lzIfs ;]jf cfof]u

lzIff ;DaGwL cfwf/e't 1fg

lzIffsf] kl/ro / g]kfnsf] z}lIfs ljsf;
lzIffsf] cy{ / kl/efiff
lzIffsf] zflAbs cy{
g]kfnL zAb lzIff lzIf\ jf lz; wft'af6 cfPsf] xf] h;sf] cy{ l;Sg' jf k;sfpg'
eGg] x'G5
Education zAb Nofl6g efiffsf] Educatum,Educare,Educere af6
NofPsf] xf]
Educatume sf] cy{ art of teaching /training x'G5
Educare sf] cy{ to education ,to bring up to rise or nourish
Educare sf] cy{ to lead out ,to drawn out x'G5

lzIffsf] ;+s'lrs cy{

ljBfnosf] rf}3]/f leq /x]/f lbOg] cf}krfl/s lzIff dfq lzIff xf] ;+s'lrs cy{df
lzIff eGgfn] ljBfno jf sn]hsf] rf/ lbjfnleq lbO{g] lzIff xf]

;
cf}krfl/s lzIff, k|df0fkqd'vL lzIff,k'jf{ lgwf{/Lt pb]Zo k'/f ug]{ lstfaL 1fgdf
cfwf/Lt lzIff
lzIffsf] ljZn]if0fTds cy{
lzIffnfO{ ;do ;fk]If ?kdf kl/eflift ul/Psf] x'G5 .lzIffsf] cy{nfO{ r/d ?kdf
kl/eflift ub{5 ,lzIffsf] cy{ ljBfno lzIffdf dfq l;ldt 5}gf
lzIffsf] cy{ ljBfno lzIffdf dfq l;ldt 5}gf
lzIff lqd'vL k|lqmof xf] lzIfs,ljBfyL{ ,kf7oqmd
lzIff Ps ultl;n k|lqmof xf]
lzIff lg/Gt/ rln/xg] k|lqmof xf]

lzIffljbsf] lzIff;DaGwL s]lx kl/efiff

lzIff ToxL,lrh xf] h;n] JolQmnfO{ cfTdljZj;L / lg:jfyL agfpG5 , Rig vida
k|To]s dflg;sf] dlt:sdf cb[Zo ?kn] laBodfg ;+;f/sf] Tof] ;j{dfGo ljrf/nfO{
k|sfzdf Nofpg' g} lzIff xf]
;'s/ft
lzIff k|To]s AolQmsf] ;Dk'0f{tfx?sf] klxrfg g} lzIff xf] .
sfG6
lzIff lhjg xf] / hLjg lzIff xf] hf]g ns

;
lzIff c? s]xL xf]Og ,afgLsf] lgdf0f{ dfq xf] ?;f]
lzIff ;a}eGbf zlQmzfnL xltof/ xf] ,h;nfO{ rnfP/f ltdL ;+;f/ abNgf ;S5}f
g]N;g d08]n
lzIffsf] rf/ :tDex?
hfGgsf nflu lzIff
ug{sf nflu lzIff
x'gfsf] nflu lzIff
a:gfsf] nflu lzIff
lzIffsf] :j?k
lzIff ljleGg dfWofdaf6 k|fKt x'G5 d'Voto lzIff cf}krf/Ls,cg}krg/Ls /
clgoldt tl/asfaf6 lzIff k|fKt x'G5
s_ cf}krfl/s lzIff Formal education
k'j{ og]hgfsf cfwf/df lglZrt ;do / :yfgdf lglZrt pb]Zosf k|fKtLsf] nfuL
,lglZrt kf7oqm|df cfwfl/t eP/f lbOg] lzIff g} cf}krf/Ls lzIff xf]
k|df0f kqnfO{ dxTj lbg] lzIff
ljBfno / sn]hsf] rf/ lnjfnleq lbOg] lzIff
lzIff lbg] ;+:yf,:yfg ljBfno,lzIfs l;sf? Kff7\oqmd cflb k'j{ lgw{fl/t x'g] lzIff xf]
v_ cgf}krfl/s lzIff
cf}krfl/s lzIff h:tf] aGwg gx'g] lgwf{l/t pb]Zo k|fKtLsf] nflu lgwf{l/t
kf7|\oqmdsf] cfwf/df Jojl:yt 9+un] lbOg] lzIffsf] 9fFrfnfO{ cgf}krfl/s lzIff
elgG5
;
;a}eGbf k'/fgf] lzIff
JolQmsf] cfj:otf,?lr / rfxfgfcg'?k lbOg] lzIff
;dfgtfsf] cfwf/df rNg] lzIff
o;nfO{ clQl/St lzIff klg elgG5

clgldt lzIff
lgodsf] aGwgdf g/xL cgf;o} Pj+ cfsl:ds ?kdf lbOg] lzIff g} clgoldt lzIff
xf]
s] lzIff lng] sxfF af6 lng] ,slxn] lng] cflb s'/fsf] 6'ªug]ljgf g} ck|ToIf ?kdf
k|fKt x'g] lzIff g} clgoldt lzIff xf] o;nfO{ ck|ToIf lzIff klg eGg]] ul/G5
JolQmn] :jtGqtf ?kn] k|fKt x'g] lzIff
Kff7\oqmddf cfwfl/t ePsf] lzIff
of]hgf ljlxg ?kdf kfKt x'g] lzIff

lzIffsf] pb]]Zox?
s'g} klg b]zn] cfkm\gf] /fli6«o cfjZotf / rfxfgf cg'?k lzIffsf] pb]Zox? Rog
ul/Psf] x'G5 ,lzIffsf] pb]Zox? JolQnut,;fdflhs ,cfly{s cflb x'G5g

;
lzIffsf] AolQmut pb]Zox?
k|To]s AolQmdf cGt/ lglxt Ifdtfsf] ljsf/ ug]{ lzIffn] dxTjk'0f{ e'ldsf lgjf{x
ub{5
lzIffn] AolQmsf] rl/q cfr/0f / afgLx?sf] lgdf0f{ / ljsf; ub{5
cGt/lglxt k|ltefsf] ljsf; ug'{
c;n rl/qsf] ljsf; ug'{
cf cfkmgf] af}lbs ljsf; ug]{ pb]Zo cg'?k ljrf/ / sNkgf zlQmsf] ljsf; ug]{
;fdflhs pb]Zo
lzIff eg]sf] ;dfhsf] cfTdf xf] hf] Ps k':tfaf6 csf]{df x:tfGt/0f x'b} hfG5 hLs]
r]G:6fg
;fdflhs cfa:otf / ;fdflhs d'No dfGotf cg'?k ;+~rflnt lzIffsf nIo tyf
pb]ox?nfO{ lzIffsf] ;fdflhs pb]Zo cGt/ut{ kb{5
c;n ;DaGwsf] ljsf; ug]{
gful/s r]tgfsf] ljsf; ug]{
;fdflhs d'No dfGotf / ;+/If0fsf] ;+Fab{g ug]{
Gful/s u'0fsf] ljsf; ug]{
cfly{s pb]Zox?
lzIffn] AolQmdf ;+Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ul/ cfo cfh{gsf nflu ;+Ifd agfpG5
/f]huf/L lzh{g ug]{
pTkfbsTjf a9fpg

;
Jo;flxs Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug]{
cj;/sf] l;h{g ug]{
lzIffsf] sfo{x?
lzIffsf] sfo{ dfgjsf] hLjgko{Gt x'g] ePsfn] ePsfn] lzIffsf] sfo{ Jofks /x]sf] 5
lzIffsf] AolQmut sfo{
cGt/lglxt k|ltesf] ljsf; ug'{
c;n rl/qsf] ljsf; ug'{
JolQmTj ljsf; ug'{
;xof]u / ;/;Nnfx lbg'}
/fli6«o sfo{x?
/fli6«o ljsf;
/fli6«o Pstf ,gful/s ljsf; ,g]t[Tj ljsf;
g]kfnsf] cfw'lgs z}lIfs Oltxf;
g]kfnsf] z}lIfs Oltxf;
 lzIffsf] Oltx;
lzIffsf] Ol:txf/ !((^ df3 !) df 3f]ifgf ePsf] Ol:tfxf/
#+$+#
 k|fylds tx sIff ! b]vL # ;Ddf
 lgDgf dfWoflds $ b]lv & ;Ddf
 dfWoflds ( b]vL !) ;Ddf

;
 lj; @)!! eGbf klxnf g]kfnsf] lzIffsf] ;+/rgf
#±@±#±@ ¥ !)
 sIff ! b]vL # k|/lDes kf7zfnf
 sIff $ / % k|ylds kf7zfnf
 sIff ^ b]vL * dfWoflds kf7zfnf
 sIff ( b]vL !) ljBfno

 /fli6«o lzIff of]hgf cfof]u @)!!

 u7g ,@))( ;fn r}t (
 cWoIf ;/bf/ ?b|/fh kf08]
 ;b:o ;+Vof $^
 k|ltj]bg k]z @)!! ;fn kmfu'g !* tTsfnLg lzIffdGqL l8NnL/d0f
/]UdL
o; cfof]usf] k|d'v l;kmf/L;x?
 k|ylds lzIff lgz'Ns / clgjfo{ x'g'k5{
 dfWoflds :s'nsf] txdf /f]huf/L lzIff clgjfo{ x'g'k5{
 lzIffdf ljb]lz k|0flnsf] gSsn ug'{ x'b}gf
lzIffsf] ;+/rgf %±%¥!)
k|ylds lzIff ! b]vL % ;Ddf
dfWoflds lzIff ^ b]vL !) ;Ddf
pRRf dfWoflds !! b]lv !& ;Ddf

;
 ;j{ªuLg /fli6«o lzIFff ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg @)!*
 u7g @)!* a}iffs @%
 cWoIf tTsfnLg lzIfdGqL ljZjaGw' yfkf
 ;b:o ;+Vof ;'?df !! / kl5 Ps ;b:o yk ul/ !@ agfPsf]
 k|ltj]bg k]z @)!* c;f/ !% /fhf dx]Gb| ;dIf
o;n] l;kmf/L; u/]sf] s]xL a'4fx?
 lzIffsf] dfWod Ps} x'g'kg]{
 kf7ok':ts k|To]s laifodf d'n'se/ Ps} x'g'k5{
 k|ylds lzIff ;a}sf nflu clgjfo{ / lgz'Nsf x'g'k5{
 lzIffsf] ;+/rgf %±^+#
sIff ! b]vL % ;Ddf k|lj
sIff ^ b]vL !! ;Ddf dflj
sIff !@ b]vL !% ;Ddf pRrf tx
 /fli6«o lzIff k4ltsf] of]hgf @)@* =#@
b/jf/ xfO{:s"n ,
 lj; !(!) c;f]h @& - ;g !(%# cS6f]j/ !#
 ;'?df yfkynL b/jf/ sIff ;+~rfng
 sIff ! b]vL @ nfO lower primary
 sIff # b]vL % ;Ddf upper primary
 k|yd k|=c Mr canning
 k|yd ;'k/Lj]Ifs Mr Rose
 lj; !(#@ df /0f]l2kn] efO ef/bf/sf] 5f]/f 5f]/L k9fpg k|j]z v\Nnf

;
 lj; !($@ df jL/ zdz]/n] ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf 5f]/f5f]/L k9fpgf k|j]z
v'Nnf \
lj; !(%& df b]jzdz]/ k|,d ePkl5 b/jf/ xfO:s'nsf ljBfly{nfO
jflif{s ( d'/L wfg / % ?kofF k};f etf lbg] Joa:yf
k|yd g]kfnL k|c ;/b/ ?b|/fh kf08] lj; !(*@
lj; !(*@ df b/jf/ xfO:s'nsf lzIfs O:6fg kf; ug]{n] ^ ;Ddf ,cf=P
kf; ug]{n] sIff & ;Ddf / :gftsn] sIff * b]lv !) ;Ddf k9fpg] kfpg]
Joj:yf
;DaGwg ;+~rfng ;'?df ef/tsf] snstf ljZjljBfno / !(*) kl5
k6gf ljZjljBfno
lj; !(().&.!^ df g]kfndf kl/Iff af]8{sf] u7g kl5 g]kfnaf6} kl/Iff
xfn o; ljBfnonfO efg' dflj eg]/f lrlgG5

lj; !(!) c;f]h @& df b/jf/ xfO:s'nsf] :yfkgf h;df ;+~rfnsdf ldi6/ /;
/ ;'kl/j]If0fdf ldi6/ Soflgª nfO{ lbOPsf] xf]
lw/ zDz]/sf] kfnfdf b/jf/ :s'ndf efOef/bf/sf 5f]/f5f]/L k9g kfpg] Joa:yf
ul/of]
lj; !($@ b]lv jL/ zdz]/n] ;j{;fwf/0fsf 5f]/f5f]/L ;d]t b/jf/ :s'ndf k9gf
kfpg] ul/ v'Nnf ul/of]
lj; !($@ df tLwf/f ;+:s[t kf7zfnfsf] :ykgf
lj; !(%* uf]/vfkq :yfkgf
lj; !(^@ df ;|]:tf kf7zfnfsf] :yfkgf
lj; !(&% df lqrGb| sn]hsf] :ykgf

;
lj; !(() df sGof lf7zfnfsf] :ykgf
lj; @))% df k|f}9 ;fIf/tf s]Gb|sf] :ykgf
lj; @)!! eb| g]kfndf ;j{k|yd lzIfs tflndsf] ;'?jt eof]
lj; @)!@ df k|f}9 lzIffsf] ;'?jt
lj; @)@& sflt{s ! c~rn lzIff clwsf/L vf/]h
lj; @)@* j}zfs # /fli6«o lzIff k4lt of]hgfsf] u7g
lj; @)@* efb| @$ lzIff P]g hf/L
lj; @)#! ;fnaf6 lzIff lbjz dgfpgf ;'?
lj; @)#! kmfu'g !@ ut] k|ylds lzIff sIff ! b]lv # ;Ddf lg z'Nsf
lj; @)#% df /]l8of] lzIfs tflnfsf] :ykgf
lj; @)#& ;fnaf6 /]l8of]sf] dfWoaf6 lzIfs tflndsf] k|;f/g

lj; @)$! ;fn df3 @) df emfkf,wgs'6f,tgx",sf:sL,bfª,;'v]{t df k|ylds lzIff

kl/of]hgf nfu'
lj; @)$% df k|ljlws lzIff tyf Joj;flxs tflnd kl/ifbsf] u7g
lj; lj; @)$* sf7df08f} ljZj ljBfnosf] :ykgf
lj; @)%@ >fjg @@ g]kfndf klxnf] j|]n lnlk k':tsfnosf] :ykgf ePsf]
lj; @)%$ r}q @^ lzIfs stfjvfgfsf] :ykgf
lj; @)%^ cgf}krf/Ls lzIff s]Gb|sf] :ykgf
lj; @)%^ h]i7 ( ut] lzIff ljefusf] :ykgf
;
lj; @)%^ r}q @* df /fli6«o lzIfs ;]jf cfof]u u7g
lj; @)%* lzIff P]gsf] ;ftf}F ;+zf]wg dfkm{t ;fd'bflos ;+:yfut u/L b'O{ k|sf/sf]
ljBfno /xg] Joa:yf
lj; @)^) af6 sIff ! df c+u|]hL clgjfo{ ul/Psf]
lj; @)^^ efb| $ ut] ljBfno If]q ;'Bf/ sfo{qmd :jLs[t
lj; @)&@ df pRrf lzIff gLlt hf/L
lj; @)&# sflt{s * ut] ljBfno If]q ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] d"n b:tfj]h :jLs[t
lj; @)&^ sflt{s !* ut] lzIff gLlt @)&^ hf/L
g]kfnsf] ljleGg ;dodf lzIfsf] ;+/rgf
 lzIffsf] Ol:txf/ lj=; !((^ cg';f/
sIff !–# k|ylds tx
sIff $–& lgDgf dfWoflds tx
sIff *–!) dfWoflds tx
#+$+#
 @)!) ;fn eGbf cufl8 g]kfnsf] ljBfno txsf] ;+/rgf
sIff !–# k|/lDes kf7zfnf
sIff $–% k|ylds kf7zfnf
sIff ^–* dfWoflds kf7zfnf
sIff (–!) ljBfno
#+@+#+@
 /fli6«o lzIff cfof]u of]hgf @)!! sf] k|ltj]bg cg';f/
sIff !–% k|ylds lzIff
sIff ^–!) dfWoflds lzIff

;
 %+%
 ;jf{ª\lug /fli6«o lzIff ;ldtL @)!*sf] l;kmf/L; cg';f/
sIff !—% kf7zfnf
sIff ^–!! ljBfno
%+^
 @)@* eGbf cufl8 %+#+@
 /fli6«o lzIff k4ltsf] of]hgf @)@* cg';f/
sIff !–# k|ylds
sIff $–& lgDg dfWoflds
sIff *–!) dfWoflds
#+$+#
 kf7\oqmd sfo{Gjfog of]hgf @)#*
sIff !–% k|ylds
sIff ^–& lgDgdfWoflds
sIff *–!) dfWoflds
%+@+#
 /fli6«o lzIff cfof]u @)$( sf] k|ltj]bg
sIff !–% k|ylds tx
sIff ^–* lgDgdfWoflds tx
sIff (–!) dfWoflds tx
sIff !!,!@ pRRff dfWoflds tx
 pRrf :t/Lo /fli6«o lzIff cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg @)%(
k"j{ k|ylds ! jif{
sIff !–% k|ylds

;
 sIff ^–* lgDgfdfWoflds
sIff *–!) dfWoflds
sIff !!,!@ pRrf dWoflds
!+%+#+@+@
 lzIff P]g @)@* sf] cf7f}F ;+zf]wg @)&#
k|/lDes afn ljsf; b]lv * ;Ddf cfwf/e't
sIff (–!@ dfWoflds

lzIff dgf]lj1fg
lzIff dgf]lj1fgsf] cy{
dgf]lj1fg zAb cª|u|]hL zAb Psychology sf] g]kfnL ?kfGt/0f xf] .
psycholohy zAb lu|s efiffsf] Psyche and logos ldn]/f ag]sf] 5
psyche sf] cy{ cfTd / logos sf] cy{ lj1fg eGg] x'G5 h;nfO{ cfTdsf] lj1fg
As a science of soul klg elgG5
klxnf psychology nfO{ cfTdsf] lj1fg elgGYof] eg] cfw'lgs cy{df Jofaxf/sf]
lj1fg ( science of human behaviour ) eGg] ul/G5
;
lzIff If]qdf k|of]u ul/g] dgf]j}1flgs k|flKtsf] Jofaxfl/s kIf g} lzIff dgf]lj1fg xf]
;'?df o;nfO{ cfTdsf] lj1fg,kl5 dgsf] lj1fg,/ r]tgfsf] lj1fg x'b} xfn Jofaxf/sf]
lj1fg eGgf yflnof]

lzIff dgf]lj1fgsf] s]xL dxTjk'0f{ egfOx?

dgf]lj1fg Jofaxf/sf] lj1fg xf] .Watson
dgf]lj1fg Jofaxf/ / cg'ejsf] lj1fg xf] ,lj Pkm l:lsg/
lzIff dgf]lj1fgn] JolQmsf] hDdb]lv j[4fj:yf;Ddfsf] l;sfO{ cg'ejsf] j0f{/ /
JofVo lzIff dgf]lj1fgn] ub{5
qm|f] P08 qm|f]
cfa:otf / dxTj
afnaflnsfsf] ?lr,rxfgf,cfa:otf,:t/,Ifdtf,a'em]/f ;f]lx cg';f/sf] kf7|oqmd tyf
lzIf0f xf]
lzIf0f l;sfOdf ;'wf/ Nofpg' g} lzIff dgf]lj1fgsf] d'Vo pb]Zo xf]
k|efjsf/L lzIf0f ljLwsf] klxrfg ug]{
l;sf?sf j}olQms leGgtf klxrfg ug]{
l;sfOd'ns jftj/0f tof/ ug]{
;lx z}lIfs ;fdlu|sf] k|of]u ug]{
l;sf?sf] ?lr rxfg / cfa:otfcg';f/sf] lzIff lbg
sIffsf]7fs jftj/0f jfnd}{qL agfpg cfa:os ;fdu|L tof/ ug]{

;
dfgj ljsf; / j[l4
dfgj j[l4 eGgfn] dflg;sf] z/Ll/s agf]6,cfsf/ ,k|sf/ prfO ,tf}n cflbdf cfpg]
kl/jt{g xf] ,h'g kl/0fTds x'G5 h;nfO{ b]lvg ,gfk tf}n ug]{ ;lsG5 / lrlZrt
;do k|Zrft /f]lsG5 / of] Ps z/Ll/s kl/kStf dfq xf]
zf/Ll/s,dfgl;s,jf}Fl4s tyf ;+j]\ufTds cflb ;Dk'0f{ kIfsf] u'0fTds ljsf; g} ljsf;
xf] ,ljsf; Ps k'0f{ kl/kStf xf] / ljsf; Ps lg/Gt/ rln/xg] k|lqmof klg xf]
ljsf; eg]sf] qm|lds tyf kl/jt{tgsf] k|ultl;n k|lqmof xf]

dfgj j[l4 / ljsf;sf] r/0fx?

!_ hGd k"\jf{sf] r/0f
@_ hGd k|Zrftsf] r/0fx?
hGd k"jf{sf] r/0f
!_ hfOuf]6sf] cj:yf
ue{wf/0f b]lv @ xKtf ;Ddfsf] ca:yf
@_ e'|0f ca:yf
ue{wf/0fsf] @ xKtfb]lv @ dlxgf;Ddfsf] cj:yf
#_ km]6;sf] ca:yf
ue{wf/0fsf] @ dlxgfb]lv hGd k'jf{sf]ca:yf xf]
o; ca:yfdf aRrfsf] lnªu lgwf{/0f x'G5

;
@_ hGd k|Zrftsf] ca:yf
!_ gjhft lzz' ca:yf
Afns hGd]b]lv !$ lbg ;Ddfsf] ca:yf
kfr'{g]6sf] ca:yf ;fngfn gsf6L ;s];Ddfsf] ca:yf
lgcf]g]6sf] ca:yf ;fngfn sfl6 ;s]kl5 @ xKtf ;Ddfsf] ca:yf
ljz]iftfx?
5f]6f] ca:yf
ljsf;sf] kl5Nnf ca:yfaf/] ;dfof]hg x'g] ca:yf
ljsf;sf] ;'?jtsf] ca:yf
@_ lzz' ca:yf
Afns hGd]sf] @ xKtfb]lv @ aif{;Ddsf] ca:yf
ljz]iftfx?
;+s6k'0f{ ca:yf
lt|a ljsf; / kl/jt{gsf] ca:yf
Ps cfsif{cs ca:yf
Jf:tljs cfwf/lznfsf] pd]/
#_ k'jf{ afNo ca:yf
Afns hGd]sf] @ aif{b]lv ^ aif{Ddfsf] ca:yf
ljz]iftfx?

;
;d:ofd'ns pd]/ ,gSsn ug]{ pd]/,k'jf{ ljBfno pd]/,v]nf}gfsf] pd]/
O; ca:yfdf jfnjflnsfx?sf] gfds/0f
cfdf a'afsf] gfds/0f
;d:ofk'0f{ pd]/
v]nf}gfsf] pd]/
dgf]j}1flgssf cg';f/
vf]lh ug]{ pd]/
lhuf;' pd]/,gSsn ug]{ pd]/,k'jf{ afn ;d'x pd]/
lzIff ljbsf] cg';f/ k'jf{ ljBfnosf] pd]/

pt/ afNo ca:yf

^ aif{b]lv !).!@ aif{sf] pd]/sf] ca:yf xf]
ljz]iftfx?
kmf]xf/L pd]/,emu8fn' pd]/,v]n pd]/ afn ;d'x pd]/ ,ljBfno hfg] pd]/
afnaflnsfsf] gfds/0f tyf ljz]iftfx?
cfdfafa' cg';f/
kmf]xf]/L pd]/ ,emu8fn' pd]/, b'v k'0f{ jf ;d:ofk'0f{ pd]/
dgf]j}1flgssf cg';f/
v]n pd]/,afn ;d'x pd]/,l;h{gfTds pd]/,v'zL pd]/

;
lzIffljbsf cg';f/ ljBfno hfg]pd]/

pt/ afNo ca:yfsf] zf/Ll/s ljsf;

pt/ jfNo ca:yfdf xn{ssf cg';f/ afif{s prfO j[l4b/ # OGr x'G5 .xn{ssf
cg';f/ !! aif{sf] pd]/df s]6Lsf] prfO{ %* / s]6fsf] prfO{ %&=% OGr x'G5
jhg , aflif{s ljl4b/ # v]lv % kfp08 x'G5 !! aif{sf] pd]/df s]6Lsf] tf}n **=% /
s]6fsf] tf}n **=% kfp08 x'G5
pt/ jfNo ca:yfdf ljsf; x'g] l;kx?
v]n ;DaGwL l;kx? ,pkm|g],8f/L gfUg],bg}8g],;fOsn rnfpg] cflb
ljBfno ;dalGw l;kx? ljBfno hfg] ,k9g] n]Vg] ,u[xsfo{ ug]{

lszf]/fca:yf
;fdfGotof s]6fs]6Lsf] pd]/ !#.!$ aif{ b]lv !*.!( aif{ ;Ddfsf] ca:yf g}
lszf/fj:yf xf]
Xn{ssf cg';f/
k'jf{ lszf]/ ca:yf !# b]lv !& ;Ddfsf] ca:yf g} k'jf{ lszf]/ca:yf xf]
pt/ lszf]/ cj:yf !& aif{ b]lv !* aif{ ;Ddfsf] ca:yf g} pt/ lszf]/ ca:yf xf]
lszf]/ca:yf Ps 8/nfUbf] ca:yf xf]
kl/ro vf]Hg] ca:yf xf]
jo:skgsf] ;+3f/sf] ca:yf xf]

;
kl/jt{gsf] ca:yf xf]

lszf'/ca:yfsf] ;+s6x?
zf/Ll/s ;+s6
cfTdxTof,b'36gf{,d[To',lj/fldkg,zf/Ll/s sdhf]l/x?
lszf]/ca:yfsf] dgf]j}1flgs ;+s6x?
l;sfO{ k|lqmof / l;sfOsf] l;4fGt
l;sfOsf] kl/ro
l;sfO Ps lhjg k|ofGt rln/xg] k|lqmof xf] ,h'g sfqmf]af6 ;'? eP/f lrxfgdf uP/f
cTo x'G5
lzIff tyf l;sfO ;DaGwl s]xL dxTjk'0f{ egfOx?
c?n] k|bz{g u/]sf] Aofaxf/nfO{ cjnf]sgsf] cfwf/df gSsn u/]/f xl;n ul/g] 1fg
g} l;sfO xf] , af08'/f
l;sfO,cfbt,1fg /cfleltTjsf] pkh xf] ,qmf] P08 qmf]|
l;sfO eg]sf] cg'ej Pkd tflndsf] dfWoffaf6 cfpg] Aofaxf/sf] kfl/dfh{g xf], u]6]
gofF 1fg / k|ltlqmofx? kfKt ug]{ k|lqmof g} l;sfO xf] j'8{jy{
l;sfO eg]sf] Joaxf/ cg's'ntfsf] k|ultl;n k|lqmof xf] l:sg/
l;sfOsf] :j?k tyf ljz]iftfx?
l;sfO afta/0fsf] pkh xf]
l;sfO Ps lg/Gt/ rln/xg] k|lqmof xf]

;
l;sfO ;fj{ef}d x'G5
l;sfO ;dfof]hgf xf]
l;sfO pb]Zok'0f{ tyf nIo s]lGbt x'G5
l;sfOsf] :yfGgt/0f
l;sfOdf k|efj kfg]{ tTjx?
l;sfO Ps lg/Gt/ rln/xg] k|lqmof xf] To;}n] l;sfOsf] l;sfOnfO k|efj kg]{
AolQmut ,;fdflhd,jftj/l0fo cflb n] k|jfa kfb{5g ljz]iful/
pTk|]/0f,k'0f{jn,cEof;,:d[lt ,lj:d/0f,:yfGt/0f cflb tTjn] kfb{5
pTk|]/0f Motivation
motivation Nofl6g efiffsf] movere af6 cfPsf] xf] h;sf] cy{ to move
/to active ) cy{t s'g} sfo{ ug]{df ult jf lqmofl;n x'G5 h;n] l;sfO sfo{ k|lt
p;'Stf hufpg] sfo{ ub{5
pTk]/0f eg]sf] nlIft pb]Zo k|fKt ug{ dflg;nfO{ sfd ug]{ pT;fOt ug]{ xf] willam
G scott

nIo jf pb]Zo k|fKtLsf nflu s'g} AolQmsf] cGt/ cfTdad6 hfu/0f eP/f cfpg]
cfsf+Iff jf OR5f g} pTk]/0f xf] ,h;n] l;sfO sfo{sf] nflu ?lr,p;'Stf,rxfgf a9fgdf
;xof]u ub{5
l;sfOsf] :yfgfGt/0f ,
 ;fdfGotof Pp6f kl/l:ytLdf l;s]sf] s'/f csf]{ kl/l:ytLdf k|of]udf Nofpg'nfO{
l;sfOsf] :yfgfGt/0f elgG5

;
  l;s]sf] s''/f k|of]udf Nofpg] sfo{nfO{ :yfgfGt/0f elgG5
 qmf] P08 qmf] , Ps If]qsf] lrGtg,cg'ej,1fg,l; / cfbtnfO{ csf]{ If]qdf Nofpg'
l;sfOsf] :yfgfGt/0f xf]
l;sfO :yfgfGt/0fsf] k|sf/x?
!_ ;s/fTds :yfgfGt/0f
s'g} Ps laifoa:t' tyf kl/l:ytLaf6 l;s]sf] s'/f s'g} csf]{ laifoa:t' tyf
kl/l:ytLdf ;xfof]u x'G5 eg] To;nfO{ ;s/fTds :yfgfGt/0f elgG5 . h:t} ;fOsm
rnfpgf hfg]sf]nfO{ df]6/;fOsn rnfpgf ;xh x'g'
@_ gs/fTds :yfgfGt/0f ,
k'j{ l;sfOn] kl5Nnf] l;sfOnfO{ jfwf l;h{gf ub{5 eg]] To;nfO{ gs/fTds l;sfO
elgG5 h:t} cu|]hL k9]sfnfO{ g]kfnL k9gf ux|f] x'G5
#_ z'Go :yfGt/0f
Hfaf Ps ljifoa:t'sf] l;sfOn] csf]{ ljifoa:t' jf kl/l:ytLsf] l;sfOnfO{ ;s/fTds
jf gs/fTds b'a} k|sf/sf] c;/ ub}gf eg] To;nfO{ l;sfOsf] ;'Gon :yfGt/0f elgG5
h:t} lqms]6 v]Ng hfg]sfnf?O{ r]; v]Ng'
 l;sfO :yfgfGt/0fdf k|efj kg]{ tTjx?
lzIf0f ljlw
cEof;,;fdfGofLs/0f,laifoa:t'sf] 5gf]6
;fldKotf
lgb]{zg tyf lg/LIf0f ,;dfg tTjsf] k|of]u
 l;sfO :yfgfGt/0f a[l4 ug]{ pkfox?
pko'Qm lzIf0f ljlwsf],lg/Gt/ cEof;,Jofks 5nkmn,Jofaxf/Ls
lzIf0f,pTk|]/0fsf] k|of]u cflb

;
pTk|]/0f Motivation
motivation Nofl6g efiffsf] movere af6 cfPsf] xf] h;sf] cy{ to move
/to active ) cy{t s'g} sfo{ ug]{df ult jf lqmofl;n x'G5 h;n] l;sfO sfo{ k|lt
p;'Stf hufpg] sfo{ ub{5
pTk]/0f eg]sf] nlIft pb]Zo k|fKt ug{ dflg;nfO{ sfd ug]{ pT;fOt ug]{ xf] willam
G scott

nIo jf pb]Zo k|fKtLsf nflu s'g} AolQmsf] cGt/ cfTdad6 hfu/0f eP/f cfpg]
cfsf+Iff jf OR5f g} pTk]/0f xf] ,h;n] l;sfO sfo{sf] nflu ?lr,p;'Stf,rxfgf a9fgdf
;xof]u ub{5
pTk|]/0fsf] rqm
rxfgf l;h{gf 56k6L,lqmoflzntf,OR5fk'lt{
 lzIfsn] sIff sf]7fdf pTk|]/0f hufpg] sfo{df lzIfssf] e'ldsf
 :yfgLo :t/df pknAw ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u u/L lzIf0f ug]{
 cfs{ifs / ef}lts afta/0fLo ca:yf lzh{g ug]{
 lzsfOsf] nIo klxn] g} agfOlbg]
 4p, =pay,praise,promotion,prize
 k|ltikwf{ / ;xof]usf] efjgfsf] ljsf; ug]{
 k'g{jnsf] k|of]u ug]{
 b08 / k'/:sf/sf] Joa:yf ug]{
k'g{jn

;
 pTt]hgf / k|ltlqmof ljrsf] ;DaGwnfO{ alnof] agfpg] tTjnfO{ k'g{an
elgG5 . l;sfOnfO{ s'g} sfo{ ug]{ k|f]T;fxLt ug]{ zlQm k'g{jn xf]
l;sf?sf] l;sfOnfO{ lg/Gt/ lbg l;sf?n] k|Ktf u/]sf pTt]hgfnfO{
k|ltlqmof tkm{ pGd'v u/fpg] sfo{ k'g{jn xf]
k'g{jnsf] ;j]{k|yd k|of]u cd]l/ls dgfjf}1flgs ljPkm l:sg/n] ;g !(#* df
k|ltkfbg u/]sf lqmofk/s l;sfO lzbfGtdf u/]sf lyP / kl5 yg{8fOssf]
k|ofTg / e'nsf] l;sfOdf klg k'g{jnsf] l;sfO ,k|of]u u/]sf] kfOG5
l:sg/sf cg';f/ @ k|sf/sf] /x]sf] 5
s_ ;s/fTds k'g{jn
v_ gs/fTds k'g{jn
xn{ssf cg';f/ k'g{jn
k|yflds k'g{jn
;xfos k'g{jn

l;sfO{ k|lqmof / l;sfOsf] l;4fGtx?

!_ zf:qLo ;DaGw lz4fGt classical conditioning theory
 o; lzbfGtsf] k|ltkfbg ?;L dgf]a}1fls Oeg Kofenen] ;g !()$ df
u/]sf x'g / pgn] s's'/ dfly k|of]u u/]sf lyP

;
  o; l;4fGtdf :jfefljs pTt]hgf / c:jfefljs pTt]hg ljrsf] ;DaGw
hf]8b} ,c:jfefljs pTt]hgfdf klg k|l0fn] :jfefljs pTt]hgf ';/x
k|ltlqmof ub{5 eg] To;nfO{ zf:qLo ;DaGw k|Tofat{g l;4fGt elgG5
:jfefljs pTt]hgf Unconditional stimulus (UCS)=
FOOD
:jfefljs k|ltlqmof Unconditional Response (UCR)=
Sailva
c:jfefljs pTt]hgf conditional stimulus CS . BELL
c:jfefljs k|ltlqmof conditional response =saliva
 :jfefljs cEo:tdf vfgf b]Vbf Þ/\ofn cfpg' \/ c:jfefljs
cEof:t 306L aHbf klg :jfefljs cEo:t ;/xg} /\ofn
cfpg'
 zf:qLo ;DaGw lz4fGtsl;sfOsf] ljz]iftfx?
pTt]hgfsf] ;fdfGoLs/0f
pTt]hgfsf] lje]lbs/0f
ljnf]k
cfsflDs k|fKtL
ljk/Lt ;DaGw k|Tofjt{g
 l;sfO k|efjsf/Lsf] tTjx?
cEof;
k|]/0f
cfzf
k'g{jn
;
@_ sfo{k/s ;DaGw l;4fGt operation condition theory
cd]l/sL dgf]j}1flgs ljPkm l:sg/n] ;g !(#* df k|ltkfbg u]]/]sf] l;4fGt
xf] sfo{k/s ;DaGw l;4fGt xf] ,pgn] of] l;4fGt d';f,k/]jf cflbdf k|of]u
u/]sf 5g
o; l;4fGtsf] k|d'v pb]Zo Jofaxf/nfO lqmofl;n agfpg' xf]
 o; l;4fGtnfO lqmofk/s Jofaxf/ / k|ltlqmofk/s Jofaxf/ u/L b'O
efudf ljefhg u/]sf 5g
lqmofk/s Jofaxf/ , k|l0fn] l;Sgfsf] nflu ug]{ ax'k|ltlqmofdWo] 7Ls
k|ltlqmofnfO 5fg]/f k'g{jn lbg] uof]{ eg] Tof] k|ltlqmof alnof] x'g'
lqmofk/s Jofaxf/ xf] ,h;nfO R type behavior klg elgG5
k|ltlqmofk/s Jofaxf/ , s'g} Joaxf/ cfkm} lqmofl;n eO b]vf kg'{sf]
;6\6f pTt]hgsf] sf/0faf6 b]vf k5{ h;nfO lqmofk/s Jofaxf/ elgg5
,h;nfO S type behavior klg elgG5 \
 of] l;4fGt R-S ( response -stimulus) l;4fGtdf cfwf/Lt
/x]sf]5
 of] l;4fGt ;Dangdf cfwf/Lt /x]sf] 5
 ;Dang k'g{jn k|fKt pTt]hgfn] JolQmsf] lqmofTds Jofaxf/df kl/jt{g
NofpG5
 k|l0fnfO l;Sgfsf] nflu afta/0fdf ePsf] pTt]hfd k|KtLkl5 k|ltlqmof
gu/]/f k|ltlqmof kl5 :jft pTt]hgd k|fKt u5{ eGg] o; l;4fGtsf]
dfGotf xf]
 l;sfOsf] nflu k'g{an / cEof;sf] h?/L kb{5

;
  l;sfO k|efjsf] lgoddf cfwf/Lt x'G5
l;sfOsf] l;4fGtx?
lqmofk/s Jofaxf/ k|b{zg / lgdf0f{
lje]bLs/0f ug'{
;fdfGoLs/0f ug'{
Jofaxf/sf] lgdf0f{
l;sfOsf nflu k|efj kfg]{ tTjfx?
pTk|]/0f
cEof;
k'g{jn ;Dang
z}lIfs k|of]u pkof]lutf
ljBfly{sf] rxfgf cg';f/ Jofaxf/ lgdf0f{ ug'{
sIffsf]7fdf k'g{jnsf] k|of]u ug]{
c;n algsf] lasf; ug]{
;fdflhs Jofjxf/ ljsf; ug]{
l;sfOnfO ;lqmo agfpgf

k|oTg / e'nsf] l;sfO

Trial and Error learning

;
 k|ltkfbs —cd]l/ls dgf]j}1flgs yg{8fOsn] ;g !(!# df k|ltkfbg
u/]sf lyP
k|of]u — lj/fnf] dfly k|of]u
 JofVo —l;Sg] k|lqmofdf dflg; xf] jf k|0fL lg/Gt/ k|of; u5{g / cfkmgf]
uNtLnfO sd ub}F ;lx k|ltlqmofdf hf]8 lbG5g\
 7 steps
rfns—nIo—nIo k|fKtLdf jfwfs—;+of]ujz ;kmntf—;lx k|of; 5fGg'
—;lxdf lg/Gt/tf

cGo gfdx?
pTt]hgf—k|ltlqmofsf] l;4fGt
pTt]hgf Stimulus— vfgf / k|ltlqmof Response–lj/fnf]
S–R theory
;DaGwafbsf] l;4fGt
pTt]hgf / k|ltlqmofljr ;DaGw alnof] eP/f dfq l;sfO x'G5

 s'g} klg JolQm jf k|l0fn] ;d:of ;dwfg gx'bf ;Ddf k|ltlqmofx?

lg/Gt/ ul//xG5 / h'g k|ltlqmofaf6 ;d:of ;dwfg x'G5 clg p;n]
unt k|ltlqmofx? x6fpG5 / ;lx k|ltlqmof a9fpFb} hfG5

ljz]iftfx?

;
 l;Sg] k|lqmof ;dfg x'G5
l;sfO qm|lds x'G5 Ps}rf]6L x'Ggf,
k|]/s tTjsf] e'ldsf

z}lIfs k|of]u
pb]Zo :ki6 x'g'kb{5
lg/Gt/ k|of;
w}o{tf / kl/>fsf] wf/0f
;s/fTds ;f]r / cfzfjfbL
k'/:sf/sf] Joj:yf

 l;sfOsf] lgodx?
cEof;sf] lgod
tTk/tfsf] lgod
k|efjsf] lgod

cGt/b[li6 l;sfO l;4fGt

Insightful learning theory

;
 k|ltkfbs —u]:6njfbL dgf]j}1flgs sf]xn/,jlb{df/ sf]kmnf n] k|ltkfbg
u/]sf] l;4fGt
u]:6nsf] cy{ ,u]:6n zAb hd{g efiffaf6 cfPsf] xf] / h;sf] cy{ x'G5
;Dk'0f{sf/
k|of]u— agdfG5]-;'Ntfg_
pkgfdx?
u]:6nsf] l;4fGt
;du|jfb l;4fGt
k"0f{sf/sf] l;4fGt
sf]xn/sf] l;4fGt
 s'g} klg ;d:of b]Vbf crgfs ;dwfgsf] ;f]r cfp5
 s'g} klg JolQm jf k|l0fn] j:t'l:ytLsf] cWofg ul/ cfkmgf] ljrf/zlQmsf]
cwf/df ;d:ofsf] ;dwfg ub} l;sfO x'G5
 l;sfO ;Dk'0f{ kl/l:ytLsf] k|ToIfLs/0f Pj ;+u7gdf cfwfl/t x'G5
 l;sfO cg'ej,ljrf/,a[l4 ts{cflbaf6 k|fKt x'G5
 l;sfO{ crgfs x'G5
 dflyNnf] sIffsf] nflu pkof]uL
l;sf|Osf] k|lqmof
;d:of –cGt/b[li6-cg]s ljrf/_–lg0f{o–;dwfg
l;sfOdf k|of]u
nIo :ki6 / pTk|]/0f
;d:ofsf] k|TolIfs/0f
;
 wf/0f lgdf0f{ ug'{
z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] 5gf]6
ljz]iftfx?
k|TolIfs/0f
s]lGb|o dWo:ytf k|lqmof
cfs:dft
nIo k|fKtL

o; l;4fGtaf6 ;d:of ;dwfg ljlw / ljZn]if0f ljlwsf] k|of]u ePs+f] kfOG5

lzIf0f ;fdu|Lsf] cy{ ,jlu{s/0f

kf7oqm|dsf pb]Zox? kl/k"ltsf nflu,lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfk yk ;/n ,;xh
,k|efjsf/L,Jofjxfl/s ,u'0f:t/Lo cflb agfpgfsf] nflu lzIf0f l;sfO{ lqmofsnfkdf
k|of]u x'g] pko'Qm j:t'nfO{ z}lIfs ;fdu|L elgG5
 xhf/ zAb af]n]/f eGbf Pp6f lrqaf6 a9L :ki6 ?kdf a'lemG5 ,
sGko"l;o;
 I hare I forget
I see I remember
I do I understand
lzIf0f l;sfO{ ;fdu|Lsf] jlu{s/0f

;
z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx?nfO{ lgdf0f{ k|of]u,lzIf0f ljlwsf] cfwfddf ljleGg k|sfdf ljefhg
ul/Psf] 5
 >Jo ;fdu|Lx? , /]l8of],6]lnkmf]g,6]k/]s8{/ nufPtsf ;'g]/f l;Sgf ;Sg]
;fdu|Lx?
 b[Zo ;fdu|L , sfnf]kf6L,rf6{,tflnsf,Unf]a ,gS;f cflb b]v]/f l;Sgf ;Sg]
;fdu|Lx?
 >Job[Zo ;fdu|Lx? ,6]lnlehg,lkmNd,:sfOk cflb
 lzIfs lgld{t z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx?
 ljBfly{ lgld{t ;fdu|Lx?
 lgz'Ns kfpg] ;fdu|Lx?
 Sd d'Nodf kfpg] ;fdu|Lx?
z}lIfs ;fdu|L 5gf]6sf cfwf/x?
 ;s];Ddf htftt} kfpg] lgz'Ns jf sd z'Ns kg]{ x'g'k5{
 pb]Zo s]Gb|Lt x'g'k5{
 jfndgf]lj1fgdf cfwf/Lt x'g'k5{
 ;a}n] b]Vgf ;Sg] x'g'k5{
 :yflgo :t/df pknSw x'gf ;Sg] x'g'k5{
 ;fdu|L u'0f:t/Lo x'gfk5{
 ;/n k|sf/sf] x'g'k5{
z}lIfs ;fdu|L k|of]u ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx?
 pd]/,sIff / :t/nfO Wofg lbg'k5{
 ;s];Ddf 7f]; a:t' 5gf]6 ug'k5{
 lgz'Ms jf sd d'Nosf] ;fdu|L 5gf]6 ug'{k5{
 kf7sf] pb]Zo k'/f ug]{ vfnsf] x'g'k5{

;
  cfsif{s / ;kmf x'g'k5{
PsfO{ $ kf7oqmd / kf7ok':ts
Kff7oqm|d -curriculum) zAb Nofl6g efiffsf] currer af6 cfPsf] xf]
,h;sf] cy{ race course x'G5
kf7oqmdsf] ;+s'lrt cy{df kf7oqmd eg]sf] kf7of+z ,kf7oj:t' ,ljifoa:t' xf]
kf7oqmdsf] Jofks cfy{df kf7oqmd
 lzIffsf] nIox? xfl;n ug]{ agfPsf] of]hgf xf]
 kf7oqmd ,ljBfly{x?nfO{ l;sfO{ cg'ea k|bfg ug]{ j[xt of]hgf xf]
 kf7oqmd sfo{df hfg agfPsf] of]hgf xf]
lzIffsf] nIo xfl;n ug{sf nflu agfPsf] z}lIfs sfo{qmdnfO{ kf7oqmd elgG5
/flzkof] @)@*
 ljBfno leq / aflx/ laBfly{df P]lR5s pknlAw k|fKt u/fpg ljBfly{4f/f ul/g]
;Dk'0f{ k|of;nfO{ kf7oqmd elgG5 ,lxN8f tfjf
 lzIffsf] pb]Zo k|fKtLsf nflu ljBfno 4/f ;+~rfng ul/g] ;Dk'0f{ lqmofsnfk
kf7oqmddf ;dflji6 x'G5
df}/f]/
 kf7oqmdsf] tTjx?
 pb]Zo
 ljifoa:t'
 lzIf0f l;sfO{ lqmofsnfk
 d'Nofªsg
 kf7oqmd lgdf0f{ k|lqmofx? s] s] x'g<
!_ cfjZotfsf] klxrfg

;
 cfjZotfx? Kflxrfg ubf{ ckgfpg'{ kg]{ r/0fx?
 pb]Zo lgwf{/0f
 pb]Zosf] k|yfldtfsf] qmd lgwf{/0f
 pb]Zosf] :t/ / qmd
 sfo{ of]hgfsf] ljsf;
@_ nIo tyd pb]Zo lgwf{/0f
pb]Zo lgwf{/0f ubf{ Wofg lbg'{kg]{ s'/fx?
 pb]Zox? Dffkg of]Uo x'g'k5{
 pb]Zox? jf:tljs x'g'k5{
 pb]Zox? ljsf;fTds x'g'k5{
 pb]Zosf] egfOn] ck]lIft Jofjxf/ / ljifoa:t' b'j}sf] JofVo ug]{ x'g'k5{
#_ ljifoj:t'sf] 5gf]6
 pb]Zo k|KtLsf cfwf/df ljifoj:t' 5gf]6 ug'{k5{
 ljifoj:t' ;n/ af6 hl6n qm|ddf,ljBfyL{sf] :t/,pd]/ cg'';f/sf] x'g'k5{
 ljifoj:t' dxTj ;fdflhd,;+:s[tLs ?kdf ;fGble{s x'g'k5{
 If]q / qmd / d'Vo ?kdf Wofg lbg'k5{
 ;dfhdf /x]sf] ;d:ofx? ;dwfg ug]{ vfnsf] x'g'k5{
$_ d'Nofªsg
 lgwf{/0f u/]sf] pb]Zo s] slt ?kdf xfl;n u/] jf u/]gfg elg n]vfhf]vf
d'Nofªsg xf]
 k|of]ustf{sf] rfv
 ;fdu|Lsf] ;Totf cflb s'/fnfO{ Wofg lbg'k5{

;
  g]kfndf kf7oqmd lgdf0f{sf] k|lqmofx?
!_ sfo{qmdsf] k|:tfj / :jfsLt
@_ d:of}bf n]vg sfo{bn u7g
#_ d:of}bf n]vg
$_ lzIfs sfo{zfnf ;+~rfng / k[i7kf]ifg
%_ ljifo ;ldltdf 5nkmn / k[i7kf]ifg
^_ ;+z]wg / ;'wf/
&_ clGtsd :jLs[t
 kf7oqmd lgdf0f{df k|efj kg]{ tTjf?
 ljBfyL{
 ;fdflhs,;+:s[lts,wfld{s / cly{s cj:yf
 ;dflhs / /fhlglts kl/jt{g
 If]q / qmd
 cGt/fli6«o dfGotf,g]kfnsf] ;+ljBfg ,dgf]lj1fg cflb
 kf7oqmdsf] If]q / q|md
kf7oqmdsf] s'g} c+un] ;d]6]sf] ;Dk'0f{ ljifoj:t' ,lqmofsnfk,cg'ejsf] bfof/f
lj:tf/ jf lsl;dnfO{ kf7oqmdsf] If]q elgG5
 l;sf?sf nflu kf7oqmdsf] tTjf adf]lhd 5gf]6 ul/Psf] ljifoj:t' / z}lIfs
cg'ejnfO{ Plss[t ul/g] ?knfO{ qmd elgG5
lzIffljb l:dy,:6]GnL n] ljifoj:t'sf] qmd lgwf{/0f ug]{ cfwf/x?
 ;/naf6 hl6nlt/f
 k'jf{wf/ l;sfO{;+uf Psfsf/ ug]{
 k"0f{af6 c+zlt/f
 sfnqm|dsf] cfwf/ ldnfpg]
PsfO{ %

;
aflif{s sfo{tflnsf
 ljBfnodf Ps z}lIfs zq leq ;+~rfng ul/g] ;Dk'0f{ ultljlw tyf
lqmofsnfkx? ;dfj]z ul/ tof/ kfl/Psf] of]hgfnfO{ aflif{s sfo{tflnsf
elgG5, o;nfO{ aflif{s sfo{kfqf] klg elgG5 ,
 z}lIfs ;q ;'?x'g'eGbf klxnf ljBfnosf] k|wfgWofksn] aflif{s
sfo{tflnsf tof/ ul/G5 ,k|wfgfWofksn] ljleGg JolQm;+ufsf] -
ljgL,ljAofa;,lzIfs,ljBfly{=_ cflb;+uf 5nkmn af6 lgdf0f{ ul/G5
 P];nfO{ ljBfnosf] P]gf klg elgG5
 ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltaf6 :jfs[t ePkl5 sfo{Gjfo0fdf NofOG5
 aflif{s sfo{ of]hgf
aflif{s sfo{tflnsfsf] cfwf/df ljifo lzIfs4/f cfkmgf] ljifosf] cWofkg
sfo{sf nflu agfPsf] Ps z}lIfs ;q el/sf] of]hgf aflifs sfo{ tflnsf xf]
 ljifo lzIfsn] lgdf0f{ ub{5g
 k|wfgfWofks af6 :jfs[t ul/G5
 PsfO of]hgf
lzIfsn] k|To]s PsfOsf] lzIf0fsf nflu of]hgfa4 9+un] tof/ kfl/Psf] of]hgf
PsfO{ of]hgf xf]
 of] aflif{s sfo{of]hgfsf] cfwf/df tof/ ul/G5
 o;n] kf7of]hgf lgdf0f{df ;xof]u k'Ub5
 ljifo lzIfsn] lgdf0f{ ub{5g eg] k|wfgfWofksn] :jfs[u ub{5g
 b}lgs kf7of]hgf
k|To]s ljifo lzIfsn] lglZrt ;do / lkl/o8leq lglZrt pknlAwx? Xfl;n
ug]{sf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] of]hgf b}lgs kf7 of]hgf xf]
kf7of]hgfsf] c+ªux?
 pb]Zo
 z}lIfs ;f|duL

;
  lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfk
 d'Nofªsg
 kf7of]hgf ;DalGwt lzIfsn] lgdf0f{ u/]/f k|wfgfWofksaf6 :jfs[t x'G5

lzIf0f l;sfO ljlw

lzIf0f l;sfO lbuf],cy{k'0f{ / k|efjsf/L agfpgf k|of]u ul/g] ljlw g} lzIf0f ljlw xf]
jf:tDdf lzIf0f ljlw eg]sf] afnaflnsfsf] nflu lzIf0f l;sfO{ ;+~rfng ug]{ z}fln xf]
lzIf0f ljlwsf] s]xL tl/sfx?
 ;/naf6 hl6n
 k|ToIf af6 ckToIf
 k'0f{af6 c+zlt/f
 cfudgaf6 lgudg lt/f
 ljifoa:t'sf] :jf?k
 ljBfly{sf] ;+Vof
lzIf0f ljlwsf] k|sf/x?
!_ lzIfs s]lGb|t ljlw

;
  k|jrg jf JofVo ljlw
 k|b{zg ljlw
 ;f]wk'5 ljlw
 cfudg lgudg ljlw
s_ k|jrg jf JofVofg ljlw
o; ljlwdf lzIfs jQmf / ljBfly{ >f]tfsf] ?kdf /xG5g .lzIf0fdf lzIfsnfO{ d'Vo
:yfg lbOG5 / g]kfndf a9L k|rngdf /x]sf] ljlw xf]
o; ljlwsf] ljz]iftfx?
 ljBfly{nfO lqmofl;n,l;kd'ns tyf Ifdtfjg agfpgf ;Sb}gf
 ljBfyL{ lglZqmo tyf lzIfs ;lqmo x'G5g
 ljBfyL{sf] ?lr / cfj:otfnfO{ Vofn ul/b}gf
 5f]6f] ;dodf w]/} hfgsf/L lbg cflb
v_ k|b{zg ljlw
s'g} klg s'/fsf] gd'gf k|Zt't u/]/f r/0f r/0fdf lzIfsn] JofVo u/]/f l;sfpg]
ljlw k|b{zg ljlw xf] ,;fgf sIffsf] nflu a9L pkof]lu x'g] o; ljlwsf] d'Vo l;4fGt
cg's/0f xf]
o; ljlwsf] ljz]iftfx?
 ;}bflGts / k|of]ufTds b'a} ljifodf k|of]u ug]{ ;lsg]
 cg's/0f ul/ l;sfOsf] ljsf; x'g]
 ljBfyL{n] ;lhn} ;+uf wf/0f agfpgf ;Sg]
 lbuf] l;sfO x'g]

;
 @_ ljBfyL{ s]Gb|t ljlw
 vf]h ljlw
 k|of]ufTds ljlw
 ;j]{If0f ljlw
 z}lIfs e|d0f ljlw
 kl/of]hgf ljlw
 ;d:of ;dwfg ljlw cflb
vf]h ljlw
o; ljlwdf ljBfyL{nfO s'g} ;d:of lbO ;dwfg vf]Hgf nufOG5 ,h;af6
ljBfyL{df gofF s'/f kTtf nufpg] Ifdtfsf] lasf; x'G5 .o; ljlwdf lgb]{lzt
/ cfb]lzt ul/ b'O r/0fdf ug]{ ;lsG5
o; ljlwnfO{ cg';Gwfg ljlw klg elgG5
;d:ofsf] klxrfg ug]{ ;S5g
lrGtg / tfls{s z}lnsf] lasf; x'G5
lzsfOdf :jftGqtf x'G5
vf]h ljlwsf r/0fx?
;d:ofsf] k|:t'lts/0f
pko'Qm jftj/0f
;'rgf tyf tYo ;+sng
ljZn]ifg jf kl/If0f
d'Nofªsg
 ;d:of ;dwfg ljlw

;
 lzIf0fdf lzIfsn] ljBfyL{ ;dIf ;d:of /fv]/f ljBfyL{n] ;dwfg ug]{
nufpg] ljlw ;d:of ;dwfg ljlw xf]
;d:o ;dwfg ljlwsf] r/0fx?
;d:ofsf] klxrfg
kl/sNkgfsf] lgdf0f{
tYofs ;+sng
tYofs ljZn]ifg
lgZsif{sf] kl/If0f
clGtd lgisif{
 kl/of]hgf ljlw
/l;ofg lj4fg h] P :6f]e]G;n] k|ltkfbg u/]sf] ljlw xf] ,o;df ;+u;u}
a;]/f tyf u/]/f l;Sg] ljlw kl/of]hgf ljlw xf]
ljBfyL{x? lqmofl;n x'g] ljlw
sd ;dodf w]/} 1fg lngf ;lsG5
l;sf? l;sfOk|lt lhDd]j/ / pt/bfxL x'G5g
o; ljlwsf] r/0fx?
;d:ofsf] klxrfg
pb]Zo
of]hgf
sfo{Gjfog
d'Nofªsg
clen]lvs/0f
#_ cGt/lqmofTds ljlw

;
 5nkmn ljlw
k|Zgf]t/ ljlw
;d'x lzIf0f
s'g ljifo lzIf0fsf nflu s'g ljlw pko'Qm x'G5
cfudg tyf lgudg ljlw ,g]kfnL lzIf0f
k|of]ufTds tyf vf]h ljlw lj1fg
k|b{zg ljlw ul0ft
:ynut e|d0f tyf kl/of]hgf ljlw ;fdflhs

lzIf0f ;fdu|Lsf] cy{ ,jlu{s/0f

kf7oqm|dsf pb]Zox? kl/k"ltsf nflu,lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfk yk ;/n ,;xh
,k|efjsf/L,Jofjxfl/s ,u'0f:t/Lo cflb agfpgfsf] nflu lzIf0f l;sfO{ lqmofsnfkdf
k|of]u x'g] pko'Qm j:t'nfO{ z}lIfs ;fdu|L elgG5
 xhf/ zAb af]n]/f eGbf Pp6f lrqaf6 a9L :ki6 ?kdf a'lemG5 ,
sGko"l;o;
 I hare I forget
I see I remember
I do I understand

;
 lzIf0f l;sfO{ ;fdu|Lsf] dxTjf
d'Nofªsg / kl/Iff

 dfkg ,kl/Iff / d'Nofªgdf km/s

dfkg kl/Iff d'Nofªsg !_dfkg d'Nofªsg
kl/IFff d'Nofªsgsf] dfkg / kl/Iff af6
ug]{Ps tl/sf xf] Ps k4lt xf] h'g cfPsf] glthfsf]
h'g ;+Vofdf 1fgfTds If]qsf] n]vfhf]vf ul/ lg0f{o
lgwf{/0f x'G5 lgwf{/0f xf] lng] ;fWo xf]
@_of] slxn]sfxL of] slxn]sfxL x'g] of] lg/Gt/ rln/xg]
rNg] k|lqmof xf] ;fdflos sfo{qmd xf] k|lqmof xf]
#_d'Nofªsgsf] ljBfly{sf] 1fg,Ifdtf, ljBfly{sf] sdhf]/L
Ps efu xf] ?lr,sdhf]/L kTtf jf Ifdtf kTtf nufO
kTtf nufpG5 ;'wf/df Wofg lbG5

d'Nofªsg

;
  ljBfly{sf] l;sfO pknAwLsf] n]vfhf]vf ug]{,;'wf/ ug]{.lzIf0f l;sfO k|lqmofdf
ePsf] sldsdhf]/L x6fpg],pb]Xo cg'?k lzIf0f l;sfO pknAwL xfl;n ug]{ ul/
ul/g] lzIf0f lqmofsnfk g} d'Nofªsg xf]
 d'Nofªsg eg]sf] ljBfno ,sIff / :jfod cfkm'4f/f lgwf{/0f z}lIfs pb]Zox?sf]
k|fKtLdf ljBfly{sf] k|utLsf] n]vfhf]vf eGg] a'lemG5 ,d'Nofªsgsf] k|d'v Wo]o
ljBfyL{sf] l;sfOnfO lgb]{lzt / cu|;/ u/fpg' xf] h]D; ln

d'Nofªsgsf k|sf/x?
d'Nofªsgsf] cawf/0f rLgjf6 ;'? ePkgL d'Nofªsgsf] cfw'lgs ljsf;
klZrdL b]zsf] b]g xf] .;g !^*& df :sfO|a]g n] d'NofªsgnfO @ efudf -
lgdf0fTds / lg0f{ofTds _ ul/ @ efudf ljefhg ul/Psf] x'gfn] d'NofªsnfO{
ljz]0f ul/ @ efudf af8]/f cWofg ul/G5 ,t/f xn ablnbf] ;do cg';f/
d'NofªsgnfO{ $ efudf ljefhg ul/Psf] kfOG5
!_ k|/lDes jf :yfg lgwf{/0f d'Nofªsg
Placement evulation
s'g} klg JolQmsf] ;'?df g} ?rL,Ifdtf,rfxfgf / cj:otf klxrfg ul/G5
h;nfO{ k|j]z Jofaxf/ klg elgG5 ,ljBfyL{sf] k'j{ 1fg kTtf nufpgf ;s]
lzIf0f l;sfO ;xh / k|efjsf/L x'g]5 ,ljBfno jf ljZjljBfnodf lnOg] kl/Iff
:yfg lgwf{/0f d'Nofªsgsf] ?kdf lngf ;lsG5
@_lgdf0f{Tds d'Nofªsg Formative evaluation
 o;nfO ;'wf/fTds jf /rgfTds d'Nofªgsf] ?kdf klg lngf ;lsG5 ,
 lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfk jf s'g} klg z}lIfs of]h gf sfo{Gjfogsf] l;nl;nfdf
To;nfO ;'wf/ ug]{ lg/Gt/ ?kdf ul/g] d'Nofªsg g} lgdf{0fTds d'Nofªsg xf]
 ljBfyL{sf] sld sdhf]/L kTtf nufO To;nfO ;'wf/ ug'{ o; d'Nofªsgsf] d'Vo
pb]Zo xf]

;
  lnlvt,d}lvs,cGt/jftf{,xflh/hjfkm,sIffsfo{,u[xsfo{,PsfO kl/Iff cflb o;sf]
d'Nofªsg k|lqmof xf]
 direct feedback into on going program is called
formactive evulation , Antes
 lgdf0f{Tds d'Nofsgsf] ljz]iftfx?
 lzIf0f l;sfOsf] qmddf b]vf k/]sf ljleGg vfn]
;d:of / q'l6x?sf] lg/fs/0f ug]{ tTsfn k[i7kf]ifg lbg]
 ljBfyL{sf] ;Dk'0f{ cg'ej / Jofaxf/sf] b}lgs
n]vfhf]v fug]{
 l;sf?nfO cfkmgf] sld sdhf]/Laf/] hfgsf/L lbg
#_ lgbfgfTds d'Nofªsg
lgdf0f{Tds d'Nofªsgaf6 xn ug]{ g;lsPsf / af/Da/ bf]xf]/Lg] l;sfO ;d:of jf
sl7gfOx?sf] lgbfg ug{ lgbfgfTds d'Nofªg ul/G5 ,o;n] hl6n ;d:ofsf] cfwf/e't
sf/0f vf]hL ;d:ofsf] ;dwfg ub{5 o;nfO lgdf0f{Tds d'Nofªsgsf] ?kdf klg x]gf{
;lsF5 .
 o;sf] k|d'v pb]Zo ljBfyL{x?sf] sl7gfO kTtf nufO ;'wf/fTds / pkrf/Tds
sfo{sf] dfu{ lgwf{/0f ug'{ xf]'
 of] d'Nofªsgsf nfuL ljBfyL}x?sf] Jofaxf/sf] canf]sg,cGt/jftf{ ,JolQmut
cWofg cflb pkrf/fTds ljlwaf6 ul/G5
 o;sf] ljz]iftfx?
 ljBfyL{df x'g] ljleGg k|sf/sf] l;sfO ;d:of kTtf nufO ;dwfgsf] af6f]
vf]lhG5
 cfGtl/s ;xof]usf nflu pkof]lu x'G5
 of] Ps ;'wf/fTds jf pkrf/Tds lzIf0f k|lqmof xf]

;
 

$_ lg0f{ofTds d'Nofªsg
sfo{qmdsf] cTodf jf z}lIfs zqsf] cTodf pb]Zoadf]lhd pknlAw k|fKt eof] jf
eogf eGg] s'/fsf] kl/If0f ul/ plgx?sf] :t/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ d'Nofªsg g} lg0f{ofTds
d'Nofªsg g} lg0f{ofTds d'Nofªsg xf] ,h;nfO clGtd d'Nofªsgsf] gfdn] klg
lrlgG5 . o; d'Nofªsgsf] d'Vo pb]Zo g} pknAwLsf] tx jf :t/ / >]0fL lgwf{/0f ug'{
xf]
cw{aflif{s kl/Iff,aflif{s kl/Iff ,:yflgo,lhNnf,k|b]z,;3 :t/Lo kl/Iff
 o;sf] ljz]iftfx?
 of] lglZr ;dodf ;+~rfng ul/G5
 o;n] pknAwL xfl;n ePsf] jf gePsf] n]vfhf]vf u5{
 of] kf;,km]n 5'6\ofpgf tyf k|df0fkq lbg k|of]u ul/G5
 ljBfyL{sf] k|ult,ljsf; Pjd lj:tf/ / :t/ yfxf kpg

d'Nofªsgsf ;fwgx?
!_ kl/Iff
s_lnlvt kl/Iff
lnlvt kl/Iff @ k|sf/sf] x'G5
laifout kl/Iff / a:t'ut kl/Iff
v_ df}lvs kl/Iff

;
 u_ k|of]ufTds kl/Iff
@+_ 36gfj[t clen]v
s'g} klg ljBfly{df 36]sf d'Vo / dxTjk'0f{ cfwf/ dfg]/f tof/ kfl/Psf] 36gf g}
36gfj[t clen]v xf]
#_ ;+l~rt clen]v
s'g} klg ljBfyL{ ljBfnodf k|j]z ug]{ ;fy k|To]ssf] cnu cnu JolQmut ljj/0f
kmf/d v8f ul/ pQm kmfOndf plgx?sf] ;fdflhs,kfl/jf/Ls,tyf z}lIfs ljj/0fx?
;+sng u/]/f /flvPsf] ljj/0fnfO{ ;+l~rt clen]v elgG5
$_k|ZgfjnL
lglZrg ;d:of jf laifoa:t'af/] s'g} lsl;dsf] ;'rgf k|fKt ug]{sf nflu ;+ul7t
Pjd\ qmdj4?kdf lgdf0f{ Pjd ljsf; ul/Psf] k|Zgx?sf] >[ªvnf g} k|ZgfjnL xf]
%_ 36gf cWofg
^_ cGt/jftf{
S'g} klg ljifoj:t'df s]lGbt /x]/f pb]Zod'ns / l;nl;nfa4 9+un] s'/fsflg ug]{
k|lqmofnfO cGt/jftf{ elgG5 . cGt/jftf{ Ps k|sf/sf] df}lvs k|ZgjnL xf]
 k|ylds lzIff kf7oqmd @)^@ / ^$ sf] sIff ! b]vL % ;Ddfsf nflu
d'Nofªsgsf] cfwf/x?
 sIff sfo{
 kl/of]hgf sfo{
 Jofaxf/ kl/jt{g
 l;hfgfTds sfo{
 xflh/L

;
  cfwf/e't txsf] kf7oqmd sIff ^ b]vL & ;Ddf
 kl/of]hgf sfo{
 sIff ;xefflutf
 l;sfO ;DaGw l;h{gfTds sfo{
 sIff sfo{
 pknlAw kl/Iff
 l;sfO Jofaxf/df cfPsf] kl/jt{g
 cGo
 d'Nofªsgsf] ljz]iftfx?
 ljZj;lgotf
 j}wtf
 j:t'lg:7tf
 Jofkstf
 lg/Gt/tf
 pkof]lutf cflb
 lg/Gt/ d'Nofªsg k|0fnL

kl/Iffsf]cy{
s'g} a:t' jf JolQmdf lglxt u'0fsf] :y/Ls/0f ug]{sf nflu k|of]u ul/g] ;fwg g} kl/Iff
xf] ,h;af6 JolQmsf] 1g, l;k,Ifdtf dfkg ul/G5 ,kl/Iff Ps of]hgfa4 k|lqmof xf]
hxf lglZrt k|lqmofx? canDag ul/G5
ljifout / j:t'ut k|Zgx?
h'g kl/Iffdf ljBfly{x?n] cfkmgf] df}lns ljrf/ / cleAolQmsf] k|of]u ul/ pt/ lbgf
;Sb5g h;nfO ljifout k|Zg elg lglrG5

;
  k|Zgkq lgdf0f+{
k|Zgkqsf] z'4tf,ljZjklgotf,j}wtf,:t/ cflbsf] cfwf/df kl/Iffsf] ;kmntf jf
c;kmntf lge{/ /xG5 .k|Zgx?n] ;s];Dd ;Dk'0f{ ljifoj:t'nfO ;d]6gf ;Sg'
kb{5 .k|Zgkqz? ljifout tyf a:t'ut b'j} k|sf/sf] x'gf kb{5
 lg/Gt/ ljBfly{ d'Nofªsg k|lqmof
/flvPsf] nIo tyf pb]Zo s] slt ?kdf k|Ktf eof],s] s:tf sdhf]/Lx?
5g,pknAwL s] slt ?kdf k|Ktf eof] cflb hfra'em ug]{ sfo g} lg/Gt/
d'Nofªsg k|lqmof xf] ,
h;nfO ;'wf/fTds d'Nofªsg eg]/f klg lrlgG5.
sIff sfo{,u[x sfo{, kl/of]hgf sfo{ cflbaf6 of] d'Nofªsg ug] ;lsG5 .
o;df ljBfly{nfO tTsfn} cfj:os ;'emfa,;'wf/sf] sfo{ / pkrf/Tds lzIf0f
l;sfO ckgfpg] ul/G5

lg/Gt/ d'Nofªsg nfu' ug'{sf] d'Vo pb]Zo

 k|efjsf/L l;sfO ;xlhs/0fsf] dfWofdaf6 ljBfly{df ck]lIft l;sfO

pknAwL xfl;n ug'{
 ljBfly{sf] l;sfO pknAwLsf] j}wtf / ljZj;lgotfdf ;'wf/ ug]{
 k|efjsf/L l;sfO / sfo{Aofaxf/df ;xof]u k'/\ofpg
 l;sfO sd ePsf ljBfly{x?nfO ;'wf/fTds lzIf0f ug]{
 h]xGbf/ ljBfly{sf nflu k|f]T;fxg / sdhf]/ ljBfly{sf nflu ljz]if dxTj
lbg
 l;sfOnfO ;'lglZr ug{ ;xlhs/0f ug'{

;
  lg/Gt/ ljBfly{ d'Nofªsgsf] tl/sf / ;fwgx?
 cjnf]sg
 sIff sfo{
 df}lvs sfo{
 kl/of]hgf tyf k|of]ufTds sfo{
 ;xkf7L d'Nofªsg
 cleefjsf] k|ltlqmof
 u[xsfo{
 lnlvt kl/Iff cflb
sIff ! b]vL % ;Ddfsf] d'Nofªsgsf] dfkb08f
 sIff ;xeflutf
 kl/of]hgf sfo{
 Jofjxf/ kl/jt{g
 l;h{gfTds sfo{
 sIff sfo{
g]kfndf ljBfly{ d'Nofªsgsf] jt{df0f cj:yf
 sIff ! b]vL # ;Ddf !)) k|lt;t lg/Gt/ d'Nofªsg k|0fnL
 sIff $ / % df %) k|lt;t cfjlws d'Nofªsg / %) k|lt;t lg/Gt/
d'Nofªsg
 sIff ^ / & df ^) k|lt;t cfjlws d'Nofªsg / $) k|lt;t lg/Gt/
d'Nofªsg
 sIff * df u|]8 lgwf{/0f
 sIff (,!@ df cIf+/s lzIff k|0fnL
 cIf/fªsg k|0fnL
 /fli6«o kf7oqmd ljsf; tyf d'Nofªsg kl/ifbn]

;
 @)&! ;fn d+lz/ @$ df a;]sf] a}7fsdf dfWoflds lzIff ptL0f{ kl/Iff
P;Pn;L k/LIffnfO cIf+/fsg k4tLdf nfu' ug]{ lg0f{o ul/Psf] xf] ;'?df
k|ljlws tyf Jofj;flxs ljBfnodf nfu' ul/Psf] xf]
 /fli6«o kf7oqmd ljsf; tyf d'Nofªsg kl/ifbsf] ldlt @)&@–*–@# sf]
a}7saf6 kfl/b eO g]kfn ;/sf/ lzIff dGqfnosf] ldlt @)&@–*–@$ sf]
lg0f{ocg';f/ ljBfno lzIffdf cIf+\/fª\s k4lt sfo{of]hgf sfo{ljlw @)&@
cg';f/ g]kfndf z}=; @)&@ af6 ;a} vfn] P;Pnl; kl/Iffdf nfu' ul/g]
 klxnf] ;+zf]wg @)&@,!@,^ ;'?df ^ u|]8 lyof] / xfn ( j6f u|]8
agfPsf] xf]
 @)&#–!@–!& df kl/ifbsf] a}7fsn] bf];|f] ;+zf]wg
 @)&$–!)–!& df t];|f] ;+zf]wg
 @)&%–%–! Df rf}Fyf] ;+zf]wg
sIff * b]vL !@ ;Ddf sfod ul/Psf] u|]8 tl/sf
qm k|fKtfª u|]8 JofVo point
! () b]vL !)) A+ Outstanding 4.0
@ *) b]vL () eGbf A Excellent 3.6
# &)b]vL *)eGbf sd B+ Very good 3.2
$ ^)b]vL &)eGbf sd B good 2.8
% %)b]vL ^) eGbf c+ satisfactory 2.4
^ $) b]lv %) ;Ddf c Acceptable 2.0
]& #) b]vL $) ;Ddf D+ Partiallty 1.6
acceptable
* @) b]lv #) ;Ddf D Insufficient 1.2
( @) eGbf sd E Very 0.8
insufficient

;
 z}lIfs Joa:yfkg / z}Ifl0fs ;+u7g
sIffsf]7fsf] Joa:yfkg
 lzIf0f l;sfOsf nflu pko'Qm aftfj/0f lzh{gf ug'{ g} sIffsf]7f Joa:yfkg xf]
 ljBfly{sf] l;sfOnf k|yldstf lbb} ljBfly{sf] ?lr,Ifdtf,cj:oftf tyf k|ljlwsf]
Joj:yfkg ub} afnaflnsfsf] ult / Ifdtfcg';f/ /dfOnf] tyf afnd}qL
afta/0fdf l;Sg] ca;/ lzh{gf ug'{ g} pko'Qm sIffsf]7f Joj:yfkg xf]
 sIffsf]7fsf] ef}lts Joa:yfkg,z}lIfs ;fdlu|sf] Joa:yfkg nufPt lzIf0f
lqmofsnfksf] Joa:yfk g} sIffsf]7fsf] Joa:yfkg xf]
sIffsf]7f Joj:yfkgsf] dxTj
 l;sf?sf] pd]/ ,rxfg cg\'s'n jftj/0f lzh{g fug]{,zfGt jftj/0f to
ug]{,lzsfOnfO cy{k'0f{ Pjd d"t?k lbg ,3fd,kfgL ,xfjf cflbaf6 arfpg
cflb
sIffsf]7fdf ljljBtf Joj:yfkg
 eflifs Joj:yfkg
ax'efifsf] dfWofdaf6 lzIf0f ug]{
dft[efifdf lzIf0f ug]{
pRrf ?kdf z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u ug]{
dft[efiff af]Ngf hfGg] ljBfly{sf] dbt lng] cflb
 nf}Fªlus Joj:yfkg
sIffsf]7fdf 5fq5fqf ljrsf] a;fOdf /f]6];g u/fpg].
5fq5fqf b'j} ldnfP/f ;d'x lgdf0f{ ug]{ / 5nkmn ug]{ nufpg] .

;
 ;d'xdf g]t[Tjsf] x]/km]/ u/fpg] ,
n}ª\lus ;dflxs/0fsf] efiff k|of]u ug]{
 ;fdflhs tyf ;+:s[lts Joj:tyfkg
;a} ljBfly{sf] ;+:s[tL tyf ;fdflhs d"No dfGotfnfO ;+/If0f ug]{
lzIfsn] ;a}vfn] ljBfly{x?ljr ;s/fTds / ;dfg b[li6sf]0f /fVg]
lzIfsn] kIf kftsf] efjgf ljsf; gug]{
 z}Ifl0fs ;+u7gsf k|sf/x?
 sIff lzIf0f
Pp6f sIffsf] ;a} ljifox? Pp6} lzIfsn] cWofkg u/fpg] sfo{nfO s|Iff
lzIf0f elgG5 ,o; k|sf/sf] lzIf0f k|ylds txdf pko\'Qm x'G5 .
o; lzIf0fsf kmfObfx?
 ljBfly{sf] ?lr,Ifdtf,rxfgf kTtf nufpgf ;xh x'g]
 ljBfly{n] ;lhnf} ;+uf aemg]
 lzIfs ;ljBfly{ ljr 3lgi6 ;DaGw /xg]
 lzIfsnfO sIfut lhdd]jf/sf] jf]w x'G5
sIff lzIf0fsf a]kmfObfx?
 lzIfs ;a} ljifodf bIf gx'gf ;S5
 lzIfs ljbfdf a:bf sIff vfnL x'G5
 Pp6} lzIfs lbge/L cWofg u/fpbf ljBfly{nfO lbSs nfU5
 b}lgs kf7of]hgf tyf z}lIfs ;|fduL 5gf]6 ug]{ sl7g x'G5
 ljifo lzIf0f
leGg leGg} ljifo leGg leGg} lzIfsn] cWoffkg u/fpg] Joj:yf laifo lzI|f0f xf]
,of] g]kfndf k|rlnt k4tL xf] / of] dflyNnf] sIfdf pkof]lu x'G5 .
kmfObfx?
 ljifo lzIfs of]Uo / bIf x'G5
 ljifo lzIf0fsf nflu cfTdljZj;L x'G5g lzIfs

;
  cWofkg ;fdu|L ;+sng ug]{ ;xh x'G5
 ljBfly{sf] tx cg';f/ lzIf0f x'G5

 ax'sIff lzIf0f
Pp6f lzIfssn] Ps eGbf a9L sIfdf Ps} ;dodf k7gkf7g ug'{ ax'sIff
lzIf0f xf] ,lzIfs sd ePsf] tyf ljBfly{ sd ePsf] ca:yfdf k|ylds txdf
lzIf0f ug]{ ;lsG5
 lzIfs b/jGbL sd ePsf] ca:yfdf
 ljBfly{ ;+Vof sd ePsf] ljBfnodf
 ljBfly{x?ljr tNnf] / dflyNnf] sIfsf ljBfly{ w'nldn x'G5g,
 ljBfly{ al9 lqmofl;n x'G5g
 ax'sIff ax':t/ lzIf0f MGML
 ef/tsf] cfGw| k|b]z l:yt Clif EofnL kmfpG8;gn] ;'? u/]sf] b'u{d
lzIff sfo{qmd Rishi valley center for education
Resource -RIVER gfds ;+:yfn] u/]sf] cWof; g} MGMLxf]
 g]kfndf @)^^ ;fnaf6 l;Gw'kfNrf]saf6 nfu' ePsf] xf]
 xfn g]kfndf sIff # ;Ddf nfu' ul/Psf] 5
 ljBfly{sf] l;sfO :tf/ pknlAw :t/nfO ;d]t b[li6ut u/L b'O jf b'O
eGbf a9L sIff / :t/sf afnaflnsfnfO Pp6} sIffsf]7fdf /flv
cfw'lgs tl/sfsf] lzIf0f ax'sIff ax':t/ lzIf0f k|lqmof xf]
ljBfnodf 4Gb Joj:yfkg

lzIfs tflnd / Ifdtf ljsf;

 s]xL JolQmdf lzIfsdf x'g'kg]{ u'0fx? hGdhft x'G5g s]xLnfO tflnd ,k|lzIf0f
cflbaf6 of]Uo / bIf agfOG5
;
  tflnd eg]sf] 1fg,;Lk,k|j[lt / Jofjxf/df kl/jt{gf Nofpg] k|ljlw xf]
 ultlzn ;do cg'?k lzIfg l;sfOdf cfO/x]sf lzIf0f ljlw,gljgtd k|ljlw
tyf l;4fGt cg'?k lzIf0f ug'{ lzIfssf] bflxTj xf] To;sf nflu lzIfsn]
lg/Gt/ k]zfut ljsf;sf] cfj:otf kb{5
 lzIfs x'gfsf nflu ljifoa:t'sf] 1g / cg'ejn] dfq k'Ub}gf
lzIfs tflndsf] Oltxf;
 lzIfs tflndsf] ?kdf @))$ df cfwf/ lzIff cGt/ut{ cfwf/ k|lzIf0f s]Gb|sf]
:yfkgf h;nfO lzIfs tflndsf] ;'?jt dfGg ;lsG5
 @)!! efb| @$ df /fli6«o lzIfs lzIf0f s]Gb|sf] :ykgf
 /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] ;'emfa cg';f/ lj; @)!$ df sn]h ckm Ph's];g
lzIfs lzIff dxfljBfno :ykgf ul/of] ,pQm sn]h ckm Ph's]zgdf P;Pnl;
kl5 $aif]{ ljP8,! aif]{ aLP8 / k|ylds lzIfssf nfuL !) dlxg] tflnd
;+!rfng ul/of]
 @)@* sf] /fl;kof] nfu' kl5 :yfoL lzIfs aGg tflndsf] Aoa:yf clgjfo{
ul/of]
 @)#% af6 /]l8of] lzIff lzIf0f cfof]hgf nfu'
 @)#& efb| @ af6 /]l8of] tflnd ;'?
 Kofs]h lzIff tflnd ck|fKtf P;Pnl; kf; lzIfsnfO tflnd lbg] pb]Zon]
;+~rflngt % dlxg] sfo{qmd lzIff dGqfnosf] cg'/f]wdf lqljljsf s]xL
SofDk;x?df @)#* ;fnaf6 ;'?
 ;]lt kl/of]hgfaf6 lj; @)#( df ;'? ul/Psf] @! Lbg] k|ylds lzIfs tflnd
 If]=lz=lg af6 ;'? ul/Psf] @)$$ fg !%) 306] cfwf/e't tflnd sfo{qmd
 k|ylds lzIff kl/of]hgfaf6 lj; @)$@ df ;'? ul/Psf] !%) 306] sfo{qmd

;
 z}lIfs cg';Gwfg
 cg';Gwfg zAb cª\u]lh zAb Research af6 cfPsf] xf] ,
Research zAb Re +search ag]sf] x'G5 h;sf] cy{ x'G5 k6s – k6s
jf jf/Djf/ vf]Hg'
 cg';Gwfg Pp6f k|lqmof xf] hxfF af6 gofF 1fg ,l;k k|fKt xf];
z}lIfs cg';Gwfg
 lzIff;+uf ;DalGwt ljleGg d'2f / ;d:ofsf] af/]df ul/g] cg';Gwf g} z}lIfs
cg'\;Gwfg xf] ,h;nfO sIff lzIf0f;+uf ;DalGwt eO ul/g] cg';Gwfg klg
elgG5
 o;df sIffsf]7f Aoa:yfkg,lzIff If]qsf] gofF gof 1fg / tYo kTtf
nufpg],z}lIfs ;d:ofnfO xn ug]{ vf]Hg] / cg';GwfnfO Aoaxf/df hf]8g] sfd
u5{
o;sf] dxTjf
 z}lIfs If]qdf b]vf k/]sf] ;d:of klxrfg ul/ ;fwfg ug]{
 gofF gofF 1fg k|ljlwsf] vf]lh ug]{
 z}lIfs k|lqmofsf] k|efjsf/Ltfdf ljsf; ug]{
 kf7oqmd,kf7ok':t,lzIf0f ljwL cflbdf ;'wf/ Nofpg\
 lzIfsf] cfw'lgs wf/0fsf] ljsf; ug]{
36gf cWofg / sfo{d'ns cg';Gwfg