Learning to Appreciate, Create and Exbihit:

A Module for Art Appreciation

Shiela Marie S. Ranque, D.A.

Arlene Calooy, M.A.
Ivy Jane Asilo, M.A.
Cyra Luna, M.A.
Jenelyn Ancog, M.A.
Catherine B. Orcullo, Ph.D.
WRITERS

Maria Jannettes B. Renegado, M.A.

Stanley Rasonabe, Ph.D.
Reviewers
 Preface

You are taking the three-unit course, Art Appreciation. This course helps you to develop
ability to appreciate, analyze and critique works of art. It equips you to be knowledgeable on
practical, historical and social relevance of the arts for you to articulate a sound understanding
of arts. To cultivate your competency, you will do research, art curation, appropriation,
conceptualization, mounting and evaluation of art productions. It also aims to deepen your
knowledge and genuine appreciation for Philippine arts. You have to explore the diverse and
rich Filipino culture and even the cultures of other races.

This module is composed of four (4) parts namely: Let’s start! Let’s ponder! Let’s talk! Let’s
reflect and Let’s do it! In Let’s start, you will be given the learning goals which will guide you
to understand what the lesson is about and warm you up to live up what is expected of you.
Let’s talk! contains the discussion which will provide you information and insights to build a
better understanding of the lesson. Let’s reflect! allows you to think, process and digest what
you read. Let’s do it! encourages you to unleash the creative soul you keep in you. You will
do create works of art in various forms.

May this module help you learn more about arts, express your creative ideas, distress
yourself, uplift your spirit, appreciate Philippine culture and see the beauty in the cultures of
other races.
 CHAPTER 1: The Study of Humanities

Let’s start!

At the end of the chapter, the students are expected to:

1. Discuss the relationship between humanities and art;
2. Differentiate art appreciation and art history; and
3. Explain the importance of art in the modern world.

Let’s ponder!

The nature which provides humanity resources of survival has been deteriorating. The
government encourages the citizens to be cautious about their daily activities such as
irresponsible waste disposal, illegal logging, exhaustive mining and among others which harm
the nature. They pass many laws and ordinances to resolve environment concerns.

Despite their arduous effort and the punishment they impose, people continue to do
these operations. Concerned about the environment and humanity’s sake, a group of young
advocates for Mother Earth publish pictures, posters and slogans about the effect of nature’s
wrath to humankind. After spreading them, people start planting more trees, segregate their
garbage properly, conserve water and other activities showing how conscious they are about
the environment. In that way, how does art become helpful? Based on the situation, does art
limit itself to entertainment?

Let’s talk!

Art is one of the field which is sheltered under the huge umbrella of humanities. Derived
from the Renaissance Latin words studia humanitatis, it finds its connection to humanity who
are bonded through culture, maintain decorum through refinement and are nurtured through
education. Humanities as a discipline of study tells about the description of human
development and the account of their various experiences. Through it, humanity has been
enlightened the complexities of their roots and has found significant connection between
present and past generation.

Humanities can be defined as common denominator of fields such as literature,

language, philosophy, religion, music and arts which looks into the investigation of artifacts
human beings crafted. In other words, humanities bridges humanity to the disentanglement of
the mysteries intertwined in their uniqueness common to all. It also opens their horizon to
understand what it takes to be human and to contend complexities of the world they live.
According to Strauss (2017), humanities allows a person to experience culture outside one’s
sphere which exposes him/her to another point-of-view. In this way, humans are able to
cultivate sense of compassion and empathy towards the feelings and condition of other rather
than focusing on his/her own as they intermingle with one another pushing through different
undertaking the world requires and demand.

Since arts can be defined in various ways, it is described to subjective. It is said to be

a product one’s expression influenced by one’s rich backgrounds which extend from one’s
innateness to one’s wide community. It comes from the Latin word, ars which means skill,
method or techniques. A Filipino poet, F. Zulueta says that art is given birth due to one’s desire
for self-expression. The self is complicated to delineate which also makes art difficult to
explain. Since it can be described in many ways, one cannot just stick to a single definition
because defining things woven in words, portrayed through images and fleshed through
handicrafts are often the result of an artist’s distinctive interpretation. It is multifaceted which
take anything into account. An artist can a product of his natural gift, parental upbringing, his
exposure to his peers, his interaction in the community and his political, religious and moral
perspectives which also dictate his/her way of manifesting art itself.

No matter how wide art can be defined, it can sink into commonalities. Ariola (2018)
cited that four salient characteristics of art.

Art is man-made, not God-made. Art cannot be defined through the trees, mountains,
rivers and manifestation of nature. The latter can be source of inspiration and must be
interpreted by an artist applying his skills may it be through, photography, painting, prose or a
poem.

Art is creative, not imitative. Art triggers one’s creativity in the world of commonalities.
In today’s era, everything is already served which calls a challenge to find a unique angle in
presenting one’s ingenuity. For instance, a tattoo art is practiced by many tribes all over the
world but what is each distinct from each other is their processes, patterns and significance to
one’s culture.

Art benefits and satisfies man. Art is a form of catharsis. It is an avenue for one to
purge out his/her desire for satisfaction in the broadest sense. An artist does not create a
piece of art without any purpose. It may be driven by emotional, moral, political, religious,
economic and other aims. If the purpose has been achieved in intentional or unplanned ways,
the art has served its purposed.

Art is expressed through a certain medium to communicate to his fellows. Although it

is absurd to note that art appears trivial to most people but it always aims to convey messages
in the most creative way. The communication is channeled through the medium which opens
up the artist’s perspectives to be unlocked by the audience. The medium plays a big role
because it bears the relevance the artist is eager to express.

Art assumes importance in human lives because it greatly affects their endeavors.
People may say they are not inclined to art but are actually have applied it in many of their
mundane activities. Its presence cannot be underestimated for it molds the person they are.

Art embodies culture. People’s collective beliefs, feelings and aspirations are reflected
in a piece of art. For example, the movie, Himala starred by Nora Aunor has captured the heart
of many Filipinos in the ‘70s because it mirrors the people of the decade. The characters of
the movie feature about people clinging to their superstitious and religious beliefs, the people
hoping to be cured by Elsa’s healing, people taking advantage to the influx of Elsa’s believers
and building any forms of businesses, people desperate to advance their career covering
Elsa’s story, people taunting Elsa who claimed to be conceded by the Virgin and her believers,
Elsa herself who has fought her secret plights and have taught the people about true faith and
others which bespeak about a typical Filipino community.

Art accounts important events. It records unforgettable and significant happenings in

the society. People anthologize the happenings not only through narratives in the newspapers
or chronicles but also through stories, comics, paintings, films and other forms of art.

Art teaches human to appreciate. It gapes people consciousness about the beauty of
the things they are surrounded. Many people think how unfortunate it is to live in the barrio.
They feel like people there would have a tendency to be fed up with the fields and farm animals
they see every day wondering what waits ahead outside the walls of the mountains. But when
they see Fernando Amorsolo’s painting, The Planting Rice, they begin to realize the beauty of
nature and the joy and peace in the simplicity of life they probably have missed.
 Art influences people. It is a powerful tool to sway people’s stand or choice either for
support or rejection. For example, a politician who wants to win the voters’ favor must be
impressive in conveying his platform of governance through his/her impressive public
speaking skills worthy more than a standing ovation. A writer once claimed that if Hitler were
only an artist, the world should have not hated him. There were many artists who were involved
in various crimes and scandals but the world still venerates them. Their creativity through arts
must have something to do with that. Nevertheless, an artist does not necessarily paint,
weave, sculpt or write, he can also speak in the most eloquent and emphatic way just like how
a politician do. He may have been involved in many controversies but he still sits for a position.

Art cannot be limited to self-expression, entertainment and politics as discussed

because it holds significant even in business or any practical undertakings for there is art in
the presentation of proposals, negotiation, advertisement and other related tasks which aims
for people’s approval.

Art springs inspiration. It gives enlightenment on how to knit their plans, equip
themselves and attack for a battle. It also encourages a person who seeks for guidance. It
inspires a person to continue one’s cause. When Rizal wrote the novel, Noli Me Tangere, the
ideas did not just puff from nowhere. He sought inspiration from any creative works such as
Juan Luna’s Spoliarium, Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin and Eugene Sue’s The
Wandering Jews. From these works, Rizal awakened the Filipinos and strengthened them to
uproar for justice and freedom. Unknowingly, Rizal had become Bonifacio’s inspiration to lead
a rebellion against the Spaniard through KKK.

Art stimulates creative and critical thinking. In schools, one of the common activities is
to let students analyze or create a story, a poem, a painting or a poster to sharpen their
thinking. It allows them to establish a connection between what they have grasped in the
lesson and have witnessed in the community. The story about Achilles, one of the powerful
warrior introduced in Greek Mythology have made people realize that no matter how strong
you are, there would always be a spot in you where lies your weakest.

Art nurtures one well-being. Art is used in many therapies. It helps a person relieves
stress and express one’s suppressed feelings. People resort to dancing, singing or listening
to music, drawing or painting, film viewing and other entertainment for relaxation.

Arts builds one’s identity. It leads a person to know himself/herself, build self-esteemed
and develop sense of belongingness. A person can only be happy when he/she feels secure
about himself which starts when he/she has confidence. Through art, one can assess what a
person is inclined to.

Art makes money. It can provide a person livelihood. Movie-directors like Cathy Molina,
performers like Kathryn Bernardo, painters like Ben Cab, museum owner like, J.K. Rowling
become rich because of art. They do not just unleash their talents and gain recognition but
also earn for a comfortable living.

Of all the importance art discussed, it is undeniable that art could affect human lives
which rise the need to teach people how to decipher the relevance in the manifestations of art
in any form. This unraveling in the enigma of art is called art appreciation. This ability allows
a person to understand arts either through its mere interpretation or its application guided by
one’s learning about arts and the uses of its medium. More than entertainment and
satisfaction, it serves as a window for person to connect to oneself, to others, to the
community, to the nature and to one’s faith. It also cultivates one’s open-mindedness and
culture of respect since art serves as a channel that bridges people to experience other
cultures embodying other people or races’ identity. However, approaches to art appreciation
may vary. Ariola (2018) posits the subjectivity of art appreciation due to one’s preferences.
 These factors are the aesthetics and form that shape art, the elements that compose art and
principles of design that guided it, the acknowledgment of social signification and cultural
relevance.

Art history tackles about how art is influenced by historical evolution and stylistic
context. It puts major and minor arts into scrutiny analyzing the historical penetration
manifested through the symbols used. They can be analyzed through time and its context,
analysis of the form, usage of critical theories and utilization of media and digital technology.

Let’s reflect!
1. What is the relevance in the study of art?
2. How can a person experience different cultures through art?
3. When a person say that a piece of art can be subjectively analyzed?
4. How can one lessen the subjectivity in the examination of arts?
5. Is art appreciation bias? Justify your answer.
6. Recall any piece of art you know and explain how it helps you establish healthy well-being.
7. How can a piece of art reflect reality while not being real?
8. Why does a person need to study humanities even though his interest falls in natural and
social sciences?
9. How can people uninclined to arts use arts in their daily undertakings?
10. With all the importance and benefits discussed, do you think there are disadvantages in art or
the use of art?

Let’s do it!

Aside from the examples discussed, recall any piece of art and tell a short background
about it such as the artist’s profile, the date it is made, the artist’s inspiration in creating it.
Then, flesh your interpretation about that art you have recalled through a mosaic using any
materials such as rice grains, pebbles, small shells, sticks or anything available at home
except paper and egg shells. You can also combine the materials enumerated.
 CHAPTER 2: Assumption of Arts

Let’s start!

At the end of the chapter, the students are expected to:

1. Clarify misconception about arts
2. Categorize work of arts based on personal experiences
3. Characterize the assumption of arts

Let’s Ponder!

After watching a movie you like, you convinced your sister to watch it too. You told her
that its cinematography and screenplay are commendable. When your sister tried, she was
bored watching it and decided to watch the movie recommended by her friend. Knowing her
reaction, you told her that she really does not have good taste for arts. Do you make sense
either for having that judgment? Why do you think so?

Let’s talk!

Arts can trigger different emotions and reactions. It can be beautiful, peculiar, or
puzzling. It can make you laugh, think, cry or angry. Most importantly, people vary in the way
they perceive art. No one can dictate you how to judge it but of course could teach you to
arrive at logical art appreciation. In arts, every person is entitled by his own judgement about
anything.

Being subjective, arts open many windows of misconceptions. Its definition has
evolved through ages as debates about it have been emerging. Nevertheless, people are still
confused what art is because art changes over time and context. People may say that art has
to conform to some standards to be called such but other claim that art should be free from
any criterion. It is similar to the principle of arts for art’s sake versus arts for life’s sake. Arts
for art’s sake mean that a work of art is absolute by itself and must be reflect any political,
historical or cultural relevance. On the other hand, arts for life’s sake fights for the significance
of art to resemble reality which directs that work of art must tell about life, culture, identity,
societal crisis. This conflict brings because of art’s subjectivity. No one could tell exactly what
an art is or what it is for. Law (2019) expresses that art allow the arts to convey his thoughts
about his world and communicate what is his/her core.

Gombrich maybe probably right when he underscores that there is no such things as
art but only artists to break the stigma behind arts. It is human’s expression regardless of one’s
status in life. It is not only for the rich, talented and intelligent people. It is for the entire
humanity of all gender, races, orientation, beliefs, age and any aspect of person. Art unites
rather than divides.

It does not only refer to paintings, sculptures, photographs, films, songs and literature.
It can include the way you decorate your house, you style yourself or other, or you convince
others when advertise something. Art can be in any form that can be found everywhere. It is
not only seen in museum and gallery. You see it where there is human penetration such as
terminal, residential areas, public institution or even in the comfort rooms. Art is truly
ubiquitous.

There are five classifications of arts such as practical arts, liberal arts, fine arts, major
art and minor arts. Practical arts includes basket weaving, agriculture. Liberal arts are
Mathematics, Science, Grammar. Fine Arts pertains to human creativity applied. Major arts
are painting, sculpture. Minor arts refers to ceramics.
 Art is universal. A work of art made by a person of a certain race of a certain generation,
it can still appeal to the senses of other races of different generation. For instance, the film,
Aladdin brought many people to the cinema all over the all. Although it tells about Arabian
culture in the past century, it captures the heart of people in today’s era. This means that
although people belong to different preferences, orientation and belief, they have something
in common. People share the same feelings which somehow have come through their instinct.
People get tired, hurt, worry, hungry and many more experiences which able them to relate
from each other. No matter what their races are, they experience to fall in love, to be greedy,
to be deceived, to be happy, to have desires and aspirations and other faculties and
tendencies that make people humans.

Art is cultural. Arts is an outlet for people to express their various identity dictated by
their culture. Arts conveys the artist’s perception about the generation he belongs because
every artist is influenced by people and time. It is a product of an artist’s expression shaped
by his culture just like BenCab’s Bulols or rice gods sculpture which embodies the beliefs of
the Ifugaos in Cordilleras about fertility and prosperity.

Art is not nature. Arts is the product of the artist’s interpretation about nature. It is not
made up of the trees, rivers, sea, mountains and other manifestation of nature. When the artist
paints the meadow, that is how arts is conceived.

Art is an expression of the mind. It is where the artist pours out his perception and
reaction to what he has seen or indulged in while interacting in his environment. Many arts
can hardly be understood by merely looking at it because artists tell mysteriously. Take the
poems of Pablo Neruda, a Chilean diplomat, poet and a Nobel Prize awardee for example. If
examined on the surface, you can say it is about his longing for a beloved or his admiration to
nature. Nevertheless, if you read closely using historical signification, you can say that they
expresses his political and social views and his deep nostalgia for his country while he was
exiled.

Art is a form of creativity. Arts encourages a person to be innovative in creating work

of art or in appreciating it. It challenges one’s creativity in the application of his skills and
talents. It also stirs up one’s critical thinking skills to analyze what a certain work of art means.
One must investigate the form and background of a certain art and its artist to understand
what it expresses. Arts is an expression coded enigmatically. It fleshes the imagination of the
artists and communicates it to his audience.

Art involves experience. Since art compiles human expression, it shall spring from
people’s emotion, moods, identity, imagination, culture and any characteristics that speak of
human experiences. It is a reflection of reality in a human society without telling it directly. Arts
dramatizes to capture beauty in the ordinary and unique human endeavours.

Let’s reflect!

1. How can you determine that a person possesses sense of art?

2. Why can art be an outlet of one’s expression towards himself and his environment?
3. What are people’s common misconceptions about arts?

Let’s do it!

Associate yourself with a thing, living or not. Through composing a balak, explain how
that thing you have chosen speak about you. You can recall any poems you like and reflect
how it is written for you to be guided on how to do it.
 CHAPTER 3: Functions and Philosophical Perspectives on Art

Let’s start!

At the end of the chapter, the students are expected to:

1. Discuss the functions of art
2. Explain the philosophical perspectives on arts
3. Illustrate one's interpretation of arts based on one's point of view about it.

Let’s ponder!

After watching a movie you like, you convinced your sister to watch it too. You told her
that its cinematography and screenplay are commendable. When your sister tried, she was
bored watching it and decided to watch the movie recommended by her friend. Knowing her
reaction, you told her that she really does not have good taste for arts. Do you make sense
either for having that judgment? Why do you think so?

Let’s talk!

Arts can trigger different emotions and reactions. It can be beautiful, peculiar, or
puzzling. It can make you laugh, think, cry, or angry. Most importantly, people vary in the way
they perceive art. No one can dictate you how to judge it, but of course, it could teach you to
arrive at logical art appreciation. In arts, every person is entitled to his judgment about
anything. In this way, we can say that the way we perceive is influenced by our perceptions of
how it functions in our lives and how we see it according to our background, identity, culture,
and other important aspects that make us.

Arts has many functions such as aesthetic, utilitarian, cultural, social, and political
functions and is shaped according to various philosophical views. It breaks a lot of windows
of misconceptions. Its definition has evolved through the ages as debates about it have been
emerging. Nevertheless, people are still confused about what art is because art changes over
time and context. People may say that art has to conform to some standards, but others claim
that art should be free from any criterion. It is similar to the principle of arts for art's sake versus
arts for life's sake. Arts for art's sake mean that a work of art is absolute by itself and must
reflect any political, historical, or cultural relevance. On the other hand, arts, for life's sake,
fight for the significance of art to resemble reality, which directs that work of art must tell about
life, culture, identity, and societal crises. This conflict is brought by art's subjectivity. No one
could tell exactly what art is or what it is for. Law (2019) expresses that art allows the arts to
convey his thoughts about his world and communicate his/her core.

Gombrich maybe probably right when he underscores that there are no such things as
art but only artists to break the stigma behind arts. It is a human's expression regardless of
one's status in life. It is not only for the rich, talented, and intelligent people. It is for the entire
humanity of all gender, races, orientation, beliefs, ages, and any aspect of a person. Art unites
rather than divides.

It does not only refer to paintings, sculptures, photographs, films, songs, and literature.
It can include how you decorate your house, style yourself or others, or convince others when
advertising something. Art can be in any form that can be found everywhere. It is not only seen
in museums and galleries. You see it with human penetration such as a terminal, residential
areas, public institutions, or even comfort rooms. Art is truly ubiquitous.
 Functions of Arts

Aesthetic Function. Through art, humans have learned to show love and admiration to
nature. As a result, they exert effort to conserve nature.

Utilitarian Function. Arts adds flavor to basic human needs. Food is garnished and
spiced. Lawns are landscaped. Houses are designed by engineers and architects. Clothing
and accessories are blemished by styled resulting fashion to dominate. Moreover, the beauty
of nature is even improved either for simple beautification or tourism industry. Arts is used in
satisfying the needs and gratifying people's luxury.

Cultural Function. Apart from earning recognition, arts plays an important role in the
preservation of culture. Through it, culture transcends time and location.

Social Function. Arts unite people. People are gathered in theatres watch play or
movies which gives morals or lessons. People can be awakened by slogans or taglines in
advertisements. People are intrigued by paintings and awed by sculptures. People could sing
the same songs. Back in the olden times, arts through riddles, folk dances, storytelling
gathered people. These forms of art do not just entertain them but tell about their identity and
culture as a race.

Political Function. Arts is used as a platform for the spread of awakening to support or
reject a certain point-of-view.

Philosophy in Arts

Humans (Adam 3) are perceived as generally mimetic beings who are embodied with
feelings and the impulse to indulge themselves in the creation of art. They tend to emulate
what exists around them and reinterpret it according to how they perceive the world. In ancient
times, this term was used by the great philosophers Plato and Aristotle. They both believe that
art copies nature, but they differ in their perception of how imitation is done. Plato asserts that
art is a copy of a copy of reality (Adam 1). He assumed that reality is twice removed in arts
which makes imitation misleading.

On the other hand, Aristotle (Gbenoba and Okoroegbe, 172) maintains that this world
is real but incomplete that artists need to imitate to make it absolute. He believes that
appearances are not merely a copy of the changeless ideas. Change is regarded as a creative
force with a direction that is a fundamental process of nature that is subjected to decay and to
evolve. Unlike Plato, Aristotle does not deem art to be dangerous and futile; instead, he argues
that it is natural and beneficial. He perceives it as natural due to humans' innate capacity to
mimic and to be creative through their imagination.

Representational
Humankind has a collective unconsciousness that serves as a reservoir for instincts
and archetypes that store a collection of memories and images of human experiences
transmitted across changing times and culture. This human capacity greatly affects human
lives since this allows them to perceive its symbols, signs, and meanings since immemorial
times and awaken deep emotions. Through arts, these become universally accepted and lead
people to come at the same concept as they see different works of art, leading them to arrive
at a common understanding about a certain image projected.

Arts for Art’s Sake

According to Emmanuel Kant, arts does not need to be justified. The substance of art
should be judged based on the social reality it bears. If an artist has the freedom to extract his
true self in the creation of a work of art. Art itself is absolute.
 Escape
Arts is an avenue for people to communicate this thought about themselves and their
community. It is a way for them to purge out what they have within. It can be their source of
entertainment, or a means to be recognized. Art has been seen to be a useful way to relieve
stress and find oneself.

Functional
Arts does not only exist for nothing. It is used by humankind in their everyday routines.
It is used to propagate their advocacy and causes. It is used for economic purposes, self-
expression, and therapies. People utilize arts in satisfying their basic needs.

Let’s reflect!

1. How art makes the world a better place to live?

2. If every culture is unique, how do different races understand each other’s work of art?
3. Compare and contrast Plato's and Aristotle's perception about art?
4. Is it possible that a certain work of art can be mimetic and representational at the same time?
Explain your answer?

Let’s do it!

Using the extract of leaves or flowers or charcoal you have at home, sketch your
explanation on the relationship of the functions and philosophy of arts. Sketch your
interpretation in a canvas or a plain white cloth. If you are using a fabric, please do a necessary
procedure to make it like a typical canvas.
 CHAPTER 4: Subject and Content of Arts

Let’s start!

At the end of the chapter, the students are expected to:

1. Distinguish content of arts from the subject of arts
2. Explain the differences among the types of subjects in art
3. Classify work of arts according to its subject

Let’s ponder!

If you are analyzing a piece of art, how will you do it? Will you focus on the message
of the painting based on your perception or look at how the elements are combined to get the
message conveyed?

Let’s talk!
In manifesting art, an artists need to flesh it through its components. Like humans, art
has a body and a soul. It has a subject, a form, and content.

Subject of arts pertains to the portrayed object that the artist make. The form is the
visual presentation of the elements of arts such as line, color, and others. The content refers
to the meaning of the work of art. For instance, the artists sculpt a woman, so the sculpture of
a woman is the subject. The form is how the woman is projected, whether she is standing
modestly or sitting carelessly. The content is the depiction of the images, whether it means
women empowerment or women's submission to men.

Sources of the subject of arts can be inspired in many things around us. You can find
inspiration from the artwork itself, prose-whether fiction or fiction, poetry, drama, films,
interviews, speeches, letters, photographs, documents, nature, history, mythology, religion,
and many things which relates to the human society

If you wonder where to find them, you have to look around you. The way your house
is built could offer you something. If not, stroll in your vicinity. Observe the trees, flowers,
rivers, mountains, fields, and anything that makes up your place's topography. If you would
like to check examples from artworks collected, you may visit exhibits, museums, gallery and
cultural centers. You could also browse from anthologies, catalogs, classical books, and other
materials available.

Subjects of art can be representational, abstract or non-objective. When it is

representational, it resembles the objects seen in reality, such as people, events, landscapes,
seascapes, celestial bodies, and others perceived by the eyes. The kinds of arts that fall under
this category are literature, theater arts, and graphic arts. Painting and sculpture can be
considered representational arts but due to the evolution of their movements, it can also be
non-representational or non-representational. Subcategories under representational art
include Realism, Impressionism, Idealism, and Stylization

Another subject of art is abstract art. It considers reality in its subject but uses deviation
in its presentation. It transforms reality by applying unconventional techniques in the interplay
of color, shapes, lines, and other arts elements. The examples of abstract arts are what
Cubism, Minimalism, and Precisionism present.

Non-objective art is the third type of art which is often confused with being abstract art.
Unlike abstract art, which is inspired by reality, non-objective art does not reflect anything from
reality. It is ultimately for aesthetics that conceived meaning through the thought-provoking
fusion of elements and principles of arts.

It does not stick to subject that is distinguishable, which means it portrays any object
found in the natural environment. The arts comparable to non-objective art are Bauhaus,
Constructivism, Cubism, Futurism, and Op Art.

Let’s reflect!
Identify and explain what kind of art is presented in each item.

1. Tomato Pickers by Anita Magsayay-Ho

2. Moments of Infinity by Kylo Chua

3. Wildflower Series II by Constancio Bernardo

 4. Love Rite by Jose Joya

5.Sandugo by Napoleoon Abueva

6.Where by Moris Louis

II. Identify the component of arts through explaining the artwork below.
Unwelcomed Visitors by Hermogena 'Nene' Borja-Lungay

Let’s do it!
Sketch/Sculpt your interpretation of the components of arts
Criteria:
- Craftsmanship - 10
- Message - 10
- Creativity – 10
- Total: 30 points
 CHAPTER 5: Artist and Artisan

Let’s start!

At the end of the chapter, the students are expected to:

1. Outline the history of the emergence of artists and artisans;
2. Identify and define the different individuals and groups who take on varied roles in the
world of art and culture; and
3. Classify the practices of artists in terms of form, medium, and technique.

Let’s ponder!

The art is one of the most significant ways in which we try to grapple with how the
present unfolds. In Robert Henri’s The Art Spirit (1923), he stated that “Art when really
understood is the province of every human being. It is not an outside, extra thing. When the
artists is alive in any person, whatever his kind of work may be, he becomes an inventive,
searching, daring, self-expressing creature. He becomes interesting to other people. He
disturbs, upsets, enlightens, and he opens ways for a better understanding. Where those who
are not artists are trying to close the book he opens it, shows there are more pages possible.”
There is a gap when one continues to persist with the idea that art is something that is
detached from the every day. In what has been reduced to a blur, it became more integral that
man pursues a better understanding of the world where he lives. One of the avenues that
make this both possible and exciting is the engagement with art and culture.

Let’s talk!

Artists have treaded a long history. Their roots can likewise be traced in one of the
major milestones in human civilization. In the first episode of the video series “New Ways of
Seeing,” a project by The New York Times’ T Brand Studio and jewelry giant Tiffany & Co., art
critic Jerry Saltz (2016) underscored the significance of not only the discovery of the cave
paintings, but also the paintings themselves. He asserted that “these first artists invented a
way to get the three-dimensional world into two dimensions and attach value to their own
ideas. And all of the history of art flows forth from this invention”. He is apparently referring to
the drawings and painted images of animals, hunting scenes, and a variety of symbolic figures
created during the Stone Age. Examples of these are scattered all around the world, from
France, Spain, Namibia, Australia, and Argentina to name a few. Of course, these works were
not yet subsumed in the highly systemized art world, let alone considered as “art”.

Out of the shadows of these caves, astounding headway was seen moving down
history from Bronze Age down to the Middle Ages in terms of how man continued to utilize his
surroundings to create varying expressions of his ideas and feelings. Through the exploration
of his immediate environs, trade, and other experimentations, new modes, media, and
techniques brought to light a wide array of artworks that instantiate the wealth that can be
done when the artist’s vision is tapped, harnessed, and realized. But the most integral
development that allowed this identify of an “artist” to fully emerge is the systematization and
sophistication that his world – the art world – has become.

The impulse to create is at the core of human civilization, much like the impulse to
communicate through language. Early on, artists were embedded in the development of
culture, and in turn, art was nurtured by the varying cultures in which it existed. The works
produced varied from the prosaic to those that explored a wide range of aesthetic possibilities
seen every day. The interaction with these objects was intimate in the sense that their
presence was experienced in a multitude of ways and in all of the affairs of man:
ornamentations in tools and other surfaces, weaving patterns in textiles, visual features and
the design/plan for architectural structures, and ritual and burial implements, among others.
 Artists even created places and spaces where communities may gather. There are numerous
monuments and memorials that are plotted over the world such as the infamous Vietnam
Veterans Memorial in Washington DC. There are others like the cave paintings that have an
aura of mystery like the Pyramids of Giza, or have alluded comprehension like the
Stonehenge.

It was in this light that artists worked and most of the time, the products were
considered not as artworks at all but rather as craft or placed under some other category. The
use of the word “embedded” may be taken to mean that what was created automatically
circulated in the operations of society and was not integral to an art object that the identity of
its maker be known. It did not take long before this changed.

A master artisan or craftsman would then be open to hiring apprentices who would be
under his tutelage and instruction. In these guilds, artistry and technology flourished under
one roof. In the context of the cathedral construction site, the master mason oversaw the work
by numerous men of varying artistic proclivities and skills, from the smiths (metal work),
carpenters, carriers, and glaziers (stained glass artists), among others.

The Artisan and the Guilds

The designation Four Crowned Martyrs or Four Holy Crowned Ones (Latin, Sancti Quatuor
Coronati) refers to nine individuals venerated as martyrs and saints in Early Christianity. The
nine saints are divided into two groups:
1. Severus (or Secundius), Severian(us), Carpophorus (Carpoforus), Victorinus (Victorius,
Vittorinus)
2. Claudius, Castorius, Symphorian (Simpronian), Nicostratus, and Simplicius
According to the Golden Legend, the names of the members of the first group were not known at
the time of their death "but were learned through the Lord’s revelation after many years had
passed.”]They were called the "Four Crowned Martyrs" because their names were unknown
("crown" referring to the crown of martyrdom).

Albrecht Durer

In the visual arts, an example of an artist strongly influenced by

this was Albrecht Durer. Born in 1471, his father was a goldsmith;
that is why he also apprenticed as such. Later on, he shifted to the
visual arts. During that time, it was customary to travel after
completing an apprenticeship to gather more experience and
knowledge elsewhere. His life was ripe with travels, fame, and
fortune. One of the biggest credits to his practice was his dedication
and interest in scholarship with his attendance to a close friend’s
meetings of artists and scholars. He also published quite a number
of books and treatises including those that talked about practical
skills as an artist which would be useful to other artisans and
craftsmen who dared to read it. Mostly on perspective and human proportion, his works were
written in the first-person singular helped that his illustrations were laid out opposite the text
that explains it. Although he was caught between the times when canons were still being
followed, he suggested to his readers that his was merely recommendations, and that if they
found a better way to go about it, then one should depart from what he had learned.

Fernando Amorsolo (1892-1972)

Labelled the country’s first National Artist in 1972 by then President Marcos, Fernando
Amorsolo is often known as the ‘Grand Old Man of Philippine Art’. The Spanish-trained realist
developed a backlighting technique, where his colorful depictions of local people reflect the
radiance of the Philippine sun. The figures and illuminated landscapes magically glow on the
canvas. Despite his deteriorating health and failing eyesight, he remained prolific until the end,
producing up to 10 paintings a month until his death at the age of 80. Amorsolo’s creativity
defines the nation’s culture and heritage to this day.

The Vargas Musuem – found inside the campus of his alma mater, the University of
the Philippines, displays a notable selection of his work.

Although the timeline is a bit skewed, the

culture of artisans became prevalent in the Philippines
as well, particularly during the Spanish colonial period.
Formerly done with the spirit of the communal and the
everyday, patronship changed the way art was
perceived. This was both the case for religious and
secular art, wherein the existence of artisans proved to
be of immense use. It was through mimesis or copying
that artisans first learned to depict religious images and
scenes. Friars, being non-artists themselves, provided
the references that artists could use. During the
propagation of the faith, Spanish friars commissioned a lot of artisans to carve, paint, and
engrave images for churches and public sites. Each locality had a characterizing style or
feature in the way their depictions were made; the manner in which Boholano artists would
paint saints and scenes were different from those of Rizal or in Laguna. Like other Baroque
churches that benefitted from the talents of artists, Spanish colonial churches were also lined
with frescos and ceiling paintings, with a number of them undergoing restorations in the early
1900s. Project Kisame is a collective endeavor amongst enthusiasts and advocates who
aimed to promote this art form through documentation, engagement, and appreciation of
surviving ceiling paintings in more than 60 churches in the Philippines. Technology and
heritage conservation occupied a substantial part of this project.

Project Kisame

We are saddened to hear the news that the

roof and ceiling of the left transept of the Parish
Church of the Most Holy Trinity in Loay, Bohol
collapsed two weeks ago, according to Fr. Joel
Halasan, cura of the parish, and fellow friend Arch.
Reynaldo Lita of NHCP. That area was being
supported by shoring and temporary bracing,
since the church structure had greatly weakened
after the earthquake. However we are very
fortunate that the Project Kisame team had
completed and provided its most comprehensive documentation work of the ceiling paintings
of native Boholano painter Rosalio Oritz in Loay church, thanks to the support and funding
from the National Commission for Culture and the Arts and the Diocese of Tagbilaran. It its
hoped that our 2D and 3D plans, ultra-high resolution images, studies and recommendations
will pave way for an eventual restoration of the parish's enduring artistic legacy.

One example of Spanish architecture that has been documented is the Church of the Most
Holy Trinity in Loay, Bohol. Built in 1822, the ceiling paintings were rendered trompe l’oeil
 biblical scenes. In 2003, it became a National Historical Landmark. It was therefore
unfortunate that this church was one of those heavily damaged during the devastating
earthquake that rattled Bohol in 2013. The only section of the structure that remained erected
was the bell tower. Although it is but a fragment of the real thing, the photos taken by Project
Kisame were able to document the beauty of the ceiling paintings prior to its distraction.

The Artist and His Studio

Today,
artist studios have been a
place of interest for the
public. It is interesting to see
and learn where creativity
manifests itself, especially
since an artist studio is an
extension of artist himself.
The studio model dates back
from the Renaissance.
Therein, artists flexed their
relationship with their patron
as a site where negotiations
and works were made.
There were those whose work stations were segmented into two, the studiolo and bottega;
the latter is where the work usually happened. Apprentices studied under masters, assisting
with menial tasks or the preparation of the painting surfaces. In the seventeenth century, these
demarcations became lose, eventually merging together. This was especially true with artists
who explored oil painting techniques whose long process can be described by cycles of
mixing, layering, and drying of paint. This format remained throughout the latter part of the
1800s.

The terrain in which the artist traverses in becoming increasingly complex. In

the last century, some of the roles that have been existent since the beginning of art history
have been properly dealt with – ascribed with a name – and legitimized into a sophisticated
network of relationships and exchanges. This network is what we call the art world.

Let’s reflect!

1. What art form can you most relate to and appreciate? It may be architecture, sculpture,
painting, music, literature, film, dance, performance/theater, and living traditions.
2. Name an artist whose works you really like.
3. Is there a particular work of art created by him or her that you relate to and appreciate? What
is it and why?
4. With your seatmate, discuss and compare the items you listed.
5. Based on what you wrote, make an assumption about what the painting means.

Let’s do it!

1. Identify and select one artist. He or she may be Filipino or foreign; and may be identified with
any art form: architecture, sculpture, painting, music, literature, film, dance,
performance/theater, and living traditions, among others.
● Research on him or her and select five aspects of his or her life (events, ideas, works,
awards/citations) that you think have a substantial contribution not only to the local or foreign
art scene, but also to human history.
● Print it on a long bond paper and place it in a long folder. Attach also a picture of the artist and
artisan.
2. In an oslo paper, paint something that expresses yourself and act as an artist in doing it.
 CHAPTER 6: GAMABA Awards and the National Living Treasures

Let’s start!

At the end of the chapter, the students are expected to:

1. Elucidate the importance of GAMABA Awards;
2. Recognize the National Living Treasures; and
3. Create craft from indigenous materials.

Let’s ponder!

Belonging to the era of globalization, it is undeniable that we, Filipinos, have been
influenced by different cultures worldwide, especially that access to communication these
days has been made convenient through the use of new media. Along with our effort to
equip ourselves globally, we cry for the preservation of our culture. It is good that we have
learned so much about the world but unconsciously, we have forgotten our own. With this
concern, how does the government resolve the concern on cultural preservation
manifested through arts?

Let’s talk!

Envisioning the preservation and empowerment of Filipino cultural heritage, the

Republic Act No. 7355 is also known as the Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan (GAMABA)
the National Living Treasures Award was given birth in April 1992. Anchored criteria made
by UNESCO for the identification of the Living National Treasure, its administration and
implementation are spearheaded by the National Commission for Culture and the Arts
(NCCA) together with the Ad Hoc Panel of Expert and Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan
committee. The highest policy-making and coordinating body pursues the quest for the
finest indigenous artists and The NCCA, through the Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan
Committee and embraces the procedures that transcend the tradition, the skill, and talents
to the next generations. It also adheres to inculcate national pride among Filipinos through
the undying exhibition of Filipino ingenuity and true identity. Undeniably, it aims to promote
national character through reviving Filipino customs, lifestyle, and crafts that survive
through ages, the odds of time, and diverse cultural influences due to foreign invasion.

The Act awards the Filipino citizen who has been practicing any indigenous art
which is exquisite in an artistic and technical sense and is uniquely Filipino. The Act awards
are folk architecture, ornament, literature, weaving, graphic and plastic arts, carving,
pottery, maritime transport, performing arts, and textile or fiber art.

To qualify for the award, he/she must be a resident of the indigenous cultural
community in the Philippines. The community must be known to preserve their indigenous
tradition, culture, and heritage observed since time immemorial despite the penetration of
external influences. He/she must have been indulged in the traditional folk art that has
been acknowledged for at least 50 years. He/she commits himself to the performance and
production of the finest and unique work of art for a long time. He/she must also show
reputable connoisseurship in using the materials and equipment in making the indigenous
work of art. Mostly importantly, he/she exerts effort to pass the indigenous knowledge to
the other community member for its preservation.

If the artist qualifies to all the qualifications above but has not taught his successor
due to age and infirmity, he/she may be considered if he/she has made a remarkable
collection of the indigenous art or shows superiority in the manifesting the art which makes
it thriving over period of time. Moreover, he/she would still be qualified to receive the
 recognition if he/she is the instrument for the unremitting development of creative tradition
of the community and has been renowned to be teacher and master of the craft in the
community.

GAMABA Recipients

Name of Artist Year Awarded Category of the Award Place of Residence

Alonzo Saclag 2000 Kalinga Music and Lubuagan, Kalinga
Dance
Ambalang 2016 Yakan Tennun weaving Lamitan, Basilan
Ausalin
Whang-od Oggay 2018 Tattooing Buscalan, Kalinga
Darhata Sawabi 2004 Pis Syabit Weaving Parang, Sulu
Eduardo Mutuc 2004 Metal Work (Bronze and Apalit, Pampanga
Silver
Estelita 2016 B’laan igem Weaving Malapatan,
Tumandan Sarangani
Bantilan
Federico 2000 Sugidanon Poetry and Sulod-Bukidnon,
Caballero Epic Chant Iloilo
Ginaw Bilog 1993 Ambahan poetry, Mansalay, Oriental
Mindoro
Haja Amina Appi 2004 Mat Weaving Tandubas, Tawi-
Tawi
Lang Dulay 1998 T’nalak Weaving Lake Sebu, South
Cotabato
Magdalena 2012 Inabel Weaving Pinili, Ilocos Norte
Gamayo
Masino Intaray 1993 Poetry (Kulilal and Brooke's Point,
Bagit) Palawan,
Music (Basal / Gong)
Salinta Monon 1998 Weaving (Abaca – ikat / Bansalan, Davao del
Inabal), Sur
Samaon 1993 Music (Kutyapi) Mamasapano,
Sulaiman Maguindanao
Teofilo Garcia 2012 Casque Making San Quintin, Abra
(Tabungaw)
Uwang Ahadas 2000 Music (Yakan Lamitan, Basilan
specifically Kulintang,
kwitangan kayu,
gabbang, agung, and
tuntungan)
Yabing Masalon 2016 Weaving (Ikat) Polomolok, South
Dulo Cotabato

Let’s reflect!

1. What is the aim of the government for establishing GAMABA award?

2. How would a certain person qualify for this award?
3. How would this award spring inspiration for Filipinos to preserve our culture?
4. Why is this award important to indigenous artists? How would this make an impact on their
lives?
5. Why do we need to preserve our culture?
 Let’s do it!

Have an interview with your parents or grandparents. Solicit any indigenous knowledge
they have learned from their ancestors, which they also have embraced. Choose any from the
categories of indigenous knowledge or skills mentioned above. Then, make a sample output.
If it is a performance, provide a video and save it on a CD.
 CHAPTER 7: Elements and Principles of Art

Let’s begin!

At the end of the chapter, the students are expected to:

1. Provide examples of the interrelatedness of some of the elements and principles of
art;
2. Explain the relevance of the elements and principles of art in the study of art and its
products (artworks); and
3. Illustrate examples of hybrid art and dissect what art forms are combined therein.
Let’s ponder!
The arts is one of the most significant ways in which we try to grapple with how the
present unfolds. In Robert Henri’s The Art Spirit (1923), he stated that “Art when really
understood is the province of every human being. It is not an outside, extra thing. When the
artists is alive in any person, whatever his kind of work may be, he becomes an inventive,
searching, daring, self-expressing creature. He becomes interesting to other people. He
disturbs, upsets, enlightens, and he opens ways for a better understanding. Where those who
are not artists are trying to close the book he opens it, shows there are more pages possible.”
There is a gap when one continues to persist with the idea that art is something that is
detached from the every day. In what has been reduced to a blur, it became more integral that
man pursues a better understanding of the world where he lives. One of the avenues that
makes this both possible and exciting is the engagement with art and culture.

Let’s discuss!

The elements of art are sort of like atoms in that both serve as building blocks. You
know that atoms combine and form other things. Sometimes they will casually make a simple
molecule, as when hydrogen and oxygen form water. If hydrogen and oxygen take a more
aggressive career path and bring carbon along as a co-worker, together they might form
something more complex like a molecule of sucrose.

A similar activity happens when the elements of art are combined. Instead of
Hydrogen, Oxygen. Carbon etc, in art you have got line, shape, form, space, texture, value
and colour. Artists manipulate these elements, mix them in with principles of design and
compose a piece of art. Not every work has every one of these elements contained with them
but at least two. For example a sculptor by default has to have both form and space in a
sculpture because these elements are in three dimension. They also can be made to appear
in two dimensional works through the use of perspective and shading.

Art would be sunk without line, sometimes known as a moving point. While line isn’t
something found in nature, it is absolutely essential as a concept of depicting objects and
symbols and defining shape. Form is also an element of art. As it’s most basic, a form is a
three dimensional geometric figure as opposed to shape which is two dimensional or flat. In a
broader sense, form in art means the whole of a piece’s visible elements and the way those
elements are united. In this context, form allows us to mentally capture the work and
understand it. Texture is another element like form and space that can be real, created or
implied.

The elements of art are important for several reasons. First and most importantly, a
person cannot create art without utilizing at least a few of them. Secondly, knowing what the
elements of art are, it enables us to describe what an artist has done, analyze what is going
on in a particular piece and communicate our thoughts and findings using a common
language.

In the chapter on Subject and Content, it was mentioned that arts have a specialized
language. And to be able to understand this language, the familiarity with some of the
elements and principles that make it legible is required. Think of it as the letters - the stringing
of letters to formulate words, and perhaps even the different pronunciations and enunciations
that assist comprehension.

The next chapter endeavors to take art and break it into its smaller parts. Like a
scientist who takes a splice or sample and places it under a microscope, the next lesson will
allow for a better view, not of the final picture; rather, the parts that complete it.

Elements of Art: Visual

The elements of art are sort of like atoms; define as the unit or “building blocks” of matter.

Together, in a variety of combinations and formation, they have the ability to create
molecules such as water or the more complex sucrose. These are the same with
elements of art, with the different techniques and styles.

• Known as the basic elements of art

• A moving dot that has an identifiable path – has length and direction

• Defines edges

• Indicates form as well as movement

• Indicates value & a light source of a drawn object

• Controls the viewer’s eye

When line continues in only one direction we call it straight line.

Straight line may proceed
Vertically
Horizontally these are directions of line
Diagonally

There is a psychological indication in each kind of

line. When we say psychology, it matters our
mind.
o Horizontal line suggests peacefulness. The
serene we felt upon seeing the vastness of
ocean, the relaxation in the beach.
o Vertical promotes strength, stability, and poise.
We generally feel that a straight tree is a strong
one, or the person who stands tall is one with
confidence in him.
 o Diagonal implies movement, action, instability,
and unrest.
o Curved implies beauty; in nature, the waves of
ocean, in human creation, from the tip of hair to
the toes, in animals and also in microorganisms.
The female body is the best example of curve
line. It has become the common subject matter
in art, and imags od the female nude have since
predominated (David Martin & Jacobus, 2004)
o Thick and thin line –indicates distance of the
object from the viewer. Thickness or heavy line,
nearness and thin or fine line meticulous in
detail.
o Broken line shows the hidden parts of the drawn
object. Professionals like architect and
engineers are the master in this field.

SH PE EXAMPLES by surface:
1. Painting
2. Sketches
In shape, there is only length and width.
3. Illustration
Shape is two dimensional, 2D.
4. Drawing
5. Photograph
L
E
N KINDS OF SHAPE
G
H • Geometric Shape – mathematical
T shapesSquare, triangle, rectangle, circle
• Organic Shape/Freeform – not man-
made shapesLeaf, lightning, raindrop
WI D T H
 F RM FORMS ARE FOUND IN

1. Sculpture
However in form, there is length,
height, and width,it has now volume. 2. Architecture
Form is a three-dimensional 3D.
3. Fashion Arts
LENGHT

H
E
I
G
H
T

WI D T H

By organizing geometric shapes, we can draw anything. Even complicated objects become easy to
draw. See example below.

You can try!

SP CE
Space deals with the illusion of depth on a flat surface. and usually used in 2D and 3D.

SPACE IN SHAPE

The relationship between positive space (shape) and negative space (shape).

Positive space is defined by object or the object itself while negative space is defined by
spaces around/between the object.

SPACE IN DEPTH/DISTANCE

• Overlapping – an arrangement that shows an

object overlaps another object

• Placement on the paper – objects placed higher

within the picture plane will appear further away

• Size – objects that are smaller will

appear further away from the viewer.

• Detail – the further the object, the less the

detail than the closer object to the viewer
 It is synonymous to tones, shading.
In Italian word, it is called chiaroscuro. Which chiaros means light
and curo means dark. The term is invented by Apolloduros &
Zuexis (5th B.C). Value is the relationship of light and dark on the
different planes of the object

We see and understand objects because of how dark or light they are,
value is incredibly important to art.

Without light, we cannot see anything.

Light Source
Lighted Plane

Shaded Plane Core Shadow

Cast Shadow

o Highlight/ Lighted Plane – where light hits the object directly.

o Midtone/ Shaded Plane – the middle value of the local color.
o Core shadow – darker shade on the object
o Cast shadow – area that is shaded around/outside of the object because of blocked light.
o Reflected light – an area that is lighter because of reflected off of surrounding objects.
 VALUE SCALE Adding black to another color,
is the shadeof the color

Adding both black and white is the

middle tone of the color.

Adding white to another

color, is the tint of the
color.

EXAMPLE:

Blue is our true color

B When we say true color, it is not mixed with
any other color.
+ white LIGHT = tint

+ gray MIDDLE TONE = mid tone

DARK BLUE = shade

TECHNIQUES :

1. Smudging– rubbing your fingers or any soft materials; cotton, tissue paper, etc.

2. Brush Blending – (dry brush) using bristled-brush for blending

3. Fresh Strokes

HATCHING CROSS HATCHING VERTICAL

HORIZONTAL

SCRIBBLING PATCHING HOPPING

 Color is the most important element & puzzling phenomena.

And ISAAC NEWTON developed the color wheel that consists of color spectrum.

When the sun hits the prism, the light spreads with various colors, we call color spectrum,
namely Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo and Violet.

WARM COLORS
• Red violet, red,
Red orange,orange,
yellow orange,
yellow, yellowgreen.
- Can make you look

COOL COLORS
• Violet, blue violet/
indigo, blue, blue green
and green.
- Can make you look
slimmer.

Kinds of Color
 COLOR SCHEME are ways colors are put together in an intelligent way.

▪ COLOR TRIADS
▪ Colors that are equally
spaced apart from each
other.
• Orange, green and violet
• Yellow green, red orange
and blue violet

Orange Violet

▪ SPLIT COMPLEMENTARY
▪ Made up of one color and the closest
analogous of its complements.
• Blue, yellow-orange and red-
orange.
• Red-orange, red-violet and
Green green.

Red orange

Yellow-

Blue
Elements of Art: Auditory
Together with literature, music as an art form is classified as auditory art. However,
some would argue that it is under the broad category of performance art. Either way, music,
much like the visual arts, has its own building block or elements.

Perhaps one of the most widespread forms of art, whose intersection in daily life is
most perceptible, is music. Music is sound organized in a specific time. It is considered an
implement to cultural activities, answering a specific role or function. During the times when
man had to hunt for food, music was used as a corral to herd animals, or as an element of
specific rituals or rites. Singing or dancing to music was also often included in opportunites for
members of society to gather and interact. Some are adept with the skill and sense to produce
music, while others consume it as listeners, audiences, and even performers.

1. Rhythm - means a "movement marked by the regulated succession of

strong and weak elements, or of opposite or different conditions" (Anon. 1971, 2537).
This general meaning of regular recurrence or pattern in time can apply to a wide
variety of cyclical natural phenomena having a periodicity or frequency of anything
from microseconds to several seconds (as with the riff in a rock music song); to
several minutes or hours, or, at the most extreme, even over many years.

Often associated to the terms beat, meter, and tempo, rhythm is the element
of music that situates it in time. It is the pulse of the music.

Classical terms are used to refer to the variations in tempo, some of which are:
o Largo –slowly and broadly
o Andante – walking pace
o Moderato- at moderate speed
o Allegro – fast
o Vivace – lively
o Accelerando – gradually speeding up
o Rallentado – gradually slowing down
o Allargando – getting slower, broadening
o Rubato – literally “robbed time”, rhythm is played freely for expressive effect

2. Dynamics – elements of music that refers to the loudness or quietness of

music

Classical terms are used to refer to the different levels pertaining to this:
▪ Pianissimo [pp] – very quiet
▪ Piano [p] – quiet
▪ Mezzo-forte [mf] – moderately loud
▪ Mezzo-piano [mp] – moderately quiet
▪ Forte [f] – loud
▪ Fortissimo [ff] – very loud

3. Melody – the linear presentation (horizontal) of pitch. It means that in

musical notation, it is read un succession from left to right.
Pitch – highness and lowness of musical sound

4. Harmony – vertical in linear presentation. It arises pitches are combined to

form chords.
 - can be describe of its “harshness”:
Chord – when several notes are simultaneously played
Dissonance – harsh-sounding combination
Consonance – smooth-sounding combination

5. Timbre – color of the music.

- dependent on the technique
- give certain tone or characteristics of the music

6. Texture – the of the melodies, the type of layers, and their relatedness in a
composition is the texture of music. It may be:

▪ Monophonic – single melodic line

▪ Polyphonic – two or more melodic lines
▪ Homophonic – main melody accompanied by chords

PRINCIPLES OF ART
To reiterate, the appreciation and engagement of art relies substantially on being
equipped with the appropriate language that allows it to be more comprehensible. If
the elements of art were like letters (i.e., combining these letters will form words,
phrases, and sentences), then the principles of art would perhaps be the closest to
the rules of grammar and composition.

Learning this principles will lessen the intimidation and might even open vast
possibilities for the novice lookers to have a more pleasurable experience of art. It is
the principles of art that influence the effect achieved by the elements, and the
linkages of other principles. These principles are: balance, scale and proportion,
emphasis and contrast, unity and variety, harmony, movement, rhythm, and
repetition and pattern.
1. BALANCE
This principle refers to the distribution of the visual elements
in view of theirplacement in relation to each other. Ex.
Sm Seaside cube.
There are three forms of balance:
a. Symmetrical – the elements used on one side are
reflected to the other. This offers the most stable visual
sense to any artwork. Ex.
b. Asymmetrical–the elements are not the same (or of the
same weight) oneach side, putting the heaviness on
one side
 c. Radial – there is a central point in the composition, around which elementsand
objects are distributed.

2. SCALE AND PROPORTION

Scale pertains to the size in relation to what is normal for the figure or object in
question.

Proportion, on the other hand, is the size of the components, or of objects in relation
to one another when taken as a composition or a unit. This can also refer to
values such as amounts or number of elements or objects in the composition.
Proportion can be:
a. Natural – relates to the realistic size of the visual elements in the artwork,
especially for figurative artworks. When it is the accuracy in relation to the
real world that the artist is after, this is now referred to as the principle of
scale.

b. Exaggerated –refers to the unusual size relations of visual elements,

deliberately exaggerating the immensity or minuteness of an object.

In line with this, there are notions in scale that differentiate when an element
is smaller than expected (diminutive), and when something appears to be
larger than what is presumed (monumental).

c. Idealized – most common to those that follow canons of perfection, the

size-relations of elements or objects, which achieve the most ideal size-
relations.

3. EMPHASIS AND CONTRAST

Emphasis allows the attention of the viewer to a focal
point(s), accentuating or drawing attention to these elements or
objects. This can be done through the manipulation ofthe
elements or through the assistance of other principles, especially
that of contrast.

Contrast is the disparity between the elements that figure into the
composition. Oneobject may be made stronger compared to other objects (hence, emphasis).
This can be done in many ways using the elements of art. For instance, space, specifically the
use of negative and positive space, is an example of contrast.

4. UNITY AND VARIETY

Unless intended to be otherwise, compositions are intended to
imbue a sense ofaccord or completeness from the work. This is
unity.

Variety, on the other hand, is the principle that aims to retain the
interest by allowing patchesor areas that both excite and allow the eye to rest.
 5. HARMONY
Like what is hinted above, unity and variety is related to
the principle ofharmony, in which the elements or objects
achieve a sense of flow and interconnectedness.

6. MOVEMENT
This refers to the direction of the viewing eye as it goes through the artwork,
often guided by areas or elements that are emphasized. These focal points can
be lines, edges, shape, and color within the work of art, among others.

7. RHYTHM
This is created when an element is repeated, creating implied movement.
Variety of repetition helps invigorate rhythm as depicted in the artwork.

8. REPETITION AND PATTERN

Lines, shapes, colors, and other elements may appear in an
artwork in a recurring manner. This is called repetition. In
addition, the image created out of repetition is called pattern.
With repetition, there is a sense of predictability that is
conveyed, which in turn imbues the feelings of security and
calmness.
LINEAR PERSPECTIVES

Worm’s Eye view – when the object is above your eye level.
Man’s Eye View – when the ocject levels your eye level.
Bird’s Eye View – when the object is below your eye level.

See figures below.

Top
Different Faces of an Object

1. Top
Rear
2. Bottom

3. Sides
4. Rear Two Sides

Bottom
Let’s reflect!
1. What are the elements of art and how it helps your daily living?
2. How arts helps you in your daily life?
3. What life experience can you relate in a form of art?
4. How music affect your life?
5. How does music feel you?

Let’s do it!
Create poster for your favorite film.
1. Using the elements and principles of art as guide, redesign the poster of your favorite
film.
2. The poster must clearly reflect the use of elements and principles of art. It is required
that all elements and principles be represented in the poster.
3. Prepare to show the poster in class. Without revealing many clues on the film, allow
your peers to guess what film is represented by your poster.

References:

Caslib, B.N., et.al. (2018). Art Appreciation. Manila Philippines: Rex Printing Company,
Inc.
https://openart.in/general-topics/elements-art-importance/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm
CHAPTER 8: Medium in Various Forms of Art

Let’s start!
1. Recognize the different medium of arts;
2. Determine the role of the individuals behind arts; and
3. Learn the way to manifest arts
Let’s ponder!

The advent of technology introduces to us many forms of entertainment that people

sometimes do not see the need to go theatre or visit museum. They refer to watch movies in
their homes and browse over the internet. Does this mean arts has been deteriorating? In
what way, you could explain that arts is still alive?

Let’s talk!

Apart from arts is subjective, it also covers a wide scope. Arts can sift through any
discipline. According to Panizo and Rustia (1969) it can be identified according to purpose and
media. Based on purpose, the classification are practical arts, liberal arts, fine arts, major arts
and minor arts.

Practical Arts are applied in human endeavor which require them to create or utilize
utensils and artifacts for their needs. Mechanical arts, weaving, agriculture, industrial and
commercial arts can shed into its umbrella.

Liberal Arts refer to arts that cultivate human intellectual aptitude such as humanities,
social and natural sciences, arts and humanities.
Fine Arts are the application of human creativity for creative and aesthetic purposes. Rather
than focusing on the function, it mainly aims for meditation of the mind and the revitalization
of the human soul. Painting, sculpture, printmaking, music, literature and among other are
examples of fine arts.

Major Arts are the concrete and potential outputs of human’s creativity. They are the
actual work of art such as painting, prints, sculpture, poem, short story, music and the like.
If we consider media as the basis, the categories are plastic arts, phonetic arts, kinesthetic
arts, pure arts and mixed art.

Plastic art refers to art which considered human sense of seeing manifest through
space such as sculpture, painting and architecture.
Phonetic arts put significance on expression through words and sounds such as music and
literature.

Kinesthetic concentrates on rhythmic movement such as dance.

Pure arts put emphasis on one expression as such the form in sculpture, notes in music and
color in painting.

Mixed pertains to the combination of two or more media of expression like opera which
is realized through poetry, drama and music. Learning about the classification of arts is not
only important when you have interest and inclination towards it or when you want to study
about it but also when you want to indulge to it through investments. Art management is the
process of administering the operation which concerns arts through either public or private
institution. Through it, one can imbibe the practical skills in managing the resources, the
expenses and the budget. It also gapes one’s knowledge about how to offer efficiency through
its service which aims not only to gain profits but also broaden people’s interest about arts and
cultivate the culture. Art management is not only an investment for profits but an investment
for education, cultural preservation, mutual respect, and national building.
Behind art management are important people who carry out the tasks and responsibilities to
make it possible. Few of them are the artist and the artisans which often leave people in
confusion. The artist is the person who applies the creative expression of arts such as in
painting, literature or music. He focuses on making arts for aesthetic value and for the outburst
of judgments and emotion. On the other hand, artisan refers to the craftsman who makes art
for functional purposes such as furniture and jewelry.

Another person behind it is the art managers who is tasked to manage art production
in motion picture companies, art gallery, graphic design firms, publishing organization and ad
agencies. He/she responsible in the presentation of the craft, research and analysis of its
market and the company’s client. He/she also manages the team through monitoring their
work performance and resolves any need in the company.

Aside from the art manager, curators also do a big role in the art production. He
interprets an art collection by organizing a selection of works, its venue and the context in
which its grouping illustrates a certain concept. By doing so, they help audiences see artwork
from different perspectives, working to spark new discussions about art and its meaning. A
curator can work with collectors to assemble thematic exhibitions. This relationship between
a curator and collector is mutually beneficial—each discovering new artists and opening up
new opportunities to engage the public.

Art lovers—collectors among them—support an artist’s endeavor, trusting that the

artist’s talents and intuition will bring something new to light. As past initiatives to fund the arts
have proven, communities thrive when the arts are thriving. Collectors who regularly engage
with this art community, those who understand art’s intrinsic value, not only stimulate the art
market, but also shape how contemporary art is experienced and remembered.

Art dealers buy and sell works of art, which also involves negotiating prices and
delivery. However, this ultimate goal is only made possible thanks two to other supporting
activities: searching and networking. He also works on the creating and nurturing a network of
art collectors, gallerists, and other potential clients. This is often done by advising and working
closely with clients on their collections. Art dealers tend to spend a lot of time looking for works
of art, in galleries, flea markets, by attending auctions or by sourcing works of art directly from
clients. Also in order to find rare pieces they tend to travel to other cities and even to other
countries.

Production Process in Film, Video and Multimedia

These days, multimedia where most auditory and combined arts have been integrated
has conquered the world. To capture human curiosity, it allows most human senses to be
involved in the experiencing art they produce. But this form of art application does not come
in a snap. It undergoes a process namely preproduction, production and post-production. The
preproduction includes the crafting of the proposal, the writing of the script, estimation of the
budget and the preparation of the schedule are anticipated. Production comprises all forms of
setup such as recording audio-visual outputs. In this stage, taping happens so the performers,
the crew for the camera, microphone and other equipment, the all directors work hand-in-
hand. They consider the movement or direction, the lighting, cinematography, costume design
and other activities are taken into account. Lastly, the postproduction focuses on the editing
of all that have been recorded during the production phases and other tasks to be carried out
for the completion of the project.
Since art today does not just serve as an avenue for expression but also for income, people
should learn how to entice audience to patronize their arts may it be a mean for products or
services to be sold or arts itself to be a potential source of income. Daza (2016) enumerates
six visual trends on how people can easily be captured especially these days that arts cannot
only be found in museums, gallery or exhibits but also through any forms of social media
platform like Instagram and Facebook.

Virtuality
It gives opportunity for someone’s to experience what it takes to be the other person
who used to see or observe. It allows on-lookers to create experiences through virtuality rather
than making interaction passive. Through it,

Color Surge
People’s attention is stirred up through the combination of strong, unnatural and unique
colors in highlighting subjects.

Unfiltered Imagery
It explores the technique of narration through the beauty of documentary sifting through
the inkling of young consumers.

Gritty Woman
It portrays the contemporary portrayal of a woman breaking the traditional definition of
how women should act. It captures audience through showcasing ways on how women are
empowered by her on limitation, imperfection and fears.

Global Neighborhood
It upholds the culture of belongingness and unity where people of different origins and
orientations can actually share common beliefs and experiences on certain aspects. Social
media has made this trend flourish making things accessible to anyone and reengineering the
world as an active and multiracial hub.

New Naivety
It celebrates for individuality, humor, candor and genuineness. It pushes people to
embrace who their true self while promoting a certain brand. It targets the aspects which are
relevant to most people and break free from the discomfort of conventions.

Medium and techniques in Visual Arts

To flesh the work art, the artist needs materials that would help him propagate his/her
thoughts. These materials are called medium of art. When an artist paints, he/she needs a
canvas, acrylic oil and a paint brush. What he using in painting are medium.

There are various media an artist can choose in visual arts. In painting, the common
media he can use are watercolor, pastel, oil or acrylic as his coloring materials. He can also
consider exploring tempera, encaustic and fresco painting. Tempera which has been used
from 12th to 15th century uses the emulsion of mineral pigments, ore and egg yolk or white.
Encaustic painting is known to the Egyptians in making portraits on their mummy cases. It is
done through adding colored pigments to the heated beeswax.

Unlike encaustic, fresco painting uses water-based pigments on freshly applied

plaster, usually on wall surfaces. The colours, which are made by grinding dry-powder
pigments in pure water, dry and set with the plaster to become a permanent part of the wall.
Fresco painting is ideal for making murals because it lends itself to a monumental style, is
durable, and has a matte surface.

Aside from painting, an artist can also try mosaic. Instead of using pigments in
producing a picture, mosaic put small pieces of colored stones or glass called tesserae
together and stick them in the surface using cement or plaster. Mosaic is a known feature of
Byzantine Churches.
 In doing his art, he can explore using stained glass like how Gothic cathedrals are
designed. Stained glass art combines small pieces of colored glass fasten together using lead.
You can usually notice a black lines in the stained glass art because of the iron bar which
serve as its foundation.

Tapestry is a form of textile art, traditionally woven by hand on a loom. Tapestry is

weft-faced weaving, in which all the warp threads are hidden in the completed work, unlike
cloth weaving where both the warp and the weft threads may be visible. In tapestry weaving,
weft yarns are typically discontinuous; the artisan interlaces each coloured weft back and forth
in its own small pattern area. It is a plain weft-faced weave having weft threads of different
colors worked over portions of the warp to form the design.

Most weavers use a natural warp thread, such as wool, linen or cotton. The weft
threads are usually wool or cotton but may include silk, gold, silver, or other alternatives
An artist can also draw or sketch using crayon, silverpoint, pencil, ink, pen, bistre and charcoal.

In sculpture, the artist can use stone, wood, metals, brass, bronze, granite, jade, ivory,
plaster, clay, and glass. These materials can also be used in architecture.
The nature can give us materials to produce art. Stone is the most common example. Its kinds
are limestone, granite, sandstone and marble.

Let’s reflect!

1. Explain how arts can sift to any disciplines?

2. How does arts evolve over time?
3. Can an artist himself be a curator, dealer, manager an artisan at the same time? Justify
your answer.
4. Aside from working in a gallery or museum, what other areas can an art manager
function?
5. In performing arts, how can one be great performer?

Let’s do it!

Make a video commentary about how important art is to make the community alive, to
unite the people of diverse culture and to earn for a living. Apply any of the six visual trends
and use any paraphernalia to make your output astounding. You can use any video editor.
 CHAPTER 9: Arts in Early Civilization

Let’s start!

1. Identify arts in Early Civilization.

2. Know the importance of arts.
3. Appreciated the value of arts.

Let’s ponder!

By studying the art of ancient civilization, students can learn about the history of
different cultures. Early civilization's art reveals a tremendous amount to modern historians
about these early civilizations' culture, values, and beliefs.

Let’s talk!

Stone Age is a term used to describe a period of history when stones were used to
make tools for survival.

Three Periods of the Stone Age Culture

1. Paleolithic- Old Stone Age
2. Mesolithic- Middle Stone Age
3. Neolithic- New Stone Age

Prehistoric Art

1. Paleolithic Art is a product of climate change. As the climate got colder, part of the
early humans' instinct is to look for shelters that would provide them with warmth.
Caves become protective havens for the early humans, and these caves paved the
way for the birth of their attempts to create art.
2. Mesolithic Art, the term refers to all arts and crafts created between the Paleolithic Ice
Age (10,000 B.C.E) and the beginning of farming with its cultivation and animal
husbandry. Humans, during their age, developed engravings and ceramics to reflect
their daily lives. The Mesolithic is the first era of the Holocene epoch, which succeeded
the Pleistocene, and it ushered in a new approach to Stone Age Art.
3. Neolithic Art has developed, especially when life for the early humans has become
more stable. They have learned to cultivate the land and domesticate animals. By 4000
BCE, there were several monumental and architectural erected. One of them is
Stonehenge. Some see it as a complex calendar, while others see it as a temple. The
purpose of this fascinating tower remains a mystery up to this day and age.

Egyptian Art

Due to the indispensability and utility, Egyptians believed that art could be ascribed
and associated with religion.

Three Periods in Egyptian Civilization

1. Old Kingdom
2. Middle Kingdom
3. New Kingdom

Old Kingdom (Age of the Pyramids)

The Old Kingdom (2686 BC _ 2182 BC) was a period of political stability and economic
prosperity, during which great tombs were built for Egyptian Kings in the form of pyramids.
 Revolutionary advancements in royal funerary architecture characterized it. Both Egyptian
society and the economy were greatly impacted by major state-sponsored building projects,
which focused on building tombs for their Kings. These tombs were built in the form of great
pyramids, and for their reason, the Old Kingdom is frequently referred to as the “Age of The
Pyramids”.

Middle Kingdom (Political Hierarchy)

The Middle Kingdom's key features shift in the emergence of powerful groups of
landlords that threatened the authority and rule of the Pharaoh. For art to reemerge and flourish,
Egypt needed to have a more stable situation. This happened during the rule of King Mentuhotep.
During his rule – Egypt eventually got back on track. Art during the Middle Kingdom has some
experimentations in terms of style; some styles that emerged during this period are portrait
sculptures and fresco paintings freely drawn.

New Kingdom (The Golden Age)

The New Kingdom is known as the golden age of ancient Egyptian Age history.
Monuments and sculptures were still linked with death and reverence for the deceased. During
the previous kingdoms, tombs were just used for worshipping the dead, but with the New Kingdom,
they started having a mortuary temple. These temples, which were carved out of living rocks,
served as a sanctuary for the dead and a place of worship for the living. During this period, Egypt
has established itself as a more advanced and powerful civilization.

*Amarna Revolution
When Mentuhotep became the King of Egypt with her Queen Nefertiti in the 18 th
dynasty, he revolutionizes the arts and religion. He moved the capital to Tel El Amarna thus the
name Amarna. He later changes his name to Akhenaton, which came from Aton, the son of God.
During this period, the only God to be revered was Aton. Egypt became monotheistic, and
Akhenaton ordered all to tear down all movements of other Gods. He then fervently ordered the
creation and erection of the new monuments in reverence to Aton.

Let’s reflect!

1. Why was ancient civilization art important?

2. What are the major contributions of the ancient civilizations?
3. How will you appreciate the value of the arts of Early civilization?

Let’s do it!

Print out images of art in early civilization from the internet and attach them to a timeline
with a brief description.
 CHAPTER 10: Art in Emerging Europe

Let’s Start!

1. Identified the major periods in western art history.

2. Compared and contrast the artworks produced during the different time periods.
3. Discussed the importance of art to the development of western culture.

Let’s ponder!

The art of Europe, or Western art, encompasses the history of visual art in Europe.
European prehistoric art started as mobile Upper Paleolithic rock and cave painting and
petroglyph art and was characteristic of the period between the Paleolithic and the Iron Age.

Let’s talk!

Greeks and Romans

All the way to modern times, art has been used to communicate ideologist and belief
systems prevalent within their context Greek and Roman Civilizations, also known as Classical
world because both cultures aimed to embody the highest possible standard of quality in all
aspects of their societies.

Ancient Greek

They Valued
1. Poetry
2. Drama
3. Philosophy

Art Involved
1. Painting
2. Sculpture
3. Architecture

● One is required to have certain skill sets and a body set of knowledge.
● Man is the center of society, and how they trained their minds could be the very
foundation of how they lived their lives.
● Greeks were notably passionate about the natural phenomenon and believed that
nature should be in perfect order.

The Development of Greek Art

1. Geometric Period
● The time when Greece was starting to get back from the onslaught of what
seemed to be their Dark Ages.
● A period when geometric shapes and patterns have taken the spotlight in most
of the artworks.

2. Archaic Period
● The period placed importance on the human figure.
● This was primarily a result of Greece’s trading activities with other civilizations.
3. Classical Period
● The peak of Greek sculpture and architecture.
 ● The time when the Greeks found themselves rebuilding their temples and
focusing on creating artworks.
4. Hellenistic Period
● Time of Alexander the Grea
● Art was primarily focused on showcasing emotions and depicting reality.

Ancient Rome

● Fusion Greek and Roman cultures can be seen in most Roman artworks.

Hellenistic Period
● Roman civilization came from this age.

500 BCE
● The Roman Republic was established
● Western Europe’s mightiest empire

Roman Artworks
● Look stern, harsh and strong
● Invoke the principles of realism
● Highlighting the features of human being

Master Builders
● Colosseum

Emperor Vespasian
● The amphitheater was planned and constructed during his reign.

Platus and Terence

● Writers of comedy have patterned their works to those of Greek works.

Perseus and Medusa

● Like the Greeks, the Romans valued their Gods, which was evident with their
sculptures and artworks.

Middle Ages

● Product is copied from Christian scripture.

● Church was the central figure and authority of the period.
● Characterized by ignorance and darkness.
● Period between Roman Empire and the Renaissance
● Scriptures were done by hand.
● Great cathedrals were also built.

Renaissance Art

● Means "Rebirth."
● Began in Italy
● Took place between 1400 and 1600
● Architecture
o Sculpture
o Painting
● Characteristics
o Values Individualism
o Emphasis and Human Figure
 o Realism and Expression
o Perspective

* Mannerism was a period in art history, which was a product of the Renaissance Period.
During the Renaissance, artists would observe nature and try their best to emulate it based
on their observations.

* Baroque and Rococo: The term “baroque” is derived from the Portuguese term Barocco,
which is translated as "irregularly shaped pearl". This is a suitable description that Rome was
the birthplace of the Baroque Period, which according to some historians, was a response to
Protestantism.

* Neoclassicism: Neoclassicism was a movement in Europe that transpired during the late
18th and early 19th centuries aimed to revive and rekindle the influences of Greek and Roman
into art and architecture.

* Romanticism: Romanticism, as an art movement, using the central themes of Neoclassicist

artworks as a springboard. Romanticists have highlighted heroic elements in their work.
* Realism: Realism as a work style focuses on the accuracy of details that depicts and
somehow mirrors reality. Realism as a modern movement in art veered away from traditional
forms of art.

* Impressionism: The Impressionism movement started in France, which led to a break from
European Painting tradition. Impressionism is a style of painting that emerged in the mid-to
the late 1800s. Impressionist artists incorporated scientific principles to achieve a more distinct
representation of the color.

* Post- Impressionism: It is an art movement that emerged in France, resulting from both the
influence and rejection of Impressionism.

* Neo-Impressionism: As an art movement, Neo-Impressionism is considered a response to

impressionism's empirical realism. Most painters who subscribe to such a movement rely on
systematic and scientific techniques that have a predetermined visual effect on the artwork
and how the audience perceives the art.

* Art Nouveau: Between 1890 and 1910, countries from Europe and the United States
witnessed the emergence and flourishing of a new art style. This ornamental art style was a
break from conservative historicism, which was the prevailing and dominant theme of most
western artworks.

* Fauvism: This is a style of painting that emerged in France around the turn of the 20 th
century. What makes fauvists revolutionary is that they used pure and vibrant colors by
applying straight from the paint tubes directly to the canvas.

* Cubism: Between 1907 and 1914, French artists Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque
introduced a new visual arts style called cubism. This style would, later on, have a huge
influence on artists during the 20th century. Cubists highlighted the two-dimensional surface of
the picture plane.

* Futurism: It is an early 20th-century art movement that started in Italy, highlighting the speed,
energy, dynamism, and power of machines. Besides, common themes for works in their
movement are restlessness and the fast pace of modern life.

Let’s reflect!
 1. How has art changed throughout history?
2. What do you think are the reasons why art has evolved and changed throughout time?
3. In what ways are Greek and Roman artworks similar?

Let’s do it!

1. Make a timeline that identifies the major periods in western art history.
2. Make a Venn Diagram about the artworks produced in the different periods.
 CHAPTER 11: Art in Asia and Local Arts

Let’s start!

By the end of this lesson, students are expected to:

1. Identify key influences and characteristics of Chinese art and Japanese art;
2. Distinguish the differences of Chinese and Japanese artworks;
3. Determine the different development of Philippine art;
4. Define the concept of different artworks in the Philippines;
5. Appreciate artworks by writing essays on its importance in the formation of a
society’s culture.

Let’s ponder!

Trading played an important role in the development of artworks in Asia. It was through
trading that the different countries in Asia have some similarities in cultures and beliefs. China,
the center of commercialization, is rich of artworks that symbolizes and imprints their colorful
history and culture. Arts became their mode of recording and reliving their religious beliefs,
practices, and culture. China also plays a great influence to the artworks of Japan. In the 1500,
the evolution of arts in Asia became widely spread as the Western world fused their art works
to the East. However, Japanese and Chinese artworks maintained and even made their arts
as their cultural identity as a people. History has also become an essential part in the evolution
of art especially in Philippine context. The artwork of Philippines is a product of historical
evolution, it portrays the culture and beliefs of Filipinos since the pre-colonial period to the
contemporary times. Philippine artworks manifest their everyday living, religious beliefs,
customs, traditions and advocacies.

Let’s talk!

Chinese Art

China has become a leading country in terms of modernization and economic

development. In the history, Chinese were able to produce primitive artisan works, bronze
vessels are carved with intricate designs that shows imagery dating from the second
millennium BCE.

1. Zhou Dynasty
● A feudal kind of social system.
● A period when culture, particularly art has flourished tremendously.
● A period that is comparative to the Greece’s Golden Age.
● A period where metal works for royal families were produced in abundance.
● Jade was the popular choice of material for artworks.

2. Confucianism
● The dominant way of life subscribed to by the general people.
● People who lived in the principles set by Confucius who believed that society works
through sympathy to others.
● The principles of Confucianism has greatly influence the artworks of Chinese, as their
art depicts how the principles are manifested in their everyday life.

3. Indian Influences to China

● The start of sixth century, Chinese artists are inspired to highlight their own culture on
their works.
 ● Paintings depicts magical places and realms through imagination while infusing
Chinese cultures.
● It was a dominant belief that a great power coming from a higher spirit is the one
moving the artist and his work together.

4. Chinese Paintings
● The meaning of the paintings are tricky, monumental styles wherein rocks and
mountains served as a barrier to distract the main subject of the work.
● Rounded forms rise in a way that it flows from the background into the foreground.
● Uses sharp brush strokes for emphasis of details.
● Chinese paintings aimed to give the audience a multiple perspective on the subject.

5. Porcelain
● One of the commonly used items to make decorative ornaments.
● The focal point of their vases depicts a central theme: nature.
● They believe that man is an integral part of nature ensuring that there is balance in it.
● Most of their themes involve their day-to-day life, war and violence, death and nature.

Chinese artworks are incorporated with symbolisms. Art becomes an avenue for the
artist to reflect his thoughts, ideas and things that he/she is aware of.

Japanese Art

Japanese art works has undergone a number of transitions throughout the period. Art
in Japan has become influenced and infused with the modernization from western countries
that made Japan a modern cultural mixing pot. Korean and Chinese influences are evident
the arts of Japan.

1. Haniwa
● A ceramic product made up of clay by Japanese.
● They are placed beside burial spots for reasons that are unknown.

2. Shintoism
● A native religion in Japan.
● A religion that believes that humans are one with nature and embraces the idea of
worshipping many gods, but it did not use art to communicate their beliefs.

3. Influence of China to Japan

● Buddhism is one of the influences of China to Japan in terms of religion and beliefs.
● Artworks such as images and sculptures of Buddha were produced.
● Buddhist temples also became staples in key places.
● Art became an expression of worship for the Japanese.
● Chinese influences the paintings of the Japanese, their style in painting became
abstract and naturalistic handling. This gives the artist the free reign for his work.

Though Japanese art works is influenced by Chinese and other Western countries,
Japan chose to adapt a minimalist take on their paintings, which contradicts the style of
Chinese arts which is extravagant. The Japanese also developed a kind of painting called
ukiyo-e, which was crafted through woodcut prints. The art involves a very distinctive lines
and colors. Western countries and artists such as Vincent Van Gogh and Edouard Manet were
influenced and intrigues by ukiyo-e paintings, an example of such painting is the woodcuts of
Hiroshige and Sharaku.
 Philippine Art

Philippine artworks have been enriched throughout the history from pre-colonial era
towards contemporary time. Its artworks have been influenced by different colonizers,
however before the colonizers came to the country, Philippines has already established its
artworks through their way of living, religious rituals and practices.

1. Pottery
● One of the earliest form of art used by early Filipinos.
● Manunggul jar is one of the prominent form of pot that was found at Palawan. Its serves
as a burial jar that depicts two men rowing a boat. The jar is a representation of
religious beliefs and their belief in afterlife.
● Pottery produced items used for cooking and storing.

2. Weaving
● People from Cordillera were famous for weaving, their religious and practical values
are portrayed in their colorful woven clothes.
● T’nalak are woven abacca cloth made from the people of Mindanao called T’boli. They
use this particular cloth for ornaments which is also designed with symbols that depicts
their beliefs. An example is an image of a frog which represents fertility.

3. Woodcarving
● Palawan is known for its woodcarvings of animals like birds that shows their religious
beliefs. The people believes that the birds are messengers from heavens and vice
versa.
● Okir are designs applied on the woodcarvings of the Tausug and Maranao people.
● Sarimanok, naga, and pako rabong are their common subjects, each subject is a
representation of a certain theme of motifs but these symbols are a depiction of their
beliefs.
● Sarimanok is a carving of a mythical bird either standing on a fish or holding a piece of
fish on its beak.
● Naga forms an S-shaped, depicting an elaborate figure of a mythical dragon or serpent.
The numerous curved lines serving as detail for the figure depicts the scales.
● Pako Rabong is a growing fern with a broad base. The fern gracefully stems and tapers
upward.
● Sarimanok and naga are usually used as ornamental designs for the houses of the
sultans.

4. Religion
● The coming of the Spaniards changes the religious beliefs of the Filipinos and art
became an integral part in the spread of the Christian faith of the Spaniards.
● Church became the sole patron of the arts. These churches house various relics and
paintings.

5. Spoliarium
● A painting made by Juan Luna which expresses the nationalism of the Filipinos as we
stood up against the colonizers.
● The large-scale painting garnered a gold medal and signified that the reformists could
come at par with their European counterparts.
● Luna’s victory through the painting signaled the start of the Filipino’s call for equality.
 6. Influence of the Americans
● Americans propagates their culture and beliefs by implementing public school
systems.
● Art had a new role in advertising American-controlled markets.
● Artists focused on modern takes when it comes to content, form and subject matter.
● A debate emerged on whether art should be done as “proletarian art” or art for art’s
sake.”
● Modern painting started to emerge, and a triumvirate of artists was formed – Carlos
Francisco, Galo B. Ocampo, and Edades.

7. Period of Modernism and Dynamism

● The art during 1960s involves a lot of emerging styles, techniques, and methods.
● Artworks were reflections of the political, social, and economic situation in the
Philippines during the Marcos administration.
● A period were people embodies and advocates nationalistic ideals.

8. Paradigm Shift During the Period

● Beautiful and idealistic imagery was replaced with aggressive undertones.
● Works are reflection of the general feel of the people based on political situation.

9. President Ferdinand Marcos Administration

● His declaration of Martial Law has inspired artists to be bold and expressive in their
works.
● Social realism became a norm during his administration.
● Most artworks were forms of protest against the government’s suppression of freedom
of speech and expression.
● Some of the works reflected issues like economic problems, land reforms, gender
rights, worker’s rights and cultural minorities plaguing the Filipino people brought about
by Martial Law.

10. Photography
● An evolving art which highlights various artistic expressions evident in a variety of
events, scenes, and activities.

Let’s reflect!
Using the diagram below, compare and contrast the arts of Chinese and Japanese.
Answer briefly the following questions.
1. What are the central themes of Chinese artworks?
2. What were some of the uses or roles of art during the precolonial period?
3. How did art become a reflection of Philippine society?

Let’s do it!

In the pre-colonial period in the Philippines, Filipinos uses animals as symbols in their
artworks for a specific representation. If you were an animal, what would you be? Using a
soap, carve a 3D animal that you wanted to be if given. Document the whole process of
carving through video recording, it could be time lapse, however, at the end of the video
focus your finish product and explain why you chose that animal. The video should only last
for 3-5 minutes.
 CHAPTER 12: Caught in Between: Modern and Contemporary Art

Let’s start!
1. Compare and contrast the artworks in contemporary artworks;
2. Give importance on your created artworks;
3. Create a situation or societal issues that depict that artwork.
4. Create artwork that summarize the situation or the societal issue.
5. Compare and contrast the artworks in modern and contemporary artworks;
6. Give importance on your created artworks;
7. Create a situation or societal issues that depict that artwork.
8. Create artwork that summarize the situation or the societal issue.

Let’s ponder!

Contemporary art is popularly known as an art that is and continues to be created

during our lifetime. We believe, that no other artistic definition and no other artistic category
lotto 4d is as confusing and straightforward, as Contemporary Art.

Contemporary art is the art of today, produced by artists who are living in our time. It
provides opportunities to reflect on society and the issues that are important to us and the
world. It is part of a cultural dialogue that concerns larger contextual frameworks such as
identity, family, community and nationality. Visiting contemporary art exhibitions and talking
about living artists are important aspects of our program. Our country produces a number of
contemporary artists. They usually aim at playing a role in presenting and educating the public
about or history, identity and problems at present.

Let’s talk!

The Contemporary Arts and the Filipino Artists

Spot the difference between the two masterpieces at the right side. What
makes different? Apparently, picture is than Picture contains different elements such as color,
symbols, shapes that interlace, overlap, and intertwine resulting messy-like portrait. A tells
story is understood right away as mind perceives while picture B requires more time and deep
visual analysis fathom what depicts. The comprehensible difference between leads study
learn how contemporary art portrays its meaning. Therefore, picture is a classical while picture
B is a contemporary one. What is contemporary art?

Contrast of the Classical and the Contemporary Art

http://www.sablon-bruxelles.com/fr/membres/au_cherche_midi.html

The term Modern Art is usually referred to art made during the period ranging
roughly between the 1860s and 1970s. The art created during this period celebrated
experimentation and placed traditions of the past aside. This newly found freedom and
revolutionary way of relying on the inner visions and expression of such visions marks the
most significant inspiration of Modern Art. This influenced the approach to real life, social
issues and images of modern life.

Modern art includes artistic work produced during the period extending roughly from the
1860s to the 1970s, and denotes the styles and philosophies of the art produced during
that era. The term is usually associated with art in which the traditions of the past have
been thrown aside in a spirit of experimentation. Modern artists experimented with new
ways of seeing and with fresh ideas about the nature of materials and functions of art. A
tendency away from the narrative, which was characteristic for the traditional arts, toward
abstraction is characteristic of much modern art. More recent artistic production is often
called contemporary art or postmodern art.

Modern art begins with the heritage of painters like Vincent van Gogh, Paul Cézanne, Paul
Gauguin, Georges Seurat and Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec all of whom were essential for
the development of modern art.

Contemporary is quite different. Modern design refers to an era that has passed, while
contemporary design is all about the now and the future. The most popular modern
design era is the mid-century modern era of the 1950s and 1960s. contemporary design.

Modern and Contemporary Art both can both be considered revolutionary, but
Contemporary Art is more about experimentation and freedom. Modern Art is an
expression of individuality, while Contemporary Art focuses on social impact, with society
as the primary focus.
 MODERN CONTEMPORARY

pays aflention to the sociey.

is more seif-expressive.
 Let’s reflect!

1. What is the similarity and difference between Contemporary and Modern Art?
2. What is contemporary is it the same as being modern?

Let’s do it!

Environmental Infusion
1. Search any contemporary artwork that depicts the deterioration of mother earth.
2. Make a short position paper about your stand on such environmental deterioration and
give a research-based solution to address it.
 CHAPTER 13: Soul-Making, Appropriation, and Improvisation

Let’s start!
1. Discuss the concept of Soul-Making;
2. Develop the students’ full potential through soul-making;
3. Enhance students’ sensitivity through and awareness toward their environment; and
4. Extend to the community the students’ artworks as a form of service learning 9e.g.
recyclable materials)

Let’s ponder!

The word "artist" has often been interpreted to mean someone who is popular,
someone who has contributed much in the field of painting by producing such masterpieces
as the Monalisa, the Last Supper, the Creation painted on the ceiling of the Sistine chapel, to
name but a few. Likewise, we can think of someone who has written a great novel or a
collection of plays, someone whose literary works have stood the test of time. Still, we can
think further of someone who has written an original musical composition and performed in
front of a captivated audience numbering, as the song suggests, "ten thousand people
watching". There also a chance to speak of someone who, seized by an insatiable zest for
self-expression, chiseled away fragments from a stone and came up with a most wonderful
image of a man or woman. The list of possibilities is endless, even as the mind resists being
imprisoned by established norms or conventions.

Having said the foregoing, a question regarding the real meaning of the term "artist" is
of primary importance. More specifically, a question of great significance would be to ask: "Is
it an exclusive one-- that is, limited only to those types of personalities mentioned above?"
Better yet, we can simplify the issue by asking, "When does one become an artist?" At the
outset, our tendency would always be to look for models whose contributions to our cultural
life are beyond doubt. But a deeper analysis of the term would reveal that such common bias
does not contribute much to the development of one's authentic personality. Though having
idols or models of any artistic genre is but a natural human inclination, yet unfortunately we
tend to forget that deep within us is a potential artist just waiting be unleashed. The sad fact
is that only very few of us are willing to unleash such power because we have always been
conditioned to think in terms of our models.

But how, we might ask, shall discovering the hidden us? This especially written for
such purpose. Perhaps, "Art Appreciation" be lacking if purpose is to awaken greater interest
in every student to get involved in endeavor. First, we have to acknowledge the fact that we
are all potential artists! This may sound a generalization, a fallacy in logic. But such the case
for uninitiated. To support this claim, all we have to do is to consider a key aspect and leads
"soul-making". As already mentioned in the lesson overview, the word “making” in "soul-
making" derived from the Greek poieo which means ‘to be the author or maker of something.”
We have to emphasize the phrase “author or maker of something” if only to drive home our
point. From layman's point of view, we are all artists for the simple reason that somehow, we
have accomplished something that can be attributed to alone. Lest we be misconstrued, word
of caution is to be borne always mind. This is not to say, nonetheless, that as long as we have
done something, whether good or bad, then we already deserve the title "artist". It to be noted
that "soul maker" is someone who has created through his intelligence something unique and
worthwhile. As Aristotle would remind us, the mind always directed to "good." Nevertheless,
hitting the mark of "goodness" always difficult thing do. In fact, we often use the term
"contributions to society" when we consider the works of an artist. Simply put, "soul-making"
is an exploration and application the imagination in an active way that is say, in good
productive way. Thus, not everything that done by an individual can be considered "work art".
As examples of soul-making, we can mention crafting stories and transforming moments into
images and symbols, which can either be an innate learned skill or combination of both. But,
of course, such activity only possible if makes wise use of his intelligence so much that nothing
happens by chance or accident. Inspiration may be factor in the soul-making process, but
much of it possible because of one's dedication and commitment.

Let’s talk!

What is Soul-Making?

Soul-making is very much closely related to crafting that is, the activity. of making
decorative objects with one's hands or of skillfully creating something such as a story.
Crafting could be done in any medium which may be through painting, sculpting, drawing,
writing stories and poetry, dancing, composing or taking notes. In any crafting activity,
there are always steps to follow. As an example, the following Steps in Crafting stories are
laid down here as a guide to budding writers.

Step 1. Find your key emotion

What moves someone to write something? This is the main issue or reason why
someone is inspired to put down into words one's desires or feelings. In other words, this is
the "key emotion" or "the heart of the matter" which propels one to write a story. It answers
the question, "What impression do I want to leave in the minds of the readers, something that
will remain with them after reading the story?"

It is to be remembered, nevertheless, that the "key emotion" does not simply mean leaving
to the readers a particular emotion like sadness, loneliness, boredom, happiness, despair,
hope, etc. It has to be done within a particular context or situation. Thus, if sadness be the
emotion that the author wishes to convey, he has to specify it according to a certain focus.
Is it, for instance, sadness about one's family, one's friends, one's environment, one's faith,
etc.? In addition, it must have a universal effect to it, that is, a situation where others can
relate.
 Step 2. Start with a hook

In order to catch the reader's attention right away, a good writer will start with
something that is intriguing. Perhaps, a writer may start with something like "It was just one of
those ordinary Mondays when I happened to pay a visit to my late mother." Here, the reader
would be inclined to ask "Why use the terms "visit" and "late mother" together? Normally, we
only visit people who are still alive either those who are staying in their homes or those who
are confined in hospitals. Thus, the reader would be tempted to continue reading and know
the author's intention the whole story.

Step 3. Write the story

A famous Cebuano statement goes, "Daghang sulti, daghang sayop (Literally, "Too
many words, too many mistakes!"). Perhaps, the closest counterpart to this statement in
English is the quotation from William Shakespeare, "Brevity is the soul of wit." There is also
another Shakespearean line which is even more convincing: "Full of sound and fury signifying
nothing!" Altogether, they mean one thing: Choose your words wisely. Take note that the
reader does not have all the time in the world to read your story. So, state your point clearly.
Also, always bear in mind the "key emotion" that you want to emphasize among the readers.

Step 4. Write a strong ending

A basic rule that is applicable not only to writing stories but likewise in other forms
of writing such as speeches, orations, declamations, and the like is to give a nice ending. The
rule of thumb is to "exit gracefully." By nature, readers do not like to be left "hanging" and ask
several questions after they have finished. reading a novel or a story. Rather, they would either
want to be "ecstatic" or "sad" once the story is done. In other words, there should be no
"unresolved issues" after reading the story.

Step 5. Reread your story

Writing a story does not end when you already established the ending A good
practice among writers is to reread the whole story as many times as applicable. It is important
to reread what you have written for three good reasons First, try to check the flow of the words.
Do they stick together and point to the same direction? Second, review your key emotion.
Have you successfully impressed upon the minds of the readers the emotion you want to
convey? Third, there must be only one plot in the story. Is the plot consistent or does the story
talk of so many sub-plots?

Step 6. Edit yourself

Sometimes, you might be so carried away with the story you are writing thinking
that you already have that "it" moment especially when you have already consumed a lot of
space. As a reminder, always go back to your "key emotion before declaring that the job is
already done. Thus, you need to reread the work and edit it accordingly to such extent that
every word connects with the others in a cohesive fashion.

Step 7. Ask others for editing help

Don't rely too much on your own capacity. As the saying goes, "Two heads are
better than one." You might be surprised to know there are still a lot of improvement you could
make after you have consulted someone. All it takes is! sense of humility by accepting that
some people know better than you do in terms of spelling, grammar, sentence structure,
subject-verb agreement and many other details which you have probably overlooked.
 The difference between soul-making appropriation and improvisation

Soul-Making
▪ Making and Deriving Meaning from Art
▪ The content of an artworkincludes not only form but also its
subject matter and its underlyingmeanings or themes

Improvisation
▪ Can be defined as doingsomething without priorpreparation.
▪ There is a decision to act uponsomething that may
notnecessarily be planned.

Appropriation

▪ The action of taking something for one's own use, typically

without the owner's permission.
▪ A sum of money or total of assets devoted to a special
purpose.

Let’s reflect!

Instructions: Choose a key emotion from the following list and indicate a particular situation
opposite it. After choosing a key emotion and having written its corresponding situation,
write a brief paragraph which will serve as your opening for the story you intend to write.

Ex. Sad—having lost a chance to meet someone

1. Happy
2. Sad
3. Lonely
4. Inspired
5. Discouraged
6. Indifferent
7. Lost
8. Undecided
9. Insecure
10. Worried
11. Maltreated
12. Discriminated
13. Uncomfortable
14. Vindicated
15. Avenged

Let’s do it!

Worksheet for Activity A

Key Emotion:

Paragraph:
 Scoring Rubric for Activity 1 (Multiply the points by the weighted score and record in the
column for total points).

Weighted Categories Exceeding Meeting Approaching Emerging Total

Score (9-10 points) (6-8 points) (3-5 points) (0-2 points)
3 Coherence The words The words The words The
are most are closely- are somehow connectedness
closely-knit or knit or connected of words is
connected connected hardly seen
2 Grammar & There are no There are There are There are
Spelling errors in only a few some errors plenty of errors
grammar and errors in in grammar in grammar
spelling. grammar and and spelling. and spelling.
spelling.
1 Key The relation The relation The key There is no
Emotion between the between the emotion and relation
key emotion key emotion the situation between the
and the and the are somehow key emotion
situation is situation is related. and the
most clearly clearly seen. situation.
seen.