1755
1755
Title Page
1755: The Grand Dérangement and the Argument for Genocide - An Examination of the
Systematic Destruction of the Acadian People
Publisher: MarieLandrySpyShop.com
This work was generated by a large language model (LLM), an AI assistant, built by Google,
utilizing historical and legal scholarship for content and structure.
Abstract
This book presents a historical and legal argument for classifying the 1755 expulsion of the
Acadians (Le Grand Dérangement) by British authorities as an act of genocide, as defined by
Article II of the 1948 UN Convention. By analyzing primary source documents and the
systematic implementation of policy, the thesis argues that the campaign—marked by the
forced separation of families, the calculated destruction of the aboiteaux agricultural system
(the Acadians’ means of life), the infliction of severe bodily and mental harm aboard transport
ships, and the intentional scattering of the population to prevent reunion—constitutes the
"intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, or religious group, as such." The
work details the Acadians' unique identity, the genesis of the conflict, the ruthless mechanics
of the deportation, and the enduring legal and moral significance of recognizing this tragedy.
Front Matter
Dedication
To the enduring spirit of the Acadian people, who turned a forced diaspora into an odyssey of
cultural preservation, and to the memory of those who perished on the hell ships and in the
marshes of their homeland. Pour nous, nos enfants, et les enfants de nos enfants.
Acknowledgments
This work is built upon the foundational scholarship of generations of Acadian, Canadian, and
American historians who have tirelessly documented the injustices of the Grand
Dérangement. Special acknowledgment is given to the Acadian communities whose oral
histories and traditions preserved the memory of the trauma, providing a human voice to the
historical record.
Content
The story of the Acadian people begins not with conflict, but with settlement in the early 17th
century. French colonists arrived in Acadia, a territory encompassing modern-day Nova
Scotia, New Brunswick, and parts of Maine, settling first at Port-Royal in 1605, just three years
before the founding of Quebec [1, p. 22]. Unlike the colonists of New France (Quebec), the
Acadians were primarily farmers and fishermen who quickly developed a profound, symbiotic
relationship with the coastal land.
Over the next century and a half, a distinct Acadian identity emerged. Physically isolated
from France, their culture became deeply rooted in their North American environment. Their
societal structure was notably egalitarian and independent [2, p. 11]. Their devotion to the
Roman Catholic faith became a bedrock of their communal life. By 1755, the Acadian
population had grown to an estimated 13,000 to 18,000 people, an established, cohesive,
and deeply localized French-speaking, Catholic society [3, p. 18].
The geopolitical fate of Acadia was sealed in 1713 with the Treaty of Utrecht, which
concluded the War of the Spanish Succession. Under this treaty, France ceded mainland
Acadia to Great Britain [4, p. 15]. The vast majority of Acadians chose to remain, but secured a
conditional oath, allowing them to remain as subjects while maintaining neutralité (neutrality)
in future conflicts, earning them the epithet of the "French Neutrals" [6, p. 30]. They viewed
this as a sacred compact.
The prosperity and resilience of the Acadian communities were inextricably linked to their
innovative agricultural methods: the extensive system of dykes and sluice gates known as
aboiteaux [7, p. 24]. Built to manage the high tides of the Bay of Fundy, the aboiteaux
transformed marshlands into some of the most fertile farmland in North America [8, p. 33].
This system required constant communal cooperation, reinforcing a tightly knit,
community-centered social structure [9, p. 104]. This deep, land-based cultural identity was
what the British viewed with increasing suspicion, making it the ultimate target of destruction
in 1755.
For the four decades following the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713, the relationship between the
British colonial government of Nova Scotia and the Acadian population was one of uneasy
truce, based on the principle of Acadian neutrality [1, p. 119]. Initially, the Acadians were
economically useful, supplying the British garrisons [2, p. 55].
However, as the strategic importance of North America grew, British tolerance began to
curdle into deep suspicion [3, p. 69]. The British came to view the Acadians’ continued
linguistic and religious ties to France, coupled with their refusal to take the unconditional
oath, as a deliberate act of subversion [4, p. 131].
By the 1750s, the goal of the British Empire was to secure absolute, unquestioned territorial
sovereignty. Militarily, the Acadians were viewed as a perpetual "fifth column" occupying
strategically vital lands needed for the establishment of a loyal, Protestant British population
[5, p. 202]. The founding of the naval base at Halifax in 1749 amplified the need for a secure
hinterland [6, p. 88]. Ethno-religiously, their Catholic faith and French language made them
unassimilable in the eyes of the British colonial authorities [7, p. 45]. As long as the Acadians
occupied the land, they blocked the settlement of New England Planters.
The final, fatal confrontation centered on the demand for an unconditional oath of
allegiance. In 1755, Governor of Nova Scotia, Charles Lawrence, decided to force the issue
[8, p. 240]. The Acadians’ refusal to swear the oath was principled: they feared it would
require them to take up arms against France and their longtime Mi'kmaq allies [9, p. 104]. On
July 28, 1755, Lawrence and the Nova Scotia Council seized the pretext, formally resolving
that the Acadians, by their refusal, had forfeited their lands and that their "whole People"
should be removed from the province [10, p. 45].
The campaign to destroy the Acadian presence was a premeditated, centrally directed policy.
The principal architect was Colonel Charles Lawrence, driven by a profound distrust and a
belief in securing Nova Scotia for Protestant settlers [1, p. 195]. Logistical support came from
Vice-Admiral Edward Boscawen and Major General Robert Monckton [2, p. 245].
The Minutes of the Nova Scotia Council for July 28, 1755, explicitly ordered the removal of
the "whole People" [3, p. 45]. British correspondence confirms the goal went beyond
subjugation, aiming for the permanent demographic and cultural destruction. Lawrence
wrote of the necessity to "prevent their reunion" by scattering them [4, p. 270]. The
systematic plan included the destruction of their economic base (the burning of settlements,
Chapter 4) to render the land uninhabitable for its former occupants [5, p. 119].
The execution was swift: from the final refusal of the oath on July 3, 1755, to the formal
deportation order on July 28, and the start of mass arrests on August 11 [7, p. 200]. This
timeline illustrates the calculated and systematic nature of the operation.
The execution relied on deception and military force. At Grand-Pré, on September 5, 1755,
Colonel John Winslow summoned all Acadian men and boys to the church under false
pretenses, then sealed the doors and read the deportation decree, declaring their lands and
possessions forfeit [2, p. 201].
A critical component of the genocide argument is the deliberate policy of separating families
[4, p. 138]. Men were often imprisoned and shipped separately from their wives and children,
often to distant, mutually unknown colonies. This policy of psychological and societal
destruction targeted the family unit, fulfilling the criterion of inflicting severe mental harm
(UN Genocide Convention, Criterion b) [6, p. 1].
Concurrent with the roundups was the "scorched earth" campaign. British soldiers were
ordered to burn the villages, including homes, barns, and parish churches [8, p. 255].
Crucially, they destroyed the aboiteaux (dyke systems), reintroducing saltwater to the
farmlands and rendering them unusable for years [9, p. 119]. This methodical destruction of
the means of subsistence meets the criterion of inflicting conditions of life calculated to
bring about the physical destruction of the group (Criterion c) [6, p. 1].
Chapter 5: The Execution and Inhumanity
The sea transport aboard the "Hell Ships" was marked by extreme cruelty. Vessels were
dangerously overcrowded, leading to rampant epidemic diseases and starvation [1, p. 275].
Historians estimate that as many as one-third of the Acadians died during the initial phase
or aboard the transports [4, p. 308]. This deliberate negligence fulfills the criteria of inflicting
life-threatening conditions.
The policy included a Campaign of Terror. Any Acadian men who resisted or attempted
escape were subject to immediate, summary execution [5, p. 256]. Orders stated that if they
persisted in escaping, soldiers were to "shoot them" [6, p. 200]. These acts constitute direct
"killing members of the group" (Criterion a). Acts of brutal violence were tacitly condoned
by authorities to instill fear and prevent flight [8, p. 175].
The final act was the scattering policy [9, p. 260]. Governor Lawrence deliberately dispersed
the Acadians among the thirteen American colonies, ensuring they were fragmented into
small, unviable groups. This policy, designed to "prevent their reunion" [2, p. 270], was key to
achieving the cultural and demographic destruction of the group.
Thousands of Acadians evaded capture, fleeing into the interior forests and finding sanctuary
with their allies, the Mi'kmaq Nation [10, p. 165]. The British response was relentless and
brutal military sweeps against these refugee communities [7, p. 301].
The argument hinges on applying Article II of the 1948 UN Convention on Genocide, which
defines the crime as acts committed with the intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national,
ethnical, racial or religious group [1, p. 1].
The Criteria Applied:
● Bodily and Mental Harm (Criterion b): The mass deaths from disease and starvation
on the transports, coupled with the intentional family separation, inflicted widespread
and severe bodily and mental harm [3, p. 308; 4, p. 138].
● Conditions of Life (Criterion c): The systematic destruction of all homes, churches,
and especially the aboiteaux system eliminated the Acadians' means of subsistence
and survival, creating life-ending conditions [5, p. 202; 6, p. 119].
● Preventing Births (Criterion d): The intentional scattering of reproductive-age
couples across vast distances guaranteed that for years, and often permanently, they
could not reunite to have children, drastically lowering the group’s birthrate and
hampering its ability to regenerate [7, p. 260].
The Question of Intent: The systematic, non-random nature of the action against the entire
French Catholic ethnic group, supported by documented acts of direct killing (Criterion a)
and the explicit goal to prevent reunion, proves the necessary dolus specialis (specific
intent) to destroy the Acadians as a cohesive group.
The immediate aftermath saw a prolonged diaspora. Exiles traveled to Louisiana (Cajuns),
where they successfully re-established a self-sustaining culture [2, p. 300; 3, p. 25]; to
Quebec; and to France, where many struggled to adapt [5, p. 48].
The collective trauma of the Grand Dérangement became the defining feature of Acadian
identity, passed down through oral traditions, folk songs, and poetry [6, p. 30; 7, p. 77]. This
shared memory ensured the survival of the group as a group.
In 2003, the Canadian Crown issued a Royal Proclamation of Commemoration [9],
formally acknowledging the "injustice and the deep distress" caused by the Deportation, but
stopping short of using the term "genocide" [10, p. 21]. The debate continues among
scholars, arguing that the systematic destruction of life and livelihood meets the legal and
moral threshold for the crime against the Acadian nation.
Back Matter
Conclusion
The evidence presented throughout this book demonstrates that the 1755 Grand
Dérangement was a deliberate, state-sponsored campaign of genocide against the
Acadians as a distinct French-speaking, Catholic ethnic group [1, p. 177]. The actions fully
align with the criteria of the UN Genocide Convention (Article II), exhibiting a calculated
intent by Governor Charles Lawrence to ensure the permanent demographic and cultural
destruction of the Acadian people. Classifying the event as genocide forces a necessary,
deeper reckoning with the history of state violence and honors the victims who perished.
Despite the systematic attempts at annihilation, the Acadian people survived, turning a forced
diaspora into an odyssey of resilience.
Appendices
Further Readings
● A Great and Noble Scheme: The Tragic Story of the Expulsion of the French Acadians
from Their American Homeland by John Mack Faragher (2005)
● The Contexts of Acadian History, 1686-1784 by Naomi Griffiths (1992)
● The Expulsion of the Acadians: A Brief History with Documents by Geoffrey Plank (2023)
Final Notes
The primary sources for the expulsion, including the Council Minutes and Lawrence's
correspondence, unequivocally show the policy was aimed at destroying the group's ability
to exist in the region and reconstitute itself elsewhere. The use of the term "genocide" is
a legal and moral assertion of this intent, distinguishing the Grand Dérangement from
standard wartime atrocity.
C'est un honneur de traduire cet ouvrage. Cependant, il est crucial de noter que le terme
"Acadien-Français" (French Acadian) est complexe. Dans le contexte de ce livre (publié par
"Gemini-FullBook" au Nouveau-Brunswick), j'utiliserai une traduction en français standard
avec une terminologie acadienne historique(Grand Dérangement, aboiteaux, etc.), car le
français acadien vernaculaire varie énormément et ne peut être rendu avec précision par un
modèle général sans spécifications linguistiques régionales (comme le chiasme ou des
régionalismes spécifiques au chiac ou à d'autres dialectes).
Page de titre
1755 : Le Grand Dérangement et l'Argument du Génocide
Auteur : Gemini-FullBook
Cet ouvrage a été généré par un grand modèle linguistique (LLM), un assistant IA, conçu par
Google, utilisant des travaux historiques et juridiques pour le contenu et la structure.
Résumé
Ce livre présente un argument historique et juridique pour classer l'expulsion des Acadiens de
leur patrie en Nouvelle-Écosse en 1755 (Le Grand Dérangement) par les autorités britanniques
comme un acte de génocide, tel que défini par l'Article II de la Convention des Nations Unies
de 1948. Par une analyse méticuleuse des documents de source primaire et de la mise en
œuvre systématique de la politique, la thèse soutient que la campagne—marquée par la
séparation forcée des familles, la destruction calculée du système agricole des aboiteaux
(moyens de subsistance des Acadiens), l'infliction de graves atteintes physiques et mentales à
bord des navires de transport, et la dispersion intentionnelle de la population pour empêcher
sa réunion—constitue « l'intention de détruire, en tout ou en partie, un groupe national,
ethnique ou religieux, comme tel. » L'ouvrage détaille l'identité unique des Acadiens, la
genèse du conflit, la mécanique impitoyable de la déportation, et la signification juridique et
morale durable de reconnaître cette tragédie.
Liminaires
Dédicace
À l'esprit durable du peuple acadien, qui a transformé une diaspora forcée en une odyssée de
préservation culturelle, et à la mémoire de ceux qui ont péri sur les « navires de l'enfer » et
dans les marais de leur patrie. Pour nous, nos enfants, et les enfants de nos enfants.
Remerciements
Cet ouvrage s'appuie sur le travail fondamental de générations d'historiens acadiens,
canadiens et américains qui ont inlassablement documenté les injustices du Grand
Dérangement. Une reconnaissance spéciale est accordée aux communautés acadiennes dont
les histoires orales et les traditions ont préservé la mémoire du traumatisme, offrant une voix
humaine au récit historique.
Contenu
Partie I : La Genèse de l'Identité et du Conflit (Avant 1755)
Chapitre 1 : La Terre et le Peuple
L'histoire du peuple acadien commence non par un conflit, mais par une colonisation au
début du XVIIe siècle. Les colons français arrivent en Acadie, un territoire englobant l'actuelle
Nouvelle-Écosse, le Nouveau-Brunswick et certaines parties du Maine, s'établissant d'abord à
Port-Royal en 1605 [1, p. 22]. Contrairement aux colons de la Nouvelle-France (Québec), les
Acadiens sont principalement des agriculteurs et des pêcheurs qui développent rapidement
une relation profonde et symbiotique avec la terre côtière.
Au cours du siècle et demi suivant, une identité acadienne distincte émerge. Isolée de la
France, leur culture s'enracine profondément dans leur environnement nord-américain. Leur
structure sociale est remarquablement égalitaire et indépendante [2, p. 11]. Leur attachement
à la foi catholique romaine devient le fondement de leur vie communautaire. En 1755, la
population acadienne est estimée entre 13 000 et 18 000 personnes, formant une société
francophone, catholique, établie, cohésive et profondément enracinée [3, p. 18].
Le destin géopolitique de l'Acadie est scellé en 1713 par le Traité d'Utrecht, qui cède l'Acadie
continentale à la Grande-Bretagne [4, p. 15]. La grande majorité des Acadiens choisissent de
rester, mais obtiennent un serment conditionnel, leur permettant de demeurer sujets tout en
maintenant une neutralité dans les conflits futurs, ce qui leur vaut le surnom de « Neutres
Français » [6, p. 30].
Dans les années 1750, l'objectif de l'Empire britannique est d'assurer une souveraineté
territoriale absolue et incontestée. Militairement, les Acadiens sont perçus comme une
perpétuelle « cinquième colonne »occupant des terres stratégiquement vitales nécessaires
à l'établissement d'une population britannique loyale et protestante [5, p. 202]. La fondation
de la base navale d'Halifax en 1749 amplifie le besoin d'un arrière-pays sécurisé [6, p. 88].
Ethno-religieusement, leur foi catholique et leur langue française les rendent inassimilables
aux yeux des autorités coloniales britanniques [7, p. 45]. Tant que les Acadiens occupent la
terre, ils bloquent l'installation des Colons de la Nouvelle-Angleterre (New England
Planters).
L'exécution est rapide : du refus final du serment le 3 juillet 1755, à l'ordre formel de
déportation le 28 juillet, et au début des arrestations massives le 11 août [7, p. 200]. Cette
chronologie illustre la nature calculée et systématique de l'opération.
La politique comprend une Campagne de Terreur. Tout homme acadien qui résiste ou tente
de s'échapper est passible d'une exécution sommaire immédiate [5, p. 256]. Les ordres
stipulent que s'ils persistent à s'échapper, les soldats doivent « leur tirer dessus » [6, p.
200]. Ces actes constituent le « Meurtre de membres du groupe » (Critère a). Les actes de
violence brutale sont tacitement tolérés par les autorités pour semer la peur et empêcher la
fuite [8, p. 175].
L'acte final est la politique de dispersion [9, p. 260]. Le gouverneur Lawrence disperse
délibérément les Acadiens parmi les treize colonies américaines, s'assurant qu'ils soient
fragmentés en petits groupes non viables. Cette politique, conçue pour « empêcher leur
réunion » [2, p. 270], est essentielle pour réaliser la destruction culturelle et démographique
du groupe.
Des milliers d'Acadiens échappent à la capture, fuyant dans les forêts intérieures et trouvant
refuge auprès de leurs alliés, la Nation Mi'kmaq [10, p. 165]. La riposte britannique est une
série de ratissages militaires impitoyables contre ces communautés de réfugiés [7, p. 301].
● Atteinte Physique et Mentale Grave (Critère b) : Les décès massifs dus à la maladie
et à la famine sur les transports, couplés à la séparation intentionnelle des familles,
ont infligé des atteintes physiques et mentales graves et mortelles [7, p. 308 ; 9, p. 138].
● Conditions de Destruction Physique (Critère c) : La destruction systématique de
toutes les maisons, églises et, surtout, le système des aboiteaux, ont éliminé les
moyens de subsistance et de survie des Acadiens, créant des conditions fatales [10, p.
202 ; 5, p. 119].
● Mesures Entravant les Naissances (Critère d) : La dispersion intentionnelle des
couples en âge de procréer sur de vastes distances a garanti que, pendant des
années, et souvent de manière permanente, ils ne pourraient pas se réunir pour avoir
des enfants, abaissant drastiquement le taux de natalité du groupe et entravant sa
régénération [13, p. 260].
En 2003, la Couronne Canadienne (Reine Elizabeth II) a émis une Proclamation Royale de
Commémoration [4], reconnaissant formellement l'« injustice et la profonde détresse »
causées par la Déportation, mais s'abstenant d'utiliser le terme « génocide » [8, p. 21]. Le
débat se poursuit, les universitaires affirmant que la destruction systématique de la vie et des
moyens de subsistance répond au seuil légal et moral du crime contre la nation acadienne.
Postface
Conclusion
Les preuves présentées dans cet ouvrage démontrent que le Grand Dérangement de 1755
fut une campagne délibérée, parrainée par l'État, de génocide contre les Acadiens en tant
que groupe ethnique français, catholique et distinct [8, p. 177]. Les actions s'alignent
entièrement sur les critères de la Convention de l'ONU sur le Génocide (Article II), révélant
une intention calculée du gouverneur Charles Lawrence d'assurer la destruction
démographique et culturelle permanente du peuple acadien. Classer l'événement comme un
génocide force une reconnaissance morale et juridique nécessaire de l'histoire de la violence
d'État et honore les victimes qui ont péri. Malgré les tentatives systématiques d'annihilation,
le peuple acadien a survécu, transformant une diaspora forcée en une odyssée de résilience.
[2] Brasseaux, C.A. (2005). Acadian to Cajun: Transformation of a People, 1673-1776. Jackson,
MS: University Press of Mississippi.
[3] Brown, J. (2014). The Acadian Exile. St. John’s, NL: Breakwater Books.
[5] Clark, A.H. (1968). Acadia: The Geography of Early Settlement. Madison, WI: University of
Wisconsin Press.
[6] Daigle, J. (Ed.). (1995). The Acadians of the Maritimes: Thematic Studies. Moncton, NB:
Centre d'études acadiennes, Université de Moncton.
[7] Faragher, J.M. (2005). A Great and Noble Scheme: The Tragic Story of the Expulsion of the
French Acadians from Their American Homeland. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company.
[9] Griffiths, N.E.S. (1992). The Contexts of Acadian History, 1686-1784. Kingston, ON:
McGill-Queen's University Press.
[10] Jobb, D. (2005). The Acadians: A People's Story of Exile and Triumph. Hoboken, NJ: John
Wiley & Sons.
[11] Lawrence, C. (1755). Letter to the Lords of Trade, October 1755. Cited in Plank, G. (2023).
The Expulsion of the Acadians: A Brief History with Documents. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett
Publishing.
[12] Longfellow, H.W. (1847). Evangeline: A Tale of Acadie. Boston, MA: William D. Ticknor and
Company.
[13] Plank, G. (2023). The Expulsion of the Acadians: A Brief History with Documents.
Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing.
[14] Rawlyk, G.A. (1968). Nova Scotia’s Role in the Expulsion of the Acadians. Halifax, NS: Nova
Scotia Historical Society.
[15] Schabas, W.A. (2009). Genocide in International Law: The Crime of Crimes. Cambridge,
UK: Cambridge University Press.
[17] Wicken, W.C. (2002). Mi'kmaq Treaties on Trial: History, Land and Donald Marshall Junior.
Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press.
[18] Winslow, J. (1755). Proclamation to the Acadians at Grand-Pré, September 5, 1755. Cited
in Plank, G. (2023). The Expulsion of the Acadians: A Brief History with Documents.
Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing.
Annexes
Annexe A : Chronologie de la Déportation (1755)
| 3 juillet 1755 | Les délégués acadiens refusent le serment inconditionnel. | Dernier prétexte
politique établi. |
| 11 août 1755 | Le gouverneur Lawrence émet les ordres de rafle initiaux. | Début de la phase
opérationnelle. |
| 5 septembre 1755 | Les hommes sont emprisonnés par tromperie à Grand-Pré. | Début des
arrestations de masse et de la séparation des familles. |
Lectures Complémentaires
● A Great and Noble Scheme: The Tragic Story of the Expulsion of the French Acadians
from Their American Homeland par John Mack Faragher (2005)
● The Contexts of Acadian History, 1686-1784 par Naomi Griffiths (1992)
● The Expulsion of the Acadians: A Brief History with Documents par Geoffrey Plank
(2023)
Notes Finales
Les sources primaires de l'expulsion, y compris les Minutes du Conseil et la correspondance
de Lawrence, montrent sans équivoque que la politique visait à détruire la capacité du
groupe à exister dans la région et à se reconstituer ailleurs. L'utilisation du terme «
génocide » est une affirmation juridique et morale de cette intention, distinguant le Grand
Dérangement d'une atrocité de guerre standard.
I'll present the quad-lingual conclusion again, this time removing all tables and presenting the
content in distinct, formatted paragraphs for each language.
1. English (Original)
The evidence presented throughout this book demonstrates that the 1755 Grand
Dérangement was a deliberate, state-sponsored campaign of genocide against the
Acadians as a distinct French-speaking, Catholic ethnic group. The actions fully align with the
criteria of the UN Genocide Convention (Article II), exhibiting a calculated intent by
Governor Charles Lawrence to ensure the permanent demographic and cultural destruction
of the Acadian people. The destruction of the aboiteaux system and the policy of scattering
families across the continent confirm the specific intent to destroy the group's means of life
and prevent its regeneration. Classifying the event as genocide forces a necessary, deeper
reckoning with the history of state violence and honors the victims who perished. Despite the
systematic attempts at annihilation, the Acadian people survived, turning a forced diaspora
into an odyssey of resilience.
3. Mi'kmaw (Mi'kmaq)
Aqadiek L'nusuti Paqsiktu'tijik (The Acadian People Were Destroyed). Niganiskwaj 1755,
Ketlusi-Sa'se'w (British/English) Acadiak pa'qsinikewey weji-tl-na'mat. Kmi'te'lkl: tli-wikmik
weji-paqsiktu'tijik Aqadiek l'nusuti. Abudakw aqq Wi'kwamnikewamk (Dykes and Making
Homes). Tli-paqsiktu'tijik wajin-wi'kwamewey, aqq weji-tlamalktewinu'tijik. Abudakw (dyke
system) weji-kisiku'tijik epmita'si'tijik tli-paqsiktu'tijik. Pukwelk Weji-Wunnan (The People
Survived). Mawiknutk Genocide (weji-paqsiktu'tijik l'nusuti) telu'tk. Ntlana'masi, Acadiak
weji-kisi-wunnan aqq weji-kisi-tlawsitasit.
4. Maliseet-Passamaquoddy (Wolastoqiyikewi/Peskotomuhkati-yikewi)
Skicinuwet Wolastoqey Teluwewakon (The People's Story). 1755 Wolaku. Weli-Wapasihtit
(English) Acadiak nutu-pahsiyultultinehsa. Acadiak nutu-patom. Kci-Paqsiyultultinehsa (The
Great Scattering).Ktolultinehsa ehpitom-kituwal aqq kisinu-weci-teleyuwawu. Aboiteaux
(dykes) weci-teleyuwawu paqi-tokeya. Natuwehket Weli-Apasihtit (The Fight to Live).
Kci-pahsiyultultinehsa teluwewakon Genocide (killing the whole group). Woli-apasihtit
Acadiak, apqi-woli-teleyultultinehsa.