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The Bones of a King Richard III Rediscovered 1st Edition
The Grey Friars Research Team Digital Instant
Download
Author(s): The Grey Friars Research Team, Maev Kennedy, Lin Foxhall
ISBN(s): 9781118783146, 111878314X
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 11.10 MB
Year: 2015
Language: english
 The
Bones
of a
King
 The
Bones
of a
King

richard iii
rediscovered
The Greyfriars Research Team
with Maev Kennedy and Lin Foxhall
This edition first published 2015
© 2015 University of Leicester
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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication data is available for this title.
ISBN: 9781118783146 (hardback)
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Cover image: Boar badge of Richard III, discovered at Bosworth Field
© Leicestershire County Council Museums Service; Background image
© clearviewstock / iStockphoto.
Cover design by Simon Levy
Set in 10.5/13pt Galliard by SPi Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India

1 2015
 Contents

Illustrationsvi
The Greyfriars Research Team ix
Acknowledgementsxii

1 Investigating the Bones of a King 1

2 So How Did He Get There? (rb, mm)5

3 The Bigger Picture 35

4 The Bones Tell Their Tale 57

5 Who was Richard? 78

6 The Cousins in the Swabs (tk, ks)109

7 What Did Richard Look Like? 127

8 The Big Announcement 139

9 The Afterlife of Richard III and the City

That Never Forgot 158

10 Richard Laid to Rest 174

Appendix 1 191
Appendix 2 209
Index211
 Illustrations

Figures

2.1 Section of the Rous manuscript showing description

of Richard III’s burial place. British Library,
MS Cotton Vespasian A XII, folio 137r. 11
2.2 Section of medieval stone wall in New Street
car park that may have belonged to the friary. 13
2.3 Plan of the Greyfriars excavations. 17
2.4 Epitaph from Richard III’s gravestone set up by
Henry VII, in Ellesmere 1129 manuscript. 27
3.1 Plan of Greyfriars friary, Walsingham. 39
3.2 Plan of Greyfriars friary, Carmarthen. 40
3.3 Section of Harley manuscript 433, showing
the promise of a chantry college of 100 priests
to York Minster. 54
4.1 Diagram showing the angle of entry of the
weapons used in attacking Richard III. 66
5.1 Fotheringhay castle mound, with the church
in the background. 80
5.2 Fotheringhay church. 81
5.3 Simplified genealogy of the families of York
and Lancaster. 85
 Illustrations vii

5.4 Fotheringhay church, the monuments of

Duke Richard (L) and Duke Edward (R),
either side of the high altar. 103
5.5 Fotheringhay church, monument of Duke Edward. 104
5.6 Fotheringhay church, bronze tassel on
Duke Edward’s original monument, underneath
the Elizabethan monument. 105
5.7 Talbot Inn, Oundle, the staircase down which
Mary Queen of Scots is said to have walked. 106
6.1 Genealogical links between Richard III and
modern‐day relatives who participated in
the project. 125

Maps

2.1 Reconstruction of the centre of Medieval Leicester. 8

5.1 Key places in the Wars of the Roses. 83
5.2 Survey finds in the area of Bosworth. 100

Plates

1 Thomas Roberts’s eighteenth‐century map of Leicester

2 The initial stages of the Greyfriars excavation, August 2012
3 Greyfriars excavation, the east end of the church showing the
difference in level between presbytery and choir
4 Greyfriars excavation, Jo Appleby and Turi King excavating
Skeleton 1
5 Greyfriars excavation, the skull emerging from the soil
6 Greyfriars excavation, Skeleton 1 in the grave
viii Illustrations

7 Reconstruction of the late medieval town of Leicester, c.1450

8 Scan of the spine
9 Skeleton of Richard III
10 Wound to the upper jaw
11 Injuries on the dome of the skull
12 Injury on the saggital suture of the skull
13 Wounds to base of skull
14 Cut injury to rib
15 Cut injury to pelvis
16 Vertebrae showing signs of asymmetry
17 Memorial wall plaque to Anne, Duchess of Exeter, and
Sir Thomas St Leger
18 Michael Ibsen and Wendy Duldig
19 Labwork on DNA
20 Richard III and his wife, Anne, from the Salisbury Roll
21 Richard III. Portrait from the Royal Collection Trust
22 Richard III. Portrait from the Society of Antiquaries
23 A facial reconstruction of King Richard III, unveiled by the
Richard III Society on 5 February 2013 in London, England
24 Press conference 4 February 2013, the view from the platform
 The Greyfriars
Research Team

Dr Jo Appleby (JA)
Lecturer in Human Bioarchaeology, School of Archaeology and
Ancient History, University of Leicester
Project osteoarchaeologist (human bones specialist)

Dr Richard Buckley (RB)

Co‐Director, University of Leicester Archaeological Services (ULAS),
School of Archaeology and Ancient History, University of Leicester
Lead archaeologist

Professor Jane Evans (JE)

Geoarchaeologist, British Geological Survey, Natural Environment
Research Council
Isotopes expert

Professor Sarah Hainsworth (SH)

Graduate Dean and Professor of Materials and Forensic Engineering,
University of Leicester
Weapons and tool‐marks expert

Professor Russell Harris (RH)

Professor of Medical Engineering and Advanced Manufacturing,
School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough
University
3D printing expert

Professor Norman Housley (NH)

Professor of History, School of History, University of Leicester
Expert in medieval history
x The Greyfriars Research Team

Dr Turi King (TK)

Lecturer in Genetics and Archaeology, Department of Genetics and
School of Archaeology and Ancient History, University of Leicester
Project geneticist

Dr Sarah Knight (SK)

Senior Lecturer in Renaissance Literature, School of English, University
of Leicester
Expert in literature and historical sources

Dr Angela Lamb (AL)

Isotope geochemist, British Geological Survey, Natural Environment
Research Council
Isotopes expert

Professor Mark Lansdale (ML)

Professor of Psychology, School of Psychology, University of Leicester
Expert in cognitive and applied psychology

Dr Mary Ann Lund (MAL)

Lecturer in Early Modern English Literature, School of English,
University of Leicester
Expert in literature and historical sources

Mr Ather Mirza (AM)

Press Officer, External Relations, University of Leicester

Dr Piers Mitchell (PM)

Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of
Cambridge and Consultant Children’s Orthopaedic Surgeon,
Peterborough City Hospital
Bioarchaeology and scoliosis expert

Professor Bruno Morgan (BM)

Professor of Cancer Imaging and Radiology, Department of Cancer
Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester
Forensic radiologist
 The Greyfriars Research Team xi

Mr Mathew Morris (MM)

ULAS, School of Archaeology and Ancient History, University of
Leicester
Archaeologist (Roman, medieval, urban archaeology), Greyfriars site
director

Ms Deirdre O’Sullivan (DOS)

Lecturer in Archaeology, School of Archaeology and Ancient History,
University of Leicester
Academic advisor to the Greyfriars project and specialist in medieval
archaeology and friaries

Professor Guy Rutty (GR)

Chief Forensic Pathologist, East Midlands Forensic Pathology Unit,
University of Leicester

Professor Kevin Schürer (KS)

Pro‐Vice Chancellor for Research, University of Leicester
Historian specialising in historical demography (population) of
medieval and early modern Britain

Mr Richard Taylor (RT)

Former Marketing Director, University of Leicester (now Chief
Operating Officer, Loughborough University)

Mr Carl Vivian (CV)

Video Producer, External Relations, University of Leicester

Mr Robert C. Woosnam‐Savage (RWS)

The Royal Armouries, Leeds
Senior Curator of European Edged Weapons
Expert in medieval arms and armour and battlefield archaeology
 Acknowledgements

Above all we would like to thank the team of contributors whose

research made this book possible. Beyond the team we owe special
thanks to Patricia Balaresque, Julian Boon, Alison Brough, Louise
Carr, Graham Clark, Steffan Davies, Wendy Duldig, Richard Earp,
Vicky Eves, Helen Foxhall Forbes, Steven Gunn, Frederick Hepburn,
Carly Hilts, Pete Hobson, Michael Hofreiter, Nick Holder, John Holt,
Michael Ibsen, Loveday Ingram, Philip Lindley, David Monteith,
Claire Robinson, David Thompson, Thomas Veit, Darren Watts, Mike
Webb, Vanessa Wilkie and the Huntington Library, The Royal
Armouries in Leeds and the staff at Wiley Blackwell.
 1

Investigating the Bones

of a King

This book is about the discovery of the grave of one of England’s most
notorious and enigmatic monarchs, Richard III. For five centuries he
lay buried under the dismantled remains of the church of the Greyfriars,
the Franciscans’ church in the centre of Leicester, in a location which
by the twenty‐first century had become a car park. The archaeological
excavation which recovered his remains was made possible by a joint
project between the Richard III Society, the University of Leicester
and the city of Leicester. However, as the story unfolds it will become
clear that many other people became involved in the subsequent
research on the bones of the king led by the University of Leicester. A
glance at the members of the team makes clear that only with the
expertise of researchers from a wide range of academic disciplines from
archaeology to art history, engineering, forensics, genetics, geology,
history, medicine and beyond, could the bones have revealed so much
about the life, death and burial of this man.
Even during his lifetime Richard attracted controversy, and from the
time of his death up to the present day, the nature of his deeds in life,
his moral character and the mode of his demise have all stimulated
public interest. He has been represented a villain, most famously, but
not exclusively, by Shakespeare, assisted in the twentieth century by
Laurence Olivier, whose iconic performance in film (Richard III,
1955) has become a benchmark in modern times. But, from George
Buck, writing in the seventeenth century, to the eighteenth‐century
essayist Horace Walpole and onward to his many modern enthusiasts,
he has been romanticised as a hero wronged by the Tudors and by the

The Bones of a King: Richard III Rediscovered, First Edition. The Greyfriars Research Team
with Maev Kennedy and Lin Foxhall.
© 2015 University of Leicester. Published 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
2 Investigating the Bones of a King

fate which relegated him to the losing side in history. The enormous
scale of public interest in the discovery of a skeleton in September
2012 that might possibly have been that of Richard III reflects these
longstanding controversies and the emotions they provoke even today.
In the first instance the identification was far from certain, and the
global response was overwhelming for the research team. This book
presents the reality behind the many months of complex, painstaking
research by highly trained experts from many different fields who sifted
through and evaluated the available evidence that allowed them to pin
down the identification ‘beyond reasonable doubt’.
We still cannot answer the question of whether Richard III was a
villain or a hero, probably because that is the wrong question to ask.
Although archaeology can uncover a huge amount of information
about his life, health, death and the manner of his burial it cannot tell
us anything about his personality, his morals or his character. Even
written historical documents and texts cannot reliably help us on this
most of the time, since even accounts from the time of Richard him-
self, or those written only shortly after his death, were certainly not
objective and were tainted by the turbulent morally and politically
charged environment in which they were written.
Compared to that given to the human remains normally recovered by
archaeologists, the time, effort and resources devoted to the bones of
Richard III has been exceptional. For the a­ cademic researchers involved
this was not because they were studying the body of a king. Rather, this
discovery presented an extraordinary opportunity to find out about the
life and death of a very well‐documented individual. This allowed the
team to set the information obtained from archaeological and scientific
analyses into an exceptionally rich and detailed historical context, ena-
bling them to achieve the most from scientific methodologies. It also
provides a body of evidence about the lifestyle of an elite, indeed royal,
individual, which can be compared to the information we can obtain
from the bodies of ordinary people to see what experiences they must
have shared and in what aspects their lives differed. This will lead to a
much better understanding of the impacts of social and political hierar-
chies on late medieval society more broadly.
This book is based on the research and publication of the academics
and other experts who carried out the investigations, and on c­ onversations
with them about how they followed the trails where the evidence led. It
covers the progress of the project from its inception to a period shortly
 Investigating the Bones of a King 3

before the reinterment of Richard’s remains in Leicester Cathedral in

March 2015. The initials which appear after chapter and section headings
indicate the specific researchers whose work underpins that chapter or
section. The book also attempts to set the results of the discovery and the
subsequent research findings against the background of England in the
time of the Wars of the Roses and to consider the implications for how we
now might understand contemporary Tudor and later representations of
Richard. That process of reconsideration is only just beginning.
In this book we have tried hard to make clear the difference between
actual primary evidence and data on the one hand and interpretations of
that evidence by scholars on the other hand. Primary evidence consists
of archaeological ‘facts’ (such as the grave itself) and data (such as the
radiocarbon dates for the bones), as well as texts, documents and images
from Richard III’s time. Inevitably, all of these are fragmentary and
incomplete. The job of researchers is to try to assemble the pieces, which
do not always fit together smoothly: no single piece of evidence tells the
whole story, and the researchers must try to assemble them in a way that
gives the best fit on the basis of their expert knowledge of similar mate-
rial and its wider contexts. This is the case for all academic research. It is
often the case that more than one interpretation is possible, and experts
do not always agree. Where the experts have come to different conclu-
sions on the basis of the same evidence we have tried to make this clear.
Sometimes the fragmentary nature of our evidence means that ques-
tions have to be formulated in appropriate ways to fit the nature and the
state of preservation of the primary evidence available. Inevitably there
are questions which cannot be answered, and there are questions that
cannot be appropriately asked of the available evidence. Hence, we have
also tried to explain the processes of research to show how academic
experts generate and assemble their primary data and how they form their
interpretations. These are not simply rabbits pulled out of a hat by a
magician. Rather results, conclusions and interpretations are formed on
the basis of many hours of painstaking investigation and the application
of carefully formulated and rigorous research methodologies. It is impor-
tant to present these methodologies and research processes to explain
how it is that we think we know something and why we have asked these
particular questions in the specific ways that we have asked them.
Although this book is not cluttered with academic referencing, at the
end of each chapter we have included a limited selection of items for further
reading. Generally, we have kept to those most likely to be easily available.
4 Investigating the Bones of a King

Wherever possible, we have attempted to make clear the primary sources

which have been used to tell this story. Many of the key historical sources
are freely available online, and for those that are we have included website
addresses. Where appropriate we have also listed useful works of secondary
scholarship, some of which are also freely available online. One major
source that we have not cited in the further reading items but that many
readers of this book will find useful to follow up the lives of several of the
historic individuals mentioned in this book is the Oxford Dictionary of
National Biography, available online through many libraries. The University
of Leicester website also has a large amount of information that is regularly
updated along with links to academic publications of the project.
We have tried to tell the story of the discovery as it happened, painting
in the background as we go along. Chapter 2 covers the Greyfriars excava-
tion and the research that led up to it. Chapter 3 sets the excavation in the
wider contexts of the roles of medieval friaries and the medieval town of
Leicester. Chapter 4 explains the complex multidisciplinary research on
the skeleton. Chapter 5 sets Richard and his life in the context of the Wars
of the Roses. Chapter 6 explains the genealogical and genetic research.
Chapter 7 explores what Richard might have looked like working from
the surviving portraits. Chapter 8 recounts the announcement of the dis-
covery and the world’s reaction to it. Chapter 9 considers the implications
of the discovery for broader cultural understandings of Richard III from
Tudor times until today. Chapter 10 presents the background to the rein-
terment of Richard III’s remains. Alongside what we do and can know –
the facts that the archaeological and historical processes uncover – runs so
much that we can never know of the small, personal details of lives lived in
the past. We have tried to capture something of the inevitable intertwining
of these evanescent events with historical record in the short introductory
paragraphs at the beginning of chapters that we have headed ‘Imagine …’;
they are purely speculative. Interspersed with them, at the head of other
chapters, are factual paragraphs in which we have hoped to show some-
thing of the tension for the Greyfriars team as Richard’s history became
part of their own, these are headed ‘The Slow Reveal …’.
Undoubtedly the controversies surrounding Richard III will con-
tinue, and it will take many years for the full impact of this momentous
discovery to sink in. But, the repercussions are still reverberating, and
we await with eagerness the new results and insights still to come. Now,
as we write this, we are only beginning the journey of re‐evaluating what
this discovery means for interpreting the life and death of Richard III.
 2

So How Did He Get There?

(r b , m m )

Imagine … A Walk in the Garden

As the two men strolled down the garden path one afternoon in 1612,
Robert Herrick saw his guest staring at the terracotta tiles beneath his
feet, some beautifully decorated. ‘A splendid path, is it not?’ he said to his
friend.
‘Yes, indeed’, came the reply. ‘Where did you get them?’
‘Why they were here all the time,’ Herrick responded: ‘from the house of
the Grey Friars pulled down on the orders of our good King Henry. Here,
come this way and I’ll show you something worth seeing’.
And, he hurried his friend off the path, through the maturing gardens
toward the lowering sun as the wood pigeons cooed soothingly in the trees.

The ‘Lost’ Friary

Leicester has been an urban centre since Roman times, and today the
centre of Leicester is densely occupied, like any other modern city. This
means that finding a place to excavate that does not have buildings on
top is a problem. Below the surface lurk 2,000 years of remains from
urban construction, demolition and rebuilding, so the archaeology is
very complicated as sites were constantly reused and materials from
abandoned buildings were recycled. It is difficult and costly to dig in
busy urban areas, and it can cause considerable inconvenience. Most
archaeological investigation in Britain is carried out as part of the

The Bones of a King: Richard III Rediscovered, First Edition. The Greyfriars Research Team
with Maev Kennedy and Lin Foxhall.
© 2015 University of Leicester. Published 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
6 So How Did He Get There?

­ lanning process and is paid for by the developers when new structures
p
are built or modified in a way that could disturb archaeological remains
below ground level. This is where the expertise of the University of
Leicester Archaeological Services (ULAS) team, and their unparalleled
knowledge of the complex urban archaeology and history of Leicester,
was invaluable for tracking down with some precision the layout of the
church which held Richard III’s grave.

How It All Began

In January 2011, Philippa Langley, an enthusiastic member of the

Richard III Society based in Edinburgh, approached Richard Buckley,
Co‐Director, University of Leicester Archaeological Services, with a
proposal to search for the remains of Richard III. Langley had been
inspired by John Ashdown‐Hill’s 2010 book The Last Days of Richard
III. From the outset, she aimed to attract a production company to
document the search on film for a television programme.
For Buckley, this was an unusual request. For the reasons mentioned
at the beginning of the chapter, very few purely ‘research’ excavations
take place in British cities. And, archaeologists do not, as a rule, set out
to search for famous people or named individuals. Indeed, most of the
people (and the material remains of buildings and artefacts) discovered
by archaeologists are anonymous. Generally, they have no idea of the
names or beliefs of the people whose skeletons they unearth, or who
made the artefacts or constructed the buildings that they find.
However, Langley’s project idea also presented a wonderful oppor-
tunity: The friary of the Franciscans, or Greyfriars – thus called from
the colour of the robes they wore – was located in the centre of the
town in the medieval period. Although an important part of Leicester’s
archaeology and history, little was known about it, or its role in the life
of the urban population. Although Buckley thought it improbable that
the project would locate Richard III’s remains, or that it would be pos-
sible to identify them securely, he agreed to go ahead with it because it
offered a chance to reveal new knowledge about this important friary.
For Buckley, with 35 years’ experience and virtually unmatched exper-
tise in the archaeology of Roman and medieval Leicester, the prospect
was enticing.
 So How Did He Get There? 7

Langley’s enthusiasm captured the imagination of several key people

in Leicester City Council. She persuaded them to give permission for
investigations to take place on land owned by the City Council and a
private developer. Eventually, in the summer of 2012, with promises
from the university, the city council, Leicester Shire Promotions and
the Richard III Society to contribute some funding towards the initial
excavations, the diggers first broke ground. But much hard work was
needed before this could happen.

Finding the Friary

Before the university excavation, we knew very little about the layout
of Leicester’s ‘lost’ Franciscan friary, which had been decommissioned
during the reign of King Henry VIII, in 1538, as part of the dissolu-
tion of the monasteries. The buildings were demolished, and there are
records of useable building stone and timber beams being sold off as
‘architectural salvage’, for recycling in other structures. From the time
the friars left, the site had three owners before Robert Herrick acquired
it in the early seventeenth century. Herrick, a prosperous ironmonger
by trade, was also a prominent local politician who served as an alder-
man (a member of the local council) and was three times mayor of
Leicester (1584, 1593, 1603). He represented Leicester in Parliament
in 1588.
On the southern part of the land where the Greyfriars precinct had
been, close to what is now Friar Lane, Herrick erected a house (Grey
Friars House) and garden. Judging from his will, the property seems to
have contained a number of buildings. In 1612, Christopher Wren, the
father of the famous architect of St Paul’s, London, visited Herrick; he
wrote that in a part of the garden where the friary had been he was
shown ‘a handsome Stone Pillar, three Foot high, with this inscription,
“Here lies the Body of Richard III. some Time King of England,” This
he shewed me [Chr. Wren] walking in the Garden, Anno 1612’. We
have no idea how accurately placed this marker really was, and no trace
of it was found in the archaeological excavations carried out by the
University of Leicester.
Grey Friars House stayed in the Herrick family until it was sold in
1711. In the mid eighteenth century the owner at the time ran a new
 Medieval Leicester

No
rth
Ga
1. Leicester Castle te
21
Ga

te
2. St Mary de Castro Church vey
San
3. The Newarke Precinct
4. Site of the Church of St Mary of the Annunciation St

ate
M
ich
5. Trinity Hospital

eG
ae

Ch
l’s

rav
6. The Newarke Gateway La

urc
20

Belg
ne

hG
7. West Bridge

ate
AY
19
8. Bow Bridge

W
N
9. Site of Austin Friars

HA
UG
10. St Nicholas' Church

VA

T
11. Wygston's House

RKE
Hig
18
ne
hcr

12. The Guildhall s La

MA
17 16 eter’
o

St P

HAY
ss S

13. St Martin's Church

AR

tree
R SO

14. The Saturday Market Humbe

rstone
t

15. Site of the Blue Boar Inn Gate

RIVE

16. Site of St Peter's Church esma

rket
15 Swin
17. Site of Black Friars

GA
LL
T
18. Site of St John's Hospital S TREE

OW
HIGH
19. All Saints' Church

TR
EE
20. Site of St Michael's Church 10

GA
21. St Margaret's Church

TE
14
9
12 13
11

’S ROAD
KING RICHARD
8 Greyfriars ne
La
fair
7 rse
Ho
AD
H RO
OUG

2
BOR

So
uth
NAR

1
e
at

ga
G

6
te
e
on
t
ns
au

Leicester
Br

5
4 N
OX

3
FO
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e Gr
an an
ST

lL ge
Mil
RE

La
ne
ET

0m 200 m

Map 2.1 Reconstruction of the centre of Medieval Leicester.

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Lewis (Jerry) Enterprises, Inc.

THE DISORDERLY ORDERLY.

THE NUTTY PROFESSOR.

Lewis (Jerry) Films, Inc.

THE BIG MOUTH.

HOOK, LINE AND SINKER.

Lewis (Jerry) Pictures Corp.

THE BELLBOY.

CINDERFELLA.

IT'S ONLY MONEY.

WHO'S MINDING THE STORE?

Lewis (Jerry) Productions, Inc.

THE ERRAND BOY.

 THE FAMILY JEWELS.

THREE ON A COUCH.

Lewis, Richard B.

CHOOSING A CLASSROOM FILM.

CREATING INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS.

HOW TO USE CLASSROOM FILMS.

SELECTING AND USING READY-MADE

MATERIALS.

Lewis, Sinclair.

ELMER GANTRY.

Lewislor Enterprises, Inc.

THE LORETTA YOUNG SHOW.

Lewisohn (Walter) Associates.

A MEXICAN WAR DIARY, 1846.

Lewman, Inc.

SCHLITZ-LUX PLAYHOUSE.

Ley, Willy.

FIRST MEN INTO SPACE: SOLVING THE

SPACE SURVIVAL PROBLEMS.
Libby, McNeill & Libby.

GRAND OPENING.

Liber Film.

THE MYSTERY OF THUG ISLAND.

Liber Film, S.R.L.-Societa Europea Cinematografica.

SUPERARGO VS. DIABOLICUS.

Liberatori, Ugo.

THE 300 SPARTANS.

Library Division, Jefferson Parish

Recreation Dept. SEE Jefferson
Parish, La. Recreation Dept.
Library Division.

Library of Congress.

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS.

Librascope Division, General Precision,

Inc. SEE General Precision, Inc.
Librascope Division.

Life Science Library.

RIDDLE OF HEREDITY.

Ligneris, Francoise des.

PSYCHE 59.
Lilly (Eli) & Co.

THE L-PHASE, SOME ESSENTIAL FACTS.

THE LILLY LABORATORY FOR CLINICAL

RESEARCH, A UNIQUE INSTITUTION.

MEDICINE ON THE MOVE.

THE V.I.P.'S.

Lilly (Eli) & Co., Inc.

DARVON-COMPOUND 65.

Limbacher, James L.

THE LOST WORLD REVISITED.

Lincoln County Production Co.

THE TALL MAN.

Lindabob Productions, Inc.

MANY HAPPY RETURNS.

Lindemann, Gerard B.

AT THE BEACH.

CACTI.

FOUR SEASONS.
 THE GATEWAY ARCH TO THE WEST.

MY WORKS OF AND BY GERARD B. LINDEMANN.

WHAT TO BE OR NOT TO BE.

Lindemann, Orion M.

FOUR SEASONS.

MY WORKS OF AND BY GERARD B. LINDEMANN.

Lindner, Robert.

PRESSURE POINT.

Lindop, Audrey Erskine.

THE SINGER, NOT THE SONG.

Lindsay, Howard.

THE SOUND OF MUSIC.

TALL STORY.

Lindy Productions.

CAKES, CARS, AND WATER COOLERS.

Line, Francis R.

NAVAJO—A PEOPLE BETWEEN TWO WORLDS.

Line, Helen E.
 NAVAJO—A PEOPLE BETWEEN TWO WORLDS.

Linebrook Corp.

FROM THE TERRACE.

Linkletter Productions.

HOLLYWOOD TALENT SCOUTS.

Linton, Bruce A.

THIS IS K. U.

Lionel Corp.

THE WONDERFUL WORLD OF TRAINS.

Lionni, Leo.

LITTLE BLUE AND LITTLE YELLOW.

Lipp, Frederick J.

BEYOND A DOUBT.

Lippert, Robert L.

THE TENNESSEE BEAT.

Lippert (Robert L.) Production.

THE CABINET OF CALIGARI.

Lippert Films, Ltd.

 CURSE OF THE FLY.

THE EARTH DIES SCREAMING.

THE LAST SHOT YOU HEAR.

NIGHT TRAIN TO PARIS.

THE RETURN OF MR. MOTO.

SPACEFLIGHT IC-1.

Lippert, Inc.

BACK DOOR TO HELL.

RAIDERS FROM BENEATH THE SEA.

WILD ON THE BEACH.

Lippincott (J. B.) Co.

ADMINISTRATION OF AN INTRAMUSCULAR INJECTION.

BACK RUB.

BED BATH.

CARE OF DENTURES.

DROP FOOT: SOME CAUSES, PREVENTION AND CARE.

HOW TO MAKE AN OCCUPIED HOSPITAL BED.

MANIPULATING HOSPITAL BED LINEN.

 POSITIONING A PATIENT: PREVENTION OF EXTERNAL
ROTATION USING A TROCHANTER ROLL.

PREPARATION OF INJECTION FROM AN AMPULE.

PREPARATION OF INJECTION FROM A TABLET.

PREPARATION OF INJECTION FROM A VIAL.

SELECTION OF SITE FOR INTRAMUSCULAR

INJECTION: DELTOID.

SELECTION OF SITE FOR INTRAMUSCULAR

INJECTION: DORSOGLUTEAL.

SELECTION OF SITE FOR INTRAMUSCULAR

INJECTION: LATERAL THIGH.

SELECTION OF SITE FOR INTRAMUSCULAR

INJECTION: VENTROGLUTEAL.

SUBCUTANEOUS INJECTION: SITE SELECTION

AND ADMINISTRATION.

Lipsky, Eleazer.

READY FOR THE PEOPLE.

Lipton (Thomas J.) Inc.

THE AMERICA'S CUP RACES, 1962.

THE AMERICA'S CUP RACES, 1964.

THE AMERICA'S CUP RACES, 1967.

 LIPTON GOES TO MARKET.

Living Adventure Films, Inc.

ECONOMICS IN ACTION.

EL ESPANOL EN ACCION.

MARSHLANDS.

Llenroc Productions.

A NEW KIND OF LOVE.

THE PIGEON THAT TOOK ROME.

Lloyd, Harold.

THE FRESHMAN.

FUNNY SIDE OF LIFE.

HAROLD LLOYD'S WORLD OF COMEDY.

Lobert Pictures Corp.

MURIEL.

Locke, Friday.

ROPE OF FLESH.

Lockhart, Bette Ann.

WORLD OF A DIFFERENT DRUM.

Lockhart, Donald G.

SANS EGAL.

WORLD OF A DIFFERENT DRUM.

Lodge (Arthur) Productions, Inc.

INDUSTRY ON PARADE: DESIGN FOR HIGHWAY

SAFETY.

Loew's, Inc.

THE ADVENTURES OF HUCKLEBERRY FINN.

ALL THE FINE YOUNG CANNIBALS.

BEN-HUR.

DOWN AND OUTING.

THE GAZEBO.

HOME FROM THE HILL.

IT'S GREEK TO ME-OW.

KEY WITNESS.

THE LAST VOYAGE.

PLEASE DON'T EAT THE DAISIES.

THE SUBTERRANEANS.

THE TIME MACHINE.

Loffredo, Gaetan.

AMAZONS OF ROME.

Lofting, Hugh.

DOCTOR DOLITTLE.

Lofts, Nora.

SEVEN WOMEN.

Logan, Joshua.

ENSIGN PULVER.

FANNY.

Lohmann, Karl B., Jr.

IMAGES FROM NATURE.

Lohmann, Karl Baptiste, Jr.

JUST LIKE ME.

Lojeare Productions, Inc.

PANDORA AND HER MAGIC BOX.

Lomas, Stanley A.

TIPSTICK: A NEW SHOE CARE PRODUCT.

Lomitas Productions, Inc.

 INHERIT THE WIND.

ON THE BEACH.

London, Jack.

THE ASSASSINATION BUREAU LIMITED.

London, L. S.

SCHIZO.

London-Aire, Ltd.

LONDON-AIRE LADIES HOSIERY COMMERCIAL.

Lone Star Pictures Corp.

THE CHASE.

Long (Jerry) Productions, Inc.

POLYSULFIDES FOR INDUSTRY.

RX: CAUTION.

Long, Norton E.

BUILDING POLITICAL LEADERSHIP.

Long, Sumner Arthur.

NEVER TOO LATE.

Long Island Jewish Hospital, New Hyde

 Park, N.Y.

VOCATIONAL REHABILITATION IN A COMMUNITY

HOSPITAL.

Longo, Richard.

THE BRIDGE.

Longo, Ronald.

THE BRIDGE.

Longridge Enterprises, Inc.

STUDS LONIGAN.

Lopatin (Ralph) Productions.

EARLY DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF

BREAST CANCER.

Lopatin (Ralph) Productions, Inc.

TROUBLE IN EDEN.

Lopert Pictures Corp.

BAISERS VOLES.

LE DIABLE PAR LA QUEUE.

ELECTRA.

LES GAULOISES BLEUES.

THE GIRL WITH GREEN EYES.

THE GREAT WAR.

HE WHO MUST DIE.

HERE WE GO ROUND THE MULBERRY BUSH.

KISS ME, STUPID.

LE MARIEE ETAIT EN NOIR.

MARY HAD A LITTLE....

NEVER ON SUNDAY.

PHAEDRA.

THE PROPER TIME.

REVOLUTION.

STOWAWAY IN THE SKY.

10:30 P.M. SUMMER.

THE THIEF OF PARIS.

UP TO HIS EARS.

THE VAMPIRE AND THE BALLERINA.

WAITING FOR CAROLINE.

ZWEI SÄRGE AUF BESTELLUNG.

Lopert Pictures Corporation, Inc.

THE NIGHT.

Loraine, Philip.

EYE OF THE DEVIL.

Lorajon Productions, Inc.

NAVAJO RUN.

Lorenzini, Carlo.

PINOCCHIO IN OUTER SPACE.

Lorillard (P.) Co.

OLD GOLD CIGARETTE COMMERCIAL.

OLD GOLD SPIN FILTERS COMMERCIAL.

SPRING CIGARETTE COMMERCIAL.

WAREHOUSE No. 1.

WAREHOUSE No. 2.

Los Altos, Inc.

ST. VALENTINE'S DAY MASSACRE.

Los Angeles. Dept. of Airports.

#1 WORLD WAY.
Los Angeles Athletic Club.

TOWARD A BETTER LIFE.

Los Angeles City Schools.

SCHOOL BELLS RING AT HOME.

Los Angeles County Museum.

THE MUSEUM, GATEWAY TO PERCEPTION.

Los Angeles Geographical Society.

THE ENCHANTED ISLANDS, GALAPAGOS.

Louisville & Nashville Railroad Co.

THE GENERAL'S RIBBON.

Lovaas, O. Ivar.

BEHAVIOR OR MODIFICATION: TEACHING

LANGUAGE TO PSYCHOTIC CHILDREN.

Lovcen Films.

THE WHITE WARRIOR.

Lovcen Films Production.

SQUARE OF VIOLENCE.

Lovecraft, H. P.

DIE, MONSTER, DIE.

Lowie Museum of Anthropology.

OBSIDIAN POINT MAKING: TOLOWA INDIANS.

Lube (Henri A.) Production.

DALTON THAT GOT AWAY.

Lubell, Samuel.

BUILDING POLITICAL LEADERSHIP.

Luce, Ralph W.

THE INNOCENT EYE.

Luckwell (Bill & Michael), Ltd.

THE HAND.

Ludlow Productions, Inc.

TEENAGE MILLIONAIRE.

Luedecke, Werner Joerg.

MORITURI.

Lukas Film Productions, Inc.

GETTING THE BUGS OUT.

Lumb, H. C.

BUILDING ECONOMIC UNDERSTANDING: THE

 KEYS TO PROGRESS.

Lumet (Sidney) Film Productions, Ltd.

THE DEADLY AFFAIR.

Lumet (Sidney) Productions, Ltd.

THE SEA GULL.

Lumin Films, Inc.

AESOP'S FABLES.

CASEY AT THE BAT.

THE DEACON'S MASTERPIECE.

THE EMPEROR'S NIGHTINGALE.

HIAWATHA'S CHILDHOOD.

PAUL REVERE'S RIDE.

POEMS OF LEWIS CARROLL.

POEMS OF TENNYSON AND BROWNING.

POEMS OF WALT WHITMAN.

THE RED SHOES.

THE SKYLINE SERIES.

THE STEADFAST TIN SOLDIER.

Luther, Barbara.

A TICKLISH AFFAIR.

Luther Film, G.M.B.H.

QUESTION 7.

Lutheran Brotherhood.

DIALOGUE BROTHERHOOD.

Lutheran Film Associates.

QUESTION 7.

A TIME FOR BURNING.

Lutz, Gerita K.

SINK OR SWIM.

Lux-Brill Productions, Inc.

GRAND JETE.

Lux Film.

THE TARTARS.

Lux Film, S.P.A.

MORGAN THE PIRATE.

Lydick, Jean.
 PRINCIPLES OF INFANT FEEDING.

Lyles (A. C.) Productions, Inc.

APACHE UPRISING.

ARIZONA BUSHWHACKERS.

BLACK SPURS.

BUCKSKIN.

FORT UTAH.

HOSTILE GUNS.

JOHNNY RENO.

LAW OF THE LAWLESS.

RAYMIE.

RED TOMAHAWK.

STAGE TO THUNDER ROCK.

TOWN TAMER.

THE YOUNG AND THE BRAVE.

YOUNG FURY.

WACO.

Lynx Films, Ltd.

 CIRCUS OF HORRORS.

PAYROLL.

Lyon, Sumner J.

REMINDER TO DAIRYMEN.

M
MB Productions, Inc.

ANATOMY OF THE KNEE.

THE ANKLE.

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT.

THE KNEE, HAND & WRIST, ELBOW,

SHOULDER AND BACK.

REHABILITATION.

MCA-TV.

BIG THREE GOLF.

CHALLENGE GOLF.

CONVOY.

DRAGNET 1967.

DRAGNET 1968.

EXCLUSIVE.

FAME IS THE NAME OF THE GAME.

IRONSIDE.

IT TAKES A THIEF.

THE JOHN FORSYTHE SHOW.

 JOHNNY STACCATO.

LAREDO.

THE MILLIONAIRE.

MY THREE SONS.

THE OUTSIDER.

THE ROAD WEST.

RUN FOR YOUR LIFE.

SHE'S NO LADY.

SPAWN OF THE NORTH.

TAMMY.

THE VIRGINIAN.

WAGON TRAIN.

MCA-TV, Ltd.

MCHALE'S NAVY.

THE MONSTER AND THE GIRL.

MCL Films, S.A.

CLEOPATRA.

M. C. Productions.
 LOTTERY.

THE MANCHURIAN CANDIDATE.

MFA Insurance Companies.

FAIR GAME.

A TURN TO BURN.

MFA Mutual Insurance Co.

THE GOLDEN LINK.

MKR Films.

LITTLE STAR OF BETHLEHEM.

M. K. R. Films, Inc.

THE PUSHER.

MPO Pictures, Inc.

COME SPY WITH ME.

MPO Productions, Inc.

COPPER.

FIRST AID NOW.

MINUS 320.

POINT OF NO RETURN.
 UNISPHERE: BIGGEST WORLD ON EARTH.

WINDOWS ON THE WORLD.

MPO Television Films, Inc.

RODEO—OLD MILWAUKEE BEER.

SURFING—OLD MILWAUKEE BEER.

MPO Videotronics.

ONCE UPON A TIME THERE WAS.

MWC Productions, Inc.

MAN WITH A CAMERA.

McBain, Ed.

BOB HOPE PRESENTS THE CRYSLER THEATRE.

THE PUSHER.

Macbeth, G.

READING INCENTIVE FILM SERIES.

McCadden Productions.

FLIGHT.

McCain, Constance.

RAMA.
McCampbell, B. H.

RIO BRAVO.

McCann-Erickson, Inc.

DEATH VALLEY DAYS.

McCarthy, Mary.

THE GROUP.

McCartney, Paul.

YELLOW SUBMARINE.

McCarty-Rush Production.

ROOF TOPS OF NEW YORK.

Maccius Productions, Ltd.

SEBASTIAN.

McClatchy Broadcasting.

THE STOCKTON STORY.

McClatchy Newspapers. SEE McClatchy

Broadcasting.

McClory, Kevin.

THUNDERBALL.

McCloskey, Robert.
 BLUEBERRIES FOR SAL.

THE DOUGHNUTS.

TIME OF WONDER.

Macco Productions Corp.

THE SHEPHERD OF THE HILLS.

McCool, Richard Vincent.

FATE.

McCullers, Carson.

THE HEART IS A LONELY HUNTER.

REFLECTIONS IN A GOLDEN EYE.

McCulley, Johnston.

THE SIGN OF ZORRO.

McCutcheon, George Barr.

THREE ON A SPREE.

McDonald, John.

KONA COAST.

MacDonald, John D.

CAPE FEAR.
 MAN-TRAP.

MacDonald, Ross.

HARPER.

McDonough, Glen.

BABES IN TOYLAND.

Mac-Fedd Co.

MY THREE SONS.

McGee, Mark Thomas.

THE EQUINOX.

McGivern, William P.

ODDS AGAINST TOMORROW.

McGlashan, Ian.

3 NUTS IN SEARCH OF A BOLT.

McGowan, Douglas E.

ATLANTA 500 STOCKCAR.

1968 ATLANTA 500.

USAC CHAMPIONSHIP 300.

McGowan, Tom.
 WALT DISNEY'S WONDERFUL WORLD OF COLOR.

McGowan International, Inc.

THE BASHFUL ELEPHANT.

McGraw (F. H.) & Co., Inc.

MY AMERICAN CITY.

McGraw-Hill Book Co.

ABOVE THE TIMBERLINE: ALPINE PLANTS.

ADAPTATION IN ANIMALS.

THE ADVENTURES OF CANDY THE SQUIRREL.

AESOP'S FABLES.

AFGHANISTAN: EMERGING FROM ISOLATION.

AIR PLANTS.

AIR TRAFFIC CONTROLLER: DON'T CALL

ME, I'LL CALL YOU.

THE AIRLINE STEWARDESS.

ALASKA: AMERICA'S NORTHERN FRONTIER.

ALEXANDER AND THE SLEEP PEOPLE.

ALI BABA AND THE FORTY THIEVES.

ALIGNING A CONNECTING ROD.

LA AMERICA DEL SUR.

ANATOLE AND THE PIANO.

THE APPLE.

LA ARGENTINA.

ASSEMBLY OF ROCKER ARMS.

BACK STROKE.

BACK STROKE STARTS.

BACK STROKE TURNS.

BASKETBALL: GAME COACHING.

BASKETBALL: PRE-SEASON COACHING.

THE BEAR CUB AND THE RIVER INHABITANT.

BORING A HOLE.

BREAST STROKE.

BREAST STROKE STARTS.

BREAST STROKE TURNS.

BUDDING OF A YEAST PLANT.

BUTTERFLY.
BUTTERFLY STARTS AND TURNS.

CARNIVOROUS PLANTS.

CASEY AT THE BAT.

CENTRAL AMERICA: THE COASTAL LOWLANDS.

CENTRAL AMERICA: THE CROWDED HIGHLANDS.

CERAMIC ART: THE COIL METHOD.

CHAMPIONSHIP SWIMMING: PERFECTING

TECHNIQUE.

CHAMPIONSHIP SWIMMING: PREPARING FOR

COMPETITION.

CHECKING A CRANKSHAFT JOURNAL FOR

WEAR.

CHECKING CYLINDER TAPER.

CHECKING MAIN BEARING CLEARANCE WITH

PLASTIGAGE.

CHECKING PISTON RING FIT.

CHECKING PISTON SIZE AND FIT.

CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL CHANGE SERIES.

CHILDREN OF THE FORT.

CHILE.
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