TERM - I: 2025-26

SUBJECT: GEOGRAPHY(S.S)
CHAPTER-6 MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES
Std. X
Date: 11/10/2025

Student’s Name:- ____________________________________________ Roll No.:-_______

Answer the following briefly in not more than 30 words.
(i) What is manufacturing?
Ans: Manufacturing is the production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw
materials to more valuable products. For e.g. paper is manufactured from wood, sugar from
sugarcane, iron and steel from iron ore and aluminium from bauxite.
(ii) Name any three physical factors for the location of the industry.
Ans: Three physical factors important for the location of the industry are:
i. Availability of raw materials
ii. Availability of power
iii. Proximity to the market
(iii) Name any three human factors for the location of an industry.
Ans: Human factors essential in deciding the location of an industry are − availability of cheap
labour, availability of services such as consultants and financial advice, and resources for
maintaining labour.
(iv) What are basic industries? Give an example.
Ans: Basic industries are those which supply their raw materials to industries which manufacture
other goods. An example is the iron and steel industry which supplies steel to the automobile
industry.
(v) Name the important raw materials used in the manufacturing of cement?
Ans: The important raw materials used in the manufacturing of cement are: limestone, silica,
alumina and gypsum. Apart from these, coal, electric power and rail transportation are also
needed.

Write the answers of the following questions in 120 words.

(i) How are integrated steel plants different from mini steel plants? What problems does the
industry face? What recent developments have led to a rise in the production capacity?
Ans: Integrated steel plants are different from mini steel plants in many aspects. An integrated steel
plant is large and handles everything in one complex—from integrating raw materials to steel
making, rolling and shaping. On the other hand, a mini steel plant is smaller, has electric
furnaces, uses steel scrap and sponge iron, and has re-rollers that use steel ingots as well. It
produces mild and alloy steel of given specifications.
The problems faced by this industry are:
(a) high production costs and limited availability of coking coal; P.T.O.
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 (b) lower productivity of labour;
(c) irregular supply of energy; and
(d) poor infrastructure.
Recent developments that have led to a rise in the production capacity of this industry are
liberalisation and Foreign Direct Investment, with help from private entrepreneurs.

(ii) How do industries pollute the environment?

Ans: Industrial pollution of the environment is of four types: air, water, land and noise. Air pollution
is caused by smoke released by chemical and paper factories, brick kilns, refineries and smelting
plants, and burning of fossil fuels in factories ignoring pollution norms. Water pollution is caused
by the discharging of organic and inorganic industrial wastes and effluents into rivers. This form
of pollution is caused by paper, pulp, chemical, textile, dyeing, petroleum refineries, tanneries
and electroplating industries. The major solid wastes released into rivers in India are fly ash,
phospo – gypsum, and iron and steel slags. Thermal pollution of water is another form of water
pollution, caused by the emission of hot water from factories and thermal plants into rivers and
ponds. Dumping of solid wastes renders the soil infertile and useless too. Lastly, noise pollution
results from industrial and construction activities, machinery, generators, and saws, pneumatic
and electric drills.

(iii) Discuss the steps to be taken to minimise environmental degradation by industry?

Ans: The steps to be taken to minimise environmental degradation by industry are as follows:
 To control water pollution, industrial effluents need to be treated on all three levels (primary,
secondary and tertiary); the use of water for processing should be minimised via reuse and
recycling; rainwater can be harvested to meet water requirements, and ground water usage
should be regulated by law.
 For the minimisation of air pollution, smoke stacks should be fitted to factories with
electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators. Also, smoke can be
reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal.
 Noise pollution can be controlled by fitting generators with silencers, redesigning machinery to
reduce noise, and using earplugs and earphones besides other noise absorbing material.

EXTRA QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

1. ‘‘Manufacturing sector is considered as the backbone of economic development of a country.’’
Support the statement with examples. [CBSE (F) 2017]
Ans: Manufacturing sector:
(i) It helps in modernizing agriculture.
(ii) Helps in providing jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.
(iii) Reduces unemployment and poverty.
(iv) It brings down the regional disparities by establishing industries in tribal and backward areas.
(v) Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce.
(vi) It brings in much needed foreign exchange.
(vii) Example- Cotton textile, Iron and Steel industry, etc.

2.“Agriculture and industry are complimentary to each other.” Support the statement with three
examples. [CBSE (Comptt.) 2017]
Ans: Agriculture and industry both depend on each other

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 (i) Agriculture supplies raw material for the manufacturing industries. Shortage of these raw
materials can spell doom for the industry.
(ii) Agriculture gets its basic inputs form the manufacturing industries.
(iii) In this way agriculture offers a big market for industrial products, fertilizers, water pumps,
tractors, farm equipment etc.
(iv) In short, agriculture and industry are not exclusive of each other they move hand in hand.

3. How are industries responsible for polluting freshwater? Suggest any three measures to reduce
the water pollution. [CBSE (F) 2017]
Ans: Water pollution is caused by organic and inorganic industrial wastes and effluents discharged
into rivers.The main culprits are paper, pulp, chemical, textile and dyeing, petroleum refineries,
tanneries and electroplating industries that let out dyes, detergents, acids, salts and heavy
metals like lead and mercury, pesticides, fertilizers, synthetic chemicals with carbon, plastics and
rubber, etc., into the water bodies.
Fly ash, phospo-gypsum and iron and steel slags are the major solid wastes in India.
Steps to minimize water pollution:
(i) Minimising use of water for processing by reusing and recycling it in two or more successive
stages. Harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements.
(ii) Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds. Treatment of
industrial effluents can be done in three phases
(a) Primary treatment by mechanical means. This involves screening, grinding, flocculation and
sedimentation.
(b) Secondary treatment by biological process
(c) Tertiary treatment by biological, chemical and physical processes. This involves recycling of
wastewater.
(d) Overdrawing of groundwater needs to be regulated legally.
4.“The textile industry is the only industry in the country which is self-reliant and complete in the
value chain.” Justify the statement. [CBSE Delhi 2016]
Ans: The textile industry is self-reliant and complete in value chain:
(i) It contributes significantly to industrial production (14%).
(ii) Employment generation (35 million persons directly – the second largest after agriculture).
(iii) Foreign exchange earnings (about 24.6%).
(iv) It contributes 4 per cent towards GDP.
5. Classify industries on the basis of source of raw material. How are they different from each
other? [CBSE (AI) 2016]
Ans: On the basis of sources of raw material industries are classified as:
(i) Agro based: Agro based industries draw their raw materials from agricultural products.
For example, Textiles, Sugar, Coffee, Tea and Edible Oil, etc.
(ii) Mineral based: Mineral based draw their raw material from minerals.
For example, Iron and Steel industries, cement, machine tools, petrochemicals, etc.
6. Suggest any three steps to minimise the environmental degradation caused by the industrial
development in India. [CBSE (Comptt.) 2017, CBSE (AI) 2016]
Ans: Three steps to minimise the environmental degradation caused by Industrial
development in India are:
(i) Water Pollution
Energy lite of waste water discharged by one industry pollutes eight times the quantity of fresh
water.
Minimising use of water for procuring by reusing and recycling it in two or more successive
stages. P.T.O.
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 Harvesting of rain water can be done to meet water requirement.
Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds.
(ii) Air Pollution
Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by fitting smoke stacks to factories with electrostatic
precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separaters.
Smoke can be reduced by using oil or natural gas instead of coal in the factories.
(iii) Noise Pollution
Machinery and equipments can be used and generators should be fitted with silencers.
Almost all machineries can be redesigned to increase energy efficiency and reduce noise.
Noise absorbing material may be used apart from personal use of ear plugs and earphones.

7. “Jute industry is concentrated in the Hugli basin”. Validate the statement with three suitable
reasons. [CBSE Sample Paper 2017]
Ans: Reasons for concentration of jute mills along the Hoogly River:
i. West Bengal is the storehouse of jute. It produces the highest quantity of jute.
ii. The industry requires a lot of water which is easily available from the Hoogly River.
iii. Cheap labour is easily available because of migrating labour from neighbouring states of
Bihar and Odisha.
iv. Inexpensive water transport in the river Hoogly is available.
v. A large urban sector in Kolkata provides banking, insurance and loan facilities.
vi. Kolkata is a good harbour which can provide facilities for the export of jute products in
various parts of the world.

8. Why are sugar mills concentrated in sugarcane producing areas? Explain any three problems
faced by sugar industry in India. [CBSE Delhi 2016]
Ans: Sugar industries are concentrated in the sugarcane producing areas:
(i) Sugarcane is a perishable good, it looses its sucrose content if delays in transportation
occurs, so it needs to be in the nearby place.
(ii) Sugarcane is bulky and perishable, so transportation cost reduces.
(iii) Near it is to the production area, its production automatically increases.
(iv) The raw material used in the sugar mills, that sugarcane is bulky.
(v) In haulage, its sucrose content reduces.
Challenges:
(i) Seasonal nature of the industry.
(ii) Old and inefficient methods of production.
(iii) Transport delays in reaching cane to the mills.
(iv) Need to maximise the use of bagasse.

9. Analyse the role of chemical industries in the Indian economy. [CBSE (AI) 2017]
Ans: Role of chemical industries in the Indian Economy:
(i) It contributes approximately 3 % of the GDP.
(ii) It is the 3rd largest in Asia and occupies the 12th place in the world.
(iii) It compromises both large and small scale manufacturing units.
(iv) Rapid growth has been recorded in both inorganic and organic sector.
(v) Organic chemicals include petrochemicals which are used for manufacturing of synthetic
fibers, rubber, plastics, and dye stuffs.
(vi) In organic chemicals include sulphuric acid, fertilizers, synthetic fibers, plastics, adhesives,
paints etc.
(vii) The chemical industry is its own largest consumer.
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10. Suggest any five measures to control industrial pollution in India. [CBSE (F) 2017]
Ans: Measures to Control Industrial Pollution
(i) Minimizing the use of water for processing by reusing and recycling it in two or more
successive stages
(ii) Harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements
(iii) Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in to rivers and ponds.
(iv) Treatment of industrial effluents can be done in three phases
(v) Primary treatment by mechanical means involves screening, grinding, flocculation and
sedimentation. , Secondary treatment by biological process, Tertiary treatment by biological,
chemical and physical processes. This Involves recycling of wastewater.
(vi) Over drawing of ground water needs to be regulated legally.
(vii) Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by fitting smoke stacks to factories with
electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators.
(viii) Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal in factories.
(ix) Machinery and equipment can be used and generators should be fitted with silencers.
(x) Almost all machinery can be redesigned to increase energy efficiency and reduce noise.
(xi) Noise absorbing material may be used apart from personal use of earplugs and earphones.

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