
 ljifo lzIfs of]Uo / bIf x'G5
 ljifo lzIf0fsf nflu cfTdljZj;L x'G5g lzIfs

;
 cWofkg ;fdu|L ;+sng ug]{ ;xh x'G5
 ljBfly{sf] tx cg';f/ lzIf0f x'G5

 ax'sIff lzIf0f
Pp6f lzIfssn] Ps eGbf a9L sIfdf Ps} ;dodf k7gkf7g ug'{ ax'sIff
lzIf0f xf] ,lzIfs sd ePsf] tyf ljBfly{ sd ePsf] ca:yfdf k|ylds txdf
lzIf0f ug]{ ;lsG5
 lzIfs b/jGbL sd ePsf] ca:yfdf
 ljBfly{ ;+Vof sd ePsf] ljBfnodf
 ljBfly{x?ljr tNnf] / dflyNnf] sIfsf ljBfly{ w'nldn x'G5g,
 ljBfly{ al9 lqmofl;n x'G5g
 ax'sIff ax':t/ lzIf0f MGML
 ef/tsf] cfGw| k|b]z l:yt Clif EofnL kmfpG8;gn] ;'? u/]sf] b'u{d
lzIff sfo{qmd Rishi valley center for education
Resource -RIVER gfds ;+:yfn] u/]sf] cWof; g} MGMLxf]
 g]kfndf @)^^ ;fnaf6 l;Gw'kfNrf]saf6 nfu' ePsf] xf]
 xfn g]kfndf sIff # ;Ddf nfu' ul/Psf] 5
 ljBfly{sf] l;sfO :tf/ pknlAw :t/nfO ;d]t b[li6ut u/L b'O jf b'O
eGbf a9L sIff / :t/sf afnaflnsfnfO Pp6} sIffsf]7fdf /flv
cfw'lgs tl/sfsf] lzIf0f ax'sIff ax':t/ lzIf0f k|lqmof xf]
ljBfnodf 4Gb Joj:yfkg

lzIfs tflnd / Ifdtf ljsf;


 s]xL JolQmdf lzIfsdf x'g'kg]{ u'0fx? hGdhft x'G5g s]xLnfO tflnd ,k|lzIf0f
cflbaf6 of]Uo / bIf agfOG5
;
 tflnd eg]sf] 1fg,;Lk,k|j[lt / Jofjxf/df kl/jt{gf Nofpg] k|ljlw xf]
 ultlzn ;do cg'?k lzIfg l;sfOdf cfO/x]sf lzIf0f ljlw,gljgtd k|ljlw
tyf l;4fGt cg'?k lzIf0f ug'{ lzIfssf] bflxTj xf] To;sf nflu lzIfsn]
lg/Gt/ k]zfut ljsf;sf] cfj:otf kb{5
 lzIfs x'gfsf nflu ljifoa:t'sf] 1g / cg'ejn] dfq k'Ub}gf
lzIfs tflndsf] Oltxf;
 lzIfs tflndsf] ?kdf @))$ df cfwf/ lzIff cGt/ut{ cfwf/ k|lzIf0f s]Gb|sf]
:yfkgf h;nfO lzIfs tflndsf] ;'?jt dfGg ;lsG5
 @)!! efb| @$ df /fli6«o lzIfs lzIf0f s]Gb|sf] :ykgf
 /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] ;'emfa cg';f/ lj; @)!$ df sn]h ckm Ph's];g
lzIfs lzIff dxfljBfno :ykgf ul/of] ,pQm sn]h ckm Ph's]zgdf P;Pnl;
kl5 $aif]{ ljP8,! aif]{ aLP8 / k|ylds lzIfssf nfuL !) dlxg] tflnd
;+!rfng ul/of]
 @)@* sf] /fl;kof] nfu' kl5 :yfoL lzIfs aGg tflndsf] Aoa:yf clgjfo{
ul/of]
 @)#% af6 /]l8of] lzIff lzIf0f cfof]hgf nfu'
 @)#& efb| @ af6 /]l8of] tflnd ;'?
 Kofs]h lzIff tflnd ck|fKtf P;Pnl; kf; lzIfsnfO tflnd lbg] pb]Zon]
;+~rflngt % dlxg] sfo{qmd lzIff dGqfnosf] cg'/f]wdf lqljljsf s]xL
SofDk;x?df @)#* ;fnaf6 ;'?
 ;]lt kl/of]hgfaf6 lj; @)#( df ;'? ul/Psf] @! Lbg] k|ylds lzIfs tflnd
 If]=lz=lg af6 ;'? ul/Psf] @)$$ fg !%) 306] cfwf/e't tflnd sfo{qmd
 k|ylds lzIff kl/of]hgfaf6 lj; @)$@ df ;'? ul/Psf] !%) 306] sfo{qmd

;
z}lIfs cg';Gwfg
 cg';Gwfg zAb cª\u]lh zAb Research af6 cfPsf] xf] ,
Research zAb Re +search ag]sf] x'G5 h;sf] cy{ x'G5 k6s – k6s
jf jf/Djf/ vf]Hg'
 cg';Gwfg Pp6f k|lqmof xf] hxfF af6 gofF 1fg ,l;k k|fKt xf];
z}lIfs cg';Gwfg
 lzIff;+uf ;DalGwt ljleGg d'2f / ;d:ofsf] af/]df ul/g] cg';Gwf g} z}lIfs
cg'\;Gwfg xf] ,h;nfO sIff lzIf0f;+uf ;DalGwt eO ul/g] cg';Gwfg klg
elgG5
 o;df sIffsf]7f Aoa:yfkg,lzIff If]qsf] gofF gof 1fg / tYo kTtf
nufpg],z}lIfs ;d:ofnfO xn ug]{ vf]Hg] / cg';GwfnfO Aoaxf/df hf]8g] sfd
u5{
o;sf] dxTjf
 z}lIfs If]qdf b]vf k/]sf] ;d:of klxrfg ul/ ;fwfg ug]{
 gofF gofF 1fg k|ljlwsf] vf]lh ug]{
 z}lIfs k|lqmofsf] k|efjsf/Ltfdf ljsf; ug]{
 kf7oqmd,kf7ok':t,lzIf0f ljwL cflbdf ;'wf/ Nofpg\
 lzIfsf] cfw'lgs wf/0fsf] ljsf; ug]{
36gf cWofg / sfo{d'ns cg';Gwfg

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