PLANNING 7

MOVEMENT SYSTEMS:

A. Road Systems
B. Wayfinding
C. Mass transit
Systems
ROAD SYSTEMS
Road

A broad term referring to a paved or unpaved route

or pathway used for vehicular, pedestrian, or

animal travel between two points.

Way

A general term used to describe a path, route, or

road.

Street

A public road in a city, town, or urban area,

typically lined with buildings and used for vehicular

traffic.
ROAD SYSTEMS
Avenue

A wide road in a city or town, often lined with trees

or buildings on both sides.

Boulevard

A wide street with a median or central reservation,

typically lined with trees and often designed for

slower traffic and leisurely travel.

Lane

A narrow road or route for vehicular traffic, often

with one or two lanes in each direction{often rural

area).
ROAD SYSTEMS
Drive

A winding or meandering road, often found in

residential areas, parks, or suburban

neighborhoods.

Terrace

A road or street that follows a hillside or elevated

area, often offering scenic views.

Place

A small, often cul-de-sac or dead-end street,

typically with limited access and surrounded by

buildings or homes.
ROAD SYSTEMS
Court

A short, enclosed road or cul-de-sac, usually ending

in acircle or loop.

Plaza

A public square or open space, often surrounded

by buildings and sometimes accessible by roads.

Buildings
Frontage/Access/Service Road v Pedesrions N
Seniceroad ‘9,
ark e % -
A parallel road running alongside a larger .

thoroughfare, often providing access to properties,

~n— — — (EOGEEL =— =— —@’

businesses, or highways. EEEr (8) Seniceroad M eTTa

Podestrians

Buildings
ROAD SYSTEMS
Highway
A major road, usually connecting cities or regions,

designed for high-speed travel.

Interstate ;
A type of highway that crosses state lines and is

part of the U.S. Interstate Highway System.

Turnpike
A toll road or highway, often with limited access

and high-speed travel.

ROAD SYSTEMS
Toll Booth

A structure on a toll road or highway where drivers

pay fees for usage.

Freeway

A type of highway with controlled access and no

at-grade crossings, typically with multiple lanes and

high speeds.

Beltway

A circular or loop-shaped highway that surrounds a

b
zizabeth @
city or metropolitan area. w A ER e
ROAD SYSTEMS
Parkway

A scenic road or highway, often with landscaped

areas and limited commercial development.

Junction
A point where two or more roads or highways meet

or intersect.

Interchange

A grade-separated junction or intersection where

two or more highways meet, allowing for direct

transfer between them.

ROAD SYSTEMS
Intersection

A point where two or more roads or streets cross

each other, typically controlled by traffic signals or
signs.

Causeway

A raised road or embankment, often built across

water or marshy areas.

Crescent

A curved or semicircular road, often found in

M-\-'sgyoyusvfl
residential areas or planned communities.
ROAD SYSTEMS
Alley
A narrow passageway or lane, typically between

buildings, used for access or service vehicles.

Esplanade

A broad, open area or promenade along a

waterfront, often used for leisurely walks or

recreational activities.

Promenade

A wide road or pathway, often used for walking or

strolling, especially in parks or scenic areas.

ROAD SYSTEMS
ROAD CLASSIFICATION DPWH

National Primary
National Secondary
National Tertiary
O

Provincial Roads (Local Roads)

LIS B

Municipal and City Roads (Local Roads)

Barangay Roads (Local Roads)
SO

Expressways

Bypasses
001
ROAD SYSTEMS
ROAD CLASSIFICATION DPWH

National Primary
Directly connects Major Cities (at least around
100,000 people)
Cities within Metropolitan Areas are not covered by
the criteria
ROAD SYSTEMS
ROAD CLASSIFICATION DPWH

National Secondary
Directly connects Cities to National Primary
Roads, except in Metropolitan Area
Directly connects Major Ports and Ferry
Terminals to National Primary Road
Directly connects Major Airports to National
Primary Road
Directly connects Tourist Service Centers to
National Primary Roads or other-
Directly connects Cities (not included in the
category of Major Cities)
Directly connects Provincial Capitals within the
same Region
Directly connects to Major National
Government Infrastructure to National Primary
Roads or Other National Secondary Roads
ROAD SYSTEMS
ROAD CLASSIFICATION DPWH

National Tertiary
* Other existing roads under DPWH which perform a local function

Provincial Roads (Local Roads)

* Connect Cities and Municipalities without traversing National
Roads
* Connect National Roads to Barangays through rural areas
* Connect to Major Provincial Government Infrastructure

Municipal and City Roads (Local Roads)

* Roads within the Poblacion
* Roads that connect to Provincial and National Roads
* Roads that provide Inter-Barangay connections to Major Municipal
and
* City Infrastructure without traversing Provincial Roads
ROAD SYSTEMS
ROAD CLASSIFICATION DPWH

Barangay Roads {Local Roads)

Other Public Roads {officially turned over) within the Barangay
and not
covered in the above definitions.

Expressways
Highways with limited access, normally with interchanges; may
include
facilities for levying tolls for passage in an open or closed system.

Bypasses
are roads or highways that avoid a built-up area, town or city
proper to let through traffic flow without interference from local
traffic reduce congestion and improve road safety where a toll
for passage is levied in an open or closed system.
PLANNING 7

MOVEMENT SYSTEMS:

A. Road Systems
B. Wayfinding
C. Mass transit
Systems
WAYFINDING
Refers to the design and implementation of systems, creation

of visual and spatial cues that help people navigate urban

environments efficiently and intuitively.

¢ Itinvolves creating clear, understandable, and accessible

routes for pedestrians, cyclists, drivers, and public

transportation users.

* The strategic placement of signs, symbols, landmarks, and

architectural elements to guide individuals from one point to

another

¢ Wayfinding enhances mobility, improves safety, and promotes

economic activity within a city

* Considers factors such as clarity, simplicity, visibility, and

consistency to ensure that users can easily understand

WAYFINDING
WAYFINDING

-
QL
WAYFINDING
Refers to the desigh and implementation of systems, creation VISUAL AND SPATIAL CUES
*

of visual and spatial cues that help people navigate urban

environments efficiently and intuitively. UNDERSTANDABLE, AND ACCESSIBLE

Itinvolves creating clear, understandable, and accessible ROUTES ,PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION
routes for pedestrians, cyclists, drivers, and public

transportation users. SIGNS, SYMBOLS, LANDMARKS,

The strategic placement of signs, symbols, landmarks, and ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS
architectural elements to guide individuals from one point to

another ECONOMIC ACTIVITY WITHIN A CITY

Wayfinding enhances mobility, improves safety, and promotes

economic activity within a city. CLARITY, SIMPLICITY, VISIBILITY, AND

Considers factors such as clarity, simplicity, visibility, and CONSISTENCY
consistency to ensure that users can easily understand
WAYFINDING

* VISUAL AND SPATIAL CUES

* SIGNS, SYMBOLS, LANDMARKS, ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS

WAYFINDING

* UNDERSTANDABLE, AND ACCESSIBLE

ROUTES ,PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION

" Tokyo Subway

Route Map
L4 .
WAYFINDING
¢ ECONOMIC ACTIVITY WITHIN A CITY
 WAYFINDING

¢ CLARITY, SIMPLICITY, VISIBILITY, AND CONSISTENCY

T N PO e g g e
NV R Y W S T
g
AT
THE IMAGE OF THE CITY (Kevin Lynch)

» |dentified five key elements that contribute to the legibility

and imageability of a city
* |s a fundamental framework for understanding how people
perceive and navigate urban environments

eee=
PATHS EDGES DISTRICTS NODES
THE IMAGE OF THE CITY (Kevin Lynch)

PATHS
* Are the routes that people take as they move
through the city.
* They can include streets, sidewalks, alleys, trails,

and other thoroughfares.

* Itprovide a sense of directionality and continuity,
guiding people from one place to another.

PATHS
THE IMAGE OF THE CITY (Kevin Lynch)

PATHS

KALAW AVENUE ALLEY

THE IMAGE OF THE CITY (Kevin Lynch) "

EDGES

* Are the boundaries and barriers that define

and shape urban spaces.

* They can be physical (such as rivers, walls, or
highways) or perceived (such as changes in
land use or density).
* Ithelp demarcate different areas within the
city and influence how people perceive and
interact with the urban environment.
THE IMAGE OF THE CITY (Kevin Lynch)

EDGES
THE IMAGE OF THE CITY (Kevin Lynch) DISTRICTS

DISTRICTS
* Are recognizable areas within the city that have a
distinct character or identity.
* They are often defined by common land uses,
architectural styles, cultural amenities, or socio-

economic characteristics.
» Districts provide a sense of place and help people
orient themselves within the city by differentiating
one area from another.
THE IMAGE OF THE CITY (Kevin Lynch)

DISTRICTS
THE IMAGE OF THE CITY (Kevin Lynch)
NODES

NODES
* Are focal points or hubs of activity within the city
where paths converge and people gather.
* They can include squares, plazas, intersections,
transit stations, commercial centers, or parks.

* Nodes serve as important landmarks and

destinations, facilitating social interaction,

commerce, and transportation exchanges.

THE IMAGE OF THE CITY (Kevin Lynch)

NODES
THE IMAGE OF THE CITY (Kevin Lynch) LANDMARKS

LANDMARKS
a
* Are prominent features or points of A AA‘:s

reference within the city that help people AAAAA

orient themselves and navigate the urban

environment.

* They can be natural (such as mountains,

rivers, or trees) or human-made (such as

monuments, skyscrapers, or churches).

* Landmarks provide visual cues and

memorable symbols that aid in wayfinding

and create a sense of identity for the city.

THE IMAGE OF THE CITY (Kevin Lynch)

LANDMARKS

| et - 1

r«"i

E»fi L
i i
THE IMAGE OF THE CITY (Kevin Lynch)

Landmark
RESPONSIVE ENVIRONMENTS (lan Bentley) — samsimcoocmmasimosmsn. o
Is a comprehensive guide that explores the principles and ESPONSIVE
practices of designing environments that are responsive to the
needs of their users and context.

PRINCIPLES Olkoeo*
AMANUAL FORDESIGNERS ~ AecHrecheaL eeéss
* Permeability: designing the overall layout of routes and development blocks.

* Variety: locating uses on the site.

* Legibility: designing the massing of the buildings, and the enclosure of public space.

* Robustness: designing the spatial and constructional arrangement of individual buildings and outdoor places.

* Visual appropriateness: designing the external image.

* Richness: developing the design for sensory choice.

* Personalization: making the design encourage people to put their own mark on the places where they live and

work.
RESPONSIVE ENVIRONMENTS (lan Bentley)

PERMEABILITY
* Permeability refers to the ease with which
people can move through and interact with
an environment.

* A highly permeable environment allows for

fluid movement and connectivity, both
within the space itself and between different
areas or uses.
RESPONSIVE ENVIRONMENTS (lan Bentley)
ISUPERBLOCKS MODEL
PERMEABILITY
Current Model Superblocks Model
Places must be accessible to people to offer
them choice ©
"
Public and private access must be
complementary
Physical and visual permeability depends on Ry FROSTEVEHICLE PASEING .1 PROGY T AREA

(G SEENSERVIZES AND EVERREINCY mmmmm BASIC TRAFFIC NETV/RK

how the network of public space divides the A o conmcre ©SROLE FLATFORM FEDESTR AnS PRIORITY

environment into blocks

There is a decline in public permeability
because of current design trends
» Scale of development
* Hierarchical layout
* Segregation
RESPONSIVE ENVIRONMENTS (lan Bentley)

PERMEABILITY
* Places must be accessible to people to offer
them choice
* Public and private access must be
complementary
* Physical and visual permeability depends on
how the network of public space divides the
environment into blocks
* There is a decline in public permeability
because of current design trends
» Scale of development
* Hierarchical layout
* Segregation
RESPONSIVE ENVIRONMENTS (lan Bentley)

VARIETY

* [tinvolves providing a range of spatial

experiences, elements, and activities within

an environment.

* Adiverse range of spaces, textures, colors,

and functions enhances interest and

engagement, catering to different

preferences and needs.
RESPONSIVE ENVIRONMENTS (lan Bentley)

VARIETY
[
Variety offers users a choice of experiences EEEEN
Variety of experience implies places with varied EEEE
forms, uses, and meanings
Mixed-use
Zoning
Developers and planners are more concerned
Blends residential,
with economic performance and easier commercial, cultural,
and entertainment
into one place
management, than with variety
Variety of uses depends on three main factors: Accommodates
walking, cycling, public
range of activities possibility of supply extent to transit, and cars

which design encourages positive interactions

More efficient in land
Variety also depends on feasibility: economic, use, resources, and cost |

political, and functional

RESPONSIVE ENVIRONMENTS (lan Bentley)

Under One Roof

RESPONSIVE ENVIRONMENTS (lan Bentley)

LEGIBILITY
» Refers to the clarity and understandability of
the environment's layout, organization, and
wayfinding cues.
* An environment with good legibility is easy
to navigate and comprehend, with clear
paths, landmarks, and signage that aid
orientation and wayfinding.
RESPONSIVE ENVIRONMENTS (lan Bentley)

LEGIBILITY

* Degree of choice depends on how legible it

is: how layout is understood
* Legibility is important at two levels: physical
form and activity patterns
* Legibility in the old days: important buildings
stood out
* Legibility of form and use is reduced in the
modern environment
* Separating pedestrians from vehicles also
reduces legibility
* Legibility is strengthened by Lynch’s physical
elements of the city
RESPONSIVE ENVIRONMENTS (lan Bentley)

LEGIBILITY
.....

Degree of choice depends on how legible it

is: how layout is understood
Legibility is important at two levels: physical
form and activity patterns
Legibility in the old days: important buildings
stood out
Legibility of form and use is reduced in the
modern environment
Separating pedestrians from vehicles also
reduces legibility
Legibility is strengthened by Lynch’s physical
elements of the city
RESPONSIVE ENVIRONMENTS (lan Bentley)

ROBUSTNESS
* Robustness relates to the resilience and
adaptability of the environment to changing
conditions and demands.
* Arobust environment can accommodate
diverse activities, users, and functions over

time without significant degradation or loss

of functionality.
RESPONSIVE ENVIRONMENTS (lan Bentley)

ROBUSTNESS
* Environments which can be used for many
different purposes
* There must be a distinction between large
scale and small scale robustness
* There are three key factors that support long
term robustness:
* Building depth
* Access

* Building height
RESPONSIVE ENVIRONMENTS (lan Bentley)

VISUAL APPROPRIATENESS
* Involves the aesthetic
harmony and suitability of the
environment's design to its
context, purpose, and users.
* Design choices should
consider factors such as
cultural context, architectural

style, and user preferences to

create visually pleasing and
contextually relevant spaces.
RESPONSIVE ENVIRONMENTS (lan Bentley)

VISUAL APPROPRIATENESS
* Visual Appropriateness focuses on details

* Avocabulary of visual cues must be found to

communicate levels of choice
* Interpretations can reinforce responsiveness

by :
* supporting the place’s legibility

* supporting the place’s variety

* supporting the place’s robustness the

environment's design to its context,

purpose, and users.

RESPONSIVE ENVIRONMENTS (lan Bentley)

RICHNESS

* Refers to the sensory and

experiential qualities of the
environment that engage and
stimulate users.
* Arich environment incorporates
elements such as natural light,
vegetation, art, and sensory
stimuli to create immersive and
memorable experiences.
RESPONSIVE ENVIRONMENTS (lan Bentley)

RICHNESS
* The variety of sense experiences that users can
enjoy
* There are two ways for users to choose from
different sense experiences
» focusing their attention on different
sources of sense experience
* moving away from one source to another
* The basis of visual richness depends on the
presence of visual contrasts

* The sense of motion: gained through movement

* The sense of smell: can not be directed
* The sense of hearing: user has limited control
* The sense of touch: voluntary and involuntary
* The sense of sight: most dominant in terms of
* information input and is the one easiest to
* control
RESPONSIVE ENVIRONMENTS (lan Bentley)

PERSONALIZATION
* Involves allowing users to customize and
adapt their environment to suit their
individual preferences and needs.
* Providing opportunities for personalization 1

BEFORE
empowers users to create spaces that reflect
their identity, interests, and comfort,

fostering a sense of ownership and

belonging.
* Users personalize in two ways:
* 1. to improve practical facilities
* 2. tochange the image of a place
MASS TRANSIT SYSTEM

There are several types of mass transit systems that cities can implement, each with its own
characteristics, advantages, and suitability for different urban contexts.
* Bus Transit
* Local Service
* Express Services

* Limited-Stop Service
* Bus Rapid Transit (BRT)
* Rail Transit
* LightRail Transit (LRT)
* Heavy Rail Transit (HRT)
* Commuter Rail
* Monorail

¢ Tram or Streetcar
MASS TRANSIT SYSTEM

Bus Transit
* Local Service
* Local bus service operates along fixed routes within
a city or metropolitan area, making frequent stops
to pick up and drop off passengers.
* These routes typically serve neighborhoods,
commercial districts, and other local destinations,

providing basic transit access for residents.

* Local buses may have shorter distances between
stops, allowing for convenient access to various
locations within a community.
MASS TRANSIT SYSTEM

Bus Transit
* Express Services
» Express bus services provide faster, more direct
transit connections between major destinations,
such as downtown areas, employment centers, or
transit hubs.
* These routes typically have fewer stops compared to
local services, allowing for quicker travel times over
longer distances.
* Express buses may use dedicated lanes or
expressways to bypass congestion and maintain
schedule reliability.
MASS TRANSIT SYSTEM

Bus Transit ~
* Limited-Stop Service
* Limited-stop bus service falls between local and
EDSA CAROUSEL 44!
express services, offering faster travel times than AIRCON

local buses but with more stops than express

routes.
* These routes serve key destinations along a
corridor or route, making stops at major transfer
points, activity centers, and high-demand locations.
* Limited-stop buses may use a combination of local
streets and arterials, providing a balance between
speed and accessibility.
MASS TRANSIT SYSTEM

Bus Transit
* Bus Rapid Transit (BRT)
* BRT systems use buses operating on dedicated
lanes or rights-of-way to provide fast, reliable,
and high-capacity transit service.
* Features often include dedicated bus lanes,

signal priority at intersections, off-board fare

collection, and frequent service.
* BRT is cost-effective to implement compared to
rail-based systems and can be more flexible in
terms of route adjustments.
MASS TRANSIT SYSTEM

Rail Transit
* Light Rail Transit (LRT)
LRT systems use electric-powered trains
operating on tracks separated from other
traffic, typically in their own right-of-way.
Light rail vehicles (LRVs) can carry more
passengers than buses and offer faster
speeds and smoother rides.
LRT is often used in medium-density urban
areas and along corridors with high transit
demand.
MASS TRANSIT SYSTEM

Rail Transit
* Heavy Rail Transit (HRT)
HRT systems, also known as subways or metro
systems, consist of trains operating on
underground, elevated, or grade-separated tracks.
Heavy rail systems have high capacities, high
speeds, and frequent service, making them suitable
for densely populated urban areas and high-
demand corridors.
HRT requires significant capital investment for
construction but offers high efficiency and capacity
once operational.
MASS TRANSIT SYSTEM

Rail Transit
* Commuter Rail
* Commuter rail systems provide long-distance,

regional transit service between urban centers

and suburban areas.

* Trains operate on existing railroad tracks,

serving commuters traveling to and from work

during peak periods.

* Commuter rail is often used to connect satellite

cities and suburbs to central business districts

MASS TRANSIT SYSTEM

Rail Transit
* Monorail
Monorail systems use elevated
guideways and trains with a single rail,
providing fast and efficient transit
service above street level.
Monorails are commonly used for
urban transit, airport connections, and

theme park transportation due to their

distinctive design and high capacity.
MASS TRANSIT SYSTEM

* Tram or Streetcar

* Tram or streetcar systems use electric-powered

vehicles operating on tracks embedded in city
streets, typically sharing space with other vehicles.
* Trams offer lower capacities and speeds compared
to LRT but can provide convenient and accessible
transit service in mixed-traffic environments.