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Hang em High DVD

The document provides information about the availability of the 'Hang Em High' DVD on alibris.com, including its ISBN, file formats, and a short description indicating it is in very good used condition. It includes links for downloading the DVD in various formats such as PDF and EPUB. Additionally, it encourages visitors to explore a broader collection of resources on the website.

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HOUVB ANII PRONOUNS. — CASKS. 149 t ft petition


reqaesting him to beoome their Uad
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150 irOUNB AND PR0H0UN8. CA8S8. 181. The principal or


the explanatory term may be any ordi naiy noun, a verbal noan, a
pronoun, a phrase, oi a clause. Ex. — " 0 Musie, sphore-desoended
nuUd," '■'It was mypnd4 I to gavem y ^PnmMng is not payingy
^^It is an admitted truths \that nonsaly U the pdicy:' ''WhoiR/Ur ''
The phra9e,\^ not at aU\i»&ii idiom:' '' Our doom ii^ * Mtrth to
0artkj and dust to duat r " ^u resolved to pay as I go^ — a
resoLuUon whioh I haye ever kept." 182. The explanatory term is
sometimes cut off from the other by a governing word, and may
then be different in case. Ex.—** In the month of September," ♦*
Yonder is the city of SL £oui$:^ " Ha «BS Bout with as for a guideJ"
** I hurt myself y 183. The explanatory term is essentially an
adjective element Ex. — **He wag a Airo"— He was Koroic, **
Every heart was Joy^^EvQTj heart was foyfvL ** They called him a
patriot ;'^ ** Tbey called him patrioticJ*' ^^JSluff' fish in youth,
he,'^ &c.— A sluggard in youth, he,
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NOUNS AND PRONOUNS. — BXEROISBS. 151 187. Whose


may be used as the possessive oi which or thaty when needed. Ex.
— *< A party vhoM leaden are oormpt'*— A party Sressions. There
is not room here to present nn array of arguments in favor of our
position, nffice it to say, that we endeavor to accept the langua}^,
so far as possible, as we find it; and that what such expressions
were in former or ancient times, is no proof of what they are now.
There was a time when every steamboat-ongiue had a bala:ice-
wheel, but now the water-wheel performs the ofllce of that wheel
too; and who would thtiik of putting a bahmcewhcel into a drawing
of sucli an engine, when the wheel is no longer needed or used?
B«sidea^ the kindred words, trA«n, tohsre^ and tohiUy are usually
parsed as modifying a word in eaeh of two different clauses ; and
participial nouns are frequently parsed as performing a doable office.
Furthermore, the parsing is much simplified. 191. When what is
interrogative or responsive, it is needed in but one case, depending
in construction on some word in its own clause. When tlie form of
the relative prevents it from furnisliing two cases, it must tal tires, p.
ISO. Remember, in parsing, that the antecedent never relites to a
word in the relative clause, but frequently refers to one beyond it.
Ex. — " The boy who trifles away his time, will be wretched in
manhood." A?jf is in the nominative case, not to tnfles, bat to will
be. 192. One, other, and another, are declined like nouns.
EXERCISES. Examples to be Analyzed and Parsed. Ibrse the nouns
and the pronouns : — 1. A fisherman's' boat* carried the
passengers* to a small island*. Napoleon Bonaparte defeated die
allies at the battle of Austerlitz. Milton's Paradise Lost and Young's
Night Thoughts are great poems'. Fifty paintetl Indians from
Minnesota went down the Mississippi, on the Black Hawk Education
expands and elevates the mind. Reli^on refines and purifiea the
affections. Spices are brought from the East Indies. s. I will use
John's book, and you may use Mary's. Q-reat hypocrisy characterized
a part of Louis XI V 's reign, John's wife's sister is in town. I have
read Charles de Moor's Remorse, and the Introduction to LoomisV
152 VOVK8 AND PRONOUNS. — BZERCISBS. Iiegendre'a
Geometry. The literati of Europe are famous for profound erudition.
Mexico lies between the Pacific Ocean* and the Gulf of Mexico'. The
little company then sailed to the Azores. I have just heard a lecture
on the useful*. Rome from her throne of beauty ruled the world. The
clouds" dispersing, we renewed our journey. Scotland'I there is
magic in .the sound. Prefer, my son', the toils of Hercules, To
dalliance, banquets, and ignoble ease. 8. r will never forsake you*.
We should always prefer our* duty to our pleasure. He is not content
with bis situation. I seated myself next*** to the window. Joseph
bought the book for himself * *. Manl know thyself* * * : all wisdom
centres there. The Indians oflen paint theuiselves. The party reposed
themselves on the shady la»vn. 4 The poor widow lost her" * • only
son. John and James know their^ * • lessons. Neither John nor
James knows his" * ' lesson. Where confidence has been destroyed,
it seldom revives. The deer waved its branchy head. It is wicked to
scoff' at religion. It is too early for flowers. It happened on a lovely
summer's day. It rains. It went hard with him. She is handsome, and
she knows it* * *. My heart beats yet, but hers^ I can not feel I ft.
Anteosdent Ecspre99ed, The man who^** neglects his"** business,
will soon be without business. That' man is enslaved who can not
govern himself. How beautiful are yonder willows, which overshadow
the little river I Sarah has plucked the prettiest rose that* * *
bloomed in the garden. The traveler described very accurately such
things as he remembered. She has already as many troubles as she
can bear. The sister has the same traits of character aa^ her
brothers. 6. Antecedent not JSa^eaaed, Many blessings has the
world derived from those whose origin was humble. Assist such<>
as need thy assistance. Who® has not virtue, is not truly wise. I saw
whom® I wanted to see. I love whoever^ loves me. Whoever®
violates this rule, shall pay a fine. Whomsoever® you send, I will
cheerfully insti-uct. T. I remember what* was said. He reads
whatever® is instructive. Fops are more attentive to what® is
showy, than mindful of what® is necessary. Whatever purifies the
heart, also fortifies it Whatever he found, he took. Whatsoever he
doeth, shall prosper. Whatever money® I had, I spent. Conscience
wakes the bitter memory of •what' he* was, what he is, and what
must be. & Who* first crossed the Alps? — ^Hannibal*. What
constitutes a State? M 7 countrymen, oh what" a fall was there I
What* means this martial array? Which belongs to you ? Do you
know •who' said so? I know not who said so. Who can tell •whom*
he meant? What' is it* that*** you want? I never heard what^ it
was that brought him here. What country is better than ours**? —
None*. Which man was hurt? What** man* but enters, dies. Take
whichever horse® you Uke. On whichsoever vide we cast our eyes,
we saw nothing but** ruins.
VOCTNS AND PRONOUNS. — SXSBOISXS. Io3 f. G^entle
reader, whoever^ thou* art, remember this. I believe uo other
author whatever" would advance the same doctrinegi I tell you
what', my son, those friends of ours have forgotten us. My son,
whatever* the •world may say, adhere to what* is right Whatever
you undertake, do it well Whomsoever he finds, him he will send.
She took the good ones, and left the others. None are perfectly
good. Mankind slay one another in cruel wars. They deemed each
other* oracles' of law. Pity from you is dearer than that from
another. Who 18 there to mourn for Logan ? Not one. 11. Jc'anson
the doctor^ is a brother' of Johnson the lawyer^ Wait for me at
Bamura's, the barber. Shakespeare lived in Queen Elizabeth's reign.
The Misses Lewis are amiable yoimg la.lies. Messrs.' Lucas' and
Simonds* are bankers in St. Louis. Ah I Warwick, Warwick, wert
thou as we are. The Spanish general presented the young prince to
them as their future sovereign', and as the true heir to the Peruvian
sceptre. My wife, the sweet soother of my cares, fell a victim' to
despair. The inferior animals are divided into five classes ;
quadrupeds', fowls, fishes, reptiles, and insects. Officer, soldier,
friend, and foe, were all* shoveled into a common grave. It was I,
your friend, that** became his protector. He led the troops himself.
She is moLlest and virtuous ; [and modesty and virtue are] qualities
ever to be esteemed. 12. And all our knowledge is ourselves* to
know'. " To be good is to be happy," is a tiuth' never to be forgotten
by those commencing the journey of life. Far other scene was
Thrasera^n^ njw. This life is the springtime of eternity, — the time
to sow" the seeds of woe or the seeds of bliss. She walks [has
become] a queen. Queen' of flowers the fair lily blooms. Now, what'
is your text ? I see you what' you are. Whom do you take him to be
? He made us wiser'** — made us walk"* — made us scholars'. An
elm, says the poet Holmes, is a forest waving on a single stem. Such
a CHie* as' I was, this picture presents. Death is the wages of sin.
That Louis XIV was crafty, does not make him a great ruler. See the
blind beggar* dance", the cripple sing, The sot* a hero', lunatic a
king. — Pope, :' 13. Friends', 'Romans', country men'M lend me your
eare. — Shakespeare, Young ladies, put not your trust in money, but
put your money lit trust— 0. W, Holmes, His praise, ye^ winds*, that
from four quarters blow. Breathe soft or loud ; and wave your tops,
ye pinea. — Milion My friends, do they now and then send A wish or
a thought after me. — Cowper, To arms! they cornel the G-reekM the
Greek! — HaMeck, "Come back! come back I" he cried in grief, "
Across this stormy water ; And I'll forgive your Highland chief. — My
daughter! oh, my daughter I — GampibeSL
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154 irOUNS AND PBONOUKS. — SXSBCISKCL 14 The sun


having riaen, we began our journey. Bonaparte being banished,
peace was restored to Europe. Forth he walked, the Spirit* leading
and his deep thoughts*. He' being a boy^, the Vidians spared him.
He^, being a boy^, was HOl killed. Her wheel at rest^ the matron
thrills no more With treasured tales, and legendary lore. — Rogers,
To be a great historian, is easier than to be a great poet His being a
foreigner, should not induce us to underrate him. 16. The saQors, in
wandering over the island, found several trees bearing delicious
fruit*. I forgot to tell* [to] him the story. Boys like to play*. I was
about to express* my opinion, when he spoke to suggest'* to me to
remain* silent I can not permit him* to go**. He taught us*
arithmetic*, reading*, and writing*. He taught us to cipher, to read,
and to write. He was taught to walk** on the rope. The horse I
bought^ is five years old. We were taught arithmetic, reading, and
writing. The profit is hardly worth*" the trouble*. The Atlantic Ocean
is three thousand miles wide. (o.) ^^Loamdt^^ limits the meaning,
not of '•''QwrMtry^^ bat of '■'•Legendre^B Gteomefcy."* (b.)
^'HerH" =fter heart, (c.) "^«" ia the object of ham, understood:
when the governing word is expressed, " as** should be thoL (d.)
"'SucK*=8Uch pareona. («.) " What lie wot^ is a substantive clause,
of the neuter gender, third person, tdngiilar nnmbcr, and in the
objective case— being the object of the preposition ** o/*'—
according to Rule V. Now parse each word as before. (/.) After "
what,** supply / think, or something equivalent (p.) **AIW* as here
used, is usuallv parsed as a pronoun ; but it may perhaps be as well
considered an adjective. (/».) ^*Thaf^ properly refers to **/f ' as its
antecedent (i.) Not Rule VII, for each subsequent term is meant to
be more comprehensive, (j.) Rule VII mav be applied to either .
word ; but some grammarians think, better to ye, as being the
streugthAning word, (k.) A, noun is never the subject of an
imperative verb ; and a pronoun is the subject, only when U comes
immediately after the verb and is joined to it. (k) Rule MI is
sometimes not inapplicable, and may be preferred. Examples to be
Corrected. All the liabilities to error in regard to nouns and pronouns,
may be reduced to the following heads : — I, 1. Usurpation by the
adverb. 2. Genders. S, Persons. ^.Nutiu bers. 5. Nominative case. 6.
Possessive case. 7. Objective case. 8. Same case, 9. Position in
regard to case, II. 1. Choice of pronouns. 2. Agreement of pronouns
with antecedents^ in gender, person, and number. 3. Position of
pronoun in regard to antecedent, 4. Pronoun inadequate to
represent antecedent, 5. Inelegant insertion of pronoun, 6.
Inelegant omis* sion of pronoun, 7. Relative pronoun improperly
used in its com* junctive capacity only. monns and Pronouns* 1.
Usurpation by the Adverb, We should avoid the inelegant use of
adverbs in the place of doiibb or pronouna
K0UN8 AND PRONOUNS. — BXEBCI8E8. 155 A diphthong:
ir where two vowels are united in one sound. »— ^ unwn of — A
diphthong is when two vowels are united in one sound. Fusion ia
while A solid is converted into a liquid by heat When a letter or a
syllable ia transposed, it is called Metathesis. J%e transposition of a
letter^ ko. Personification is when we ascribe life, sentiments, or
actions^ to inanimate beings, or to abstract qualities. — w a figure
by which — A deed of trust is a deed where the lender has power to
sell to secure himself. — is a deed giving — Manslaughter is where a
man is killed without malice or previous ill-wilL He drew up a petition
where he too freely represented his own merits. The occasions
where a man has the right to take the law into his own hands, are
but few. The manner how it was done, I never could ascertain. The
plural of these Boons is formed as in the languages whence they are
derived. 2. Genders. Substantives should be properly used in gender,
according to the sex, the general nature of the object, or the
particular view of the author. Ow Unworthy objects should not be
personified as male or female. b. Care should be taken to ascribe to
a personified object tlie most appropriate sex. She is administrator.
Tlie marquess was celebrated for her wit and beauty, lie was married
to a most beautiful Jew. She was the tallest woman I ever saw: she
was really a giant. Mrs. Lydia Smith, the editor, lately turned actor, St
Memphis. She is considered the best bakeress in the establislimont.
She is not so great a prophet as to scare me into belief. (Is a
governess the wife of a governor, or is she a woman that governs ?)
The tiger broke from its onge. A weasel put his head out from an old
stone wall. How can a call distinguish his mother's lowing from that
of a thousand other cows ? How timidly the rabbit looks out from his
bushy covert, and how briskly the squirrel chatters on the limb near
her nest in a hole of some tall tree. The sun, in its bright career
round the world, does not look down upon a lovelier or livelier land;
nor does the moon throw, anywhere else, its silver mantle more
softly or beautifully upon the slumbering world below. Alas I we
know only that the ship sailed from England, but that to England it
never returned again. They who seek wisdom, will certainly find her.
(Not personified.) His form had not yet lost all her original
brightness. — MiUon, Her sway extends o'er all things that have
breath; a cruel tyrant, and her name is Death. — Sheffield, While
Spring shall pour his showers. — Collins, 3. Persons. Politeness
usually requires that the speaker shall mention the addressed person
first, and himself last. I, Mary, and you, are to go next Sunday. If
James and you take the horses, I and Martha shall have nothing to
ride. Mother said that I and you must stay at home. We and they
studied Latin together. When he and you are married, I will come to
see you. This law, fellow-citizens, bears hard upon me, upon you,
and upon every other laboring man. (Proper or not proper, de«
pendmg on the sense.) 4. lumbers. Nouns and pronouns should be
correctly used m number, according tc the sense, and the proper
form of the word. The room is eighteen foot long, and sixteen foot
wide. I measured the log With a pole ten foot long — ^with a ten-
feet pole. The lot has 25 foot fronts and
156 KOUNS AND PRONOUNS. ^EZKBCISES. Is 8 rod deep.
The teamster hauled foar cord of wood, and three ton of Lay, in nine
hour. St. Louis is seven mile long and two mile wide. Five quintilUon,
SL£ quadrillion, seven trillion, eight billion, nme million, two
thousand, throe hundred and forty-five. Five billions six millions
twenty-five thousands two hundred and three. For this dog he paid
five pound and ten shilling. She gathered a few handful of flowers.
The corpse of the Mexicans were left to tUe wolf and the vulture.
The work embraces every minutiie — all the minutia of the science.
If six apples cost three pence, two apples will cost one pence. The
prairie-hens were sold by score and dozen. I bought two pairs of
socks. The Swede are a patriotic people, as well as the Swiss. The
whole fleet consists of twelve sail. — ships. Of his oxens, he had just
sold six or seven heads. He used his influence as a mean for
destroying the party. In the eiarly settlement of Missouri, beaver and
water-fowl were abundant about tho rivers and creeks. He never
took two shot at a deer. A bag of shots will last us. a year. ' We now
came to a region where buffalo, turkeys, elk, and bear, were to be
found. Several chimnies were blown down by the last storm. The
vermins were so numerous that we could raise no fowl. As we
emerged from the woods, we saw three deers standing on a small
eminence in the praiiio. These are desideratas not found every day. I
will take no more of his nostra, be the consequences what, they
may. Of these plants, there are several genuses. The garden of Eden
contained all kind of fi-uit The heathen are those people who
worship idols. He is a chemiat, and has many apparatuses in his
office. — much apparatus — or, many kinds of apparatus — The
Mussulraen are Mahometans, but the Germans are not. The ay^s
and nay^s were then taken. How many 6s in nine 8s? Your zs and
ys are not well shaped. (Write out in words -^^ *^^ /i-) ^^ familys
stand higher than the Winthrop's, Webster's, and Everett's^ of New
England. The fowls were sold at nine pennies a piece. Byron was
one of the greatest poetic genii that ever lived. The sheafs were
carried away by thiefs. The cargos consisted chiefly of calicos,
maugosi and potatos. Two folioes. The angelic Peri's. Two of his aid-
de-camps were killed. His brother-iu-laws were educated at the
same university. The deserters were tried by court-martials. The
Doctors Stevensons and the Misses Arnolds seem to be on very good
terms. The two Misses Cheevers, the Misses Boltons, the Messrs.
Hays, and the Mrs. Talbots, were all at the party. The second, third,
and fifth story, were filled with goods. The Old and the New
Testaments — the Old and New Testament, in one large volume,
called the Bible. You may learn the ninth and tenth page — the ninth
and the tenth pages, and review the first or second pages. The
English, French, and German nation — ^the English, the French, and
the German nations, are the most enlightened. Nouns have the
nomina* tive, the possessive, and the objective cases; the singular
and the plural numbers ; the masculine, feminine, common, and
neuter gender ; and the first^ seo ond, and third person. Bushnell's,
Halsall's, and Woodward's stores occupy the next three buildings.
BashnelCs store, UalsaWs, Ac. Ho and I were neitheof us any great
talkers. The sermon produced a deep impression on the hearta of
every hearer. We shall give but a short Preface. (There was but one
author.) It was for our sakes that Jesus died upon the cross. Very
few persons are contented with their lots. They were trained
together in their childhoods. The members will regard their
reputations, and not demand exorbitwit wages. It is not worth our
whiles, to study stenography. — our time — Let us drive on, and get
our suppers at the next house. The directors did little oa their parts,
to relieve the bank. We shall advocate these measures, not in the
names of our constituents, but on our own responsibilities. All these
u^m send their tap-roots deep into the ground. — t/ie tap-root-^
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VOUNS AND PBONOUNa. — EXSRCIflXS. 157 6. Nominative


Case, A noun or a pronoun must be in the nominative case,— 1.
When it is the subject ot* a finite verb. 2. When it is used absolutely
or independently. a. The object of the active verb, and not of the
preposition, should te made the subject of the passive verb. 7.
Objective Case, A noun or a pronoun must be in the objective case,
— 1. When it is the object of a verb. 2. When it is the object of a
preposition. 8. Same Case, A noun or a pronoun used to explain or
identify another, must be in the same case. Him and me went to the
same church. Them that seek wisdom, will find it. You and him are
of the same age. Gentle reader, let you and I, in like manner, walk in
the paths of virtue. Them are not worth haviD
158 jrOUNB ANU 1»HONOUNS.— -BZBBCIBSfl. know to bo
best qualified to lead them. He supported those whom he thonght
were of his party— who he thought true to his party. He attacked
the enemy; M'hom lie saw were crossing the river — who he saw
crossing the river. I was offered a seat He was offered the control of
the entire school. He was left a large estate by his uncle. We were
shown a sweet-potato that weighed 15 pounds. I was shown into
the parlor. (Allowable.) Let himbe shown the method we have
adopted. I have been promised a better situaKon in the South. You
were paid a high compliment by the young lady. Pupils expelled from
other colleges, will not be allowed admittance here. By tach a course
of proceeding, I am refused that protection which every citiasea has
a right to expect We were allowed the use of a large pasture near
the mansion. These documents were had recourse to in the course
of the debate. Him losing the way, we were obliged to remain in the
woods till morning. Me being absent, the young folks lived high.
Their refusing to comply, I with-, irew. Oh I happy us, surrounded by
so many blessings. And me, what shall I do ? Him who had led them
to battle being killed, they immediately retreated. The whole family
believed in spiritual rappings, us excepted. Her. being the only
daughter, no expense had been spared in her education. Whose gray
top shall tremble, Him descending. The bleating sheep with my
complaints agree ; them parched with heat, and me inflamed by
thee. I mean Noah Webster, he who wrote the dictionary. The man
has just arrived, him whom we expected yesterday. Believing the
man to be a doctor, or he who had cured the others, we applied to
him for assistance. We will go at once, — ^him and me. And do you
thus speak to me, I who have so often befriended you ? These are
the volunteers from Texas, them who fought so bravely in Mexico.
Christ, and him crucified, is the corner-stone of our Faith. Let the
pupils be divided into several classes ; especially they who read,
they who study grammar, and they who study arithmetic —
especially those — I dread this man, being he that has so often
injured me. — because he is the one who — To John and James,
they who had misspent their time at school, their Mher left nothing.
(Omit t?iey.) Whom being dead, there was no one to check him in
his wild career. I would say so, were it he or any other person
whomsoever. — what' It was not me ; it was them or her. Is it me
you mean ? Was it him, or me, that you called ? If I were him, I
would send for the doctor. If it were m3, I would act differently.
'Twas thee I sought I knew it was him—it to be he. But whom say ye
that I am ? It is him whom you said it was. Who did you take us to
be ? She is the person who I understood it to have been. -^ihoU /—
He is a man who I am far from considering happy. I would not be
the man whom he now is. It was not me, that said so. I care not, let
him be whom he may. No matter where the vanquished be, nor
whom. What you saw was but a picture of him, and not him. It wks
not us, that made the noisa I knew it to be they. It is them and their
posterty who are to be the sufferers. He did not prove to be the man
whom tie was recommended to be. Its being me should make no
diff'erenoe in vour determination. (Bettor : That it is I, &c.) There
was no doubt of its Loing him. 6. Possessive Case. 1. The relation of
possession or property should be expressed in th« most appropriate
manner, according to custom and euphony. 2. The possess; ve sign
should be used but once, to express one poeBcssiozx, whatever
number of words denote the possessor.
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1T0UN8 AND PRONOUNS. — SXSRCIBBS. 159 HiB


misfortunes awaken nobody^s pity, though no ones ability ever weiit
fkrther for others good. A mothers tv)Q:leraos3 and a fathers care
are ns.iureB gifts for mans advantaga Joim Norton his booic We used
Pierce^ Trigonometry, Loomis' Geometry, and Wells' Grammar. How
do you like Douglas' bill ? Achaia's sons at Ilium slain for the AtridsB'
sake. Your's, our's, lier's, their's^ wlio's, hisself, theirsolves, yourn,
hern, ourn, his'n. Adams' Administration. Essex' death haunted the
conscience of Queen Elizabeth. Five year's interest remained unpaid.
Three days grace was given to the debtors. Six mouths wages will
then be due. I will not destroy the city for ten sake. Rubens*
pictures. Horace' satires — Horace's satires^. (Find a diflbrent but
equivalent expression.) Terence' plays — Terence's plays*— i.
Socrates's deaths Demosthenes' orations — Demosthenes's orations.
Hortensius' wonderful memory. For Herodias' sake, his brother
Philip's wife. The Governor of Missouri's message. Marcy's letter, the
Secretary of War, is a masterly reply—. John's brother's wife's sister
married a mechanic—. Was it your book, or somebody else's ? The
wife of the captain of the Tropic^ (Allowable.) The Commons' House
represents the yeomanry ; and the Lordi>', the nobility. Sunday is
also called the day of the Lord. God's love—. The world's
government is not left to chance. The extent of the prerogative of
the king of England. A list of some of the books of each of the
classes of literature will be given. — in eacft, Daniel Boone of
Kentucky's adventures. Edward the Second of England s queen. He
is Clay the great orator's youngest son. Geo. McDuffio was
nominated by John Calhoun the Senator's request. These works are
Cicero's, the most eloquent of men's. The opinionative man thinks
his opinions better than any one's else opinions— any ono else's
opinions. This picture of your mother's is a very good likeness. This
last work ol" Longfellow will add little to his reputation. Jack's the
Giant-killer's wonderful exploits. We deposited our money at
Wiggins's, the banker's and comiuission merchant's. It was the
men's, women's, and children's lot, to suffer great calamities.
Linton's, Pope's, and Company's library is larger. Allen's, Thomson's,
and Hardcastle's store is opposite to ours. Alljn, Tiiomson, and
Hardcastle's stores, are not joint possessions. Albert's and Samuel's
heads are shaped like teapots. Peter's and Andrew's occupation w.'is
that of fisherman. Moiriaon's and Fletcher's farms are the next two
on the road. Morrison's farm and Fletcher's are, &c Morrison and
Flotcher's farm will be occupied by the respective owners. I have no
time to listen to either John or Joseph's lesson. It was necessary to
have both the surgeon and the physician's advice. Neither the lawyer
nor the doctor's aid was ever needed in this happy valley. Louis the
Fourteenth and Bonaparte's reign are distinguished periods in the
history of France. He disobeyed his father as well as his mother's
advice. Brown, Smith, and Jones' wife, usually wont shopping
together. . The bill had the cashier, but not the president's,
signature. Whose dictionary do you prefer,— Johnson, Webster, or
Worcester ? The horse got away in consequence of me neglecting to
lasten the gate. — my neglecting — or, because I had neg* kcied —
He was averse to the nation involving itself in war. There is somo
talk of us getting into a war. Much depends on the pupil composing
frequently. — on how frequently — He being a rich man, did not
make him a happy man. That he was a rich, &c. The time for us
beginning to plough, is at hand. Tlie lime for us to begin, &c. The
time for him making the speech, had nearly passed away. What is
the reason of you not having goue to school ? — Viai you have not
gone — There is nothing to prevent him going — his going — your
going. — him from going ; or, — you from going. Such will ever be
the consequences of youth associating with vicious companions. —
when young persons associaie-^ From him having always assisted
me, I again applied to him for help. Because 1^ — or, Iruisynuch as
Jte^ ^. The situation enabled him to 8
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160 KOUNS AKD PRONOUNS. — BXKRCIBKS. earn


something, without him losing too much time from his studies. —
wUhtmi losing-"' 9. Position in regard to Ca4te, Nouns and pronouns
should be so constraed with other words, M not to leave Uie case
uncertain or ambiguous. The settler here tlie savage slew. (Which
slew' the other?) I do not lore him better than you. And thus the son
the fervent sire addressed. And all the air a solemn stillness holds.
Our hunters caught the orang-outangs themselves. He suffered
himself to betray his friend. Poetry has a measure as well as music.
Forrest plays these pieces hotter than all others. She acted her part
better than any other one. I would rather give her to thee than
another. Pronouns. 1. Choice of Pronouns, In the use of pronouns,
great care should be taken to select the most appropriate. o. In the
selection of pronouns, we are governed by the sense, rather tlian by
the nouns which they are to represent. h. It is melegant to use
pronouns of different kinds for the same object^ and in the same
connection, when we naturally expect uniformity. I gave all what I
had. I sent every thing what you ordered. I am the boy what is not
afraid to go. There is the same man whom we saw a while ago.
There is the same wagon of apples which was at the market. In her
looks, she is the same as she always was. The same ohjects which
pleased the boy, will not always please the man. The oJyjects which,
&c. Wo prepared us to die. ---ourselves — Give that which you can
spare to the poor. — whcU you — We speak that we do know. I am
that I am. I am happy in the friend which I have long proved. Those
whicli arc rich, should assist the poor and helpless. The heroic souls
Which defended the Alamo. She was a conspicuous flower, which he
had sensibility to love, ambition to attempt, and skill to win. My dogs
now came upon the tracks of the lion, who had caught and eaten
the man during the night. So I gave the reins to my horse, who
knew the way much belter than I knew it. Who of those ladies do
you like best? Moses was the meekest man whom we read of in "-he
Old Testament. Humility is one of the most amiable virtues which we
can poasoss. He was the first man who came. This is the most fertile
part of the State which wo have as yet seen. Marcy was perhaps the
ablest secretary who ever was in this department. He sold his best
horse, which had been given to him. (Proper; the relative clause not
being restrictive.) Wlio wlio has the feelings of a man, would submit
to such treatment? Who is she who comes clothed in a robe of light
green? By this speculation he lost all which he had promised to his
daughter. All who ever knew him, spoke well of him. A most
ungrateful return for all which I have done for him. Of all the
congregations whom I ever saw, this was certainly the largest. The
very night as suits a melancholy temperament. He was devoured by
the very dogs which he had reared. They are such persons that I do
not like lo assDciate with. These are the same suras as we had
before. He is like a beast of pr^y who destroys without pity. In a
street in Cincinnati is a parrot who has been taught to repeat a line
of a song which many of you hiwe heard. The monkey whidi had
been appointed &3
K0UK8 AND PRONOUNS. — ^EZEROISBS. 161 the orator
on the occasion, then addressed the assembly. There was a littla dog
whose name was Fido. and who was very fond of his master. — dof*
named Mdo, that — Yarioo soon became a general fkvorito, who
never failed to receive the crumbs from the breakfast-table. The little
ant, which had a plentiful store, thus spoke to the little cricket : " We
ants never borrow, we auta never lend." With the return of spring
came four martins, who were evidently the same which had been
bred under tl.'^e eaves the previous year. The witnesses and
dociiments which we wanted, have been obtained. The passengers
and steamer which we saw yesterday, are now buried in the ocean.
Was it the wind, or you, who shut the door ? The land on the east
side of the river, was claimed \:j the chiefs and tribes who inhabited
the land on the other side. Even the corpses who were found, could
not be recognized. The character whom he pepi-esented, was by
much the best in the play. This lubberly boy we usually call Falstaff,
wh ) is but another name for fat and fun. It is I, who will go with
you. That man is wisest keeps his own secrets. It is tliis alone, which
has induced mo to accept the offlca Was it you, or he, who made so
much noise ? Is it I, or he, whom you want to see ? It was the
frankness and ]iol)leness of his disposition, which I admired. Would
any man who cares for himself accept such a situation ? Let us not
mingle in every dissipation, nor enjoy eveiy excitement, which we
can. He is a man who is very wealthy, -^fiai is-^ or, He is a very
wecUihy man. She is a woman who is never contented. The
misfortunes of a man who would not listen to his wife. I hate
persons who never do a generous action. Nouns of the common
gender denote objects which are males or females. People who are
always denouncing others, are oflen no better themselves. Principles
which have been long established, are not easily eradicated. The
tribes whom we have described, inhabited the Mississippi Valley. The
nations who have good governments, are happy. I joined a large
crowd who was moving towards the capitoL He was a member of
the legislature who passed this bill. He instructed and fed the crowds
who surrounded him. The committee which was appointed to
examine the students, was hardly competent to do so. Wilt thou help
me drive these horses to the pasture? Will you^ &c. Do you be
careful that all thy actions be honest and honorable. Do Uiou^ or,
thai allyo'ir actions — Thou shouldst never forsake the friend who
has ever been faithful to you. Ere you remark another's fault, bid thy
own conscience look witliin. You have mine, but I have thine. O
Thou, who hast preserved us, and that wilt continue to preserve us.
There is the same boat that came last evening, and which will go
away again this morning. The poor man who can read, and that
possesses a taste for reading, can find entertainment at home. The
man who came with us, and that is dressed in black, is the preacher.
Is it possible that ho should know what he is, and bo that he is ? But
what we saw last, and which pleased us most, was the character of
the old miser in the farce. It is such a method as has never been
thought of before, and which, we believe, will be generally adopted.
They are such apples as ours, or which you bought — or such as
you,'-' Policy keeps coining truth in her mints — such truth as it can
tolerate ; and every die except its own, she breaks, and casts away.
Learning has it-s infancy, when it is luxuriant and juvenile ; and
lastly his old age, when it waxeth dry and exhaust— Bacon, Is
reputable, national, and present use, which, for brevity's sake, I shall
simply denominate good use, always uniform in her decisions? One
does not like to have one's self disparaged by those who know on 3
not. A person, . • Tumaetf know him noL
162 VOVlStQ AND PBONOmfS. — ^BXEROISXS. 2.
Agreement of Pronouns with Antecedents. Pronouns must agree with
their antecedents, in gender, person, and number. a. When the
pronoun can not strictly or fully represent its antecedent in gender, it
prefers the masculine. 6. The person and number of the antecedent
to a pronoun, are always what they would be if the antecedent were
the subject of a finite verb. Every person should try to improve their
mind and heart. Each of our ptffty carried a knapsack with them, for
their private convenience. Not one of the boys should come without
their book3. Many a man looks back on the days of their youth, with
melancholy regret A person who is resolute, energetic, and watchful,
will be apt to succeed in their undertakings. An orator's tongue
should be agreeable to the ears of their hearers. I do not think any
one should incur censure for being tender of their reputation. If we
deprive an animal of instinct, he will no longer be able to take care
of himself. When a bird is caught in a trap, thej of course try to get
out. Scarcely any person is so stupid as not to know when they are
made sport of If any member of the congregation wishes to connect
themselves witli [to] this church, they will please [to] come forward,
while the brethren sing. Take up the ashes, and put it into the large
tab behind the kitchen. If yo\i have any victuals left, we will help you
to eat it. His pulse did not beat so fast as they should beat. Grains of
sand they might be, those hoarded moments, but it was golden
sand. I like those molasses, for they are almost as good as honey. I
have sowed all my oats, and it is growing finely. Our language is not
less relined than those of Italy, France, or Spain. There lay the
paraphernalia of iier toilet, just as she had left it The simile can
stand erect on its bind feet Where the early blue-bird sung its lay.
(The male among birds, and not the fcmale, usually sings.) The
heron built its nest among the reeds. The peacock is fond of
displaying its gorgeous plumage. The hou looked very disconBolato,
whoa it saw its whole brood rush into the pond. The Earth is my
mother, and I will recline upon its bosom. John studies; — John
denotes the agent or doer, and he is therefore in the nominative
case. Horses is of the plural number, because they denote more than
one. To persecute a truly religious denomination, will only make
them flourish the better. The people can not bo long deceived by its
demagogues and seltish politicians. The mob soon dispersed, after
their leaders were captured. Egypt was glad at their de« parture, for
they were afraid of them. The first object of the multitude was, to
organize itself into a body. The Society will hold their meetings in the
highest room of the building. Each tribe is governed by a chief whom
they have iihosen. (Perhaps allowable.) Tlie government will have
cause to change their orders. The cabinet seemed to be divided in
its sentiments. The cabinet was distinguished for their wise and
vigorous measures. The corps of teachers should have its duties
properly distributed and arranged. The board of directors, for its own
emolument, located the road through this part of the country. The
board of directors should have their powers defined and limited by a
charter. The regiment was much reduced in their numb?r. . The
court, in their wisdom, decided otherwise. Send the multitude away,
that it may go and buy itself food. The army, being abandoned by its
chief, pursued meanwhile their miserable march. (Let the
construction be either singular tboughout, or plural throughout, but
not both.) The party, though disgraced by the selfishness an i
corruption of its leaders, made nevertheless a vigorous and
successful struggle to regain their former ascendency. The Almighty
cut off the family of EU the
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V0UK8 AND PBONOUNB. — ^EZERCISIS* 163 tugli priest,


for itji tranagressioiia. The twins resemble one another so much aa
to bo scarcely distinguishable. People should be kind to each other.
Neither of us is willing to give up our claim. (Say, ^^hia claimf" if
not poe* aeased in common ; " our dating'* if denoting common
possession.) He and I love their parents. If none of you will bring
your horses to the camp, I will let mine stay too. I did not notice
which of the men finished their work first The tongue is like a race-
horse, which runs tlie &ster, the less weight it carries. — ?ie carries
— or, race-horse : it runs^ &c. John, tliou, and I, are attached to
their country. You and your playmates must learn their lessons. Two
or three of us have lost our hats. The sister, as well as the brother,
should perlorni their share of the household duties. The industrious
boy, and the indolent one too, siiall find their proper reward. Every
soldier and .every offloer remained awake at their station during tlie
night. Every herb, every fiower, and every animal, shows the wisdom
of liim who made them. Let every governor and legislature do as it
tliinks besL Every half a dozen boys should have its own bench. If
any boy or girl be absent, they will have to go to the foot of the
doss. I borrow one peck, or eight quarts, and add ^to the upper
term. Discontent and sorrow manifested itself in his countenance.
No man or woman ever got rid of their vices, without a struggle.
One or the other must relinquish their claim. John or James will
favor us with their company. Neither the &ther nor the son had ever
been distinguished for their business qualifications. A man may see a
metaphor or an allegory in a picture, as well as read them in a
description. Poverty and wealtli liave each their own temptations. No
thought, no word, no action, whetlier they be good or evil, can
escape the notice ot God. Both minister and magistrate are
sometimes compelled to choose between his duty and his
reputation. Coffee and sugar are imported from the Indies; and
great quantities of it are consumed annually. Avoid self-conceit and
insolence: it will never increase your wealth or your happiness. If
you should see my horse or mule, I wish you would have them
turned into your pasture. If any gentleman or lady wish [wishes] to
Ifttve tlieir fortune told, thoy now have an opportunity. — hia or her
. , . , IieorsTie now has — I do not see why I or any other man
should not have a [the] right to express our — his — ^my opinions
of public aftaira. (Avoid the use of the pronoun altogether; say, '*
thti opinion which either of us may;^ Ac.) My horse is a little darker
tlian yours ; but, in every other respect, tliey are exactly alike. — he
is exactly Wee him ; or, — your horse ..../«€.... yours. My horse is a
Uitle darker than yours; but, m every other respect, they are a
perfect match. (Allowable. Parse ifiey.) Notice is hereby given to
every person to pay their taxes. (Change the antecedent ; say, "to ail
persons^', &c.) Our teacher does not let any one of us do as they
please. If any person thinks it is easy to write books, let them try it.
Neither the negro boy nor the coach was ever restored to his owner.
— to the owner ; or, Both tfie negro .... were never .... their owner.
Kvory person and thing had its proper place assigned to it. — (he
proper-^ 3. Position of Pronoun in regard to Antecedent. 4.
Inadeqtiacy of Pronaun to represent Antecedent. A pronoun sliould
not be so used as to leave it obscure or doubtful what antecedent it
represents. It is generally inelegant to make a pronoun needlessly
represent an adjective, a phrase, or a sentence. The king dismissed
his minister, without any inquiry, who had never before done so
unjust an action. £- -) should not marry a woman in high hfe, that
has Sko money Where there is nothing in the sense which requires
tlio last sound
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\64 HOtJNS AND PBONOUNS. — ^JEXERCISBS. to be


elevated, a pause will be proper. A mi^n hns no right to Jud^
auother, who is a party concerned. I am the jailor who have come to
take you. The jailor am I, who will guard you safely. Lysias promised
his father, that he would never forsake hU friends. Thou art a friend
indeed, who hast often relieved me. We admire the beauty of the
rainbow, and are led to consider the cause of it. John told James tliat
his horse had run away. The lord can not refuse to admit the heir of
his tenant upon his death ; nor can he remove liis present tenant so
long as he lives. The law is inoperative, which is not right. — and
that it is so, is not right. Some men are too ignorant to be humbxe,
without wiiich there can be no docility. — and witfioui humility — An
old man, bent with years, was languidly digging, or attempting it —
to dig, A bird is that which has feathers. — an animai that — Every
seat is to be occupied by the one before it — by the person"- A
compound sentence ia one composjd of two or more others. — is a
sentence — This rule is not strictly true, and a few examples will
show it — as a few examples will show. When a man kills another
from malice, it is called murder. ---Uie deed is calkd murder. The
servant took away the horse, which was unnecessary. The accent is
laid upon the last syllable of a word, which is favorable to the
melody. The man broiiglit the whole package, which was more thiin
we expected. The prisoners rebelled against the regulations of the
establishment, of which we shall presently give an account There is
among all people a belief of immortality, arising from the natural
desire of living, and strengthened by uniform tradition, which has
cjrtaiuly some induence on practice. 6. Inelegant Insertion of
Pronoun, When a pronoun can add nothing to the sense, it should
not be needlessly inserted to usurp the place of a bettor wordl Henry
Iloimes his book. These lots, if they had been sold sooner, they
woiild have brought more money. If these lots had been^ &c. John
he went, James he went, and Mary she went; but the rest tliey all
staid at home. Two nouns, when they come to.^ether, and signify
the same thing, they must be put in the same case. The Latin and
the Greek, though they are much neglected, yet competent judges
know that our language can hardly be perfectly understood without
them. The river rising very rapidly, it overflowed its banks. These
wild horses having been once captured, they were soon tamed. I
would like to have it now, what I had then. (Omit " t7.") Whatsoever
you learq perfectly, you will never forget it It is not to the point,
what he said. Whatsoever she found, she took it with her. Wlioever
thinks so, he judges erroneously. Whom, when she had seen, she
invited him to dinner. — seen him, . • • invited to dinner. It is
indisputably true, his assertion, though it seems erroneous. His
assertion is, &c. It is marvelous what tricks jugglers sometimes play.
— to observe whai — Every thing whatsoever ho oould spans, he
gave away. (Omit ^^ every thing,") 6. Inelegant Omission of
Pronoun, 1. The omission of the relative adjunct, or of the relative in
the nominative case, is generally inelegant 2. Parts that are to be
contrasted, emphatically distinguished, or kept distinct in thought,
must usually be expressed with fullness, 3. The omission of the
nominative is inelegant, unless the verb is in ihe imperative mood, or
in the same connection with another finite verb. He is not now in the
condition he was. Yonder is the i>lace I «aw it. A ibw remarks as to
the manner it should be done, must suffioe. The monej
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KOUNS AND PRONOUNS. — ^BXBRCISES. 165 has Jiot


been used for the purpose it was appropriate! There is Miss Liddy
can daDte a jig, raise paste, write a good letter, keep an account,
give a reasonable answer, and do as she is bid. He was a man had
no influence. Whose own example strengtliens all his laws, and is
himself the groat subliGne he draws. Will martial flames for ever fire
thy mind, and never, never be to heaven resigned ? — and wilt thou
never — There is not a man here, would not do the same thing.
Tliere is no man knows better how to make money. It was tlie man
sat next to you. It was this induced me to send for you. Who is there
so base that would be a bondman ? — ifiat he — The word depends
on what precedes and follows. There are who can not bear to see
their friends surpass them. If there are any have been omitted, they
must say so. They were rich once, but are poor now. He is a man of
corrupt principles, but has great talents. This is a stylo of dress to
which £ am partial ; but is not now fashionable. I approve your plan
so far as relates to our friend. The arrangement is very good ; at
least, so far as relates to my convenience. If the privileges to which
he was entitled, and had been so long enjoying, should now, Ac. All
the young trees which I planted last year, and were growing finely,
have been destroyed by rabbits. Any of these prisoners knowing the
facts ot the case, and will give his testimony in full to the court, shall
be pardoned by the State. Why do ye that whicli is not lawful to do
on the Sabbath-days! '—which it is not — The show- broad, which is
not lawful to eat but for the priests only. From those proceedings
may be readily inferred, how such men become rich. (Perhaps
allowable.) Neither my poverty nor ambition could induce me to
accept such an office. — nor my — This part of (Jalifornia is the
loveliest country in the world, whether we regard its climate or soil
He was related to some of the first fomilies of the State, both \w his
father's and mother's side. God punishes the vices of parents in
themselves or children. The future should excite not only our hopes,
but fears too. Dr. Jones and wife occupy the front room. Uis own and

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