WHAT IS NURSING
NURSING AS A PROFESSION
SCIENCE AND ART OF NURSING PRACTICE
MODULE 2
SCOPE AND STANDRADS OF PRACTICE
STANDRADS OF PRACTICE
CONCEPT OF NURSING
STANDARDS OF PROFFESIONAL PERFORMANCE
CODE OF ETHICS
PROFESSIONAL ROLES
CARE DEVELOPMENT
HISTORICAL INFLUENCES
FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE
CIVIL WAR TO THE BEGINNING OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY
THE TWENTIETH CENTURY
THE 21ST CENTURY
CONTEMPORARY INFLUENCES
TRENDS IN NURSING
WHAT IS NURSING
Nursing is both an art and a science:
o Art: Involves compassionate and respectful care for patients.
o Science: Rooted in evolving knowledge, incorporating innovations to improve care quality.
Integration of both aspects allows nurses to provide excellent care, benefiting patients and families.
NURSING AS A PROFESSION
Focus: Patient-centered care with emphasis on quality, responsibility, and accountability.
Advocacy: Nurses advocate for patient needs and collaborate within healthcare teams.
Health Care Advocacy: Organizations like the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and the Institute of Medicine shape the
future of nursing.
SCIENCE AND ART OF NURSING PRACTICE
Blending current knowledge with evidence-based practices and compassionate care.
Critical thinking is essential for addressing changing, multidimensional health needs.
Benner’s Stages of Nursing Proficiency: Nurses evolve from Novice to Expert.
SCOPE AND STANDARDS OF PRACTICE
Defined by ANA and ICN: Encompasses all nursing duties and responsibilities.
Nursing Process: Foundation of clinical decision-making:
o Assessment: Collecting data.
o Diagnosis: Identifying health problems.
o Planning: Creating care plans.
o Implementation: Putting plans into action.
o Evaluation: Assessing patient outcomes.
STANDARDS OF PRACTICE
Six Key Standards:
1. Assessment: Collect comprehensive data.
2. Diagnosis: Identify patient health problems.
3. Outcomes identification: Set measurable goals.
4. Planning: Create care plans to meet goals.
5. Implementation: Execute care plans.
6. Evaluation: Assess patient outcomes for effectiveness.
STANDARDS OF PROFESSIONAL PERFORMANCE
Professional nursing: Adhere to standards ensuring high-quality care.
Key areas of focus:
o Ethics
o Quality of practice
o Education
o Leadership
o Communication
o Evidence-based practice
Competence in these areas is crucial to improve patient care and outcomes.
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CODE OF ETHICS
Guiding principles: Outlines ethical responsibilities of nurses.
Emphasis on ethical patient care.
Incorporation of personal and professional values into practice is encouraged.
PROFESSIONAL ROLES
Nurses play diverse roles, including:
o Autonomy and Accountability: Making independent decisions and being responsible for care outcomes.
o Caregiver: Assisting patients in their healing and maintaining their well-being.
o Communicator: Building relationships with patients, families, and healthcare teams.
o Advocate: Protecting patient rights and helping assert those rights.
o Educator: Providing patient education using appropriate methods.
o Manager: Leading patient care teams and ensuring quality outcomes.
CAREER DEVELOPMENT IN NURSING
Nursing offers lifelong learning and professional growth.
Advanced practice roles:
o Clinical Nurse Specialist (CNS): Expert in specialized areas (e.g., geriatrics, critical care).
o Certified Nurse Practitioner (NP): Provides care for complex patient needs.
o Certified Nurse Midwife (CNM): Provides care for pregnancy, labor, and delivery.
o Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA): Specializes in anesthesia.
Other nursing roles:
o Nurse Educator: Works in schools of nursing or healthcare agencies.
o Nurse Administrator: Manages nursing services in healthcare agencies.
o Nurse Researcher: Investigates nursing practices and improves care.
HISTORICAL INFLUENCES IN NURSING
Nurses have always responded to patient needs and shaped best practices.
Knowledge of nursing history helps understand its intellectual and social foundations.
FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE
First practicing epidemiologist.
Organized the first nursing school.
Improved sanitation in battlefield hospitals, which remains a core nursing practice.
CIVIL WAR TO THE BEGINNING OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY
Clara Barton: Founded the American Red Cross.
Mother Bickerdyke: Organized ambulance services during the Civil War.
Harriet Tubman: Known for her role in the Underground Railroad.
Mary Mahoney: First professionally trained African-American nurse, promoted cultural diversity in care.
Lillian Wald and Mary Brewster: Founded the Henry Street Settlement for poor populations.
THE TWENTIETH CENTURY
Emphasis on scientific, research-based practice.
Expansion of nursing roles and specializations.
Mary Adelaide Nutting: First nursing professor at Columbia Teachers College.
Army and Navy Nurse Corps established.
THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY
Changes in nursing education and curriculum.
Advances in technology and informatics.
Nurses have leadership roles in developing policies and standards.
CONTEMPORARY INFLUENCES ON NURSING
Self-care: Addressing compassion fatigue, burnout, and the wellness of nurses.
Affordable Care Act (ACA): Impact on nursing practice.
Rising healthcare costs and demographic shifts affect nursing roles.
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TRENDS IN NURSING
Evidence-based practice ensures care is grounded in current research.
Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN) promotes continuous improvement in nursing.
Emerging technologies improve assessment and patient care.
Genomics: The study of genes and their influence on health.
Public perception of nursing: Nurses’ approach affects public opinion.
Increasing influence of nursing on health policy and politics.
PROFESSIONAL REGISTERED NURSE EDUCATION
Registered Nurse Education:
o 2-year associate's degree.
o 4-year baccalaureate degree.
Graduate education for advanced practice roles: Master's and Doctoral degrees.
Continuing education ensures ongoing learning and improvement in nursing practices.
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