BAHIR DAR UNIVERSITY

BAHIR DAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING
STREAM OF COMMUNICATION
HOSTING COMPANY: FM Broadcasting Station for Bahir Dar University

INTERNSHIP REPORT BY ID NO

Betelehem Mulat……………...BDU 1209107

Eden Temesgen……………….BDU 1209117

Yeweynishet Feleke…………..BDU 1209166

Advisor: Lijaddis G.

October, 2024
BAHIR DAR, ETHIOPIA
DECLARATION
As already known we are fifth-year electrical engineering students at Bahir Dar Institute
of Technology, and we participated in an internship program at the FM Broadcasting
Station for Bahir Dar University. In this report we have tried to list the overall aspects of
the internship experience that we did for the past one months under the help and guidance
of our advisors Mr. Lijaddis G. with kind full approach. As known we went out for this
internship program for a short period of time therefore, we couldn’t work enough since
the time were not going well as we thought. So we would like to ask the concerned body
to understand the situation we came through. At last, we would like to notify you that this
report is done accordingly within the given format of the internship report writing
guideline.

Name of student Signature Date

Bethlehem Mulat …………….. ………..

Eden Temesgen …………….. .……….

Yeweynishet Feleke …………….. ………..

This report has been submitted for examination with our approval as university advisor.

Advisor Signature Date

Mr. Lijaddis G. ……………... …………

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
First of all, we would like to thank God for being with us in every up and down. Next, we
would like to thank Bahir Dar University institute of technology for its great concern in
our education and the offer of this internship program so that we will be able to practice
in the real world that we have learned so far. Next, we would like to acknowledge FM
broadcasting station for Bahir Dar University who accepted our request and assign a
person to show everything there. We would also like to thank the technical manager and
supervisor, Mr. Hagos T., who accepted our request and guided us with a very kind and
humble approach. Besides we are also grateful for those workers of who welcomed and
allowed us their workplaces for showing up the overall controlling and monitoring
systems.
we are also pleased to thank all those who have directly or indirectly supported and
encouraged us to accomplish this program; as well as for those who gave their time and
encouraged us during practical training and writing of this report.
Generally, this internship has made us possess great knowledge and the coworkers played
a great role in spending a great time

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION..................................................................................... i

ACKNOWLEDGMENT ........................................................................ ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................iii

LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................... vi

LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................... vii

LIST OF ACRONYMS .......................................................................viii

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................... ix

CHAPTER ONE..................................................................................... 1

1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................. 1

1.1 Background of Bahir Dar University ............................................... 1

1.2 Vision, Mission, and Core values .................................................... 1

1.2.1 Vision ........................................................................................ 1

1.2.2 Mission ...................................................................................... 1

1.2.3 Core values ................................................................................ 2

1.3 Objectives of BDU ........................................................................... 2

1.4 Main Service of FMBSBDU ............................................................ 2

1.5 Main Customers ............................................................................... 2

1.6 Overall organization structure of the company ................................ 3

1.9 Worker Holders of the company ...................................................... 4

1.10 Production process of the company ............................................... 4

1.10.1 Radio Production Process ....................................................... 4

CHAPTER TWO .................................................................................... 5

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2. Overall Internship Experience ............................................................ 5

2.1 Objectives of the internship .............................................................. 5

2.1.1 General Objective ...................................................................... 5

2.1.2 Specific objectives ..................................................................... 5

2.2 How we got into the Company ......................................................... 6

2.3 Work stations .................................................................................... 6

2.3.1 Overall system components and operations of radio

Broadcasting System ................................................................. 6

2.4 Major Duties of the Intern .............................................................. 21

2.5 Challenges We Faced and Measures Taken ................................... 21

CHAPTER THREE .............................................................................. 22

3. Benefits Gained from the Internship ................................................ 22

3.1 Improving Practical Skills .............................................................. 22

3.2 Improving Theoretical Knowledge ................................................ 23

3.3 Interpersonal Communication Skills .............................................. 23

3.4 Team Playing Skill ......................................................................... 23

3.5 Leadership Skills ............................................................................ 24

CHAPTER FOUR ................................................................................ 25

4. PROPOSAL FOR THE PROJECT .................................................. 25

Abstract ................................................................................................. 25

4.1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................... 25

4.2 Literature Review ........................................................................... 25

4.3 Statement of problem ..................................................................... 27

4.4 OBJECTIVES................................................................................. 27

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4.4.1 General Objective .................................................................... 27

4.4.2 Specific Objective .................................................................... 27

4.5 Methodology .................................................................................. 27

4.6 Scope of the project ........................................................................ 28

4.7 Work plan (time frame) .................................................................. 29

4.8 Budget and Resource ...................................................................... 30

CHAPTER FIVE .................................................................................. 31

5. Conclusion and Recommendation .................................................... 31

5.1 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 31

5.2 Recommendation ............................................................................ 31

5.2.1 Recommendation for the FMBSBDU ..................................... 31

5.2.2 Recommendation for the Faculty ............................................ 32

5.2.3 Recommendation for the UIL ................................................. 32

References ............................................................................................ 33

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. 1 overall organization of the company ........................................................................................ 3
Figure 1. 2 radio production process .......................................................................................................... 4
Figure 2. 1 electromagnetic spectrum ........................................................................................................ 7
Figure 2. 2 acoustic wall............................................................................................................................8
Figure 2. 3 location of diaphragm in a microphone...................................................................................8
Figure 2. 4 operation of dynamic microphone...........................................................................................9
Figure 2. 5studio microphone....................................................................................................................9
Figure 2. 6 condenser microphone capsule ...............................................................................................10
Figure 2. 7 patch panel ..............................................................................................................................11
Figure 2. 8 telos .........................................................................................................................................12
Figure 2.9 audio mixer ..............................................................................................................................13
Figure 2. 10 talk back ................................................................................................................................13
Figure 2. 11 radio transmitter ....................................................................................................................15
Figure 2.12 multi sentry ............................................................................................................................16
Figure 2.13 operational of transmitter .......................................................................................................17
Figure 2. 14 AM radio ..............................................................................................................................17
Figure 2. 15 FM Modulation .....................................................................................................................18
Figure 2. 16 dipole link antenna ................................................................................................................19
Figure 4.1 Block diagram .........................................................................................................................26
Figure 4.2 methodology ............................................................................................................................28

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1 Dynamic versus Condenser ................................................................................................. 10

Table 4.1 work plan (time frame) ....................................................................................................... 29

Table 4.2budget and resource ............................................................................................................ 30

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LIST OF ACRONYMS
A/DC…………Analog to Digital Converter
ACU………….Antenna Control Unit
AM…………...Amplitude Modulation
BDU………….Bahir Dar University
CER………….Central Equipment Room
CTA…………Central Technical Area
D/AC………...Digital to Analog Convertor
DSP………….Digital Signal Processing
DVD…………Digital Video Disk
EMW………...Electromagnetic Wave
FMBSBDU…..FM Broadcasting Station for Bahir Dar University
GPS…………..Global Positioning System
HPA………….High Power Amplifier
IP…………….Internet Protocol
LAN…………Local Area Network
RDAR……….Radio Detection and Ranging
SHF…………Super High Frequency
TX…………..Transmitter
UHF………...Ultra-High Frequency
VHF………...Very High Frequency
WAN……….Wide Area Network
WLAN……...Wireless Local Area Network

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This report summarizes our one-month internship at the FM Broadcasting Station for
Bahir Dar University. The primary objective of the internship was to apply theoretical
knowledge gained in electrical engineering to practical tasks, particularly in the field of
radio production and transmission. During this period, we worked closely with the
station’s technical team, learning about the components and operations of FM
broadcasting systems, including microphones, audio mixers, and transmitters.
Despite some challenges, such as limited supervision and time constraints , FM service of
the company that doesn't include TV, the internship allowed us to gain valuable practical
skills, improve our theoretical understanding, and develop interpersonal and teamwork
abilities. In addition, we identified areas where the station could enhance its services and
provide better experiences for future interns.
The report also includes a proposal for upgrading the current 1kW FM transmitter to a
2kW system and to change the omnidirectional antenna which the company used before
to directional antenna. This upgrade aims to extend the station’s broadcast range, improve
signal clarity, and enhance the overall quality of its services to the community. The
proposal outlines the necessary resources, including a new transmitter, antenna systems,
and technical adjustments.
Overall, this internship was a rewarding experience, providing us with essential insights
into the professional world and preparing us for future careers in the engineering field.

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CHAPTER ONE
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of Bahir Dar University
Bahir Dar University FM Radio is a community-focused station, designed to facilitate
educational outreach and local development. It serves as a bridge between the university
and the surrounding community, offering programs that address academic topics, social
issues, and local culture. The station supports student training in media and
communication, providing practical experience in radio production. Additionally, the
radio is used to disseminate important information swiftly and affordably, especially to
rural areas where other forms of media are less accessible
Bahir Dar University is one of the oldest universities in existence, and although it shares
its ideas and work with the community through various social media, such as Facebook
and X, but it was not possible to reach the majority of the community, and it was
proposed to broadcast FM radio service to the community of Bahir Dar and the
surrounding area. In 2005E.C, from Ethiopia Broadcasting received a license for
community radio service, and it could not be started for 6 years due to internal structure
problems. However, it started its pilot broadcast in 2011E.C. It continued to broadcast
regular programs in 2012E.C, among the broadcast programs of Bahir Dar University
community radio” መክሊት፣ ዝክረ-ሰብ፣ ካምፓሰኛ፣ ሳቅ-ቁምነገር፣ ጥበብ-ስፖርት” and also
Educational and entertaining radio programs are provided.

1.2 Vision, Mission, and Core values

1.2.1 Vision
The vision of the Bahir Dar University is to become one of the ten premier research
universities in Africa in 2025 recognized for its quality education, research and outreach
activities.
1.2.2 Mission
The mission of the Bahir Dar University is to contribute substantially for social, cultural,
economic, political, scientific and technological development of the nation; through the
provision of high quality education, active engagement in research and outreach activities
for the betterment of life, while offering our employees a conducive and rewarding
working environment that values, recognizes and appreciates their contributions.

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1.2.3 Core values

Fulfilling its mission and achieving its vision the Bahir Dar University will uphold,
promote and be guided by the following core values:
 Quality- University product should be of high quality and the University staffs
continuously strive for excellence in their academic and administrative endeavors.
 Integrity in all our activities we will act with the quality of being honest and with
strong moral principles
 Transparency- rules, regulations and decision makings at all levels to be
transparent.
 Accountability- University staff performing duties in an accountable manner and
taking full responsibility for actions and decisions they take thereof.
 Rule of law- University community believe in rule of law and act accordingly.
 Equality the University is an equal opportunity employer and teaching institution
regardless of gender, status in society, ethnic background or religious affinity. The
University management never discriminates among its employees and treats them
on merit bases and respects their contributions.
 Promote diversity-Advancement of human and intellectual diversity to enrich the
academic community and to overcome the barriers separating individuals,
populations and culture.

1.3 Objectives of BDU

To contribute substantially for social, cultural, economic, political, scientific and
technological development of the nation; through the provision of high quality education,
active engagement in research and outreach activities for the betterment of life, while
offering our employees a conducive and rewarding working.

1.4 Main Service of FMBSBDU

The main product of the company transmitting information through Radio. Frankly
speaking, it serves as a source of knowledge and information for the university
community and Bahir Dar city and surrounding community.

1.5 Main Customers

The main customers of FMBSBDU are peoples who in the university community are well
as who living in Bahir Dar and surrounding community. The customers of the

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organization are mainly the society of Bahir Dar city and surrounding.
 Society of BDU
 Student of BDU
 People of Bahir Dar city

1.6 Overall organization structure of the company

Figure 1. 1 overall organization of the company

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1.9 Worker Holders of the company

The main stakeholders of the company:

 Journalists
 Editor
 Technician
 Community

1.10 Production process of the company

The circuit is divided into two parts i.e on Air (analog) part and the production (digital)
part. The on Air part is containing a microphone, mixer, audio amplifier.
The production part contains a microphone, production mixer, production pc, server, on-
air pc. These is only radio productions; the production process is summarized below using
a diagram.
1.10.1 Radio Production Process

The process of radio production shown in the figure below;

Figure 1.2 radio production process

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CHAPTER TWO
2. Overall Internship Experience
2.1 Objectives of the internship
The one-month internship program comprises of general and specific objectives, both
added to produce skilled manpower in engineering aspects.
2.1.1 General Objective
The internship course aims to understand and facilitate involvements obtained in the
internship and to enhance academic performance by application in the internship setting.
Internships will provide students the opportunity to test their interest in a particular career
before permanent commitments are made. Also, this program is very essential to know the
work ethics of an interesting career. Besides all this, it is important because;
 An internship will provide students the opportunity to develop attitudes conducive
to effective interpersonal relationships.
 Internship students will develop skills and techniques directly applicable to their
careers.
 Internship programs will enhance the advancement possibilities of graduates.
 Internships will provide students with an in-depth knowledge of the formal
functional activities of participating organizations.
In general, an internship is thought of as a program which "bridges the gap" between the
academic environment and a future work environment. Many employers prefer students
who have previous work experience and the internship provides the Students to participate.
Internship are generally more confide and more qualified when seeking future employment.
2.1.2 Specific objectives
 During the internship, students aim to develop their practical, theoretical,
interpersonal communication, teamwork, and leadership skills, as well as their
understanding of work ethics and responsibilities. To adapt and experience the
working environment
 The internship aimed to make the students confident as well as confidential.
 To allow the student to prepare for their future job by seeking potential places of
employment.

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2.2 How we got into the Company

After we have taken the request paper of internship from the University Industrial Linkage
(UIL) in August 2024 GC. We started to search and choose the proper company which is
related to our field of study (electrical engineering) for our internship period. Then we decide
to request the Amhara Mass Media Agency since it is a huge organization that has a modern
system of TV and radio broadcasting technology, the networking system, and the transmission
system which is more related especially to our communication stream. But they could not
accept us because of security problem.
Our second option is FM Broadcasting station for Bahir Dar University (FMBBDU), it has
only radio broadcasting but there is no other choice, Luckily our request was accepted by
(FMBBDU) through Mr. Hagos T. who told us everything we have to know about the
schedule and the department we will work on, and also he assigned an advisor, Mr. Wassihun
L. to us. Finally, we agree to start based on our schedule.

2.3 Work stations

FMBBDU consists of many workstations. These include Radio transmission &production,
Power system & air production, radio equipment installation and maintenance team, General
Service…etc. but we only have been working in the technician room.
2.3.1 Overall system components and operations of radio Broadcasting
System
Radio is often called wireless since it sends energy with a wave in a method of transmitting
electrical energy from one place to another without using any kind of direct-wired connection.
The instrument that sends out a radio wave (sound) known as a transmitter, which is
systematically changing (modulated) some behavior of radiated waves through frequency,
amplitude, phase, and pulse width. But in radio broadcasting radiated wave is modulated by
frequency and amplitude. And complete its journey when it reaches the second piece of
equipment called a receiver. This process is done by one transmitter and many receivers,
which is why thousands or millions of people can pick up the same radio signal at the same
time.

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2.3.1.1 Radio Transmission

Radio transmission uses a type of electromagnetic wave known as radio waves, which have a
wavelength of mostly 0.5cm-30km, to convey information and energy. They were first
discovered by Heinrich Hertz between the years 1886 and 1889 G.C. It is quite known that in
physics, when things move, they create waves. Take a rod, and move it back and forth in a
water pool, you get water waves. Vibrate a stretched string like in a harp; you will get pressure
(sound) waves. When spiritual bodies like stars move back and forth in space, they create
Gravitational waves. Similarly,
When tiny subatomic particles accelerate, they create a type of wave called an electromagnetic
wave, or when electrons wiggle back and forth across a conductor, they produce
electromagnetic waves. Electromagnetic waves consist of oscillating electric and magnetic
fields. Unlike other waves, they do not require a medium for propagation. They could travel in
a vacuum at the speed of light (300,000km/s). Electromagnetic waves span from the largest
wavelength radio waves to the smallest wavelength-gamma rays. But for this section, we were
interested in radio waves.

Figure 2. 1 electromagnetic spectrum [2]

2.3.1.2 Radio Studio

The radio studio is where the journalists sit and recording takes place. According to the
rules of media, once the ‟On Air‟ signal is turned on, no one is allowed to either enter or
talk. The studio wall is constructed from acoustic materials which are a type of materials
that can absorb or soaking up noise and enhance the transmission of sound. Basically, these
soundproof walls prevent echoes, noises and improve sound quality.

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Figure 2. 2 acoustic wall

In the studio there are some studio microphones these are wall clock, talkback, Headphone
microphone amplifier, and patch panel.
Microphones (MIC)
A microphone is a type of acoustic transducer or sensor that converts sound in air into an
electrical signal with the ability to hear tones (high and low) across the audible spectrum.
The human hearing can hear the range of 20Hz to 20,000Hz.
There are three main types of microphones according to their principles of operation.
1. Dynamic Microphone(moving coil microphone)
2. Condenser Microphone(capacitor microphone)
Dynamic Microphone
A dynamic mic is a reverse of a loudspeaker which consists of a diaphragm (which we will
see in detail below) suspended in front of a magnet to which a coil of wire is attached. The
coil sits in the gaps of the magnet, vibrations of the diaphragm make the coil move in the gap
causing an AC to flow. This type of mic is rigid, inexpensive, has a durable design, and
versatile use with no need of power which makes them mostly used in studios.
Parts and operation of dynamic microphones
Parts:
 Diaphragm: This is a thin piece of material (such as paper, plastic, or aluminum)
that vibrates when struck by sound waves. In a typical hand-held microphone like the
one below, the diaphragm is located in the head of the microphone.

Figure 2. 3 location of diaphragm in a microphone

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 Coil (Wounded wire)

 Permanent magnet
Operation:-
 When you speak, a sound wave created by your voice carries energy towards the
microphone.
 Inside the microphone, the diaphragm moves back and forth when the sound wave
hits it.
 The coil, attached to the diaphragm, moves back and forth as well.
 The permanent magnet produces the magnetic field that cuts through the coil. As the
coil moves back and forth through the magnetic field, an electric current flows
through it. This is done by Faraday's law (electromagnetic field induction principle).
 The electric current flows out from the microphone to an amplifier or sound
recording device. The operation of the dynamic microphone shown in the figure
below;

Figure 2. 4 operation of dynamic microphone [3]

Figure 2. 5 studio microphone

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1. Condenser Microphone
 The condenser is a British word for capacitor
 Diaphragm: thin metal strip suspended next to a charged electric plate
 In a condenser mic, the diaphragm is one side of a capacitor that moves in reaction to
changes in a sound field.
 Since the two plates are charged, the motion changes the voltage between the two
plates and this voltage induces electric flow.
 Condenser mic requires some sort of external power source(a battery or phantom
power)
 Because the diaphragm is very light, this mic can have a highly detailed response and
tend to be much more sensitive than a dynamic mic.

Figure 2. 6 condenser microphone capsule

Dynamic vs Condenser
Table 2.1 Dynamic versus Condenser

Dynamic Condenser
Rugged/Durable Delicate/Sensitive

Does not need Needs power; has self- noise

power; no “Self- noise‟‟
Less sensitive-lower output; needs More sensitive-higher output; needs
more amplification less amplification

Less phone to overload distortion- More detailed sound; better

can withstand higher SPL‟s frequency response

Less expensive/cheaper More expensive

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2. Computer Monitor
It is used to show whether the sending recoding program signal has distortion or not between
the recording program and live program which comes from the mixer within WINAMP
software. The audio signal is fed to a power amplifier a specialized amplifier that boosts the
signal enough to be fed to the loudspeakers.
3. Patch Panel
A patch panel, patch bay, patch field, or jack field is a number of circuits, usually of a
similar type which appear on jacks for monitoring, interconnecting, and testing circuits in a
convenient, flexible manner. This is where all the cables go through and all the cables are
plugged in. It is commonly used in computer networking, recording studios, and radio
studios. The main advantage of the patch panel is to make maintenance very easy. [4]

Figure 2. 7 patch panel

2.3.1.3 Studio Control Room
This is where the technicians sit and handle the technical part of the work. This room
contains lots of devices. There are desktops, audio mixer, talkbacks, the audio player, payout
automation software, digital & analog nodes, speaker, etc….other input mechanisms besides
the microphone are operated here (i.e. VTR, CD & flash). There are two computers which
have WINMAP software installed on them which is used for arranging purpose and Adobe
audition for recording purpose.

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1. Telos (Studio Telephone)

Telos is telephone which can receive incoming calls. They are used to receive messages,
comments, or suggestions from the audience or customer and let them discuss the issues. It is
mainly a telephone which used to present live talk shows.

Figure 2.8 telos

2. Mixing console
In professional audio, a mixing console, or audio mixer also called a soundboard, mixing
desk, audio production console, or mixers is an electronic device for combining or mixing,
routing, and changing the level, timbre, and/or dynamics of audio signals. A mixer can mix
analog or digital signals depending on the type of mixer. The modified signals are summed
to produce the combined output signals.
Mixing consoles are used in many applications including recording studios' public address
system, broadcasting, television & film post-production. When used for live performances,
the signal produced by the mixer will usually be sent directly to an amplifier, unless the
mixer is powered or it is being connected to powered speakers.
Use of Audio Mixer
Radio broadcasts use a mixing desk to select audio from different sources, such as CD
players, telephones, remote feeds, or prerecorded advertisements. These consoles are often
referred to as “air-boards”. Public address systems use a mixing console to set microphones
to an appropriate level & can add recorded studios into the mix. A major requirement is to
minimize audio feedback.

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Most bands use a mixing console to combine musical instruments and vocals. In FMBBDU,
the radio studio mixing console mix different inputs.it mixes. Its inputs are two studio guest
microphones, telephone, pc input by using WINMAP software. Studio technician controls
every program which is transmitting from the studio by this mixer. [5]

Figure 2.9 audio mixer

3. Intercom/Talkback
An intercom or talkback is IP based intercommunication device which enables easy
communication between studios and different workers in different rooms. Since it works
independently of the public telephone network it does not charge money. (It doesn’t work for
the time being)

Figure 2.10 talk back

4. Preview speaker
A separate speaker is often provided for the technician to hear all audio that isn’t going to
air, such as the preview output from your audio console or the feed from your audio editor.
By using a separate speaker for this, technicians can be sure their “preview” audio isn’t on
air.

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2.3.1.4 Central Apparatus Room for Radio (CAR)

A Central Apparatus Room (CAR) is also called a central machine room, or Central
Equipment Room (CER) or Central Technical Area (CTA), or rack room is where shared
equipment common to all technical areas is located.it should be air-conditioned however
low-noise specifications such as acoustical treatments are optional.
Equipment is connected either directly with an attached fold-out monitor, keyboard, and
mouse or remotely. In this room we have found a lot of devices that are used for frequency
modulation (FM) broadcasting,
1. Analog to Digital (A/D) converter
The Eddy stone S7602 2kW FM Transmitter embodies the renowned modular architecture
for which Eddy stone Broadcast transmitters are known. Here’s a detailed overview of its
features and specifications:
Features:
 Modular Architecture: Utilizes 300W hot-pluggable Power Amplifier modules,
allowing for the removal of amplifiers with minimal reduction in output power. This
modular design enhances servicing efficiency and minimizes downtime.
 Efficient Power Supplies: Incorporates highly efficient hot-pluggable switched-
mode power supplies (SMPSU), ensuring ease of servicing. The commonality of PA
and SMPSU modules across the 7600 range reduces spares holding costs for
networks and groups.
 Compact and Replaceable Modules: Amplifier and PSU modules are replaceable
on air, facilitating maintenance without interrupting broadcasting.
 Compliance: Fully compliant with the ETS 300 384 specification for FM
transmitters, ensuring adherence to industry standards.
 System Flexibility: Easily configurable into various system architectures to
accommodate different operational requirements.
 Efficient Power Management: Utilizes highly efficient SMPS power supplies with
power factor correction (PFC), optimizing energy usage.
 Remote Control and Monitoring: Provides comprehensive remote control and
monitoring facilities for efficient management and supervision of transmitter
operation.
 User-Friendly Interface: Features an LCD display for easy local monitoring,
ensuring clear visibility of system parameters and status.

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Figure 2. 11 radio transmitter

2. Multi Sentry (10 – 200kVA)

The Multi Sentry series is ideal for protecting data centers and telecommunications systems,
IT networks and critical systems in general, where the risks connected with poor energy
supply can compromise the continuity of activities and services. The Multi Sentry series is
available in 10-12-15-20 kVA models with three-phase/ single-phase input and single-phase
output, and 10-12-15-20-30-40-60-80-100-120 kVA models with three-phase input and
output and on-line double conversion technology in accordance with VFI-SS-111
classification (as set out in standard IEC EN 62040-3). Multi Sentry is designed and built
using state-of-the-art technology and components. It is controlled by a DSP (Digital Signal
Processor) microprocessor, to provide maximum protection to the powered loads with no
impact on downstream systems, and optimized energy savings. Its highly flexible design
allows full compatibility with both three-phase and single-phase power supplies, thus
eliminating problems in connecting the UPS to the system.

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Figure 2. 12 Multi Sentry

2.3.1.5 Broadcast Signals or Radio Frequency [RF]

RF is a frequency or rate of oscillation within the range of 3 to 300GHz that responds to the
frequency of AC electrical signals used to produce and detect radio waves. Radio
communication is typically in the form of AM or FM radio transmissions. In television
transmission, three signals must be sent on the carrier: the audio, picture intensity & picture
chrominance. This process makes use of two subcarriers. Other transmissions such as
satellite TV and long-distance telephone transmission make use of multiple subcarriers for
the broadcast of multiple signals simultaneously. [6]
Radio Transmitter
The transmitter plugs into the audio output of audio devices and converts the audio output
into an FM or AM radio signal. The transmitter has a modulation circuit, amplifier circuit, an
oscillator for the carrier signal. Of course, the transmitter we observed was a link transmitter,
low power, which is used to transmit the information signal to the link receiver in zege site
for further transmission via high power transmitter through the antenna which is suitable to
cover the required bandwidth of broadcast. The channel of transmission from the studio to
the main transmitter and from the main transmitter to the customer is through the air. In
FMBSDU FM radios have their transmitters with additional backups.

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Operation of Transmitter

Figure 2. 13 operations of transmitter

Sound waves are converted into electrical signals called audio frequency waves or AF
waves. The microphone converts the vibration into an AF signal. The variations in AF are
according to the variation in sound wave AF signals are strengthened by an electronic
device which is known as an amplifier. The amplified AF signal cannot travel long
distances. Electromagnetic waves of wavelength 1m-1km act as transport vehicles for the
AF signals. EM wave carries AF signals called carrier waves or radiofrequency waves or
RF waves. RF waves are produced using an oscillator coil in the transmitter.

2.3.1.6 AM Radio
When information is broadcast from an AM radio station, the electrical image of the sound
(taken from a microphone or other program source) is used to modulate the amplitude of
the carrier wave transmitted from the broadcast antenna of the radio station.

Figure 2. 14 AM radio

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AM Radio uses the electrical image of a sound source to modulate the amplitude of a
carrier wave, at the receiver end in the detection process, that image is stripped back off the
carrier and turned back into sound by a loudspeaker. [7]

2.3.1.7 FM Radio
FM radio uses the electrical image of a sound source to modulate the frequency of a carrier
wave. At the receiver end in the detection process, that image is stripped back off the
carrier and turned back into sound by a loudspeaker.

Figure 2. 15 FM Modulation

2.3.1.8 A Studio/Transmitter Link (or STL)

It sends a radio or television station's audio and video from the broadcast studio or
origination facility to a radio final transmitter, television transmitter, or uplink facility in
another location using a link antenna. This is accomplished through the use of terrestrial
microwave links or by using fiber optic or other telecommunication connections to the
transmitter site. This is often necessary because the best locations for an antenna are on top
of a mountain, where a much shorter tower is required, but where locating a studio may be
impractical. Even in flat regions, the center of the stations allowed coverage area may not
be near the studio location or may lie within a populated area where a transmitter would be
frowned upon by the community, so the antenna must be placed at a distance from the
studio.
As shown in the figure below there are two link antennas one for AM and one for FM.

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Figure 2. 16 omnidirectional antenna

2.3.1.9 Line-of –Sight propagations

Line-of-sight propagation is a characteristic of electromagnetic radiation propagation which
means radio waves travel in a straight line from the source antenna to the receiving
antenna.
The waves may be diffracted, refracted, reflected, or absorbed by the atmosphere and
obstructions with material and generally cannot travel over the horizon or behind obstacles.
In contrast to line-of-sight propagation, at low frequency (below approximately 3 MHZ)
due to diffraction radio waves can travel as ground waves, which follow the contour of the
earth. This enables AM radio stations to transmit beyond the horizon. Additionally,
frequencies in the shortwave bands between approximately 1 and 30 MHZ can be reflected
earth by the Ionosphere, called sky wave or “skip” propagation. Thus giving radio
transmissions in this range a potentially global reach.
However, at frequencies above 30 MHZ (VHF and higher) and in lower levels of the
atmosphere, neither of these effects is significant. Therefore, since the ability to visually
see a transmitting antenna (disregarding the limitations of the eye’s resolution) roughly
corresponds to the ability to receive a radio signal from it, the propagation characteristics at
these
Frequencies are called “line-of-sight”. The farthest possible point of propagation is referred
to as the “radio horizon”.

2.3.1.10 Antenna
An antenna is an electrical device that converts electric power into radio waves and vice
versa. It is usually used with a radio transmitter or radio receiver. In transmission, a radio
transmitter supplies an oscillating radio frequency electric current to the antenna’s

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terminals, and the antenna radiates the energy from the current as an electromagnetic wave
(radio waves).In reception, an antenna intercepts some of the power of an electromagnetic
wave to produce a tiny voltage at its terminal. This is applied to a receiver to be amplified.
Antennas are essential components of all equipment that uses radio. They are used in
systems such as radio broadcasting, broadcast television, two-way radio, communication
receiver, radar cellphone, and satellite communication, as well as other devices such as
garage door openers, wireless microphones, Bluetooth enabled devices, wireless computer
networks, baby monitors. Typically, an antenna consists of an arrangement of a metallic
conductor, electrically connected to the receiver or transmitter. An oscillating current of
electrons forced through the antenna by a transmitter will create an oscillating magnetic
field around the antenna elements, while the charge of the electrons forced through the
antenna by a transmitter will create an oscillating magnetic field around the antenna
elements, while the charge of the electrons also creates an oscillating electric field along
with elements.
Antennas can be designed to transmit or receive radio waves in all directions equally
(omnidirectional antennas), or transmit them in a beam in a particular direction, and receive
from that one direction only (directional or high gain antennas). In FMBSBDU there are
one antennas, as we try to show in the above figure, FM.WI-FI (WLAN) data networks,
trunk lines and point-to-point communications links (telephone, data networks), satellite
links, many remote-controlled devices such as garage and wireless remote sensors, among
many others. Radio waves are also used directly for measurements in technologies
including RADAR, GPS & Radio. [8]
2.3.1.11 Polarization
The polarization of an antenna is the orientation of the electric field (E-plane) of the radio
wave concerning the earth’s surface and is determined by the physical structure of the
antenna and by its orientation. Reflections generally affect polarization. For radio waves,
the most important reflector is the ion sphere-signals which reflect from it will have their
polarization changed unpredictably. Generally, the polarization of a radiated wave is in the
direction of the electrostatic field of the antenna also horizontal antenna produces a
horizontal radio wave and a vertical antenna produce a vertical radio wave.

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2.4 Major Duties of the Intern

Our major duty was to attend all the scheduled days, and observe the practical part of our
study as much as we can. We learned lots of new things from the radio transmission
section.
We were also required to respect all the rules and regulations of FMBSBDU which is very
strict due to the fact it also one part of University.

2.5 Challenges We Faced and Measures Taken

Throughout our internship experience, we faced so many challenges.
Here are some of the challenges we faced:
 At times, our supervisor was too busy to attend and guide us.
 Due to the shortness of time and the number of students, the lack of schedule
 Closure of dates due to the existing security problem.

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CHAPTER THREE
3. Benefits Gained from the Internship
These one months of our internship program provided us a platform to introduce ourselves to
the working environment of the company and able to bridge the gap between student life and
professional life. We are highly benefited by working with professionals in the company.
The company has provided a conducive working atmosphere among the staff. In our
internship experience there were some basic skills we gained accordingly. Some of the skills
are: -
 Improving Practical skills
 Applying Theoretical Knowledge
 Interpersonal communication skills
 Team playing Skill
 Leadership skills

3.1 Improving Practical Skills

This internship program helped us acquire practical knowledge and skills. We became more
skilled and confident in performing future job-related tasks. We could increase our practical
performance. Some of the practical skills we gained from this internship program are:
 Performing daily activities using the plan
 Problem identification
 Finding the solution
 Self-operating skill
 Recognizing the risk that will be occurred in the job process.
 Preparing pre-caution for those risks.
 Imagining the profitable and successful job before starting to do it
Generally, the theoretical knowledge guides us to perform practices which enables us to gain
practical skills like parts and operations of microphone, controlling audio mixer, operation of
teleprompter.

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3.2 Improving Theoretical Knowledge

We have been able to gain a great deal of knowledge in this internship. Among them, we
will try to mention some of them. These are: -
 Read and understand the installation schematic diagram for radio.
 Learning and reading different manuals that were used as guidance.
 Learning different kinds of electronics devise and their use in real life. Example
mixer, microphone, antenna, monitor, studio equipment and so on.
Generally, we understood how to operate and transmit radio broadcasts (i.e. audio for radio
signal traveling) from transmitter to load.

3.3 Interpersonal Communication Skills

During the internship, we had been able to improve our communication skills. At that time,
we have gained confidence on how: -
 To ask different questions which are related to the real world.
 To make discussions with worker’s example mentor, technician.
 To answer questions when our supervisor asked us.
We were improving interpersonal communication skills since the role of interpersonal
skills is needed to communicating, interacting, and getting along with other people.

3.4 Team Playing Skill

Team playing skill is the most critical and necessary skill in the engineering field because
most engineering tasks are performed by a team. It is a skill of a person to work with other
people cooperatively. Most of the tasks we have been involved in were completed as a
group duty. The internship helped us to develop our team playing skills. Ideas that are
raised in teamwork help us to see one thing from different angles and to be a multi-
directional thinker for elaborating our knowledge regarding the given issue.
When a group works well together, creative levels are generally higher, as people tap into
one another’s strengths. This often leads to increased productivity.
The internship helped us to develop our team playing skills like: -
 Sharing: offering ideas and reporting their findings to each other
 Respecting opinions: encouraging, listening, and supporting the ideas and efforts
of others
 Questioning: observing the students interacting, discussing, and posing questions
to all members of the team

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 Cooperation: mobilizing and initiate the team to work together.

We understand that for the proper functioning of a team, each member should have:
 Good communication skill
 Fast decision-making skill
 Self-confidence
 Easily identify the problem and fix it.
Generally, the internship was highly important for us to develop team playing skills.

3.5 Leadership Skills

Leadership is a pearl of great wisdom to mobilize, cooperate, initiate, and integrate the
workers with outstanding vision and a clear plan. A person who is in the position of
leadership should be smart and enough ability to manage those individuals whom he/she is
leading.
The internship program benefits us in acquiring basic leadership skills. This includes:
 Making good decision
 Effective Communication
 Motivating and developing others
 Resolving conflicts and related issues
 Creating a positive culture and climate
 Conducting meaningful evaluation
 Understand the individuals' interest
 The ability to solve problems by focusing on the solutions Respecting organizational
members‟ difference and interest

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CHAPTER FOUR
4. PROPOSAL FOR THE PROJECT
Abstract
This proposal presents the plan to upgrade the FM radio transmitter at Bahir Dar
University from 1 kW to 2 kW. The goal of this project is to enhance the transmission
range, signal quality, and overall coverage area of the university’s FM broadcast.
Additionally, a new, higher-capacity antenna will be installed to support the increased
power output of the upgraded transmitter. The project will enhance the reliability and
efficiency of the university’s broadcast services, benefitting both the institution and the
local community.

4.1 INTRODUCTION
Bahir Dar University’s FM radio station plays a critical role in providing educational
content, entertainment, and information to both the university community and the
surrounding area. Currently, the station operates with a 1 kW transmitter, which has been
sufficient for basic coverage. However, with the growing need for better communication,
wider reach, and clearer signal quality, the limitations of this transmitter have become
apparent. The existing transmitter's coverage is restricted to a limited area, and its signal
can be inconsistent, especially in regions with dense structures or geographical obstacles.
An upgrade to a 2 kW transmitter presents a viable solution to address these challenges.
By increasing the transmitter’s power, the station will be able to broadcast to a
significantly larger area, reaching more listeners with clearer and stronger signals. The
upgrade is especially important in light of the university’s goals to enhance community
engagement and provide broader access to its FM programming, which includes
educational lectures, news, and cultural programs.
In addition to upgrading the transmitter, it is also necessary to replace the current antenna.
The existing antenna is designed for the lower power output of the 1 kW transmitter and
may not be capable of efficiently handling the increased signal strength of a 2 kW system.
A new antenna will ensure that the full potential of the upgraded transmitter is realized,
providing stable and high-quality transmission.
Currently, Bahir Dar University's community FM radio is likely using an omnidirectional

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antenna. This type of antenna is common for community radios because it broadcasts
signals uniformly in all directions, ensuring local coverage for the surrounding area.
However, with plans to expand the coverage area, a switch to a directional antenna would
be more effective. This would allow the station to concentrate its signal toward a specific
which increase the range in that particular area, increased range which allows the station
to cover a wider area with stronger and clear signal.
The proposed transmitter and antenna upgrade is aligned with industry best practices,
which suggest that increased transmitter power coupled with a suitable antenna can
dramatically improve broadcast quality and range. This project will allow Bahir Dar
University to strengthen its broadcasting capabilities, enhance the reliability of its FM
station, and contribute more effectively to the dissemination of knowledge and culture
within the community.

Figure 4.1Block diagram of FM Radio

4.2 Literature Review

In recent years, advancements in FM transmitter technology have focused on increasing
power output to improve signal coverage and quality. According to Smith and Johnson
(2022), upgrading from a 1 KW to a 2 KW transmitter can extend the broadcast range
significantly, enhancing service in underserved areas. Furthermore, Lee (2021)
emphasizes that higher power transmitters can reduce the impact of interference, leading
to clearer audio quality for listeners. Additionally, the study by Brown et al. (2023)
highlights the importance of efficient power management systems in modern transmitters,
which can optimize performance and reduce operational costs.
Economic implication of upgrading transmitter power Khanna et al. (2019) conducted an
economic analysis that discusses the cost effectiveness of upgrading to higher power
transmitters the study found that the investment enhanced signal reliability and increased
audience reach.

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4.3 Statement of problem

The current 1 KW FM transmitter is insufficient to meet the growing demand for clear and
reliable radio broadcasting in the coverage area. This limitation results in poor signal quality
and inadequate reach, particularly in underserved regions. Upgrading to a 2 KW transmitter
is necessary to enhance broadcast range, improve audio clarity, and ensure consistent service
for all listeners.

4.4 OBJECTIVES

4.4.1 General Objective

To upgrade the existing 1 KW FM transmitter to a 2 KW transmitter to enhance broadcast
coverage area, improve signal quality and provide reliable broadcast to larger audience,
particularly in more distant or undeserved areas thus contributing to the station’s goals of
community engagement and communication.
4.4.2 Specific Objective
Specifically, we aim to:
 To assess the current performance limitations of the one thousand kilowatt
transmitter.
 To evaluate the technical specifications and requirements for the installation of a two
thousand kilowatt transmitter.
 To analyze the potential impact of the upgrade on signal clarity and coverage area.
 To develop a project plan for the implementation of the new transmitter, including
budget and timeline.

4.5 Methodology
The methodology for this proposal includes several key steps.
1. Literature Review: Conduct a thorough review of existing research and case studies
related to FM transmitter technology, focusing on upgrades from one thousand to two
thousand kilowatt transmitters.
2. Technical Assessment: Analyze the current transmitter’s performance metrics, such
as coverage area, signal strength, and audio quality, using field tests and data
collection.
3. Specification Development: Develop detailed technical specifications for the new
two thousand kilowatt transmitter, considering factors like power requirements,

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installation site, and regulatory compliance.

4. Implementation Plan: Create a project timeline and budget for the upgrade,
including equipment procurement, installation processes, and testing phases.
5. Performance Evaluation: After installation, conduct tests to measure improvements
in signal clarity, coverage area, and overall system performance compared to the
previous transmitter.

Literature Review

Technical Assessment

Specification
Development

implementation

Performance
Evaluation

Figure 4.2 methodology

4.6 Scope of the project

The scope of the project is to upgrade the existing 1 KW FM transmitter to a 2 KW

transmitter, along with replacing the current omnidirectional antenna with a directional
antenna. This will involve evaluating the current transmitter's performance, evaluating the
required infrastructure adjustments (e.g. powers supply, regulatory compliance and cost
analysis), testing the potential coverage expansion, selecting the new transmitter, installing
it, and assessing improvements in broadcast coverage and audio quality.

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4.7 Work plan (time frame)

Table 4.1 work plan

Tasks Month Sep Oct

Week 2 3 4 1
Day 6-8 9-12 13-15 16-20 21-23 24-30 1-3 4-6 8

1. Evaluate the current

transmitter’s performance
2. Research and select the new two
thousand kilowatt transmitter
3.Finalize the budget, resource
allocation, and logistics for
installation
4. Secure any required permits or
approvals.
5. Prepare the site and install the
new transmitter
6. Prepare and install the new
antenna
7.Connect the transmitter to the
existing system
8. Conduct performance tests on
the new transmitter
9. Analyze the results and make
necessary adjustments.
10. Gather feedback from the
community regarding signal
improvements
11. Report Writing
12. Submission

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4.8 Budget and Resource

Table 4.2 budget and resource

NO Material unit Q Unit price Total

1 Transmitter (2kW) pcs 1
2 Antenna Systems pcs 1 150,000birr 150,000
3 Cables (coaxial cables) Per meter 60m 300birr 300
4 Connectors (e.g., N-Type, Pcs 2 5650birr 5650
BNC, SMA)
5 Grounding Kit Pcs 1 5000birr 5000
6 Lightning Arrestor Pcs 1 2880birr 2880
7 Antenna Mounting Hardware Pcs 1 3450birr 3450
8 Cable Ties or Cable Clamps Pcs 5-10 600-1800birr 600-1800
9 Balun Pcs 1 4500birr 4500
10 Waterproofing Kit Pcs 1 3500birr 3500
178,000birr

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CHAPTER FIVE
5. Conclusion and Recommendation

5.1 Conclusion

This internship report contains the overall experiences that we gained from the internship
program. We conclude that the program is very good to know the real-world life and
comparing with theoretical subjects. During the internship period, we observed the real
working environment, leadership style, management system, and their interactions, as well as
areas where the company could improve. And it is a bridge to upgrade the theoretical
knowledge into practical skill. Overall, we are very happy with our internship period to gain
many valuable experiences from this internship.
The most important skills we gained from this internship include:
 Provides work experience in a field of interest
 Provides a "real life" experience with a short-term commitment
 Strengthens background in the field of choice
 Creates the potential for future work with the company Generates opportunity to
be more effective as we work to develop our theoretical knowledge.
Generally, we conclude that our internship is a rewarding experience and provides us with
some new perspectives that we didn’t get yet.

5.2 Recommendation
As we understood from the internship program there is a mutual benefit for the student and
the hosting company in many ways. So, we want to recommend the FM Broadcasting station
or Bahir Dar University and academic University (i.e. both academic and FM center of
Bahir Dar University) to enable this internship program to be provided continuously for
engineering students.
5.2.1 Recommendation for the FMBSBDU
 They must prepare documented data that explain the working principles of different
sections of the company.
 They must increase their broadcast time.
 The company should be ready for internship students by preparing project tasks and
workshop classes to give better experiences.
 The companies should assign professionals who have greater technical knowledge in
the section of the company for the intern students.

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 Technicians do not have much awareness about the device, so the company should
prepare a tutorial for technicians.
 The company lacks sufficient classrooms and materials (chairs, desks, tables, etc.)
needed for interns.
5.2.2 Recommendation for the Faculty
This internship program offers a lot of advantages to the students as mentioned above, for
instance, it helped us to develop not only practical experience but also theoretical knowledge
related to our academic, social skills, and career goals. Because of this and all the listed
advantages above we would like to recommend our school to keep giving this great chance
for the students.
 As FM ownership, it is useful for students if they have full material and human
resources.
 Most of the time the company workers asked us what we wanted to learn from the
company. So, if it is possible, try to guide the supervisor on what the student learns or
gained from the company before students join the FM Station.
5.2.3 Recommendation for the UIL
Our prominent suggestion is that the UIL should strengthen its linkage with the hosting
companies. It should make a close follow-up of the performance of the intern students. To be
concise, the university industrial linkage should make sure that students are achieving the
goals of the internship program as required.

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References
[1]. Bahir Dar University. (n.d.). Bahir Dar University homepage. Available at
https://www.bdu.edu.et
[2].Wikipedia contributors. (n.d.). Patch panel. Wikipedia.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patch_panel
[3]. Educalingo. (n.d.). Sound mixer. https://educalingo.com/en/dic-en/sound-mixer
[4]. Broadcasters Warehouse. (n.d.). Eddystones 7602 product page.
https://broadcasterswarehouse.com/product/eddystones7602/?v=471c1f3fc1dd
[5]. RSP UPS. (n.d.). Multi sentry 10-200kva. https://rsp-ups.com.kh/product/multi-sentry-10-
200kva
[6]. Wikipedia contributors. (n.d.). Radio frequency. Wikipedia.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_frequency
[7]. HyperPhysics. (n.d.). Electronic principles of antenna transmission.
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Electronic/amtran.html
[8]. SciTech. (n.d.). Antenna propagation and communication systems.
https://www.scitech.com/communicationsystem/antennapropogation.php
[9]. Brown, T., Wilson, J., & Davis, R. (2023). Modern transmitter technologies: Optimizing
performance and reducing costs. Journal of Broadcast Engineering, 29(3), 201-215.
[10]. Khanna, S., Patel, V., & Suri, R. (2019). Economic analysis of transmitter upgrades:
Cost-effectiveness and audience impact. Telecommunications Journal, 15(2), 101-119.
[11]. Lee, M. (2021). Interference reduction and signal clarity in high-power FM transmitters.
Broadcasting Technology Review, 12(1), 33-45.
[12]. Smith, A., & Johnson, L. (2022). Enhancing FM signal coverage: The impact of power
upgrades. Journal of Radio Engineering, 34(4), 287-300.

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