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Manikins for Textile Evaluation 1st Edition Rajkishore
Nayak Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Rajkishore Nayak, Rajiv Padhye
ISBN(s): 9780081009505, 008100950X
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 18.37 MB
Year: 2017
Language: english
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Manikins for Textile Evaluation
The Textile Institute Book Series
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Manikins for Textile
Evaluation

Edited by

Rajkishore Nayak
RMIT University Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh City,
Vietnam

Rajiv Padhye
RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Contents

List of Contributors xi

Part I Introduction 1
1 Introduction to manikins 3
Rajkishore Nayak
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Types of manikins 8
1.3 Various applications of manikins 10
1.4 Book content 16
1.5 Future trends 19
1.6 Conclusions 21
References 21
Further reading 24

2 Types of thermal manikin 25

Yehu Lu, Kalev Kuklane and Chuansi Gao
2.1 Introduction 25
2.2 Manikin types 26
2.3 Features in the above manikins 30
2.4 Future trends 42
2.5 Conclusions 45
References 45
Further reading 53

Part II Manikins for design and display 55

3 Manikins in shop display 57
Kalesh Nath Chatterjee, Yamini Jhanji, Shelly Khanna
and Amandeep Manocha
3.1 Introduction 57
3.2 Visual merchandising 60
3.3 Classification/types of manikins for shop display 62
3.4 Selection of manikins 74
3.5 Lay plans for effective positioning of manikins in shop display 78
3.6 Manikins vis-a-vis conventional techniques of display 82
3.7 Future trends 85
3.8 Conclusions 87
Further reading 88
vi Contents

4 Evaluation of fit and size 89

Norsaadah Zakaria
4.1 Introduction to clothes manikins 89
4.2 Human anthropometrics for clothing sizing system 91
4.3 Apparel fit problem and satisfaction 93
4.4 Body shape evaluation 95
4.5 Manikins’ usage for fit model 97
4.6 Conclusions and recommendation 107
References 108

5 Evaluation of thermo-physiological comfort of clothing using manikins 115

Sumit Mandal, Simon Annaheim, Martin Camenzind and René M. Rossi
5.1 Introduction 115
5.2 Different manikins for evaluating the thermo-physiological
comfort of clothing 116
5.3 Evaluation and calculation methods for the thermo-physiological
comfort of clothing 126
5.4 Critical assessment regarding the thermo-physiological comfort of
clothing 130
5.5 Key issues related to the evaluation of thermo-physiological
comfort of clothing 135
5.6 Summary and conclusions 137
Acknowledgments 137
References 138

6 Evaluation of ergonomics 141

Asis Patnaik and Elspa M. Hovgaard
6.1 Introduction 141
6.2 Different manikin types and their ergonomics 143
6.3 Use of various software for ergonomics 145
6.4 Application areas 147
6.5 Influence of various factors 150
6.6 Recent trends and future directions 153
6.7 Conclusions 154
Acknowledgments 154
References 154
Further reading 157

7 Comparison of manikin tests with wearer trials 159

Rajkishore Nayak and Shadi Houshyar
7.1 Introduction 159
7.2 Thermal manikin testing vs wearer trial 160
7.3 Future directions 167
7.4 Conclusions 168
References 169
Contents vii

8 Drape measurement technique using manikins with the help

of image analysis 173
Awadhesh Kumar Choudhary and Payal Bansal
8.1 Introduction 173
8.2 Manikins 174
8.3 Manikins importance and drapability 179
8.4 Influencing factors of drape 182
8.5 Evaluation of textile materials for drapability 183
8.6 Conventional methods for measurement of drape of fabrics 185
8.7 Computer-aided drape test 186
8.8 Measurement of drape using image analysis on manikin 187
8.9 Conclusions 194
References 194
Further reading 195

Part III Manikins for high-performance textiles 197

9 Evaluation of heat and flame protective performance
of clothing using manikins 199
Sumit Mandal, Martin Camenzind, Simon Annaheim
and René M. Rossi
9.1 Introduction 199
9.2 Background of developing flash fire manikins 200
9.3 Design and working principle of the instrumented stationary
flash fire manikins 202
9.4 Design and working principle of the instrumented dynamic
flash fire manikins 209
9.5 Calculation of the heat and flame protective performance
of clothing by flash fire manikins 212
9.6 Assessment of the heat and flame protective performance
of clothing using instrumented flash fire manikins 215
9.7 Key issues related to the heat and flame protective performance
of clothing 219
9.8 Conclusions 221
References 221

10 Evaluation of steam and hot liquid splash protection using thermal

manikins and simulated tests 225
Yehu Lu
10.1 Introduction 225
10.2 Methods used for evaluation of steam hazard 226
10.3 Methods used for evaluation of hot liquid spray 230
10.4 Future trends 236
10.5 Conclusions 238
References 238
viii Contents

11 Manikins for evaluation of pressure performance 241

Yong-Rong Wang
11.1 Introduction 241
11.2 Manikins used for the evaluation of compression garment 246
11.3 Future trends 255
11.4 Conclusions 257
References 257

12 Manikins for medical textile evaluation 259

Monica P. Sikka
12.1 Introduction to medical textile and its evaluation 259
12.2 Types of manikins 260
12.3 Needs and opportunities for helping saving lives 262
12.4 Various applications of manikins 262
12.5 Simulation in healthcare 265
12.6 Benefits and limitations of using medical simulations 266
12.7 Designing and conducting simulation-based research using
manikins (case studies) 267
12.8 Future of simulation in healthcare 274
12.9 Conclusions 275
References 276

13 Defense applications of manikins 279

Ashvani Goyal
13.1 Introduction 279
13.2 Uses of manikins 279
13.3 Conclusions 297
References 298

14 Automotive applications of manikins 301

Rajesh Mishra
14.1 Introduction 301
14.2 Advanced thermal manikin systems for automotive 305
14.3 Testing of airbags 311
14.4 Computational models for automotive manikins 312
14.5 Thermal insulation for seated persons in vehicles 314
14.6 Mechanical performance (ergonomics) of manikins in automotive 323
14.7 Conclusions 326
References 327
Further reading 329

15 Thermo-physiological simulation 331

Agnes Psikuta, Simon Annaheim and René M. Rossi
15.1 Introduction 331
15.2 Concept of the thermo-physiological human simulator 334
Contents ix

15.3 Thermo-physiological human simulators available to date 338

15.4 Opportunities and constraints of thermo-physiological human
simulators for advanced textiles and apparel research 341
15.5 Conclusions 344
References 345

Part IV Associated problems, care, and maintenance and

future directions in manikins 351
16 Various issues, care, and maintenance of manikins 353
Vinod Kadam and Rajkishore Nayak
16.1 Introduction 353
16.2 Retail manikins 354
16.3 Manikins for technical applications 355
16.4 Troubleshooting and remedies for manikin maintenance 360
16.5 Dangers involved in the care and maintenance 362
16.6 Future trends 362
16.7 Sources of further information and advice 363
16.8 Conclusions 363
Acknowledgments 363
References 364

17 Future directions in the use of manikins 365

Lina Zhai, René M. Rossi and Jun Li
17.1 Introduction 365
17.2 Modeling, simulation, and manikin applications 366
17.3 Future directions in the use of manikins 379
17.4 Conclusions 381
References 382

Index 387
This page intentionally left blank
List of Contributors

Simon Annaheim Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and
Technology, St. Gallen, Switzerland

Payal Bansal Dr. B.R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Punjab, India

Martin Camenzind Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and
Technology, St. Gallen, Switzerland

Kalesh Nath Chatterjee The Technological Institute of Textile & Sciences, Bhiwani,
Haryana, India

Awadhesh Kumar Choudhary Dr. B.R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology,

Punjab, India

Chuansi Gao Lund University, Lund, Sweden

Ashvani Goyal The Technological Institute of Textile & Sciences, Bhiwani, Haryana,
India

Shadi Houshyar RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

Elspa M. Hovgaard Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South

Africa

Yamini Jhanji The Technological Institute of Textile & Sciences, Bhiwani, Haryana,
India

Vinod Kadam RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Central Sheep and
Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar, Rajasthan, India

Shelly Khanna The Technological Institute of Textile & Sciences, Bhiwani, Haryana,
India

Kalev Kuklane Lund University, Lund, Sweden

Jun Li Donghua University, Shanghai, PR China

xii List of Contributors

Yehu Lu Soochow University, Suzhou, PR China

Sumit Mandal Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and
Technology, St. Gallen, Switzerland

Amandeep Manocha The Technological Institute of Textile & Sciences, Bhiwani,

Haryana, India

Rajesh Mishra Technical University of Liberec, Liberec, Czech Republic

Rajkishore Nayak RMIT University Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Asis Patnaik Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa

Agnes Psikuta Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and
Technology, St. Gallen, Switzerland

René M. Rossi Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and
Technology, St. Gallen, Switzerland

Monica P. Sikka Dr. B.R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Punjab, India

Yong-Rong Wang Donghua University, Shanghai, PR China

Norsaadah Zakaria MARA University of Technology, Selangor, Malaysia

Lina Zhai Donghua University, Shanghai, PR China; Empa – Swiss Federal

Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, St. Gallen, Switzerland
Part I

Introduction
This page intentionally left blank
Introduction to manikins
Rajkishore Nayak
RMIT University Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
1
1.1 Introduction
A mannequin or manikin is a life-size model used by tailors, dressmakers, artists, and
window dressers to display or fit clothing. Mannequins or manikins can be simple
dummies of human size and shape, made up of synthetic materials. The word manikin
is derived from the Dutch word “Mannekijn” (which means a little man), whereas
mannequin is derived from the French word “mannequin” (which means an artist’s
jointed model) (2014). The oxford dictionary defines manikin as “A short person
or a jointed model of the human body, used in anatomy or as an artist's lay figure,”
whereas the definition of mannequin is “A dummy or life-size model of the human
body, used for the fitting or displaying of clothes.”
Mannequins are life-size models of the human body, which are used by tai-
lors, artists, or window display of clothing (Anitha & Selvaraj, 2010; Somoon &
Sahachaisaeree, 2010). In several places of Europe or even in the United States (US)
mannequins represent models used in retail store display or known as fashion dummy.
The word mannequin sounds almost similar in many languages (English, French, and
German) and is in use for a long time, which is often confused with manikin. As man-
nequin is more familiar, people assume it is mannequin they hear the unfamiliar word
“manikin.” Manikins are life-size anatomical models, often fitted with movable parts
or sensors, which are used as teaching aid for medical, arts, or engineering students
(Fritz, Gray, & Flanagan, 2008).
Mannequins are widely used in retail stores for window display of fashion prod-
ucts (Reitberger et al., 2009). Mannequins are also used by the fashion producers
for draping, sizing, and 3D scanning processes (Jones, Li, Brooke-Wavell, & West,
1995). The articulated mannequins are used by artists for drawing draped figures.
Mannequins are also widely used for education purposes in medical and engineering
field. The term manikin is more appropriate for these types of human models although
mannequin can be used. Medical manikins are used to teach the students, surgeons,
and diagnosticians to simulate the real conditions. These manikins are used as simula-
tors for teaching the key procedures and practices. For example the student physicians
are taught on a range of basic and advanced procedures such as inserting a catheter
into a woman’s urethra and performing a knee-joint arthroscopy.
In the engineering field, manikins are used for variety of applications such as the
evaluation of clothing thermal and evaporative resistance; evaluation of performance
of protective clothing used for- cold weather protection, firefighters protective cloth-
ing, protection from hot metal splash, and other similar applications (Li, Barker, &
Deaton, 2007; Lu, Song, & Li, 2013; Nayak, Houshyar, & Padhye, 2014; O’Brien
et al., 2011). Furthermore, the manikins are used in defense for the evaluation of
Manikins for Textile Evaluation. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-100909-3.00001-7
© 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
4 Manikins for Textile Evaluation

protection provided by the body armor from primary blast injuries, improvised
explosive device (IED) activation, designing new vehicles against blast, load of bal-
listic vests on body, blast performance of body armor for demining, blast-mitigation
capability in addition to the thermo-physiological comfort properties (Houshyar,
Pavlinic, Padhye, & Nayak, 2017; Mahbub, Nayak, Wang, & Arnold, 2017; Wang,
Kanesalingam, Nayak, & Padhye, 2014). In automotive industry the manikins are
used to evaluate the heat exchange in automotive interior, thermal insulation, and
performance evaluation of automotive restraint systems (Nayak, Padhye, Sinnappoo,
Arnold, & Behera, 2013). Among all these applications in different fields, majority of
the applications include the evaluation of thermal and evaporative resistance by the
use of thermal manikins.
Thermal manikin is a human form designed and used for evaluation of thermal
environments or the performance of clothing in such conditions (Holmér, 2004;
Melikov, 2004). This avoids the risks of inaccuracies inherent in human subject test-
ing. Since their introduction, thermal manikins are applied in research and develop-
ment for more than 90 years. Manikins may differ in their dimensions, shape, body
form, number of zones or segments, and regulation mode. The major applications of
thermal manikins include the evaluation of thermos-physiological comfort properties
(Huizenga, Hui, & Arens, 2001; Oliveira, Gaspar, & Quintela, 2008). Advancements
in technology have helped in designing of manikins to produce more realistic results
than before relating to the human thermal interaction with the environment. The
availability of advanced software and computing tools has enabled to combine the
modeling results with realistic data obtained from manikin test.
This chapter highlights the history of manikins including the chronological devel-
opments and the present situation on the use of manikins. Different types of manikins
and their application areas are also covered in this chapter. A brief description has
been provided on the use of various standards relating to evaluation of textiles by
using manikins. The contents of each chapter have been described to provide a pre-
liminary idea to the readers about the book. Finally, it contains the future trends in
the applications of manikins.

1.1.1 Human manikin: Past

The first application of mannequins can be dated back to the 15th century, where
miniature models were used for fashion demonstration to costumers. In the mid-18th
century the full-scale wickerwork mannequins (Fig. 1.1A) were introduced in France,
which were used in shop display. In the mid-19th century the first “papier-mâché”
fashion mannequins were also introduced in France (Fig. 1.1B). Subsequently, man-
nequins were prepared from wax and composite of plaster, which looked more lively
(Fig. 1.1C). A variety of materials such as fiberglass, plastic, carbon fiber, and other
heat conducting materials are used to prepare the modern mannequins. The man-
nequins prepared from fiberglass are more expensive than the plastic mannequins,
but are damaged easily. On the other hand, plastic mannequins are cheaper and more
durable. The thermal manikin on the other hand is fabricated from a thermally con-
ductive carbon-epoxy composite shell with embedded resistance wire heating and
sensing wire elements (Fig. 1.1D).
Introduction to manikins 5

Figure 1.1 Various types of manikins: (A) wickerwork manikin, (B) papier-mâché manikins,
(C) fiberglass manikins, and (D) thermal manikin (Newton).

A comprehensive review covering the list of manikins was performed by Wyon

(1989), which was complemented with new lists by Holmér and Nilsson (1995).
Table 1.1 gives a list of milestones in the manikin development. Each example indi-
cates substantial improvement in the manikin. The table included the information on
the material used, country, year, and some other features relating to manikins. Much
of this work was reviewed by Holmér (2000) and McCullough (2005). McCullough
(2005) pointed out that manikin measurements can account for many specific events
depending on the clothing and test conditions.
In early 1940s, several copper manikins with only one-segment were made for
the US army to be used for indoor climate research. In order to evaluate the thermo-
physiological comfort properties of clothing, the US Army developed the manikin
during the “Second World War” (Fan, 2006; Holmér, 2004) and a few of them are
even used today. Prior to the introduction of the manikins, thermal insulation of fab-
ric was evaluated by the use of one-dimensional guarded-ring flat plates and three-
dimensional cylinder in commercial settings (Endrusick, Stroschein, & Gonzalez,
2002). During the “Second World War’’, there was a high demand for the protective
clothing, which was fabricated in mass. However, there was no quantitative evaluation
of the protection provided by these protective clothing. In order to achieve quantita-
tive results, there was a need to develop standard human shapes (manikins) to measure
the protection performance and thermal insulation of the clothing.
The clothing insulation “clo” was introduced in 1941 (Gagge, Burton, & Bazett,
1941), which necessitated a method for its determination. This is the other rea-
son for which the first thermal manikin was developed in the US (Belding, 1949).
Mannequins were used in nuclear tests during 1950s, to evaluate the effects of
nuclear weapons on humans. Subsequently, as the importance of manikins grew
various manufacturers adopted new technologies for designing manikins. The first
female manikin was developed in 1989 (Madsen, 1989). Multi-segmented and seated
manikins were developed towards mid-1960s with accuracy in the power application
and measurement. Gradually the manikins were ramified into different forms such
as moving (with biking motions or continuous walking), breathing, sneezing, and
Table 1.1 Milestones in the development of thermal manikins (Holmér, 2000)
S. no. Manikin type Material Measurement mode Adjustability Place and year
of development

1 One-segment Copper Analogue – USA 1945

2 Multisegment Aluminum Analogue – UK 1964
3 Radiation manikin Aluminum Analogue – France 1972
4 Multisegment Plastics Analogue Moveable Denmark 1973
5 Multisegment Plastics Analogue Moveable Germany 1978
6 Multisegment Plastics Digital Moveable Sweden 1980
7 Multisegment Plastics Digital Moveable Sweden 1984
8 Fire manikin Aluminum Digital Moveable USA
9 Immersion manikin Aluminum Digital Moveable Canada 1988
10 Sweating manikin Aluminum Digital Moveable Japan 1988
Plastic Finland 1988
Aluminum USA 1996
11 Female manikin Plastic, single wire Digital, comfort Moveable Denmark 1989
regulation mode
12 Breathing thermal manikin Plastic, single wire Digital, comfort Moveable Denmark 1996
regulation mode
13 Sweating manikin Plastic Digital, 30 dry and 125 Realistic movements Switzerland 2001
sweat zones
14 Self-contained, sweating field Metal Digital, 126 zones Articulated USA 2003
manikin
15 Virtual, computer manikin Numerical, geometric Heat and mass transfer Articulated China 2000, Sweden
model simulations 2001, UK 2001,
Japan 2002
16 One-segment, sweating manikin Breathable fabric Digital, water heated Movable China 2001
17 One-segment manikin Wind proof fabric Digital, air heated Movable USA 2003

Source: Adapted from Wyon, D. P. (1989). Use of thermal manikins in environmental ergonomics. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 15, 84–94 and Holmér, I.
(2000). Thermal manikins in research and standards. Arbete Och Halsa Vetenskaplig Skriftserie, 1–8.
Introduction to manikins 7

sweating. They were manufactured in different sizes such as child, adult men, and
adult women, depending on the application.
Since their introduction, there have been rapid developments in manikins mainly
in three generations: (1) first generation (standing/nonmovable, nonperspiring mani-
kins); (2) second generation (movable, nonperspiring); and (3) third generation
(movable, perspiring) (Fan & Chen, 2002; McCullough, Jones, & Tamura, 1989).
Now there are different types of manikins available around the world to measure the
thermo-physiological comfort of clothing. The necessity of gathering more detailed
information lead to the development of manikins with multiple segments, which
are controlled independently. Gradually the number of segments was increased and
almost all the recent manikins use more than 20 segments, which may go up to 34
with options (as attachable add-on to the base manikin).
Depending on the requirements and the aim of reducing the overall cost, many of
the later manikin designs used plastic or even composites instead of metal (Holmér,
2000). The metal manikins are still being manufactured for specific uses such as ther-
mal comfort and heat loss analysis. The metallic sweating surface of the manikin is
divided into multiple segments and each segment can optimize the thermal uniformity
and temperature response speed.
Technological developments led to the accurate measurement of heat, tempera-
ture, and humidity. Furthermore, digitization helped in the significant development
and accurate measurements. Until 1977, almost all the manikins were designed
to measure the heat loss. However, a French manikin was developed with cooling
system to measure he heat gain (Aubertin & Cornu, 1977), which was used for
the evaluation of thermal protective clothing. All the thermal manikins mimic the
thermal interactions of a human being with its environment. The complexity of the
process increases when the body movements and/or perspiration conditions are
simulated by the manikins.

1.1.2 Human manikin: Present

The shop-display manikins are mainly used in retail stores for window display
(Meschtscherjakov, Reitberger, Mirlacher, Huber, & Tscheligi, 2009). Most recently,
many online fashion dealers using the manikin images for their product display rather
than using live models (Khakimdjanova & Park, 2005). The fashion designers and
historic artists use the manikin for drawing draped images (Chapman, 2001). They
prefer this method as the clothing draped in a manikin can be keep stationary for
longer compared to the live models.
The research application of thermal manikins is ever increasing, which is wit-
nessed by the increased number of manikins manufactured, sold, and organizations
adopting it. Thermal manikins are now being applied in a number of laboratories
mainly to measure the thermal resistance and evaporative resistance of clothing
(Huizenga et al., 2001; Mahbub et al., 2017). About 100 manikins varying in their
construction, design, and application are being manufactured around the world now
(Holmér, 2000). These manikins are prepared from plastic, fiberglass, composites,
and metal.
8 Manikins for Textile Evaluation

In spite of the above variations, thermal manikins work on similar principles

(McCullough, 2005). Hence, it is assumed that the test results obtained from differ-
ent laboratories under identical conditions are comparable. However, the number of
research on the reproducibility of the test results is limited (Anttonen et al., 2004). In
one of the research Anttonen et al. (2004) used eight different European laboratories
and conducted over 300 measurements to check the reproducibility of manikin tests.
Reproducible results were obtained with a coefficient of variation (CV) of lower than
8%. It is essential that the test clothing should fit the manikin precisely to avoid the
error. A good correlation was observed between the serial and parallel insulation val-
ues and the parallel values were about 20% lower than serial ones.
The size, shape, and the airgap between the manikin and the clothing system affect
the test results (Nielsen, 1999). Therefore, it is recommended to use thermal mani-
kin with realistic body size and shape (simulating an average person). Generally the
manikin body is divided into multiple segments with individual heat control (Kuklane
et al., 2004). The heat radiation from each segment affects the adjacent segment,
which can impact the accuracy of the test results. Smaller is the surface area of each
segment, higher is the impact.
The recent manikins are fitted with advanced sensing technology, actuators, and
simulating tools, which help in achieving accurate results (Mandal & Song, 2015).
Simulation studies can be conducted in addition to using thermal manikin to achieve
improved accuracy and data for realistic situations. This can also be verified by the
use of wearer trials where human subjects are used to obtain the results.

1.2 Types of manikins

Manikins used for shop display can be classified on the basis of theme, type of mer-
chandise used, occasion or festival, season, and target market (Anitha & Selvaraj,
2010). Manikins in shop display can be dressed based on themes such as valentine,
Funky, or Halloween theme; the type of merchandise such as ethnicity, casual, sporty,
and lingerie; occasions such as the Easter, New Year, and Christmas; and seasons
such as summer, winter, and autumn (Ganeva, 1918). They can be full manikins or
sectional manikins representing the torso or even just the face manikin.
Protective clothing are primarily used to protect the wearer from external hazards
such as fire, bullet, chemical, biological, and nuclear (Nayak, Padhye, & Wang, 2015).
Furthermore, the protective clothing should not affect the wearer’s thermoregulatory
system to a great extent (Havenith, 1999; Nayak et al., 2014). The performance prop-
erties and thermoregulatory properties of the protective clothing should be evaluated
in order to check their efficiency in fulfilling these requirements (Yoo & Barker,
2005). As there are different types of protective clothing, the evaluation methods are
therefore varied so as the types of manikins.
Generally, thermal manikins are used for evaluating the thermal properties of
clothing or other similar items (Holmér, 2000). Now-a-days the use of thermal
manikins is gaining impetus due to their accuracy and repeatability in produc-
ing realistic objective results. These manikins are characterized in terms of their
Introduction to manikins 9

dimension, physiological responses, skin temperature, fluid flow rate, heat genera-
tion and transfer, and walking speed (Holmér, 2000). Although, different types of
thermal manikins are being developed and used around the world, only seven types
of manikins are widely accepted which are listed below: (The details of these mani-
kins are discussed in Chapter 5, Evaluation of Thermo-Physiological Comfort of
Clothing Using Manikins).
1. Coppelius: the Finnish sweating thermal manikin
2. TARO: the Japanese sweating thermal manikin
3. KEM: the Japanese sweating thermal manikin
4. Newton: the United States sweating thermal manikin
5. SAM: the Swiss sweating thermal manikin
6. Walter: the Hong Kong sweating thermal manikin
7. ADAM: the United States sweating thermal manikin

These manikins differ in their material, construction, and dimensions (Holmér,

2000). However, these manikins are based on almost the similar principles. Depending
on the manikin type the thermal insulation values may vary due to the method of cal-
culation, influence of relative humidity, temperature, and airflow (Holmér, 2000). The
thermal insulation or thermal resistance of clothing systems are being evaluated by
thermal manikin in several laboratories for several years.
Thermal manikin tests provide valuable experimental data synonymous to human
subjects. This information can be used for:
●
evaluation of thermal stress in human working environments
●
evaluation of thermal properties and heat transfer of clothing
●
determination of human responses to extreme thermal conditions
●
comparison of results obtained from human trials on thermal comfort and stress
●
simulation of humus responses in thermal environments

Anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs) or crash test dummies (CTDs) representing

the proportions of human size, body weight, and articulation are being manufactured
to acquire data related to the dynamic behavior of the ATDs during simulated vehicu-
lar impacts (Mertz & Irwin, 2015; Prasad, Kim, & Weerappuli, 1997). The data may
include impact velocity, impact force, bending, or folding actions and deceleration
rates during an simulated vehicular impact. The CTDs are widely used by automo-
bile companies and research organizations to predict the injury potential of a crash
from the force, biomechanics, impact, and injury. These dummies are also employed
to evaluate the protection performance of the airbags used in various automobiles
(Nayak et al., 2013). Some of the sophisticated dummies better replicating human
body may cost about half a million US dollar. These dummies can be applied for
ergonomics evaluation in automobiles to aircrafts.
Hybrid II dummies relating to a specific age group (child and adult) are being
designed to investigate the impacts of frontal crashes in automobiles (Foster, Kortge,
& Wolanin, 1977). These dummies are not preferred for other crashes such as rear,
side, or rollover incidents (Nayak et al., 2013). These dummies are tested following
the standard testing procedure to obtain the accurate humanlike neck flexure so that
more realistic data are obtained to replicate human bodies.
Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
 CHAPTER XII.
Lord Spoonbill was not like Cato. For history records of the latter that
he preferred being good to seeming so: Lord Spoonbill had no great
objection to being a rogue, but did not like to be thought one. It was
therefore not very pleasant for him to be placed in that dilemma, of
which we made mention in the last chapter. He saw, or at least had
good reason to think that he saw, that Mr Darnley was bent on
renewing the acquaintance with Miss Primrose; and he also feared
that Penelope had not sufficiently forgotten her first lover.
There also occurred to his mind the thought that it was possible
for Mr Darnley to make a journey to London for a personal
explanation, if the letter to Mr Primrose should not be answered.
This consideration suggested to his lordship the necessity of taking
prompt and decided measures. He saw that no chance remained for
him but in the way of matrimony. He certainly dreaded the
encounter with his right honorable parents; but, if he could not live
without Penelope, it was absolutely necessary that he should take
steps to live with her.
This is a very proper place wherein to make a digression
concerning the omnipotence of love; and here we ought to be
extremely pathetic, shewing and demonstrating with heart-rending
eloquence, how irresistible is this universal passion: and perhaps
some of our readers, not many we hope, may think that we ought to
make a very sentimental defence of Lord Spoonbill, as some of our
predecessors in the history of lovers have made of those idle cubs
who have shewn their refinement and sensibility by seducing
engaged or betrothed affections. But we do not believe in the
omnipotence of love; and we do not think Lord Spoonbill at all
deserving of pity. Falling in love with Penelope was on his part
perfectly voluntary, deliberate, wilful, and intentional. It is all very
possible and very plausible for an inexperienced and thoughtless
youth to find himself mightily attached to a young woman before he
is aware almost of the existence of the passion; but this was not the
case with Lord Spoonbill. When he saw Miss Primrose he admired
her; when he became more acquainted with her, he liked her; and,
from pursuing, he loved her. But he knew from the first that she was
otherwise engaged; and his designs towards her had been
degrading.
We have dwelt long, and perhaps tediously, on Lord Spoonbill’s
embarrassment; we have done so intentionally, because that
embarrassment dwelt tediously on his mind, and it was necessary,
for the sake of accuracy in the picture, to represent the case not
transiently, but copiously.
The result of the right honorable hereditary legislator’s
meditation was, that as it was not possible for him to live without
Penelope, and as delay might expose him to the danger of being
compelled to do that which he knew to be impossible, he would take
the earliest opportunity of making regular and deliberate overtures
of marriage. And he felt satisfied that the fascination of title and the
splendour of opulence would be too much for a female heart to
withstand. There was also another thought on which he grounded
his hopes: he considered that the affection which Penelope had for
her father would induce her more readily to accept an offer which
would provide her with the means of assisting him.
With this resolution he returned home; as he thought that it
might be more advisable to communicate his intention to the parties
concerned by letter than by word of mouth. Probably his lordship
might imagine that, if thus Mr Primrose were made acquainted with
the magnificent offer that awaited his daughter’s acceptance,
paternal pride would be gratified, and paternal authority might be
added to other motives, inducing the young lady’s compliance. Lord
Spoonbill was by no means fastidious as to the manner in which he
gained his object, provided that the object was gained.
 His lordship dined that day at home. During dinner he was silent,
and looked almost sulky. The Earl and Countess inferred from these
looks that their hopeful son was on the eve of saying or doing
something not very agreeable to his parents; for he most usually
prefaced an act of opposition to their will by putting himself into an
ill-humour. This is a refined piece of domestic tactics. None however
but spoiled children can use it with proper dexterity and complete
success. When a wife wishes to persuade her husband out of his
senses, or to guide him against his better judgment, her prelude is
generally an extraordinary degree of sweetness, and her preface is
made of witching smiles; and then the husband thinks that it would
be cruel to convert such smiles into tears, and he passively yields to
the power of the silent logic of the laughing eye. But the policy of a
great overgrown booby is different. The spoiled blockhead knows
that no art of his can give extra loveliness to his looks in the eyes of
his fond parents. His own precious numskull is to them the ne plus
ultra of human excellence. But if that sweet face is darkened by a
frown, and if the dear pet is sulky, cross-grained, and ill-humoured,
then anything and everything must be conceded to bring him back
to his good-humour again.
“Spoonbill, are you unwell?” said Lord Smatterton.
“No,” replied Spoonbill in a style of sulky abruptness, which Tony
Lumpkin himself might have envied.
“You seem to be quite out of spirits to-day:” said the Countess, in
one of her most agreeable and winning tones.
“One cannot be always laughing and talking,” was the
uncourteous and ungrateful reply.
Then followed a long pause. The Earl and Countess scarcely
dared to speak to each other, and Lord Spoonbill pertinaciously held
his peace. Now such a state of things cannot last long; it is
absolutely unbearable. Very soon after the servants had left the
room, as the young man’s silence and sulkiness yet continued, Lord
Smatterton, who thought himself a bit of a politician, gave her
ladyship a hint to indulge them with her absence.
When they were alone, the Earl of Smatterton thus addressed his
hopeful son: “Spoonbill, I fear that something is preying upon your
mind. May I be permitted to know what it is that disturbs you?”
Lord Spoonbill did not make any reply to this consolatory
interrogation: for he felt very well satisfied that the communication
of the cause of his concern would not be very likely to remove it. He
therefore thought it best to contrive, if it could be so managed, to let
the truth come out gradually, and to bring his father to guess, than
to tell abruptly, the cause of his oppression.
“You are silent,” said the Earl of Smatterton. Lord Spoonbill knew
that without requiring to be told of it. The Earl then continued:
“Why should you conceal from me anything that concerns and
interests you? I am only desirous of promoting your welfare; and, if
in any matter I can serve you, command me.”
It is quite contrary to our notions of propriety that sons should
command their parents; it was also contrary to Lord Smatterton’s
ideas of his own dignity that any one should dictate to him; but in
the present instance he adopted the courtier’s language. As his son
did not seem disposed to command him, the father felt very much
inclined to command his son, and to insist with mighty dignity on
knowing the cause of this strange behaviour. But Lord Spoonbill was
rather too old to be treated like a boy. His lordship would not be
snubbed; but he could not always escape a lecturing.
There is this difference between the rational and irrational part of
the creation; that, among the irrational animals, the parents are in
haste to give their offspring a hint of their independence; but among
rational beings, the young ones are more in haste to throw off their
dependence than parents to renounce their authority or withdraw
their protection. One reason perhaps for this arrangement is, that
rational youngsters are not quite so well able to guide and to take
care of themselves as irrational animals are.
 The feeling of which we are here speaking operated very
powerfully in the minds of Lord Smatterton and his son. The father
was especially fond of authority, and the son as fond of
independence: but the father held the purse, and there lay the great
secret of his power. Lord Spoonbill knew that he could not marry
Miss Primrose without the consent of more parties than himself and
the young lady; he knew that the means of an establishment must
be contributed by his own right honorable father; and therefore his
consideration was, how to obtain that consent, and how to reconcile
his father’s well-known horror of plebeianism with his own marriage,
with the daughter of a man who had originally sprung from the City.
To have made the proposal flatly and plainly, would have put the Earl
into a most tremendous passion. It was therefore necessary to have
recourse to management.
Finding that the Earl was slow in uttering conjectures, Lord
Spoonbill was compelled to give broader hints; and for that purpose
he rose from his seat and walked to the fire-place, and put his elbow
on the chimney-piece, and his hand upon his forehead, and sighed—
oh, how he did sigh! He would have been a fine subject for
Chantrey; but neither Chantrey nor any one else could have
immortalized that magnificent sigh.
At this movement the Earl started, and exclaimed: “Are you in
love, Spoonbill?”
“Suppose I am, sir;” replied the son of the patrician, “and what
then?”
“What then!” echoed Lord Smatterton; “that very much depends
on the person who has engaged your affections. If it be a suitable
connexion, I shall throw no impediment in your way.”
“But, perhaps, what may appear a suitable connexion to me may
not appear in the same light to you.”
“Of course you will not think of marrying a woman of no
understanding.”
 “Certainly not,” replied Lord Spoonbill cheerfully and confidently;
“I could not bear to live with a wife who was not a person of
intellect.”
Some of our readers might not have expected this remark from
Lord Smatterton, or this reply from Lord Spoonbill; but let those
readers look out among their acquaintance for a great blockhead,
and let them talk to him about intellect, and they will not wonder
that Lord Spoonbill had a fancy for an intellectual wife. There is, now
a-days, a great demand for intellect, and a demand will always
create a supply of some sort or other.
“And I think,” continued the Earl of Smatterton, “that I know your
opinions on that subject too well to suppose that you would ever
degrade yourself so far as to marry a person of low birth.”
Lord Spoonbill bit his lips; and said, “I would never marry a
woman of vulgar manners, whatever might be her birth.”
“You are right,” said the Earl; “but why can you not tell me at
once, without all this circumlocution, who is the lady that is destined
to the honor of becoming Lady Spoonbill?”
Here the young man hesitated and demurred, and endeavoured
to say something that should amount to nothing. But the Earl was
not content to be put off evasively, and pressed so hard, that at
length the secret was extorted. Then was the Lord of Smatterton
exceedingly astonished and grieved, and he groaned and shook his
head most solemnly, and in a tone of great anguish of mind, said;
“Oh, Spoonbill! Spoonbill! That you should ever have come to
this! And have you made the young woman an offer of your hand?”
“I have,” replied the son, who thought that the readiest way of
bringing the matter to a conclusion would be to avow it at once.
But, when the Earl farther enquired whether the offer had been
accepted or not, the young lord was under the necessity of
acknowledging that it had not been exactly accepted, but that he
had no doubt it would be. This was a curious piece of refinement in
the art of lying. Lord Spoonbill was too scrupulous to commit himself
by a downright palpable falsehood, which might be detected, but
instead of that he had recourse to one of those lies, which are not
so easy of detection, but which answer quite as well the purpose of
deceit. It was quite as much a lie to say that he had no doubt that
his offer would be accepted, as it would have been to say that it had
already been accepted. But the one lie might have been detected,
the other could not. He had doubts of his acceptance, and serious
doubts too; but he thought that if the young lady and her father
found that the match was countenanced by the Earl, and, if
proposals could be fairly and fully made before Mr Darnley should
have an opportunity of holding any intercourse with Miss Primrose or
her father, there was a possibility of success.
This information was indeed melancholy news to Lord
Smatterton, who had enjoyed and pleased himself with the thought
that he had to boast of true patrician blood, and who looked forward
to see his only son uphold the dignity of his house. There is a
pleasure in greatness which none but great ones know. It had been
the pride of the Earl of Smatterton to look down with contempt on
such noble families as had degraded themselves by admixture with
plebeian blood. Now all his sneers and sarcasms, he thought, would
be turned against himself, and it pained him to think that it might be
said of him, “that is Lord Smatterton, whose son married a woman
from the City.”
His lordship knew that his son was obstinate and headstrong,
and he saw that there was no mode of preventing the catastrophe, if
the young man had set his mind upon it. But notwithstanding he
knew that opposition must be fruitless, he could not help speaking in
his own peculiarly emphatic manner against the proposed match.
“Spoonbill,” said the Earl, “marry Miss Primrose if you please; but
remember”—here his lordship made a most magnificent pause
—“remember that your establishment must be from the fortune of
your destined bride. From me you have nothing.”
 Had circumstances been otherwise than they were, and not
requiring such despatch, Lord Spoonbill would not have heeded this
speech. He would have known that ultimately he should succeed
with his magnificent father; but his object was to come to a speedy
decision; he wished to be able at once to make a decided proposal.
At this remark of his father Lord Spoonbill was angry and sulky, and
he pettishly replied; “I think I have a right to marry as I please.”
“And I also have a right to use my property as I please; and I will
never consent to appropriate any part of it to the purpose of
introducing a woman of low birth into my family.”
It may be very well supposed by our readers, that the discussion
on this interesting topic between Lord Smatterton and his son did
not end here; and we shall not be blamed for omitting the remainder
of the angry discussion between father and son on this very
interesting and delicate topic. It may be very easily imagined that
the son went on grumbling, and that the father went on prosing, for
a considerable length of time, and that they did not arrive at any
satisfactory conclusion.
It may be also very easily imagined that when the melancholy
intelligence was communicated to Lady Smatterton, her ladyship
must have suffered very acutely when she found that her beloved
and only child had so far forgotten the pure and high principles in
which he had been nourished, as to think of bringing misery and
disgrace into a noble family, by letting down the Spoonbills to an
alliance with the Primroses.
It is a pity that in these days of invention and ingenuity no
contrivance can be hit upon for preventing such miserable and heart-
breaking casualties, as patrician youths falling in love with plebeian
damsels. The “order” of hereditary legislators has been in many
instances most cruelly and mercilessly invaded by impertinent,
instrusive plebeians. Sometimes love and sometimes necessity have
compelled an union between the high and low; and yet,
notwithstanding these painful and melancholy admixtures,
patricianism has kept up a very pretty spirit of distinctness, and does
yet contain some choice specimens of the finer sorts of humanity.
How much more magnificent and sublime patricianism might have
been but for these admixtures, it is impossible to say.
It is enough however for our present purpose to observe that,
with all the power which Lord Spoonbill, as an only one and a
spoiled child, possessed over his parents, he was not able, even with
the additional force of his sulkiness and ill-humour, to bring them to
assent to the ill-assorted union which he contemplated. The Earl and
Countess of Smatterton could not give their consent to such a
humiliating and degrading connexion. They did not indeed know who
or what Mr Primrose was, but they did know who and what he was
not. They knew that he was not of their set; that he was not a man
of family or title, and that whatever property he might possess, he
had acquired it by his own diligence or wit. Now that was an
abomination, an indelible disgrace, a reproach not easily to be wiped
away. They took it for granted, indeed, that Mr Primrose had some
property; but if they had known that even the little property which
he had was placed in jeopardy, their indignation would have been
greater still at the folly of their own and only precious pet essaying
to unite himself with a young woman who had nothing to
recommend her but the possession of almost every virtue that can
adorn the female character, united with a strong and masculine
understanding, and embellished with gracefulness of manners,
gentleness of deportment, and a moral dignity, which was high
enough to look down with indifference on the accidental distinctions
of society.
All that Lord Spoonbill could gain from his inexorable and right
honorable parents, was a promise that they would think about it.
 CHAPTER XIII.
It is a sad thing to be the most unfortunate creature in the world;
and the only consolation under such calamity, is the thought that it
is by no means uncommon. Almost every body is in this condition at
some period or other of his life. This calamity befel Lord Spoonbill at
the juncture of which we are now writing. It happened under the
following circumstances.
We have related that Mr Primrose, after hearing of the stoppage
of his banker, went into the City to his agent at a preposterously late
hour of the day, and that in so doing he lost his labour. We have also
related that, during the absence of Mr Primrose from his hotel, the
Right Honorable Lord Spoonbill called and made overtures to Miss
Primrose. We have also related that Lord Spoonbill, finding that it
was absolutely impossible to live without Penelope, and finding also
that, without an establishment, it would be as impossible to live with
her, had made known to his respected parents his intention to lead
that same young lady to the altar, or, in plain English, to marry her.
Leading a lady to the altar is merely a newspaper phrase, and
sounds heathenish; we ought rather to say, leading her to the
communion table. But, not to use superfluous words, let us proceed.
We have narrated that the right honorable parents of Lord
Spoonbill were indignant at the proposal of their son, and we have
also stated that despatch was to the young gentleman an object of
the greatest importance. The reason why he was in so much haste
has also been stated.
Now it so happened, that on the very day on which the letter of
Robert Darnley was intercepted at the house of Lord Smatterton,
and by the meanness of Lord Spoonbill, Mr Primrose went again into
the City and called on his agent, and made enquiries concerning the
probabilities or chances of his bankers paying a good dividend. In
these enquiries he found himself most agreeably surprised, by
ascertaining two very important points: one was, that only part, and
that no very great part of his property had been paid into the hands
of the said banker; and another was, that what had been already
paid there would, in all probability, be soon forthcoming again, very
little, if at all, diminished by the untoward circumstances that
compelled a stoppage.
While therefore Lord Spoonbill was sulking and pouting to his
papa and mama about Penelope Primrose, that young lady was
enjoying the agreeable and pleasant intelligence which her father
had brought from the City. The brief discussion which passed
between the father and daughter concerning the propriety of writing
to Robert Darnley, we have already narrated. This took place on the
morning of the day on which Mr Primrose, going into the City, found
his affairs in so much better order than he had anticipated.
On the evening of that day the subject was renewed, though but
faintly and indirectly. But in the course of conversation Mr Primrose
alluded to the offer which Mr Pringle, the new rector of Smatterton,
had made of accommodating Mr Primrose with the parsonage-
house, provided he should choose to take up his residence at
Smatterton. Now Penelope loved Smatterton for many reasons.
There had she first learned to know and feel what was real kindness
of heart. With that village were blended all her early associations
and recollections. She loved the village church, and there was to her
ear music in its abrupt little ring of six small bells. The very air of the
village was wholesome to her, morally as well as physically. The
great booby boys and the freckled girls of the village were her
intimates; not her companions indeed, but she could sympathize
with them, although they could not always sympathize with her. She
also knew the cows and the dogs and the horses. She knew the
names of a great many of them; and very often, during her short
sojourn in the great city, she had called to mind with a starting tear
the recollection of the monotonous, drawling, daily tone, with which
the farmers’ men talked to these animals.
 When therefore her father proposed taking up his abode at
Smatterton, and hiring for that purpose the parsonage-house, she
altogether forgot its vicinity to Neverden and its association with the
name of Darnley, and she was delighted with the prospect of going
back again to those scenes with which her mind connected images
of pleasure and recollections of peace.
It was with ready and delightful acquiescence that Penelope
assented to the proposal; and as Mr Primrose saw that his child was
pleased with the thought of going to reside at Smatterton, he
hastened to put his intentions into execution; and at the very time
that Lord Spoonbill was grumbling about his right to marry
whomsoever he pleased, Mr Primrose was making arrangements to
leave London.
The father of Penelope was not slow in his movements, and he
was not in the habit of giving his purposes time to cool. He wrote by
that evening’s post to Smatterton, and at an early hour on the
following morning he and his daughter commenced their journey. So
that when Lord Spoonbill, who heeded not his father’s long lecture
on the subject of dignity, called again at Mr Primrose’s hotel, and
heard that the gentleman and his daughter were gone, and that
they were gone to Smatterton, then his lordship was grieved beyond
measure, and his perplexity was serious, and his fears rose within
him: for he took it for granted that there must soon be an interview
and an explanation, and then he distrusted Nick Muggins, and there
rose up before his mind’s eye the phantom of that ungainly cub and
his clumsy pony: that image which, in the recollection of most who
had seen it, would excite a smile at its uncouthness, was to the
Right Honorable Lord Spoonbill productive of very painful emotions
and disagreeable apprehensions. So his lordship thought himself the
most unfortunate creature in the world.
Then again there was in his lordship’s possession the letter from
Robert Darnley to Mr Primrose, and his lordship hardly knew what to
do with that. He thought that the secret of his having already
detained it for a whole day must inevitably transpire. Whether he
should send it or detain it would be equally ruinous to his schemes.
He looked very thoughtfully at the letter, and at length resolved to
send it with an explanation to Mr Primrose at Smatterton. He
thought that, if there should be on the letter any symptoms of
curious or prying fingers, it might be attributed to any one rather
than to his lordship; and he thought that, at the worst, no one would
explicitly charge him with an attempt to penetrate into its secresy.
The letter was therefore despatched with an apology for its
detention as much like a lie as anything that a lord could write.
There was nothing now left for Lord Spoonbill to do but to sigh
over his calamitous loss as deeply as he could, and to explain to his
father, as ingeniously as might be, the singular event of the sudden
departure of Mr Primrose and his daughter from London, at the very
moment when a right honorable suitor for the young lady’s hand had
started up in the person of Lord Spoonbill. The son said it was very
strange, and the father also thought it was very strange, and he
recommended his son not to have any farther correspondence with
persons who could behave thus disrespectfully. But the young
gentleman was too much enamoured to listen to such advice, and he
exercised most heartily all his little wits to devise means of carrying
on his suit to Penelope.
For the present we must leave his loving lordship in London,
enjoying all the luxuries and splendors which gas, fog, smoke,
foolery, wax candles, painted faces, late hours, French cookery,
Italian music, prosy dancing, Whig politics, and patrician scandal,
could afford him. It is far more to our taste to follow Mr Primrose
and his daughter into the country than to remain with Lord Spoonbill
in London. If any of our readers wish to know what Lord Spoonbill
did with himself in London, they may form a tolerably correct idea
from ascertaining how the rest of that tribe occupy their time. He
was a very fashionable man, he knew all the common-places
perfectly, and with his own set he was quite at home. There let us
leave him.
 Mr Primrose and Penelope travelled to Smatterton in perfect
safety; and the father congratulated himself and his daughter upon
their safe arrival, observing that had they ventured to use the stage-
coach instead of post-chaises, they would certainly have had their
necks broken at the bottom of some steep hill.
Their reception at Smatterton parsonage was most cordial and
highly courteous. Nothing could exceed the happiness of the young
rector in receiving under his roof so respected a friend as Mr
Primrose. Preparations had been made according to the best of the
young clergyman’s ability; and, as Mr Primrose’s letter mentioned the
day and the hour of his arrival, Mr Pringle thought that he could not
do otherwise than make a party to meet the gentleman at dinner.
Since the departure of Mrs Greendale from Smatterton, the
establishment of Mr Pringle had continued the same, but his
domestics had not had a very bustling life; and they ventured to
contradict the popular theory which represents man as a creature of
habit. For during the reign of Mrs Greendale they had been
accustomed to fly about the house with unceasing bustle and
activity, but since her departure they had become almost as lazy as
their master. The domestics were two female servants, one about
sixty and the other about forty. They were clumsy and uncouth, but
their clumsiness was hardly visible in the time of Mrs Greendale; for
under her administration they had been habituated to move about
with most marvellous celerity, and now that the old lady was
departed they seemed glad to take breath, and they took it very
leisurely. It was a great mercy that they were not absolutely broken-
winded.
There was also remaining in the establishment a man servant, an
amphibious animal as it were, not because he lived partly on land
and partly in water, but as living partly in the house and partly out of
it. He was a mighty pluralist, and filled, or rather occupied, many
places; and from the universality of his genius he might, had he
been in higher station, have aspired to be prime minister,
commander-in-chief, lord chancellor, and archbishop of Canterbury.
As it was, his occupations were quite as multitudinous and
heterogeneous. His great skill was in gardening, and finding that he
was successful in cultivating cabbages, he ventured also to
undertake the cavalry department in the late Dr Greendale’s service.
His duties here were not many or oppressive, seeing that the late
doctor kept but one horse, and that was very quiet and gentle. This
universal genius acted also as butler and footman. In this last
capacity he did not shine. He did not want for head, he had enough
of that, and more than enough. As for figure, it is difficult to say
what that was, it was so exceedingly indefinite. It was considerate of
the late Dr Greendale that he did not task the poor man very hardly
as to his department of footman. But the new rector loved state, and
it was his pride to keep a livery servant, and he would also insist
upon the attendance of this man at table. And though the footman
was not himself a great adept in waiting at table, he soon brought
his master to wait.
With this ungainly establishment, the Reverend Charles Pringle
took it into his head to give a dinner to as many as he could collect,
in order to pay a compliment to Mr Primrose, and to pay court to
Miss Primrose. Unfortunately for Mr Pringle it did not answer.
It would be wearying to our readers to have the particulars and
the failures of a clumsy mockery of an elegant dinner set forth at full
length. Let it be supposed that there was expense, inelegance,
constraint, anxiety, mortification. As we are not writing for cooks, we
pass over the minutenesses of a spoiled dinner; the greatest evil of
which was, that the party was in some degree silent during the
progress of dinner, for they had not much opportunity of talking
gastronomically.
The English people can talk, but they must have something to
begin with. If they meet out of doors, they must begin talking about
the weather, and within doors, especially at dinner time, they must
begin talking about eatables and drinkables. From such beginnings
they can go on to any subject; but they must of necessity have a
common-place beginning.
 After the cloth was removed, and the spoiled or ill-arranged
dishes were forgotten, the party felt themselves more at liberty. We
have not yet named the persons who composed the party; and when
we say that Mr Kipperson, Mr Zephaniah Pringle, and five or six of
lesser note were present, our readers may well suppose that there
was no lack of inclination to discourse, especially on the part of
those two gentlemen whom we have named.
Now it has been stated, that Zephaniah the critic had carried
down to Smatterton an awkward rumour concerning Penelope
Primrose. The source from whence the said critic had gathered the
information has been also stated. But as soon as the intelligence of
Mr Primrose’s intention to reside with his daughter at Smatterton
reached the new rector, and was by him communicated to his
brother and to Mr Kipperson, a virtual contradiction was given to the
ill report; and then all three of the gentlemen found out that they
had never believed it.
To render themselves as agreeable as possible to Mr Primrose,
the three whom we have named talked great abundance of
nonsense and magnificence. Their first concern immediately after
dinner was to consult on the best means of saving the nation. Mr
Kipperson was well satisfied that nothing would or could do the
nation the slightest service, so long as the agricultural interest was
neglected. There were two serious evils which were growing worse
and worse, the increase of the population, and the importation of
foreign grain. The ingenious agriculturist proved that the farmer was
eaten up by the increasing population, and that the quantity of grain
in the country was so large that it could not find consumers.
Zephaniah Pringle agreed with Mr Kipperson in the grand
principle that there were too many consumers for the corn, and too
much corn for the consumers. There was the great evil, he thought,
in these two troubles existing at once; were they in existence
separately they might soon be got rid of. The consumers might
consume an extra quantity, and soon settle matters in that way, or
the want of corn might thin the consumers, and soon settle matters
that way. But, while the two evils operated together, they were
dreadful calamities.
Those of our readers who are not agriculturists, or political
economists, cannot understand this reasoning, or, more properly
speaking, they will not; they are blinded by their own interested
feelings; they have prejudices which agriculturists have not.
But though Zephaniah Pringle agreed with Mr Kipperson, that the
people were starving because there was too much corn, and that the
corn could not find consumers because there were so many people
to eat it, yet he thought that there were more serious evils in the
country yet. He thought that those obscure seditious newspapers
and vile trumpery publications, which nobody reads and which
everybody despises, which are published by a set of needy
miscreants, who spare no expense in circulating them all over the
kingdom, had corrupted the minds of all the people in this once
happy land. He thought that the nation was in a most prosperous
condition, and that nothing was wanting to render it more
prosperous, than an additional number of bishops, and an increase
in the numbers of the yeomanry cavalry.
Mr Primrose listened with polite and pleased attention to these
dextrous and acute politicians, and he thought that his Majesty need
never be at a loss for a prime minister, or for two, if he wanted
them, while Zephaniah Pringle and Mr Kipperson should live. But, as
Mr Primrose was neither an agriculturist, nor a political economist,
he felt himself a little puzzled to reconcile the apparent contradiction
which was contained in Mr Kipperson’s statement of the agricultural
grievances. Mr Kipperson was very properly angry with Mr Primrose
for expressing a doubt on the subject; and the scientific agriculturist
immediately and satisfactorily explained that all the superfluous
population was pennyless, and could not pay for the corn which they
would like to consume. Whereupon Mr Primrose understood that in
the good old times people were born with money in their pockets.
Zephaniah Pringle almost feared that Mr Primrose was a radical,
at least he thought he was in the high road to become so, unless he
should resist that foolish propensity of wishing to understand what
he talked about.
There might have been at the table of Mr Pringle, rector of
Smatterton, some diversity of political opinion, as there certainly
was, seeing that Mr Kipperson was a Whig, and Zephaniah Pringle a
Tory; but the corn question most cordially united them. How far
these gentlemen differed in some other points, we have seen
already in the matter of mechanics’ institutes. On this subject Mr
Kipperson’s hopes were rather too sanguine; and perhaps Zephaniah
the critic was too nervously susceptible, on the other hand, of
apprehensions of danger to the Protestant succession; for, to his
mind, the mechanics’ institutes had no other ultimate object in view
than transubstantiation and republicanism.
Concerning gymnastics, the gentlemen also differed. Zephaniah
condemned them in toto, and so did the rector of Smatterton, in
spite of his whiggism. Mr Kipperson spoke very learnedly about
muscles and tension, and proved that bodily exercise was essential
to intellectual vigour; but he had the candour to acknowledge that
he could never persuade his men to take gymnastic exercises when
their day’s work was over; and he attributed their ignorance of
science to their neglect of gymnastics.
The whole of the conversation, to which we have above alluded,
did not take place in the hearing of Miss Primrose, nor indeed did
one tenth part of it; for the fatigue of the journey, together with the
agitation of her spirits, led her to make an early retreat from the
dining-room. And the old female servant, who had known Penelope
from childhood, was delighted in the opportunity of again attending
upon her. Fluent was the old gentlewoman’s speech, and mightily
communicative was she touching the various changes which had
taken place in Smatterton and Neverden since the decease of the
good Dr Greendale. The kind-hearted woman also expressed herself
delighted at the return of Miss Primrose to Smatterton, inasmuch as
there was one person who would be so happy to see her again, and
that person was Mr Robert Darnley. Penelope begged that his name
might never be mentioned again in her hearing, and thereupon the
poor old domestic began to fear that there was some truth in the
stories that had been talked about in the village concerning Miss
Primrose and Lord Spoonbill. And when the old servant found that
she could not talk to her late young mistress concerning love-
matters, she hastily finished her discourse and left the young lady to
retire quietly to rest.
 CHAPTER XIV.
The news of Mr Primrose’s arrival at Smatterton soon reached the
rectory at Neverden. Had it not found its way there sooner, Mr
Zephaniah Pringle would have been the first to communicate the
intelligence on the following morning. The arrival having been
announced, was of course expected. And there was much anxiety
felt on the subject by all the parties concerned: of course more
especially by Robert Darnley. For in consequence of his letter having
been unanswered, he had fully determined, in spite of all domestic
opposition and paternal expostulation, to make a journey to London
for the purpose of explanation.
The elder Mr Darnley was mightily displeased to hear of the
purpose which Mr Primrose had in view in coming to Smatterton. To
the fastidious mind of the rector of Neverden it appeared very
indelicate for Miss Primrose, after what had taken place, to throw
herself in the way of Mr Robert Darnley: for in no other light could
the rector of Neverden regard the meditated settlement of Mr
Primrose at Smatterton.
It is a great pity that such a man as Mr Darnley, who had for the
most part a good understanding and good feelings, should be so
obstinate in his prejudices and so immoveable in his fancies. He had,
for some reason or other, taken it into his head that Miss Primrose
was proud and fantastical and unfeeling; and nothing could bring
him to think favourably of her. He saw everything that she did or
said through the deceptive medium of his erroneous apprehension of
her character. It was a vain attempt to turn him from his humour. He
had thoroughly believed at the first the calumnious report brought
from London by Zephaniah Pringle. He had also believed that it was
Penelope’s own wish, purpose, and desire, to adopt the musical
profession; and though he had felt satisfied that the cessation of the
correspondence between his son and the young lady had sprung
altogether from the caprice of the latter, yet he considered that this
meditated residence in Smatterton was, on the part of Penelope,
with a desire of meeting again with Robert Darnley.
We have already acknowledged, nor do we wish to retract the
acknowledgment, that the rector of Neverden was a very
conscientious, attentive, and upright parish priest; we will give him
credit for great zeal and activity in the discharge of his pastoral
duties; but, notwithstanding all this, he was grievously deficient in
one part of the Christian character, seeing that he had very little of
that “charity which thinketh no evil.” We have seen other good
people, besides the rector of Neverden, who, fancying themselves
models of all that is right, and patterns for the rest of the world,
have exercised a perverse ingenuity in discovering, and an unholy
pleasure in displaying and condemning, their neighbours’ faults, real
or imaginary. These people imagine that they cannot show a dislike
of what is wrong without exhibiting a degree of malignity against
such as transgress. Now the late Dr Greendale, though a man of
great purity and integrity, had no such feeling as this. He was as
candid as he was pure, and his gentleness was equal to his integrity.
And the people of his parish liked him very much for his goodness
and gentleness, and so his character had a very powerful influence
upon them. But Mr Darnley was a different kind of man.
When Zephaniah Pringle therefore made his appearance at
Neverden, and repeated the information which had already been
conveyed to the rectory, as touching the arrival of Mr and Miss
Primrose at Smatterton, the Rev. Mr Darnley expressed himself
astonished at the indecorum and want of feeling which Miss
Primrose manifested.
“Mr Pringle, I am quite surprized at this intelligence. Your relative
at Smatterton has certainly a right to let the parsonage-house if he
pleases; but I must say that I could wish, for the sake of public
morals, that it had a more respectable tenant.”
 Now as Penelope had appeared most truly respectable, and not a
little fascinating in the eyes of Zephaniah the critic, and as he was
not quite certain that the rumour which he had been the means of
circulating was quite founded on fact, and as his doubts were
stronger after he had seen Penelope and her father, he wished to
unsay or to soften down what he had said. He therefore replied to
the above exclamation:
“Why really, sir, I must say that I think Miss Primrose a
respectable young lady, and it is probable that the report which I
heard in town may not be perfectly correct. And indeed, as the lady
is about to reside with her father, it is certainly not true to its full
extent.”
Mr Darnley was not much in the habit of changing his opinion on
matters of fact any more than on matters of speculation; and having
once felt himself persuaded that Miss Primrose had acted improperly,
it was no easy matter for Mr Pringle to bring him to change the view
which he had entertained of the young lady’s character. Reasoning
may be a very fine thing, and logic may be a very fine thing, and
facts may be very stubborn things; but neither reasoning nor logic
can make a man change his opinion, if he does not like to do so;
and there are no facts in the world so stubborn as a conceited man’s
own stubborn will. Mr Darnley took it for granted that whatever he
took for granted must be most incontestably true; and Mr Darnley
had taken it for granted that Miss Primrose had not demeaned
herself aright, and nothing could convince him to the contrary. He
adhered to the general thought, though beaten out of all its
particulars. We would not recommend any one who has exalted
notions of the power of reasoning and the force of evidence, to
endeavour to convince another of any fact or speculation, till that
other has shewn symptoms of an inclination to believe such fact or
to adopt such theory.
It was all in vain that Zephaniah Pringle contended that Miss
Primrose could not possibly be living dishonorably with Lord
Spoonbill in London, while she was living quietly and reputably with
her father at Smatterton. Mr Darnley had made up his mind, and
nothing could shake his conclusions. Of some heads it is observed,
that you can get nothing into them; of others it may with as much
truth be said, that you can get nothing out of them. In this latter
predicament was placed the head of the rector of Neverden.
When therefore Zephaniah found that no impression was to be
made on Mr Darnley, he gave up the discussion, not a little
regretting that he himself had, for the sake of gratifying a little
vanity in talking about his own intimacy with Lord Spoonbill, done an
injury which he could not undo. He began also to fear lest he should
be detected and exposed; and under that apprehension he found
himself uneasy at Smatterton, and wished that his visit was finished.
This served him perfectly right. He had made public talk of what had
been told to him in confidence, and as a secret, and he had
circulated a calumnious report, careless whether it were true or
false, and heedless what injury it might inflict upon innocence, or
what misery it might occasion to those concerned.
Yet this prodigiously conceited puppy could and did in his critical
lucubrations write himself down as being most zealously devoted to
the service of religion, and he would make a mighty noise about
those most execrable and abominable caitiffs, who presume to
question one iota of the faith according to Queen Elizabeth.
It is hard, very hard, that religion should have to bear the
reproach of the whims, vagaries, bigotry, and fanaticism of many,
who are sincere in their profession and honest in their intemperate
zeal; but it is doubly hard that a set of coxcomical greenhorns, who
scarcely know the difference between the Bible and the Koran, who
cannot tell why they believe, and who do not care what they believe,
who never enter a church, and who never doubt because they never
think, it is doubly hard that all their impertinent arrogance should be
laid to the charge of a religion which has never influenced one action
of their lives, or one thought of their hearts.
Finding that Mr Darnley the elder would not listen to or be
influenced by any recantation of his calumny, the critic next sought
for the young gentleman to whom he made known the fact of the
arrival of Mr Primrose at Smatterton.
During the visit, which the loyal and religious Zephaniah Pringle
paid at Smatterton, there had been comparatively little intercourse
between him and Robert Darnley. This was owing to two causes: in
the first place, Robert Darnley was in low spirits, and had not much
intercourse with any one; and, in the second place, he had a
contempt for puppyism, and Zephaniah had wit enough to see that
he had.
In the present instance it was an object with Mr Pringle to correct
any erroneous notion which he might have conveyed to the mind of
Mr Robert Darnley; he therefore began the conversation.
“I think I must have been in an error when I informed you, as
you may remember, that Miss Primrose was living with Lord
Spoonbill.”
“Very likely you were, sir,” replied Mr Robert Darnley, somewhat
abruptly; “but did you not insinuate to me that you had the
information from Lord Spoonbill himself?”
This question was perplexing to the critic. He had insinuated as
much, but he had not absolutely said so. Therefore he could not
promptly reply in the negative, but was forced to make use of a little
circumlocution, saying:
“Why not exactly so; I did not say that Lord Spoonbill himself
told me in so many words: I merely—I said—-that is—a very
intimate friend of Spoonbill said, that he thought—that is, he
understood that—I believe he said that he had reason to suspect
that some arrangement was likely to be made—”
Thereupon the explanation tapered off into an indistinct
muttering that was sufficient, if for no other purpose, at least to
show that Mr Zephaniah Pringle was a sneaking, shuffling,
contemptible fellow. Robert Darnley was not in the habit of flying
into a violent passion when he felt contempt for any meanness of
character or conduct; if such had been his temperament, the present
was an occasion, all circumstances being considered, strong enough
to tempt him to knock a fool’s head and the wall together. He
contented himself with coolly saying:
“It is a great pity, sir, that you should have circulated a report of
that nature before you were quite certain that it was true.”
“I am very sorry indeed,” replied Zephaniah, “that I was led into
such an error.”
“Well, well,” said Robert Darnley, “I dare say it will not be
productive of any very serious consequence. Nobody who was at all
acquainted with Miss Primrose could possibly believe the report.”
Zephaniah Pringle thought it but poor consolation to be told that
he was not likely to be believed. He felt himself indeed so thoroughly
humbled, that he was heartily glad to bring his conference with
Robert Darnley to a close. The critic very soon said, “Good morning,”
and Robert Darnley returned his “Good morning” in such a tone, and
with such an air, as to make Zephaniah experience the sensation of
being looked down upon.
It was a great refreshment and relief to the mind of the younger
Darnley, to hear that Penelope and her father had arrived at
Smatterton. He had never believed the calumnious tale of the loyal
and religious critic, but he certainly did entertain some apprehension
that assiduous attentions from a person of high rank and large
estate might produce in time an effect even upon the mind of
Penelope. As now Mr Primrose had come down expressly to take up
his residence at Smatterton, and as this was not a time of year for
such families as that of the Earl of Smatterton to take up their abode
in the country, there was some ground to hope that, if the young
nobleman had even made endeavours to gain the affection of
Penelope, he had not succeeded.
It was the blessing of Robert Darnley’s mind that he had a
disposition to look on the most favorable aspect of events, and it
was not in his nature to yield himself up to a slight misunderstanding
or misapprehension. Many miseries might be avoided if mankind
possessed in general a little more of that kind of considerateness;
but the evil is, that they too often take up with any idle tale, and are
led by the merest and slightest apprehensions into quarrels,
coldnesses, and loss of friendships: inasmuch, that a quarrel is
courteously called a misunderstanding, much to the reproach indeed
of the misunderstanders; for it is thereby intimated that the parties
quarrel merely for the want of taking the pains to understand one
another, or sometimes perhaps to understand themselves.
Under the circumstances which belong to this narration, it would
have been very possible for two simpletons to have made
themselves completely wretched. And as some people are very glad
to be miserable for the sake of the pathos and sentimentality
thereof, we will tell these people, though perhaps they could find it
out without our assistance, how they might make themselves truly
wretched under similar circumstances.
To gain this desirable end, the gentleman and the lady should
have despaired of meeting each other again, and should have
carefully avoided everything that might lead to an explanation, and
they should, while very much in love with each other, have made all
possible haste to give their hands to another. They ought to have
married, as it were, out of spite, and then after marriage they ought
to have met by accident, and to have explained; and then they
ought to have compared notes, and to have made it out that one
had the worst husband, and the other the worst wife, in the world;
and then they would have had nothing more to do than to have
made a very pretty tragical conclusion of the business, either giving
employment to, what the newspapers call, the gentlemen of the long
robe, or, more seriously still, causing the calling together of a
coroner’s jury.
It was well for Robert Darnley that such was not his disposition.
He thought it much the best to ascertain, if he possibly could, what
were Penelope’s real sentiments; and for that purpose he had
already spoken to her father, and, as no result had come from
speaking, he had written; and if his letter had not been soon
answered, or if Mr Primrose had not arrived at Smatterton, he would
have visited the party in London.
 CHAPTER XV.
The arrival of Mr Primrose and Penelope at Smatterton gave trouble
and disturbance to many minds there, and at Neverden. We shall be
fortunate if, without tediousness, we can explain this.
Zephaniah Pringle was troubled, because he laboured under the
apprehension that some kind friend or other might communicate to
the father what had been said of the daughter. And Zephaniah very
naturally thought that the young lady’s father would resent the insult
very much to the inconvenience, bodily or mental, of the said loyal
and religious critic.
The elder Mr Darnley was troubled, as we have already
intimated, lest this arrival should again unsettle the mind of his son.
Mrs Darnley also thought it was a pity, now Robert had so nearly
recovered his spirits, that there should be any probability of his
being again disturbed. Miss Mary Darnley, who, by frequent literary
and scientific discussions with the learned and scientific Mr
Kipperson, had become a great admirer of the gentleman, was
jealous of the presence of Miss Primrose again in the country. The
two other young ladies, who did not like to hear their father preach,
except in the pulpit, were troubled with the apprehension of long
lectures on the impropriety of being improperly in love.
Mr Kipperson also had his troubles; for though it would have
given him great pleasure to have gained the heart of Miss Primrose,
he thought he saw several formidable rivals among gentlemen of
more suitable age. But Mr Kipperson had too much self-love to suffer
much from love of any other description. Robert Darnley was
troubled and perplexed, though very much pleased. He now saw
that he should have an opportunity of ascertaining the truth: but in
either case there was an evil. For if Penelope still retained a regard
for him, there was yet to be dreaded the opposition of his father;
and if she did not, the change would be painful to him.
But the greatest trouble was at Neverden Hall. There was
residing under the roof of Sir George Aimwell a young lady, who had
been consigned to the care of the worthy baronet. The name of this
lady was Arabella Glossop. She had very recently been sent to
Neverden by her careful father, in order that time, absence, and
change of scene, might eradicate from her mind an unfortunate
attachment which she had formed for a pennyless lieutenant.
Here we cannot but suggest to our legislators an improvement,
which might and ought to be made in our military code. It is
melancholy to think how many instances have occurred of men of
low family and no fortune winning the hearts of young ladies of high
birth, of respectable connexions, and of good fortune. This might be
prevented by a law, making it felony for a military officer without
fortune to fall in love with a lady of good family.
Miss Glossop was not indeed of high family; but she was the
daughter of a gentleman whose family had with great diligence been
pushing itself up into consideration and importance. The
mortification of anything like a humiliating connexion was so much
the greater. Mr Glossop, the young lady’s father, was an eminent
solicitor in a small but genteel town, and had married a distant
relation of Sir George Aimwell. Of this connexion Mr Glossop was
naturally proud; and he made the most of it.
In the town where he lived was a theatre; and the company
which performed there was pronounced by such London performers
as occasionally lent their mighty selves for provincial exhibition, to
be one of the best provincial companies they had ever performed
with. When an actor from London made his appearance on the
stage, Miss Glossop honored the theatre with her presence. Greatly
did the young lady surprize the natives by her studied inattention to
what was passing on the stage. It was to her a mighty amusement
to laugh and talk aloud, especially during those passages of the
performance which were most interesting to the rest of the
audience. By such means did Miss Glossop manifest her own
importance and superiority. This kind of public rudeness passed with
the ignorant people in the country for elegance and fashion.
The young lady was in error in this respect. But not only was she
wrong in her calculations in this point. Many other blunders did she
make. For being very pretty, she thought herself handsome; and
being tall, she thought herself elegant; and being acquainted with
many books, she thought herself learned; and having a full, clear,
comprehensive voice, she thought herself a beautiful singer; and
being able to perform at sight very complicated pieces of music, she
apprehended that she was an excellent musician; and being rude
and blunt in her manner of speaking, she thought herself a person
of great intellectual superiority; and from being very much stared at,
she took it for granted that she was very much admired.
Now this lady did not apprehend that there was any individual in
the compass of her provincial acquaintance worthy to aspire to the
honor of her hand; and she was in the habit of giving herself such
arrogant and domineering airs at the country balls, that a facetiously
inclined young gentleman once actually contrived in the
advertisement announcing these balls, to have the name of Arabella
Glossop, Esq., printed as one of the stewards. The circumstance
caused a great deal of talk at the time; but it is now totally
forgotten, or at least very seldom alluded to. The printer of the
paper was forced to tell a great many lies to save himself from
serious inconvenience.
At one of these country balls there happened to be a lieutenant
who was quartered in that neighbourhood, and was a person of
exceedingly good address, and also of good understanding, except
that he was so very desirous of obtaining a fortune, that, for the
sake of money, he would willingly have married Miss Glossop. He
had heard reports of the lady’s fortune, and these reports were of
course exaggerated. He paid the usual attentions, and was so far
successful that, had it not been for some untoward accident, Mr
Glossop’s ambition of matching his daughter with some gentleman of
fortune and consideration in the county, would have been frustrated
by a poor lieutenant.
As soon as the unfortunate attachment was made known to the
father, he put himself with all suitable speed into a most towering
passion; he banged all the doors, thumped all the tables, kicked all
the chairs, and, but for the interference of Mrs Glossop, would have
broken all the crockery in the house, because his daughter would
not listen to reason. The young lady was locked up; but the young
lady grew sulky, and thought that her dear lieutenant was the most
charming creature in the world, because her father was in a violent
passion. And the more angry was Mr Glossop, the more deeply in
love was Miss Glossop.
We have said that the young lady was locked up. Now Arabella
did not like this discipline, and she seriously threatened her
inexorable paa, that if she was not suffered to have her own way,
she would either starve herself to death, or go mad. This last idea
was no doubt suggested by a pathetic passage in one of Oliver
Goldsmith’s poems, wherein he says:
“The dog to gain his private ends
Went mad.”——
Whatever apprehensions Mr Glossop might entertain concerning
his daughter’s madness, he certainly had some slight idea that he
himself might be driven mad by the young lady’s perverseness and
obstinacy. Therefore he adopted the very wise and prudent
precaution, in such cases made and provided, of sending the lovely
and loving Arabella to his worthy friend and relative, Sir George
Aimwell, Bart.
Mr Glossop wisely thought that absence and change of scene
might produce a beneficial change in his daughter’s mind. The
worthy baronet was pleased with the charge; for as the shooting
season was nearly over, and as he had suffered very bitterly from
the encroachments of the poachers, and as the transgressing ones
had made their escape, he was glad of anything that promised him a
little amusement. Arabella had always been a favorite with the
baronet on account of her high spirit, and when he heard of the
nature of the complaint which rendered change of air desirable, he
very readily undertook the charge, thinking that a better remedy was
within reach, and that Robert Darnley might very probably banish
from the mind of his young kinswoman all thoughts of the poor
lieutenant.
Nor did the baronet judge unwisely. For, as soon as the lady had
taken up her abode at Neverden Hall, her spirits revived, and her wit
and humour were all alive again, and her love of admiration was as
strong as ever, and she very soon pronounced Robert Darnley to be
a charming young fellow. The worthy baronet was pleased with such
good symptoms, and had written word to her father accordingly. To
a match of this nature Mr Glossop had no very great objection. The
Darnleys were of good family, and the young man was likely to have
a good property. Perhaps, Mr Glossop would have preferred an union
with the family of the Earl of Smatterton; but at all events the
Darnleys were better than poor lieutenants.
The circumstance of Arabella Glossop being placed under the
care of Sir George Aimwell, had rendered the intercourse between
the hall and the rectory rather more frequent than usual; and the
baronet had of course been made acquainted with the fact of Robert
Darnley’s former engagement to Miss Primrose. When, therefore,
Penelope and her father made their appearance at Smatterton again,
and thus gave a virtual contradiction to the calumnious report which
Mr Zephaniah Pringle had circulated, Sir George began to be
apprehensive that his schemes with regard to the son of the rector
of Neverden were very likely to fail.
We have now explained according to the best of our ability, and
in as few words as distinctness would permit us to use, the varied
perplexities occasioned by the apparently simple fact of Mr Primrose
and his daughter taking up their abode at Smatterton rectory. Oh!
how complicated are the interests of humanity, and what mighty
changes are made in the history of the world and the destiny of
nations by movements apparently trifling and of no moment.
Common people do not observe these things; it is only such wise
people, gentle reader, as you and I and Tacitus, that can take a
philosophical and comprehensive view of the history of man. But we
must economise our wisdom, or it will not hold out. Therefore let us
proceed with our history.
The letter which Robert Darnley had written to Mr Primrose, and
which the Right Honorable Lord Spoonbill had fruitlessly fumbled and
tumbled to ascertain the contents thereof, found its way at last into
the hands for which it was by its writer originally destined. It was
brought to Smatterton, as usual, by Nick Muggins.
Nick was a poor lad and a somewhat simple one, though not
altogether lacking craftiness. He was not so rich as an archdeacon,
but he had not quite determined that he was too poor to keep a
conscience; therefore he had not entirely given it up for a bad job.
He kept a pony—he was almost forced to do so—but he kept his
pony very scantily and worked it hardly, and the beast was at best
but a queer kind of animal. It would have been a riddle to Buffon,
and a treasure to Sir Joseph Banks. Nick’s conscience was kept
about as scurvily as his pony, and was much such another
nondescript; but, like his pony, it answered his purpose as well as a
better; it was kicked, cuffed, and buffeted about, but still it was a
conscience.
Now this conscience, such as it was, smote poor Muggins right
heartily when he delivered into the fair hands of Penelope Primrose a
letter for her father. The poor lad recollected that he had, at Lord
Spoonbill’s expense, drunk several more quarts of strong beer and
glasses of gin than would otherwise have fallen to his lot, and that
he had obtained these extra luxuries by putting into the hands of his
lordship those letters which he ought to have delivered to Penelope
Primrose.
When Penelope left Smatterton, and was residing in London, Nick
thought little or nothing concerning his treachery. But now she had
returned to the country again, and he had seen her, and she had
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