1. INDIAN ART & CULTURE AND HISTORY 4.

2 130th Constitution Amendment Bill,

PRELIMS 2025...................... 24
1.1 Kakori Train 4.3 Shift from Rights-Based to Technocratic
Action........................................................... 1 Welfare ............ 26
1.2 Sri Guru Granth Sahib Ji 4.4 India’s Electoral Integrity
................................................... 1 ............................................... 28
1.3 200th Birth Anniversary celebrations of 4.5 Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)
Mahatma Spending ............. 29
Jyotiba Phule 4.6 Legal Aid Systems in India
................................................................... 2 .............................................. 31
2. SOCIETY & SOCIAL ISSUES PRELIMS
PRELIMS + MAINS 4.7 Online Gaming Bill,
2.1 Slums in India 2025................................................ 33
.................................................................. 4 4.8 Jan Vishwas (Amendment of Provisions) Bill,
2.2 Medical Tourism in 2025......... 34
India.................................................. 6 4.9 Mines and Minerals (Development and
2.3 World Organ Donation Day Regulation)
2025...................................... 8 Amendment Bill, 2025
2.4 Artificial Intelligence in ................................................... 34
Education.................................. 10 4.10 Indian Ports Bill, 2025
PRELIMS .................................................. 35
2.5 Separate Census for Particularly Vulnerable 4.11 The Coastal Shipping Bill,
Tribal 2025..................................... 36
Groups 4.12 Merchant Shipping Bill, 2025
(PVTGs).............................................................. 12 ....................................... 36
2.6 NAVYA 4.13 Supreme Court Order on Stray Dog
Initiative............................................................. 12 Crisis..................... 37
2.7 Government Schemes for Socio-Economic 4.14 Pollution Control Boards to Impose
Empowerment of Minority Environmental
Communities....................... 13 Compensation..........................................................
3. GEOGRAPHY & DISASTER MANAGEMENT .... 38
PRELIMS + MAINS 4.15 Open-Book
3.1 Cloudburst & Flash Floods in Uttarakhand Exams........................................................ 38
..................... 14 5. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
3.2 Role of Technology in Water PRELIMS + MAINS
Crisis.................................. 16 5.1 India - Japan
3.3 Extreme Heat Threatening Worker Safety Relations................................................... 40
...................... 18 5.2 Russia’s Recognition of the Taliban
PRELIMS ................................ 43
3.4 Mercator Projection 5.3 India-China: Geo-Economic Strategy
Map............................................... 19 ............................. 45
3.5 India Achieves Record Deep-Sea Dive PRELIMS
............................ 19 5.4 India–Philippines Strategic
3.6 Disaster Management Tech Partnership.......................... 47
Platforms............................ 20 5.5 Agreement Signed between India and
4. POLITY & GOVERNANCE Morocco............. 48
PRELIMS + MAINS 5.6 India - Fiji
4.1 Swadeshi Push Amid Global Relations........................................................ 48
Uncertainty........................ 22
5.7 Trade Tensions in India–US Relations Markets.....................................................................
............................. 49 .... 76
5.8 BIMSTEC Traditional Music Festival 7.6 ICRISAT Launches AI-Driven Climate Advisory
............................... 49 for
5.9 UNHCR Suspends Repatriation of Sri Lankan Farmers
Tamil ......................................................................... 76
Regugees................................................................. 7.7 ICJ’s Landmark Climate Change
...... 50 Ruling............................ 77
5.10 India-UN Global Capacity Building Initiative 7.8 Global Gas Flaring Tracker Report
................. 50 .................................. 77
5.11 Azerbaijan and Armenia Peace 7.9 Sustainable Aviation
Deal............................. 50 Fuel............................................... 78
5.12 Alaska 7.10 Ramsar
Summit............................................................. 51 CoP15.............................................................. 78
6. INDIAN ECONOMY 7.11 Grassland Invaders in Dibru-Saikhowa
PRELIMS + MAINS National Park
6.1 NITI Aayog Report: EV in India (DSNP).....................................................................
....................................... 55 .... 79
6.2 Energy Sovereignty 7.12 IUCN-TRAFFIC
........................................................ 56 Report................................................... 79
6.3 Brown Revolution 2.0 7.13 Sundarbans Tiger
.................................................... 58 Reserve............................................ 80
6.4 Fertiliser Availability Crisis Amidst Good 8. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
Monsoons....... 60 PRELIMS + MAINS
6.5 Government Unveils Next-generation GST 8.1 Artificial Intelligence (AI) Sovereignty
Reforms........ 61 ............................ 85
6.6 Income Tax Bill, 2025 8.2 Need for National Space Law
..................................................... 64 ......................................... 87
6.7 Inflation PRELIMS
Targeting.......................................................... 65 8.3 Rare Blood Group: CRIB
PRELIMS ................................................. 89
6.8 AU Small Finance Bank Secures Universal 8.4 Ending Leprosy Stigma
Bank Licence ... 67 ................................................... 89
6.9 India’s Per Capita Income 8.5 Bio-Sensors Developed Using E.
.............................................. 68 coli............................... 90
Table of Contents 8.6 Deep-Brain Stimulation: Nudging
7. ENVIRONMENT & BIODIVERSITY Neurons..................... 91
PRELIMS + MAINS 8.7 Bio-Fortified
7.1 Global Plastic Pollution Potatoes.................................................... 91
.................................................. 69 8.8 Test Facility for Heavy
7.2 India’s Blue Economy Water.......................................... 91
..................................................... 71 8.9 Indian’s First Hydrogen-Powered Coach
7.3 Ethanol-Blended Fuel in India ........................ 92
........................................ 73 8.10 India’s Moon Landing Mission
PRELIMS (2040)........................... 92
7.4 Privileges and Immunities to 8.11 Gaganyaan Crew Module Passes Crucial
IBCA.................................. 75 Re-entry Test . 93
7.5 National Designated Authority (NDA) for 8.12 Quadruple Star System
Carbon ................................................ 93
9. INTERNAL SECURITY
PRELIMS + MAINS 1. INDIAN ART & CULTURE AND HISTORY
9.1 Joint Doctrines for Cyberspace Operations & PRELIMS
Amphibious 1.1 Chola Legacy as a Blueprint for Modern India
Operations..................................................... 100 .................. 1
PRELIMS 1.2 Maratha Military Landscapes in UNESCO
9.2 Indigenous Integrated Air Defence Weapon World Heritage
System List
(IADWS)................................................................... .................................................................................
.... 102 .2
9.3 Pralay Missile 1.3 Rath Yatra of Lord
.............................................................. 103 Jagannath............................................ 3
9.4 UAV-Launched Precision Missile: ULPGM-V3 2. SOCIETY & SOCIAL ISSUES
.............. 103 PRELIMS + MAINS
10. ETHICS 2.1 Three Language Policy in NEP 2020
PRELIMS + MAINS .................................. 6
10.1 Need for Defining Social Media 2.2 Property Rights for Women
Etiquette................... 106 ............................................. 9
11. PERSONALITIES/SCHEMES/PLACES IN 2.3 Dowry Deaths in
NEW India.................................................... 11
A. Personalities in News 2.4 Role of Social Organisations In Development of
.................................................... 109 Society
B. &
Schemes.................................................................. Nation.......................................................................
...... 110 . 13
C. Terms PRELIMS
............................................................................ 2.5 PARAKH Rashtriya Sarvekshan
113 Report............................ 16
D. Report and Indices 2.6 TALASH Initiative
........................................................ 113 ........................................................... 16
E. Important Days and 2.7 North Eastern Region (NER) SDG
Theme............................................ 116 Index........................... 17
F. Sports 3. GEOGRAPHY & DISASTER MANAGEMENT
............................................................................ PRELIMS + MAINS
116 3.1 India Seismic Resilience
G. Places in News 117 ................................................. 18
H. 3.2 Industrial Accidents and Hazards
Awards..................................................................... ................................... 20
..... 118 4. POLITY & GOVERNANCE
I. Miscellaneous PRELIMS + MAINS
................................................................ 119 4.1 Debate on Inclusion of ‘Socialist’, ‘Secular’ in
12. TEST YOURSELF Preamble of
Constitution..............................................................
..... 24
4.2 Custodial Deaths in India
............................................... 26
4.3 POCSO Act and Adolescent
Relationships....................... 28
4.4 NITI Aayog Report: India’s Data Imperative 6.1 UPI’s Power: India Now Leads the World in
.................... 30 Fast
4.5 National Sports Policy (NSP) 2025 Payments.................................................................
.................................. 33 ...... 60
PRELIMS 6.2 Measuring Inequality in India
4.6 National Cooperation Policy 2025 ........................................ 62
.................................. 35 6.3 India’s Chemical Industry
4.7 National Sports Governance Bill 2025 ............................................... 65
............................ 36 PRELIMS
4.8 Anti-Sacrilege Bill in Punjab 6.4 National Turmeric
........................................... 37 Board................................................ 67
4.9 Polygamy in Hatti Tribe 6.5 Nano-Fertilisers and
.................................................. 37 Biostimulants................................. 68
4.10 Vice-President of 6.6 India Unveils Aluminium, Copper Vision
India................................................. 38 Documents...... 68
4.11 Delisting Political 6.7 75 years of National Sample Survey
Parties.............................................. 39 ............................... 68
4.12 Special Intensive Revision 7. ENVIRONMENT & BIODIVERSITY
(SIR).................................... 39 PRELIMS + MAINS
4.13 Nomination of Members to Rajya Sabha 7.1 India’s Carbon Credit Trading Scheme (CCTS)
..................... 40 Targets...... 71
4.14 Department of Official 7.2 Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) Emission and its Impact
Language.................................. 40 .............. 73
5. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 7.3 UNFCCC
PRELIMS + MAINS Reforms............................................................ 75
5.1 17th BRICS Summit PRELIMS
2025................................................ 43 7.4 Amendments to Plant Treaty
5.2 India-U.K. Comprehensive Economic and ......................................... 78
Trade 7.5 Secondary
Agreement Pollutants..................................................... 78
(CETA).......................................................... 45 7.6 50 Years of
5.3 India-Maldives CITES............................................................ 79
Relations................................................ 48 7.7 Gharial, Sloth Bear Get conservation
5.4 India’s Global South boost.................... 79
Outreach........................................ 51 7.8 Kaziranga National Park
5.5 Indian PM 5-Nation ................................................. 80
Tour................................................ 54 7.9 Gujarat’s Banni
PRELIMS Grasslands............................................. 81
5.6 Carbon Border Adjustment 7.10 Sariska Tiger Reserve
Mechanisms........................ 56 ................................................... 81
5.7 India-EFTA Trade and Economic Partnership 7.11 Decline of Coral Cover in Lakshadweep
Agreement ........................ 82
(TEPA)...................................................................... Table of Contents
...... 56 8. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
5.8 US Withdrawal from UNESCO PRELIMS + MAINS
........................................ 57 8.1 Genetically Modified (GM)
6. INDIAN ECONOMY Crops................................... 85
PRELIMS + MAINS PRELIMS
8.2 National Biobank 10.3 Ethical Considerations in Animal Testing
........................................................... 88 .................... 112
8.3 CRISPR-edited Japonica Rice 11. PERSONALITIES/SCHEMES/PLACES IN
.......................................... 88 NEWS
8.4 Synthetic Human Genome Project A. Personalities in News
................................. 88 .................................................... 115
8.5 Modified CRISPR Technology: dCas9 B. Schemes in News
.............................. 89 .......................................................... 116
8.6 Motherless Mice Created Using Epigenetic C. Terms in
Reprogramming News............................................................... 120
............................................................. 90 D. Reports in NEWS
8.7 Gujarat’s Genome Sequencing Project ........................................................... 120
........................... 90 E. Important Days and
8.8 Redefining the ‘Second’ Theme............................................ 121
................................................. 91 F. Sports
8.9 Quantum ............................................................................
Noise.............................................................. 91 122
8.10 Matter-Antimatter G. Awards In News
Asymmetry..................................... 92 ............................................................ 122
8.11 NISAR Satellite Set for Launch H. Miscellaneous
..................................... 93 .............................................................. 124
8.12 Equine Disease-Free I. Places in News 125
Compartment.............................. 93 12. TEST YOURSELF
8.13 AdFalciVax: Malaria
Vaccine......................................... 94 1. INDIAN ART & CULTURE & HISTORY
8.14 Nuclear Medicine PRELIMS
........................................................ 94 1.1 Daojali Hading
9. INTERNAL SECURITY ................................................................. 1
PRELIMS + MAINS 1.2 Early Harappan Settlement In
9.1 Defence Modernisation Gujarat.............................. 1
................................................. 99 1.3 Pre-Harappan Human Settlement in
9.2 Indian Army AI Roadmap Kutch....................... 2
2026-27................................ 102 1.4 Nothopegia Fossil
PRELIMS Leaves................................................. 2
9.3 INS Udaygiri: Stealth 1.5 Sushruta and Charaka
Frigate......................................... 104 ...................................................... 2
9.4 Akash 1.6 Mallikarjunaswamy Temple and Halley’s Comet
Prime................................................................. 105 .............. 2
9.5 Prithvi-II & Agni-I Ballistic 2. SOCIETY & SOCIAL ISSUES
Missiles............................... 105 PRELIMS + MAINS
10. ETHICS 2.1 Women-Led Development in
PRELIMS + MAINS India................................... 5
10.1 WHO Commission on Social Connection 2.2 Transforming Indian Education through
Report: Experiential
A Global Call for Reconnecting Society Learning...................................................................
....................... 108 ........ 7
10.2 Witch-Hunting in PRELIMS
India............................................... 110 2.3 Performance of School Education in India
...................... 10
2.4 State of the World Population 2025: 4.10 Preventive Detention & Public Order
UNFPA................... 11 ........................... 42
2.5 10th UN Sustainable Development 4.11 Ladakh’s New Rules on Quota, Domicile and
Report..................... 12 Hill Councils
2.6 World Bank Revised Global Poverty Notified.....................................................................
Line........................ 12 .......... 43
2.7 Global Gender Gap Index 4.12 World Accreditation Day
2025....................................... 13 2025...................................... 43
3. GEOGRAPHY AND DISASTERMANAGEMENT 4.13 Panchayat Advancement Index (PAI) 2.0
PRELIMS + MAINS ...................... 44
3.1 Glacier Melting and 4.14 One Nation, One Time
Preservation................................... 14 ................................................. 44
3.2 International Conference on Disaster Resilient 4.15 Household Income Survey, 2026
Infrastructure (ICDRI) 2025 .................................. 45
............................................ 16 4.16 Estimates Committee
3.3 Desertification and Land Degradation ................................................... 45
............................ 18 5. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
PRELIMS PRELIMS + MAINS
3.4 El Niño Prediction 5.1 India-Central Asia
.......................................................... 21 Dialogue............................................ 48
3.5 GAR 2025 Released by 5.2 51st G7 Summit
UNDRR....................................... 22 (2025)................................................... 50
3.6 Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction 5.3 Israel - Iran
................... 22 Conflict........................................................ 53
3.7 Bharat Forecasting System (BFS) 5.4 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
.................................... 23 (NPT).......................... 55
3.8 India’s Coastline PRELIMS
Lengthened.......................................... 23 5.5 India-Cyprus
4. POLITY & GOVERNANCE Relations................................................... 58
PRELIMS + MAINS 5.6 India-Paraguay
4.1 50 years of the 1975 Emergency Ties........................................................ 58
(1975-2025)................. 25 5.7 India and Norway
4.2 Language Dilemma in India’s Education .......................................................... 59
System.............. 27 5.8 India Elected to UN’s Economic and
4.3 Early Childhood Care and Education Social Council
(ECCE).................... 29 (ECOSOC)....................................................... 60
4.4 Population Census-2027 5.9 Interpol Silver
................................................ 31 Notices.................................................... 60
4.5 NHAI’s First-Ever Asset Monetisation 5.10 Pakistan Secures Key Roles In UNSC
Strategy................ 34 Committees.......... 61
4.6 Compulsory Licensing in 5.11 UNCTAD’s World Investment Report 2025
India........................................ 36 .................... 61
4.7 Civil Aviation Safety 5.12 113th Session of the International Labour
....................................................... 37 Conference . 62
4.8 AI in Criminal Justice in India 6. INDIAN ECONOMY
......................................... 39 PRELIMS + MAINS
PRELIMS 6.1 India’s Green Economy
4.9 3-Year Practice Mandate for Judicial Service ................................................. 65
Reinstated . 42
6.2 Agroforestry: Challenges and Opportunities for 7.8 Ocean Acidification Crossed Its Planetary
India..... 67 Boundary....... 93
6.3 Gig and Platform Economy in India 7.9 Darkening of the Global Ocean
................................ 69 ...................................... 93
6.4 Crisis in India’s Microfinance 7.10 Green India Mission
Sector............................... 71 .................................................... 94
6.5 The Energy Sector Roadmap 7.11 Forest Rights Act (FRA)
.......................................... 75 Cells......................................... 95
6.6 India’s Wind Energy 7.12 State of India’s Tiger
....................................................... 77 Prey............................................. 95
PRELIMS 7.13 Elephant
6.7 India’s Economic Growth Census........................................................... 95
............................................... 78 7.14 Indravati National Park
6.8 GDP Base Year ................................................ 96
Revision.................................................. 79 7.15 Kumram Bheem Conservation
6.9 RBI Board Clears Record Surplus Reserve......................... 96
Transfer....................... 79 7.16 Kali Tiger
6.10 Divisible Pool of Tax Reserve......................................................... 96
Collections................................... 80 8. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
6.11 ICRISAT Centre of Excellence for PRELIMS + MAINS
South-South Cooperation 8.1 Self Sufficiency in Rare Earth
in Agriculture Elements......................... 100
(ISSCA)................................................... 80 8.2 India’s Nuclear Energy Laws
6.12 SEZ Rules Amended ....................................... 102
..................................................... 81 PRELIMS
6.13 Energy Transition Index 2025 8.3 Bharat Gen: India’s First Indigenous AI
....................................... 81 Model.............. 103
6.14 Regulating Air Conditioner Temperature 8.4 Quantum Entanglement-based Quantum Key
...................... 82 Distribution
6.15 RBI Eases Priority Sector Lending (PSL) (QKD)
Norms for SFBs 82 ................................................................................
Table of Contents 104
7. ENVIRONMENT & BIODIVERSITY 8.5 Flue Gas Desulphurisation
PRELIMS + MAINS ........................................... 104
7.1 UN Ocean Conference 2025 8.6 Thermophilic
(UNOC3)............................. 86 Actinobacteria........................................ 105
7.2 Human-Wildlife Conflict in Kerala 8.7 Stratospheric Aerosol Injection
.................................. 88 (SAI)............................ 105
7.3 Sustainable Transport Mission 8.8 Sustainable Method for Nickel Extraction Using
....................................... 90 Hydrogen
PRELIMS Plasma
7.4 WMO Forecast ..............................................................................
(2025–2029)........................................... 92 105
7.5 State of the Climate in Asia 2024 Report 8.9 Proton
....................... 92 Emission........................................................... 106
7.6 Rising Black Carbon Heating Himalayan 8.10 Neutrino
Snow................ 92 Mass........................................................... 106
7.7 Two New Ramsar Sites in 8.11 First Fusion-Fission Hybrid
Rajasthan............................... 93 Reactor............................. 107
8.12 Nuclear Fusion: Wendelstein D. Terms in
7-X................................ 107 News............................................................... 128
8.13 India’s First Gene-Edited E. Report In
Sheep.................................. 107 News.............................................................. 129
8.14 Inheritance of Cold Tolerance in Oryza sativa F. Important Days and Theme
(Rice).... 108 ............................................ 130
8.15 Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) G. Sports
................................. 108 ...........................................................................
8.16 DNA Identification 131
..................................................... 109 H. Awards In News
8.17 In vivo CAR T-cell Generation ............................................................ 132
..................................... 109 I. Miscellaneous
8.18 e-Rakt ................................................................ 132
Kosh................................................................ 110 12. TEST YOURSELF
8.19 World Health Assembly’s Resolution On Skin
Diseases110 1. INDIAN ART & CULTURE & HISTORY
9. INTERNAL SECURITY PRELIMS + MAINS
PRELIMS + MAINS 1.1 50 Years of Vietnam War 1
9.1 Defence Minister Empowers CDS to Issue Joint PRELIMS
Orders. 114 1.2 Vikramaditya I Dated Inscription found in
PRELIMS Davangere 3
9.2 Inter-Services Organisations (Command, 1.3 Revival of Ayurvedic Manuscripts 3
Control & 1.4 Gundaram Inscriptions in Telangana 4
Discipline) Act, 2023 1.5 Guttala Sculptural Inscription 4
.................................................... 116 1.6 Piprahwa Relics 4
9.3 AMCA Fighter Jet Execution Model 1.7 Agamic Temples in Tamil Nadu 5
.............................. 116 1.8 Adi Shankaracharya 5
9.4 GBU-57 Massive Ordnance Penetrator (MOP) 2. SOCIETY & SOCIAL ISSUES
and the B-2 PRELIMS + MAINS
Spirit Stealth Bomber 2.1 Bonded Labour in India 7
........................................................ 117 2.2 Exclusion of Trans Persons from Blood
10. ETHICS Donation 8
PRELIMS + MAINS 2.3 Maternal Health in India 10
10.1 Gandhi’s Principles and Cross-Border PRELIMS
Terrorism ......... 120 2.4 World Social Report 2025 13
10.2 Ethics of Self-Defence in International 2.5 Civil Registration Reports 13
Relations ........ 122 2.6 India’s MMR Continues to Decline 14
PRELIMS 2.7 Total Fertility Rate 14
10.3 Assisted 2.8 Jenu Kuruba Community 14
Dying............................................................ 125 3. GEOGRAPHY AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT
11. PERSONALITIES/SCHEMES/PLACES IN 3.1 Monsoon Onset in India 16
NEWS 3.2 Urban Floods in India 18
A. Personalities in News PRELIMS
.................................................... 126 3.3 Western Disturbances 20
B. Places in News 3.4 India’s Extended Continental Shelf Claim 20
.............................................................. 127 4. POLITY & GOVERNANCE
C. Schemes in News PRELIMS + MAINS
.......................................................... 128 4.1 Presidential Reference 22
4.2 Inter-State Water Sharing Dispute In India 24
4.3 Private Member’s Bills (PMBs) 26 7.1 E-Waste Crisis in India 61
4.4 Mediation As A Tool For Conflict Resolution 28 7.2 No Retrospective Environmental Clearances
4.5 Deputy Speaker 29 63
PRELIMS 7.3 Urban Biodiversity 64
4.6 Removal of Judge 31 7.4 Deep Ocean Mission 65
4.7 Disqualification of Member of the Legislative 7.5 Oil Spills 66
Assembly 32 PRELIMS
4.8 Digital Access Recognized as a Fundamental 7.6 Basel, Rotterdam and Stockholm (BRS)
Right 32 Conventions 2025 69
4.9 Footpaths as a Constitutional Right 32 7.7 Greenhouse Gases Emissions Intensity (GEI)
4.10 Compulsion of NOTA 33 Target Rules,
4.11 Maternity Leave Part of Reproductive Rights 2025 70
33 7.8 GM alfalfa 70
4.12 Caste Census 34 7.9 Climate Taxonomy’ Document 70
4.13 World Press Freedom Index-2025 34 Table of Contents
4.14 Sikkim Celebrates 50 Years of Statehood 34 7.10 Primates in Peril Report: The World’s 25 Most
4.15 Mizoram Achieves Full Functional Literacy 35 Endangered
5. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Primates 2023–2025 71
PRELIMS + MAINS 7.11 India Launches First Carbon Capture and
5.1 India and UK Free Trade Agreement 37 Utilisation (CCU)
5.2 India’s Arctic Policy 39 Testbed 71
5.3 China’s Renaming of Places in Arunachal 7.12 State of the World’s Animal Health Report
Pradesh 41 2025 72
PRELIMS 8. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
5.4 India-US Maritime Deal 44 8.1 Gene Editing Therapy 78
5.5 Deportation Issue in India 44 8.2 Hoyle–Narlikar Theory of Gravity 79
5.6 Global Report on Internal Displacements 2025 8.3 Semicryogenic Engine 80
45 8.4 Artificial Intelligence in Governance 82
5.7 Global Report on Food Crises 2025 45 PRELIMS
5.8 78th Session of The World Health Assembly 45 8.5 Genome-Edited Seeds 84
5.9 Nuclear Frameworks and Export Control 8.6 Asian Rice Pangenome 84
Regime 46 8.7 Gene Therapy for Haemophilia A 85
6. INDIAN ECONOMY 8.8 RNA-based Antiviral for Plants 85
PRELIMS + MAINS 8.9 Natural mRNA Editing 86
6.1 Port-Led Development 49 8.10 Lafora Disease 87
6.2 MSMEs in India 51 8.11 Trachoma Elimination 87
6.3 Manufacturing Sector in India 52 8.12 Agentic AI 87
6.4 Agriculture Sector in India’s Trade Deals 54 8.13 India’s First 3nm Chip Design Centres 88
PRELIMS 8.14 Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) Technology
6.5 Three Jan Suraksha Schemes - PMSBY, 88
PMJJBY and APY 56 8.15 2D Metals 89
6.6 SHAKTI Policy 56 8.16 Metal-Free Piezocatalysis 90
6.7 WAVES 2025 Summit and Orange Economy 57 8.17 Sodium-Ion Battery 90
6.8 Human Development Report 2025 57 8.18 Missing Dark Matter in Distant Galaxy 90
6.9 Bio-Input Resource Centres (BRCs) 58 8.19 EOS-09 or Earth Observation Satellite 91
6.10 Potential of Natural Hydrogen 58 8.20 Two Sides of the Moon 91
6.11 Financial Fraud Risk Indicator (FRI) 58 8.21 India’s First Space Biology Experiments
6.12 Payments Regulatory Board (PRB) 59 Aboard ISS 91
7. ENVIRONMENT & GEOGRAPHY 8.22 Chlorpyrifos Pesticide 92
8.23 FDA Approves Novavax COVID Vaccine 92 1.6 Kokborok
8.24 Ban on Use of Antibiotics in Animals 92 Language..........................................................3
8.25 Trans Fats 93 1.7 Global Recognition of Bhagavad Gita and
9. INTERNAL SECURITY Natyashastra 3
9.1 Operation Sindoor and Beyond 98 2. SOCIETY & SOCIAL ISSUES
9.2 Misinformation & Psychological Warfare 100 Prelims + Mains
9.3 India’s National Security Doctrine 102 2.1 Mental Health in India
9.4 India’s Defence Manufacturing 104 ......................................................5
PRELIMS 2.2 Digital Child
9.5 National Security Advisory Board (NSAB) 107 Abuse...........................................................7
9.6 DRDO makes Progress in Hypersonic 2.3 Elderly Care in
Technology 107 India.........................................................8
9.7 Air Defence Systems 108 Prelims
9.8 Field Marshal 108 2.4 Child Mortality in India
9.9 Central Armed Police Force (CAPF) to be ..................................................10
Recognised as 3. GEOGRAPHY & DISASTER MANAGEMENT
“Organised Services”: Supreme Court 109 Prelims + Mains
10. ETHICS 3.1 Monsoon Forecasting In India
PRELIMS + MAINS ........................................12
10.1 Santhara: An Ethical, Legal and Social 3.2 Water Management in
Examination 112 India............................................13
10.2 Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Prelims
Spending 114 3.3 Flash Flood, Landslide, and Cloudburst
11. PERSONALITIES/SCHEMES/ PLACES IN .........................16
NEWS 3.4 Myanmar
A. Personalities In News 117 Earthquake......................................................17
B. Schemes In News 118 3.5 Lightning Strikes In Bihar
C. Important Days and Theme 120 ..............................................18
D. Terms In News 121 3.6 ICIMOD Report On The Hindu Kush
E. Exercise in News 121 Himalaya............18
F. Places In News 122 4. POLITY & GOVERNANCE
G. Awards In News 123 Prelims + Mains
H. Miscellaneous 124 4.1 Waqf (Amendment) Act 2025
12. TEST YOURSELF .........................................21
4.2 SC Prescribes Time Limits For Governors To
1. INDIAN ART & CULTURE Act On
Prelims Bills...........................................................................
1.1 Mahabodhi Temple ......24
Complex............................................1 4.3 All India Judicial Service (AIJS)
1.2 Jaya Sri Maha ....................................26
Bodhi.........................................................1 4.4 India’s Progress and Challenges in Achieving
1.3 Archaeological Excavation in Sustainable
Dwaraka............................1 Development Goals (SDGs)
1.4 Rare Copper Plates of Devaraya I's Coronation ...........................................28
Unveiled................................................................... 4.5 Prison Reforms in India
.........2 ..................................................30
1.5 Declaration of Protected Harappan Prelims
Sites..........................2 4.6 Anti-Defection Law
........................................................32
4.7 Eco-Centric Approach by Supreme Court 6.5 India's Silk Industry
......................33 ........................................................60
4.8 Use of Urdu Language 6.6 Traditional Varieties of Seeds in India
....................................................34 ............................62
4.9 Public Disclosure of Judges’ Prelims
Assets................................34 6.7 India Becomes World’s 2nd-Largest Exporter of
4.10 Aircraft Objects Bill, 2025 Tea in
...........................................35 2024......................................................................6
4.11 Panchayat Advancement Index (PAI) 4
...........................35 6.8 One State-One
4.12 Permanent Lok RRB........................................................64
Adalats.................................................36 6.9 Plastic Parks in
4.13 Sub-Categorisation of Scheduled Caste (SC) India.......................................................64
...............36 6.10 Blue Category of
4.14 Birth and Death Registration Industries..........................................65
........................................36 6.11 Centres of Excellence Under the National
4.15 India Justice Report Critical
2025..............................................37 Mineral......................................................................
4.16 52nd Chief Justice of India ....66
...........................................37 7. ENVIRONMENT & BIODIVERSITY
5. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Prelims + Mains
Prelims + Mains 7.1 Waste Management in
5.1 6th BIMSTEC Summit India............................................69
...................................................40 7.2 Light Fishing: Threat to Marine Life &
5.2 India - Sri Lanka Traditional
Relations.............................................42 Livelihoods
5.3 India - Saudi Arabia .....................................................................71
Relations........................................45 Prelims
5.4 India - Pakistan Relations 7.3 International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA)
...............................................47 ...........................73
Prelims 7.4 WHO Conference on Air Pollution and Health
5.5 India - Chile Bilateral ..............73
Talks............................................49 Table of Contents
5.6 15th BRICS Agriculture Ministers’ Meeting 7.5 Global Carbon Pricing Agreement for Shipping
..................49 Industry
5.7 150th Assembly of Inter-Parliamentary Union ...........................................................................74
(IPU).....49 7.6 Surat Emission Trading Scheme (ETS)
6. INDIAN ECONOMY ..........................74
Prelims + Mains 7.7 Chlorpyrifos Pesticide
6.1 India’s Deep Tech Startup ....................................................75
Ecosystem.............................52 7.8 India Becomes 3rd-Largest Wind and Solar
6.2 10 years of the Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana Power
(PMMY).................................................................... Generator.................................................................
......54 ........75
6.3 India’s Bioeconomy 7.9 Gandhi Sagar Wildlife
.......................................................55 Sanctuary....................................75
6.4 India’s Edible Oil Dependency on Import 7.10 Agasthyamalai
......................58 Landscape.............................................76
7.11 Kasampatty Sacred 8.17 Photonic Chips for Next-Gen Computing
Grove.............................................76 ...................90
7.12 De-Extinction of the Dire 8.18 Antibiotic Use in Livestock
Wolf.....................................77 .........................................91
7.13 Asiatic Lion 8.19 Type 5
Census......................................................77 Diabetes.............................................................91
7.14 Endangered Vultures Get New Home in 8.20 Signet Ring Cell Carcinoma (SRCC)
Maharashtra............................................................. ...........................92
......78 8.21 Real-Time LAMP (rt-LAMP)
7.15 UNESCO Global Geoparks ......................................92
..........................................78 9. INTERNAL SECURITY
8. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Prelims + Mains
Prelims + Mains 9.1 Terrorism in
8.1 India’s Research And India............................................................96
Innovation....................................83 9.2 Cross-Border Infiltration and Security
Prelims Challenges
8.2 Space in India
Tourism.................................................................84 ............................................................................99
8.3 ChaSTE (Chandra’s Surface Thermophysical Prelims
Experiment).............................................................. 9.3 Digital Threat Report 2024
.......84 ...........................................101
8.4 Fram2 Mission 9.4 Global Risks Report
................................................................85 2025.............................................102
8.5 Axiom-4 Mission 9.5 Vibrant Villages
(Ax-4).................................................85 Programme-II.....................................102
8.6 ESA’s Biomass Mission 10. ETHICS
..................................................85 Prelims + Mains
8.7 Discoveries on Black Holes by Indian 10.1 Changing Family
Telescope...........86 Values.............................................105
8.8 Bullseye 10.2 Ethics of Racism, Bias, and Discrimination
Galaxy..............................................................86 ...............107
8.9 Aryabhata: India's First Indigenous Satellite 11. PERSONALITIES/SCHEMES/PLACES IN
..................87 NEWS
8.10 AI Basics: Processing A. Personalities in
Unit............................................87 News.....................................................109
8.11 India Achieves First Quantum Key Distribution B. Important Days and Theme
(QKD) ............................................113
Over Multi-Core Fibre C. Places In
(MCF)......................................87 News...............................................................114
8.12 QpiAI-Indus and D. Terms In News
Q-Shield............................................88 ...............................................................115
8.13 Wet-Bulb Temperature E.
..................................................88 Miscellaneous...........................................................
8.14 Kavach 5.0 ......115
....................................................................89 12. TEST YOURSELF
8.15 Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Technology
..............................89
8.16 India’s Second National Gene Bank
.............................90
1. INDIAN ART & CULTURE 4.6 Wular
Prelims Lake......................................................................21
1.1 UNESCO Recognition for Indian 5. POLITY & GOVERNANCE
Properties....................1 Prelims + Mains
1.2 Kamba Ramayana 5.1 Judicial Corruption in India
.............................................................1 ............................................23
1.3 Jahan-e-Khusrau 2025 5.2 Three Language Policy Under NEP, 2020
......................................................2 .....................25
1.4 Revival of Vikramshila University 5.3 Delimitation and Southern States
...................................2 ...................................26
1.5 The Jalanatheswarar Temple 5.4 Immigration and Foreigners Bill, 2025
.............................................3 ..........................28
2. HISTORY 5.5 Preventive Detention In India
Prelims ........................................30
2.1 PEPSU Muzhara 5.6 The Challenge of Policing Digital Giants
Movement.............................................5 ......................32
2.2 Battle of Karnal 5.7 Tribunals in India Need To Be Strengthened:
(1739).....................................................5 Supreme
3. SOCIETY & SOCIAL ISSUES Court
Prelims + Mains ..............................................................................3
3.1 Women Empowerment in India 4
........................................6 Prelims
3.2 Obesity Epidemic In India 5.8 Govt Committee Proposes Penalties for
...............................................8 Husband Proxies
3.3 Global Food Waste Crisis Running
...............................................10 Panchayats........................................................36
3.4 Student Suicides in India 5.9 Bills of Lading Bill, 2024
................................................12 ...............................................37
3.5 Right Against Disability-Based Discrimination 5.10 Rupee Symbol Controversy
.............13 ..........................................37
Prelims 5.11 Special Leave
3.6 ASHA Workers in India Petition...................................................38
..................................................15 5.12 Electors Photo Identification Card
3.7 Hmar and Zomi (EPIC)....................38
Tribe......................................................15 5.13 Fast Track Special Courts
4. GEOGRAPHY & DISASTER MANAGEMENT Scheme................................38
Prelims + Mains 6. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
4.1 Avalanches in the Himalayan States Prelims + Mains
..............................17 6.1 India-Mauritius Relations
4.2 Glaciers Lost 9 Trillion Tonnes of Ice Since ...............................................41
1975: UN..19 6.2 India’s Maritime
Prelims Policy...................................................43
4.3 Gold Discovery In Indus 6.3. India’s Engagement with
River.......................................20 Taliban...................................45
4.4 Mount 6.4 India-China Economic
Erebus..................................................................20 Relations....................................47
4.5 6.5 India-EU Free Trade
Petrification............................................................... Agreement.....................................49
......21
6.6 United Nations (UN) 7.8 Centre Grants ‘Navratna Status’ to IRCTC,
Reforms........................................51 IRFC..........66
Prelims Table of Contents
6.7 India and New Zealand Resume Free Trade 7.9 Agricultural Infrastructure Fund (AIF) Scheme
Agreement .............66
Negotiations............................................................. 7.10 Livestock Health and Disease Control
.......53 Programme
6.8 India-US Extradition (LHDCP)...................................................................
Treaty............................................53 ....67
6.9 India’s Proposal for a South-East Asia 7.11 Northeast India as Next Saffron Hub
Surveillance ............................67
Network.................................................................... 7.12 Geo-Mapping of Rubber
.......54 Plantations............................67
6.10 US Withdrawal from Loss and Damage Fund 7.13 Cotton Crisis and Bollgard-3
(LDF)...54 ........................................68
6.11 Cities Coalition for Circularity 7.14 India To Reach High Income Status by 2047
(C-3)............................55 ...............69
6.12 Raisina 7.15 India Emerged as the world’s Third-largest
Dialogue...........................................................55 Biofuel
6.13 Hague Service Convention Producer...................................................................
...........................................55 .....69
6.14 International Criminal Court (ICC) 7.16 Certification for Eri
..............................56 Silk................................................70
6.15 Commission on the Status of Women 7.17 Sagarmala
(CSW)...............56 2.0................................................................70
6.16 Convention on Cluster Munitions (CCM) 7.18 Coal Production in India
....................56 ...............................................70
7. INDIAN ECONOMY 7.19 North India’s First Nuclear Power Project in
Prelims + Mains Haryana .71
7.1 Creator Economy 7.20 Bitcoin as a US Strategic Reserve
............................................................58 ................................71
7.2 India’s Spice Market 8. ENVIRONMENT & BIODIVERSITY
.......................................................60 Prelims + Mains
7.3 Reciprocal 8.1 Wetland Conservation
Tariffs............................................................62 .....................................................74
7.4 Farm Labourers in India 8.2 Tiger Reserves In India: Need And
.................................................63 Challenges..............76
7.5 Farmer Producer Organizations 8.3 State of Climate Report 2024
(FPOs)..........................64 .........................................77
Prelims Prelims
7.6 Govt Replaces 'Certificate' with 'Proof' in Rules 8.4 World Air Quality Report 2024
of Origin ......................................79
Regulations 8.5 Control of Pollution
.....................................................................65 Scheme...........................................79
7.7 Indian Digital Economy Ranked 28th On User 8.6 Pilibhit Tiger Reserve (PTR)
Spending: ..........................................80
Report....................................................................... 8.7 Animal Welfare Board of India (AWBI)
.......65 ........................80
8.8 National Board for Wildlife 9.12 Shingles Disease
(NBWL).............................80 ...........................................................97
8.9 Biodiversity Leak (Biodiversity 9.13 Bacteria-Based Cancer
Leakage)......................81 Therapies.................................98
8.10 MISHTI Scheme 9.14 Transgenic Research
...........................................................82 .....................................................98
8.11 Epigraphical Survey in Sri Lankamalleswara 9.15 Non-Browning Gene-Edited Banana
Wildlife ............................99
Sanctuary................................................................. 9.16 Ultra-conserved Elements of
......82 DNA.............................100
8.12 Faunal survey in Idukki Wildlife Sanctuary 9.17 Bose Metal
.................83 ..................................................................100
8.13 Sagareshwar Wildlife 9.18
Sanctuary...................................84 Microprocessors.......................................................
8.14 Rushikonda Beach’s Blue Flag Certification ...101
Restored.84 9.19 India's Hyperloop Technology
8.15 Cali Fund ....................................101
Launched......................................................84 9.20 Frozen
8.16 Deep-Sea Mining in Jamaica Light................................................................102
........................................85 9.21 Micro Lightning and Origins of Life
8.17 UN-Water Development Report ..........................103
2025...........................85 9.22 Plastic Ice
9. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY VII..............................................................104
Prelims + Mains 9.23 Hydrogen Powered Fuel Cell
9.1 Space Debris .....................................104
...................................................................90 9.24 SwaYaan Initiative & NIDAR
9.2 Satellite ....................................105
Internet..............................................................91 9.25 Audible Enclaves
Prelims ........................................................105
9.3 Aditya-L1 Captured Solar 10. INTERNAL SECURITY
Flare......................................93 Prelims + Mains
9.4 10.1 Role of Quantum Computing In National
Chandrayan-5........................................................... Security ....111
.......94 Prelims
9.5 Semi-cryogenic 10.2 SIPRI Report on Global Arms Trade, 2025
Engine...................................................94 ................113
9.6 Blue Ghost 10.3 Fourth Conference of Global Intelligence and
Mission.........................................................95 Security
9.7 Chiefs.......................................................................
SPHEREx................................................................. ...113
.......95 10.4 Sonic
9.8 NASA’s PUNCH Weapons............................................................113
Mission...............................................96 10.5 Indian Navy's India-Africa Initiatives:
9.9 Starline Mission AIKEYME and
..............................................................96 IOS
9.10 Toponymous Sagar....................................................................11
Diseases...................................................96 4
9.11 Melioidosis Disease 10.6 Large Phased Array Radar
......................................................97 (LPAR).............................114
11. ETHICS 3.3 ASER
11.1 Violence in Cinema: Balancing Freedom of 2024......................................................................1
Expression 0
and Social 3.4 Soliga
Responsibility............................................118 Tribe.....................................................................10
11.2 Ethics in International 4. GEOGRAPHY & DISASTER MANAGEMENT
Relations.................................119 Prelims + Mains
12. PERSONALITIES/SCHEMES/PLACES IN 4.1 Stampede and Crowd Management
NEWS ................................12
A. Personalities In 4.2 Draft Legal Metrology (Indian Standard Time)
News.....................................................122 Rules,
B. Schemes In News 2025 Notified
..........................................................123 ..................................................................14
C. Places in News Prelims
..............................................................126 4.3 Climate Risk Index 2025
D. Awards In News: ................................................15
............................................................127 4.4 Earthquake in
E. Important Days and Theme Delhi-NCR...............................................15
............................................129 4.5 Asteroid 2024 YR4 may hit Earth in
F. Terms In News: 2032......................16
...............................................................129 4.6 Exoplanet WASP-127b
G. Miscellaneous ...................................................16
................................................................130 4.7 Dip in Global Sea Ice
13. TEST YOURSELF Cover...........................................17
1. INDIAN ART & CULTURE 4.8 Arunachal Loses 110 Glaciers in 32
Prelims years......................18
1.1 Kalbeliya Dance and 5. POLITY & GOVERNANCE
Community.....................................1 Prelims + Mains
1.2 Gyan Bharatam Mission 5.1 Freebies Culture in India: A Growing Concern
...................................................1 ..............20
1.3 Dokra Metal 5.2 Expenditure on Higher
Craft.............................................................2 Education...................................22
1.4 The Buddhist Relics of 5.3 Ragging in Educational
Ratnagiri......................................2 Institutions................................25
2. HISTORY 5.4 Appointment of Ad-hoc
Prelims Judges.......................................27
2.1 Kalyana Chalukya Era 5.5 Rajasthan’s Bill Against Unlawful Religious
Inscription....................................4 Conversions.............................................................
2.2 Sant ........29
Ravidas.................................................................... 5.6 Supreme Court’s Directive to ECI on EVM Data
..4 Verification................................................................
3. SOCIETY & SOCIAL ISSUES ......31
Prelims + Mains 5.7 CJI’s Role in Executive
3.1 Social Security for Appointments...........................32
Workers..............................................6 5.8 Use of Loudspeakers Not ‘Essential Part of
3.2 Laws to Protect Domestic Workers’ Religion’...33
Rights......................8 Prelims
Prelims 5.9 News Chief Minister of Delhi
........................................35
5.10 Adultery and Related Prelims + Mains
Provisions...................................36 7.1 National Critical Mineral Mission
5.11 Income-Tax Bill, 2025 ..................................62
..................................................36 7.2 Mission for Aatmanirbharta in
5.12 President’s Rule imposed in Pulses.............................64
Manipur...........................36 7.3 FDI in Insurance Sector Hike to
5.13 Appointment of Chief Election 100%...........................66
Commissioner.............37 7.4 Discovery of Potash Reserves in Punjab
5.14 Whip System in Indian Parliament ........................67
...............................38 7.5 Agriculture Sector in Budget
5.15 Ban on 2025-2026:.......................68
Begging.............................................................38 Prelims
5.16 Lokpal Decision to Probe HC 7.6 Gross Domestic Knowledge Product (GDKP)
Judges...........................39 ...............69
5.17 Status of Devolution to Panchayats in 7.7 Shift from Fiscal deficit to Debt-to-GDP Ratio
States................39 ..............69
5.18 Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act 7.8 National Mission on High-Yielding Seeds
(CLNDA) and .....................70
the Atomic Energy 7.9 Gig Workers to be Covered under PM Jan
Act..................................................40 Arogya
5.19 National Commission for Safai Yojana
Karamcharis...............40 .............................................................................70
5.20 Nari Adalat Programme 7.10 Makhana: the ‘Black Diamond’
................................................41 ...................................71
5.21 Karnataka allows Euthanasia for the Table of Contents
Terminally Ill......41
6. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 7.11 MSME Trade Enablement and Marketing
Prelims + Mains (TEAM)
6.1 India-Indonesia Relations Initiative
...............................................45 ........................................................................71
6.2 India-France 7.12 Mutual Fund Investment Tracing and Retrieval
Relations....................................................48 Assistant
6.3 India-USA (MITRA)....................................................................
Relations.......................................................51 ...71
6.4 India-Qatar 7.13 Mutual Credit Guarantee Scheme for MSMEs
Relations......................................................53 (MCGS-
6.5 US-China Trade MSME)
War.......................................................56 .........................................................................72
Prelims 7.14 RBI to Conduct USD-INR Swap Auction
6.6 India-EFTA Trade and Economic Partnership ....................72
Agreement................................................................ 7.15 Liquidity Coverage Ratio (LCR)
.......58 ..................................73
6.7 International Criminal Court (ICC) 8. ENVIRONMENT & BIODIVERSITY
................................59 Prelims + Mains
6.8 USAID Funding Freeze 8.1 Ganga River
..................................................59 Pollution.....................................................78
6.9 Brazil Joins Prelims + Mains
OPEC+........................................................59 8.2 Four New Wetlands Designated as Ramsar
7. INDIAN ECONOMY Sites
in India 9.6 Bio Bank
............................................................................81 .......................................................................100
8.3 Tannery Waste in Palar river 9.7 Lymphatic
...........................................82 Filariasis......................................................100
8.4 Ocean Coordination Mechanism (OCM) 9.8
........................82 Brucellosis................................................................
8.5 Polar Bear Sebum Sustainable Alternative to .....101
Forever 9.9 Second National Gene Bank
Chemicals................................................................. ........................................101
.......83 9.10 Retinal
8.6 Tiger Population in India: NCBS Diseases..........................................................102
Study..........................84 9.11 GARBH-INi-DRISHTI Data
8.8 NGT Issues Notice to Centre on Use of Repository....................103
Invasive Fish 9.12 J. C. Bose Grant (JBG)
Species ...............................................103
............................................................................85 9.13 mRNA Cancer Vaccine
8.9 Morand-Ganjal Irrigation Project ...............................................104
..................................85 9.14 Age of Saturn’s
8.10 Pong Dam Lake Wildlife Sanctuary Rings.................................................104
.............................86 9.15 Bacteria-Made Band-Aid for
8.11 Indore and Udaipur Join the List of 31 Plants............................105
Wetland 10. INTERNAL SECURITY
Accredited Cities in Prelims + Mains
World............................................86 10.1 Manipur Crisis
8.12 Tree Aadhar for Chinar ............................................................113
.................................................87 Prelims
8.13 AI-fit Cameras in Similipal Tiger Reserve send 10.2 F-35 Stealth Fighter
Poaching Jets.............................................115
Plummeting 10.3 DDoS Cyberattack
...................................................................87 ......................................................116
8.14 Polarised Moonlight for Navigation 10.4 Exercise In News
.............................88 ........................................................117
8.15 Black 11. ETHICS
Plastic..................................................................88 Prelims + Mains
8.16 Species In 11.1 Introduction of Sexual Equality Concept in
News............................................................89 School
9. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Curriculum
Prelims + Mains .................................................................118
9.1 Paris AI Summit 11.2 Obscene Humour and Obscenity Laws in
2025.....................................................94 India ........121
9.2 Nuclear Energy Mission for Viksit 12. PERSONALITIES/SCHEMES/PLACES
Bharat......................96 IN NEWS
9.3 Nuclear Fusion A.
Energy....................................................97 Personalities.............................................................
Prelims ......125
9.4 Biolumpivaxin: Lumpy Skin Disease B. Schemes in News
Vaccine................99 ..........................................................127
9.5 Cross Blood
Transplant.................................................100
C. 3.7 Blood Money
Miscellaneous........................................................... ..................................................................12
......129 4. GEOGRAPHY & DISASTER MANAGEMENT
D. Places in Prelims + Mains
News...............................................................131 4.1 Interlinking of Rivers in
13 TEST YOURSELF India.........................................15
4.2 Dynamic Groundwater Resource Assessment
1. INDIAN ART & CULTURE Report
Prelims 2024.........................................................................
1.1 Indus Valley ........18
Script............................................................1 4.3 Cost of Natural Catastrophes in
1.2 Tirumala Venkateswara Temple India.............................20
........................................1 Prelims
1.3 Konark Sun Temple 4.4 World’s Largest Dam on Brahmaputra
..........................................................2 ...........................22
1.4 Kashi Tamil Sangamam 3.0 4.5 Ghost Island’ in Caspian Sea
..............................................2 .........................................23
2. HISTORY 4.6 Southern California
Prelims Wildfires.........................................23
2.1 5,000-year-old Water Management Techniques 4.7 Sada on Konkan
Unearthed Region..................................................24
at 4.8 Arctic Boreal
Rakhigarhi................................................................ ...................................................................24
.....3 4.9 Deccan
2.2 Evidence of Iron Use in Tamil Nadu Volcanism...........................................................24
................................3 5. POLITY & GOVERNANCE
2.3 162nd Birth Anniversary of Swami Prelims + Mains
Vivekananda.............3 5.1 Draft UGC Regulations,
3. SOCIETY & SOCIAL ISSUES 2025.........................................27
Prelims + Mains 5.2 Lokpal of India
3.1 Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes ...............................................................29
(Prevention of 5.3 Internet
Atrocities) Governance........................................................31
Act...................................................................5 5.4 Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG)
3.2 Transforming Healthcare through .......................33
Digitalization..............6 5.5 Reforms in Indian Railways
3.3 Public Health Nutrition ............................................35
Policies.......................................8 Prelims
Prelims 5.6 The Digital Personal Data Protection Rules,
3.4 NITI Aayog’s Fiscal Health Index 2025 2025 .........36
.........................10 5.7 Right To Access Justice Not Absolute
3.5 Study Recommends Inclusion of 179 ............................37
Communities in SC, 5.8 Restitution of Conjugal
ST, and OBC List Rights........................................38
...........................................................11 5.9 Supreme Court Upholds Right to Property and
3.6 India’s Poverty Fell Down to Below 5 Per Cent Adequate
in 2023- Compensation
24............................................................................. ...............................................................38
........11
5.10 Enemy Property 7.1 India’s Logistics Sector
.............................................................39 ..................................................58
5.11 CBI Doesn’t Need State Consent to File an 7.2 India’s Startup
FIR: Ecosystem...............................................60
Supreme Court 7.3 Report on Estimation and Measurement of
..............................................................39 India’s Digital
5.12 National Broadband Mission (NBM) 2.0 Economy
......................40 .........................................................................62
5.13 MoU Signed Between Financial Intelligence 7.4 Transforming Livestock
Unit (FIU- Economies...............................65
IND) and National Housing Bank (NHB) 7.5 Aviation Safety in
...................40 India...................................................68
5.14 Unified District Information System for Table of Contents
Education Prelims
(UDISE+) 2023-24 7.6 Wealth
Report............................................41 Tax.......................................................................70
5.15 D Tokenisation 7.7 RBI’s Report on Trend and Progress of
..............................................................41 Banking in
5.16 Guidelines on Playing National Anthem India
.......................41 ................................................................................
6. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 71
Prelims + Mains 7.8 Logistics Ease Across Different States
6.1 Donald Trump Sworn In As 47th President of (LEADS) 2024’
the United Report.......................................................................
States....................................................................... .......71
........45 7.9 Interest Equalisation
6.2 Hamas-Israel Ceasefire Scheme..........................................72
Deal...........................................47 7.10 Revised Guidelines for Asset Reconstruction
6.3 BRICS Expansion Companies
...........................................................50 (ARCs)
6.4 Indian .........................................................................72
Diaspora...............................................................52 7.11 New Initiative of Rubber
Prelims Board....................................73
6.5 Animal Diplomacy: Tigers as gifts 7.12
.................................54 Treasury-Bills...........................................................
6.6 Interpol’s Silver Notice: Tracing Criminal Assets .....73
Across 7.13 Green Steel
Borders..................................................................... Mission......................................................73
.......54 7.14 Constitution of Working Group for the
6.7 UNSC Authorises New Peacekeeping Mission Revision of the
In Current Series of Wholesale Price Index
Somalia (Base
...........................................................................55 2011-12)..............................................................74
6.8 US Entity List 7.15 REITs, InvITs, and Municipal
.................................................................55 Bonds............................74
6.9 Indus Water Treaty (IWT) Dispute 7.16 Credit-Deposit Ratio
.................................56 .....................................................75
7. INDIAN ECONOMY 7.17 Indian Coffee
Prelims + Mains Exports...................................................75
7.18 Commerce Ministry Sets a Target of 10000 GI 9.7 Avian Influenza
Tags by ...............................................................96
2030......................................................................... 9.8 Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV)
......76 ...............................97
7.19 India’s First Organic Fisheries Cluster in 9.9 Guillain-Barre
Sikkim.........76 Syndrome................................................97
7.20 Reports In 9.10 Body Mass Index
News............................................................77 (BMI)...............................................98
8. ENVIRONMENT & BIODIVERSITY 9.11 Parker Solar Probe: First Human-Made Object
Prelims + Mains to Fly
8.1 Animal Welfare Framework in Close to the Sun
India..............................80 ............................................................98
Prelims 9.12 Firefly
8.2 Deep Ocean Mission Constellation......................................................99
(DOM)..........................................82 9.13 Scramjet Engine For Hypersonic
8.3 Blue Flag Missiles....................99
Certification....................................................82 9.14 Vikas Liquid
8.4 2024-Hottest Year: Copernicus Climate Engine....................................................100
Change Service 10. INTERNAL SECURITY
Assessment.............................................................. Prelims + Mains
........83 10.1 Ministry of Defence’s Declare 2025 as a ‘Year
8.5 Ground-level Ozone Pollution of
........................................83 Reforms’...................................................................
8.6 2024 Global Water Monitor Report ...104
................................84 10.2 Border Management in India
8.7 Ground Water Contamination ......................................106
.........................................84 10.3 United Nations Convention Against
8.8 Biennial Update Report Cybercrime .......109
(BUR).......................................85 Prelims
8.9 Biochar Reduces The Risks of 10.4 Armed Forces Tribunal
DDT-Contaminated Soil85 ...............................................112
8.10 Species in 10.5 Three Significant Addition to Indian
News:...........................................................86 Navy.................113
9. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 10.6 Nag Mk 2
Prelims + Mains Missile........................................................113
9.1 India’s Space 10.7 Exercise In News:
Sector........................................................92 .......................................................115
Prelims 11. ETHICS
9.2 Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Prelims + Mains
(SERS) ...........94 11.1 Ethical Perspectives on Bribery
9.3 Dark ..................................116
Oxygen...................................................................9 11.2 Ethical use of
4 AI..........................................................118
9.4 Hidden Dangers of Rhodamine 11.3 Ethics of Capital
B...................................95 Punishment......................................121
9.5 Resurgence of Polio 12. PERSONALITIES/SCHEMES/PLACES IN
.......................................................95 NEWS
9.6 Snakebite Envenoming A. Personalities in
..................................................96 News.....................................................123
B. Schemes in News
..........................................................123
C. Miscellaneous
................................................................125
D. Place in
News.................................................................127
13. TEST YOURSELF
Table of Contents 2.4. World Health Organization (WHO)
1. POLITY AND GOVERNANCE _________24
________________4 2.5. Indus Water
1.1. Treaty______________________26
Cooperatives____________________________4 2.6.
1.2. 10 Years of NITI Aayog AUKUS________________________________28
____________________7 2.7. QUAD Grouping
1.3 Lokpal and Lokayukta ________________________29
_____________________9 2.8. Shift in India–Afghanistan Relations
1.4. Election Commission of India (ECI) ________32
_________11 2.9. India-European Union (EU) Relations
1.5. Internet Shutdown _______33
______________________14 2.10. India-Indonesia Relations
1.6. News in Shorts _______________36
_________________________15 2.11. News in Shorts
1.6.1. Right to Access to Justice Not Absolute: ________________________38
Supreme 2.11.1. 60 Years of India-Singapore Bilateral
Court Relations 38
_______________________________________ 2.11.2. BRICS
15 _________________________________ 39
1.6.2. Designing Innovative Solutions for Holistic 2.11.3. Birthright Citizenship In US
Access ________________ 39
to Justice (DISHA) Scheme 2.11.4. World’s Largest Hydropower Dam on
______________________ 16 Brahmaputra
1.6.3. Amendment to Prison Manual and _________________________________ 40
Correctional 2.11.5. Pangsau Pass
Services Act ___________________________ 41
__________________________________ 16 2.11.6. Philadelphi Corridor
1.6.4. Doctrine of Merger _____________________ 41
_______________________ 16 2.11.7. Gulf of Mexico
1.6.5. State Consent for CBI __________________________ 41
_____________________ 17 2.11.8. Panama Canal
1.6.6. Panchayat Se Parliament 2.0 __________________________ 42
_______________ 17 3.
1.6.7. Viksit Panchayat Karmayogi’ Initiative ECONOMY_____________________________43
________ 17 3.1. Rupee Depreciation
1.6.8. Pay Commission _____________________43
_________________________ 17 3.2. Internationalization of Rupee
1.6.9. Edelman Trust _____________44
Barometer__________________ 18 3.3. WPI Base Year Revision
2. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS __________________46
______________19 3.4. Fiscal Health Index Report 2025
2.1. USA's Protectionist Measures ___________48
_____________19 3.5. Household Consumption Expenditure Survey
2.2. Minilateralism and (HCES), 2023-24
Multilateralism_________21 ____________________________50
2.3. Role of Institutions in Climate Negotiations 3.6. Central Bank Digital Currency
__23 _____________51
3.7. India's Digital Economy 4. SECURITY_____________________________
__________________53 64
3.8. ‘Cashless Treatment’ Scheme for Road 4.1. INTERPOL
Accident _____________________________64
Victims 4.2. Draft Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP)
___________________________________55 Rules 2025
3.9. News in Shorts ________________________________66
_________________________57 4.3. Coastal Security Scheme
3.9.1. India Secures 14.3% of Global Remittances: _________________69
World 4.4. Telecommunications (Procedures and
Bank____________________________________ Safeguards for Lawful Interception of Messages)
____ 57 Rules,
3.9.2. India Remains the Fastest-Growing 2024________________________________70
Economy: Word 4.5. News in Shorts
Bank____________________________________ _________________________72
____ 57 4.5.1. Ministry of Defense declares 2025 as ‘Year
3.9.3. Government to Borrow Rs 3.94 lakh Crore of
via Reforms’
Treasury Bills (T-bills) ____________________________________ 72
__________________________ 58 4.5.2. Frontier Technologies in Warfare
3.9.4. RBI Releases List Of NBFCs In The Upper ___________ 72
Layer 4.5.3. Indian Cybercrime Coordination Centre
(NBFC-UL) For 2024-25 ______ 73
_________________________ 59 4.5.4. Pig-Butchering
3.9.5. BAANKNET (Bank Asset Auction Network) Scam______________________ 74
____ 59 4.5.5. Naval Combatants – INS Surat, INS Nilgiri
3.9.6. Prepaid Payment Instruments and INS
(PPI)__________ 60 Vaghsheer
3.9.7. Role Of Trade in Reducing Food Insecurity commissioned_______________________ 74
____ 60 4.5.6. Anti-Tank Guided Missile (ATGM)- Nag Mk 2
3.9.8. Revised Open Market Sale Scheme __ 74
(Domestic) 4.5.7.
Policy for Bhargavastra____________________________
2024-25_____________________________ 61 75
3.9.9. Project VISTAAR 4.5.8. Pralay missile and Pinaka rocket
_________________________ 61 ____________ 75
3.9.10. Logistics Ease Across Different States 4.5.9. Eurodrone
(LEADS) ______________________________ 75
2024’ Report Released 4.5.10. SANJAY System
_________________________ 61 _________________________ 75
3.9.11. Entity Locker 4.5.11. Exercises in News
___________________________ 62 _______________________ 76
3.9.12. Z Morh Tunnel (Sonamarg Tunnel) 5. ENVIRONMENT________________________
_________ 62 77
3.6.13. Banihal Bypass 5.1. Annual Ground Water Quality Report 2024
_________________________ 62 __77
3.9.14. Anji Khad Bridge 5.2. 150 years of India Meteorological Department
________________________ 63 (IMD)
____________________________________80
5.3. Indigenous Hydrogen Train Engine 5.6.17. End-of-Life Vehicles Rules,
_________82 2025____________ 94
5.4. Thermal Power Plants and Sulphur dioxide 5.6.18. World’s First Cryo-Born Baby Corals
__84 ________ 95
5.5. National Turmeric Board 5.6.19. Translocation of Tigers
_________________86 ___________________ 96
5.6. News in Shorts 5.6.20. Hollongapar Gibbon Wildlife Sanctuary
_________________________87 ______ 97
5.6.1. International Year of Glaciers’ Preservation 5.6.21. Shikari Devi Wildlife
___ 87 Sanctuary_____________ 97
5.6.2. Yala Glacier in Himalayas Projected to 5.6.22. KaWaCHaM
Vanish by ____________________________ 97
2040s___________________________________ 5.6.23. Calamity of Severe Nature
____ 87 ________________ 97
5.6.3. India Submits Its Fourth Biennial Update 5.6.24.
Report Garudakshi_____________________________ 98
(BUR-4) to UNFCCC 5.6.25. India's Coastline Recalculated
____________________________ 88 _____________ 98
5.6.4. MoEF&CC Notified Environment Relief Fund 5.6.26. Hydroclimatic Whiplash
(Amendment) Scheme, 2024 __________________ 98
____________________ 89 5.6.27. Polar
5.6.5. Chhattisgarh First State to Adopt Green Vortex____________________________ 98
GDP __ 89 5.6.28. Artesian
5.6.6. Net-Zero Banking Alliance (NZBA) condition_______________________ 99
___________ 90 5.6.29. Musi River
5.6.7. Bharat Cleantech Manufacturing Platform _____________________________ 99
____ 90 5.6.30. Mount Ibu
5.6.8. IPBES Releases Transformative Change ____________________________ 100
Report _ 90 6. SOCIAL ISSUES
5.6.9. First-Ever Global Freshwater Fauna ________________________101
Assessment by 6.1. Oxfam Report on Widening Global Economic
IUCN____________________________________ Inequalities
____ 91 ______________________________101
5.6.10. Sustainable Nitrogen Management 6.2. India’s Digital Health
_________ 92 ___________________102
5.6.11. Kampala 6.3. News in Shorts
Declaration_____________________ 92 ________________________104
5.6.12. Manufactured Sand (M-Sand) 6.3.1. Role of Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) for
_____________ 92 Children Explored by UNICEF Report
5.6.13. Global Water Monitor 2024 Report _____________ 104
_________ 93 6.3.2. UDISE+ 2023-24 Report on School
5.6.14. WEF Global Plastic Action Partnership Education _ 105
(GPAP) 93 6.3.3. EmpowHER Biz
5.6.15. Global Energy Alliance for People and _________________________ 106
Planet 7. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(GEAPP) _____________107
_____________________________________ 94 7.1. Genome India
5.6.16. Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) Project___________________107
System 94
7.2. Genetically Modified (GM) Crops 7.5.18. Global Antibiotic Research and
_________109 Development
7.3. Third Launch Pad Partnership (GARDP)
______________________112 _________________________ 121
7.4. Scramjet Engine 7.5.19. Neuromorphic Device
_______________________113 __________________ 121
7.5. News in Shorts 7.5.20. Titanium
________________________115 _____________________________ 121
7.5.1. Quantum Teleportation 7.5.21. Pink Fire Retardant (Phos-Chek)
__________________ 115 __________ 122
7.5.2. Atomic Clock 8. CULTURE ____________________________
___________________________ 116 123
7.5.3. India’s First Robotic System Performs 8.1. Iron Age in India
Telesurgeries _______________________123
________________________________________ 8.2. Geographical Indication (GI) tag
___ 116 __________125
7.5.4. Framework for Artificial Intelligence Diffusion 8.3. News in Shorts
117 ________________________126
7.5.5. Nanopore Technology 8.3.1. Deciphering Indus Valley Script
___________________ 117 ____________ 126
7.5.6. Nano Bubble Technology 8.3.2. Harappan Water Management Techniques
_________________ 117 __ 127
7.5.7. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) 8.3.3. Saint Narahari Tirtha
__________ 117 ____________________ 128
7.5.8. India Becomes 4th Country to Achieve 8.3.4.
Space Kalaripayattu___________________________
Docking 128
____________________________________ 118 8.3.5. Konda Reddi Tribe
7.5.9. India’s First Private Satellite Constellation ______________________ 128
‘Firefly’ 8.3.6. Hatti Tribe
Launched________________________________ _____________________________ 128
___ 118 8.3.7. Harvest Festivals of India
7.5.10. CROPS Experiment _________________ 129
_____________________ 119 8.3.8. Kumbh Mela
7.5.11. Kodaikanal Solar Observatory ___________________________ 129
____________ 119 8.3.9. Bharat Ranbhoomi Darshan
7.5.12. Mission SCOT _______________ 129
_________________________ 119 8.3.10. National Sports Awards
7.5.13. Methylcobalamin _________________ 130
______________________ 120 9. ETHICS ______________________________
7.5.14. Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) 131
________ 120 9.1. Ethical Considerations in Contemporary
7.5.15. Norovirus Foreign
____________________________ 120 Aid
7.5.16. CAR T-Cell Therapy _____________________________________131
_____________________ 120 10. SCHEMES IN NEWS ___________________
7.5.17. Body Mass Index 134
(BMI)__________________ 121 10.1. Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana
(PMFBY)134
10.2. Beti Bachao Beti Padhao Scheme 2.6.2.
________135 BIMSTEC________________________________
10.3. Sukanya Samriddhi 25
Yojana______________136 2.6.3. International Criminal
11. PLACES IN NEWS_____________________ Court________________ 26
138 2.6.4. Economic Community of West African States
12. PERSONALITIES IN NEWS ______________ (ECOWAS)
139 ___________________________________ 26
2.6.5. Organization of the Petroleum Exporting
Table of Contents Countries
1. POLITY AND GOVERNANCE (OPEC)
________________4 ______________________________________ 26
1.1. 2.6.6. International Organization of Aids to Marine
Freebies________________________________4 Navigation
1.2. Status of Devolution to Panchayats in States (IALA)______________________________ 27
__6 3.
1.2.1. Proxy Representation in PRIs ECONOMY_____________________________28
________________ 8 3.1. Mutual Credit Guarantee Scheme for MSMEs
1.3. News in Shorts 28
__________________________9 3.2. National Critical Mineral Mission (NCMM)
1.3.1. Govt to Set Up Deregulation Commission ___30
______ 9 3.2.1. Major and Minor Minerals
1.3.2. President’s Rule in Manipur _________________ 32
_________________ 9 3.3. Prime Minister Dhan Dhaanya Krishi Yojana
1.3.3. Union Cabinet Approves the Revised Waqf _34
(Amendment) Bill, 2024 3.4.
________________________ 10 Makhana______________________________35
1.3.4. Digital Brand Identity Manual (DBIM) 3.5. Mission for Cotton
________ 11 Productivity____________37
2. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 3.6. Urban Challenge Fund (UCF)
______________12 ______________39
2.1. Geo-Economic Fragmentation 3.7. Urban Cooperative Banks
_____________12 ________________42
2.2. India’s Neighbourhood First Policy 3.8. Restructured Skill India Programme
_________13 ________45
2.3. Triangular Partnership 3.9. News in Shorts
___________________16 _________________________47
2.4. India - U.S.A Relations 3.9.1. Gross Domestic Knowledge Product
___________________18 _________ 47
2.4.1. India-U.S. Civil Nuclear Agreement 3.9.2. Deposit Insurance
__________ 20 ________________________ 48
2.5. India-France Relationship 3.9.3. New Harmonised System Codes For GI
________________22 Tagged Rice
2.6. News in Shorts ________________________________________
_________________________25 ____ 48
2.6.1. India And Qatar Elevate Bilateral Ties to 3.9.4. ‘AI for Entrepreneurship’ Micro-learning
Strategic Module
Partnership ________________________________________
__________________________________ 25 ____ 49
3.9.5. E-Shram Microsites & Occupational 4.4. Nuclear Disarmament
Shortage Index ___________________62
(OSI) 4.5. News in Shorts
________________________________________ _________________________65
49 4.5.1. Naval Anti-Ship Missile–Short Range
3.9.6. Time Use Survey (TUS) (NASM-SR) 65
____________________ 50 4.5.2. Military Exercises
3.9.7. FDI Limit Hiked In Insurance Sector ________________________ 65
__________ 50 4.6. Errata
3.9.8. Enhanced Certificate of Origin (eCoO) 2.0 ________________________________66
System 5. ENVIRONMENT________________________
________________________________________ 67
____ 50 5.1. Solar Energy in
3.9.9. Tonnage Tax Scheme India_____________________67
_____________________ 51 5.2. Soil Health Card Scheme
3.9.10. RBI Cut Repo Rate _________________69
_______________________ 51 5.3. Stubble Burning
3.9.11. Regulation of Payment Systems in India ________________________71
_____ 51 5.4. News in Shorts
3.9.12. Digital Payments Index (DPI) _________________________73
______________ 52 5.4.1. Wetland Accredited Cities
3.9.13. Market Infrastructure Institutions (MIIs) _________________ 73
____ 52 5.4.2. Four More Wetlands Included Under The
3.9.14. Algorithmic Trading Ramsar
_____________________ 53 Convention
3.9.15. Potash __________________________________ 74
________________________________ 53 5.4.3. Inland Mangrove of Guneri
3.9.16. Electronics Manufacturing ________________ 75
________________ 54 5.4.4. United Nations Human Settlements
3.9.17. Union Budget 2025: Developing 50 Top Programme
Tourist (UN-Habitat)
Destinations in 'Challenge Mode' _________________________________ 75
________________ 54 5.4.5. Agri-NBSAPs
3.9.18. RuTAGe Smart Village Center ____________________________ 75
(RSVC)________ 54 5.4.6. Champions of Animal Protection
3.9.19. Global Capability Centers ____________ 76
_________________ 55 5.4.7. F11 Bacteria
3.9.20. SwaRail Application ____________________________ 76
_____________________ 56 5.4.8. Shallow-Depth Earthquake
3.9. Errata ________________ 76
________________________________56 5.4.9. Shift In Earth’s Magnetic North
4. SECURITY_____________________________ _____________ 77
57 5.4.10. Draft Rules For ‘One Nation, One Time’
4.1. Regionalism _____ 78
___________________________57 5.4.11. Stratovolcano
4.2. Algorithmic Amplification and __________________________ 78
Radicalisation_59 5.4.12. Mount Dukono
4.3. Hybrid _________________________ 78
Warfare_________________________60
5.4.13. CASPIAN SEA ______________________ Organisation (ISRO) From
79 Sriharikota_____________ 101
6. SOCIAL ISSUES ____________________ 80 7.4.5. First Detailed Mapping of Moon’s South Pole
6.1. Middle-Income Class _ 102
____________________80 7.4.6. NASA Launches Satellite To Detect Water
6.2. Three-Language Formula On The
_________________82 Moon
6.3. Quality Higher Education in India ______________________________________
__________84 103
6.4. Swachh Bharat Mission-Grameen 7.4.7. Red Color of Mars
(SBM-G)___87 _______________________ 103
6.5. Jal Jeevan Mission 7.4.8. Lower-Sodium Salt Substitutes (LSSS)
______________________89 _______ 103
6.6. News in Shorts 7.4.9. Shatavari
_________________________91 ______________________________ 104
6.6.1. “Imagine A World With More Women In 7.4.10. Bharat Tech Triumph Program
Science” ____________ 104
Campaign 8. CULTURE ____________________________
___________________________________ 91 105
6.5.2. Swavalambini 8.1. Gyan Bharatam
___________________________ 91 Mission_________________105
6.6.3. ASER 2024 Released by NGO Pratham 8.2. News in Shorts
Foundation ________________________106
________________________________________ 8.2.1. Vijay Durg (Fort William)
____ 92 _________________ 106
6.6.4. WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco 8.2.2. Tea Horse Road
Control (THR)____________________ 107
(WHO FCTC) 8.2.3. Tantric Buddhism
__________________________________ 92 _______________________ 107
7. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 8.2.4. Padma Awards
______________93 _________________________ 107
7.1. Nuclear Energy Mission 8.2.5. Sahitya Academy
__________________93 Award__________________ 108
7.2. Deep Ocean 8.2.6. Bharatiya Bhasha Pustak Scheme
Mission_____________________95 __________ 108
7.3. Non-Communicable Diseases (NCD) 9. ETHICS ______________________________
________97 109
7.4. News in Shorts 9.1. Obscenity on Digital Platforms
_________________________99 ___________109
7.4.1. EU AI Act Becomes Applicable 9.2. Surveillance Capitalism
______________ 99 _________________111
7.4.2. Gene Bank for Crops Germplasm 9.3. Ragging in India
___________ 100 _______________________114
7.4.3. China’s EAST Creates New Record In 10. SCHEMES IN NEWS ___________________
Fusion 117
Reaction_________________________________ 10.1. Pradhan Mantri Annadata Aay Sanrakshan
___ 101 Abhiyan (PM-AASHA)
7.4.4. 100th Launch Of the Indian Space Research ______________________117
11. APPENDIX: CRITICAL MINERALS_________ 2.5.2. Five Eyes Intelligence (FVEY)
119 Alliance_________ 18
12. PLACES IN NEWS_____________________ 2.5.3. Squad Alliance
121 ___________________________ 18
13. PERSONALITIES IN NEWS ______________ 2.5.4. Ottawa Convention
122 _______________________ 18
2.5.5. Raisina Dialogue
Table of Contents 2025_____________________ 19
1. POLITY AND GOVERNANCE 2.6. Errata
________________4 ________________________________19
1.1. Judicial Accountability 3.
____________________4 ECONOMY_____________________________20
1.2. Regulating Big Tech 3.1. Liquidity Deficit
______________________5 ________________________20
1.3. News in Shorts 3.2. Incentive Scheme For Promotion of Low-Value
__________________________8 BHIM-UPI Transactions
1.3.1. Immigration And Foreigners Bill, 2025 ______________________21
Introduced 3.3. Priority Sector
In Lok Lending___________________22
Sabha___________________________________ 3.4. 50 years of Microfinance
8 _________________24
1.3.2. Standing Committee On Rural Development 3.5. Remittances To India
And ____________________26
Panchayati Raj Report 3.6. Unified Pension Scheme
___________________________ 9 (UPS)_____________27
1.3.3. Dedicated Cell For Mercy Petitions 3.7. Self-Reliance in Electronics Component
___________ 9 Manufacturing_____________________________
1.3.4. Sansad Bhashini Initiative 29
__________________ 10 3.8. Equalisation Levy
1.3.5. Future of Free Speech Index 2025 _______________________30
___________ 10 3.9. Farmer Producer Organisations (FPOs)
1.4. Errata ______31
________________________________10 3.10. India’s
2. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Bio-Economy____________________33
______________12 3.11. National Technical Textiles Mission (NTTM)
2.1. Bilateral Investment Treaty _35
(BIT)___________12 3.12. National Waterways (Construction of
2.2. Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) Jetties/Terminals) Regulations, 2025
_______13 ___________38
2.3. India-Mauritius Bilateral Relations 3.13. Coal Sector for India’s Development
_________15 _______40
2.4. India New Zealand Relations 3.14. National Programme for Dairy Development
______________16 (NPDD)
2.5. News in Shorts ___________________________________42
_________________________17 3.15. News in Shorts
2.5.1. AustraliA’s New Roadmap For Economic ________________________44
Engagement With 3.15.1. PAC Calls For Review Of
India_________________________ 17 GST_______________ 44
3.15.2. Making CSR, IBC & ESG Effective 4.2.6. Sonic
___________ 45 Weapon___________________________ 54
3.15.3. Parliamentary Standing Committee on 4.2.7. Golden Dome
Agriculture ___________________________ 55
Submits Report on Fisheries Sector 4.2.8. Convention On Cluster Munitions
_______________ 45 ___________ 55
3.15.4. Scheme For Cooperative Sugar Mills 4.2.9. Exercises In News
________ 46 ________________________ 56
3.15.5. Tobacco 5. ENVIRONMENT________________________
_______________________________ 46 57
3.15.6. ‘Becoming A High-Income Economy In A 5.1. Biofuels
Generation' Report Released By World Bank _______________________________57
_______ 47 5.2. National Board for Wildlife (NBWL)
3.15.7. UNCTAD Released ‘A World Of Debt ________58
Report 2024’ 5.3. Project Lion and IUCN Green Status of
________________________________________ Species 60
____ 47 5.4. River Dolphins
3.15.8. Bilateral Swap Agreement (BSA) _________________________62
___________ 48 5.5. Jumping Spiders
3.15.9. Largest INVIT Monetization In Roads ________________________64
Sector __ 48 5.6. Marine Heatwaves
3.15.10. Digital Footprint-Based Lending For ______________________64
MSMEs_ 49 5.7. Geological Survey of India
3.15.11. Venture ________________66
Capital________________________ 49 5.8. News in Shorts
3.15.12. Reinsurance _________________________67
__________________________ 49 5.8.1. IUCN Green
3.15.13. List__________________________ 67
Samarth______________________________ 49 5.8.2. 58th Tiger Reserve (TR)
3.15.14. Uplink Initiative ___________________ 68
_______________________ 50 5.8.3. Biodiversity Heritage Sites (BHS)
4. SECURITY_____________________________ ____________ 69
51 5.8.4. United Nations World Water Development
4.1. Role of Quantum Computing in National Report
Security ________________________________________
________________________________________ ____ 69
_51 5.8.5. Global Energy
4.2. News in Shorts Review_____________________ 69
_________________________53 5.8.6. World Air Quality Report, 2024
4.2.1. Trends in International Arms Transfers, 2024 _____________ 70
__ 53 5.8.7. Budget For Climate Action
4.2.2. Smuggling of Gold in India _________________ 70
_________________ 53 5.8.8. 2030 Global Forest Vision
4.2.3. C-Dot Trinetra _________________ 71
___________________________ 54 5.8.9. Antarctic Circumpolar Current
4.2.4. Missile (ACC)_________ 71
‘Gandiva’_________________________ 54 5.8.10. Deep-Sea Ecosystems Discovered in
4.2.5. Ashwini Antarctica 72
________________________________ 54
5.8.11. Okjökull 7.5.4. Meity Launched Multiple Initiatives To Boost
Glacier_________________________ 73 The AI
5.8.12. Ecosystem
Narwhal_______________________________ 73 ___________________________________ 92
5.8.13. Blue Flag 7.5.5. AI
______________________________ 74 Washing______________________________ 92
6. SOCIAL ISSUES_________________________ 7.5.6. National Innovation Challenge For Drone
75 Application And Research (NIDAR)
6.1. Cinema and Society ________________ 93
_____________________75 7.5.7. North India’s First Nuclear Power Project
6.2. Social Media and Adolescents _____ 93
_____________77 7.5.8. NASA’s Astronauts Return To Earth After
6.3. Changing Institution of Family Being
_____________79 Stuck In Space For 286 Days
6.4. Women-Led _____________________ 94
Development________________81 7.5.9. Starlink Satellite Internet
6.5. News in Shorts __________________ 94
_________________________83 7.5.10. Meteorite
6.5.1. New SDG Indicator On Minimum Dietary _____________________________ 95
Diversity 7.5.11. Global Astrometric Interferometer For
(MDD) Adopted By UN Statistical Commission Astrophysics
______ 83 (GAIA)____________________________ 96
6.5.2. World Happiness 7.5.12. Abel Prize
Report___________________ 84 _____________________________ 97
6.5.3. Swavalambini 8. CULTURE _____________________________
___________________________ 84 98
6.5.4. PM-Yuva 3.0 8.1. UNESCO World Heritage Sites
____________________________ 84 _____________98
6.5.5. International Olympic Committee 8.1.1. Ashokan Edict
___________ 84 Sites______________________ 101
7. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 8.1.2. Gupta Temples
______________86 _________________________ 102
7.1. Human 8.1.3. Mudumal Menhirs of Telangana
Enhancement____________________86 ___________ 103
7.2. Strategic Crypto Reserve 8.1.4. Chausath Yogini Temples in Madhya
_________________86 Pradesh and
7.3. Light Supersolid Odisha
________________________88 _____________________________________ 104
7.4. Anti-Retroviral Therapy (ART) drugs 8.1.5. Palace-Fortresses of the Bundelas in
________89 Madhya
7.5. News in Shorts Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh
_________________________90 ____________________ 106
7.5.1. 8.1.6. Kanger Valley National Park (NP) (Bastar,
Obesity_________________________________ Chhattisgarh)
90 _______________________________ 106
7.5.2. National Gene Bank 8.2. News in Shorts
______________________ 91 ________________________107
7.5.3. Transgenic 8.2.1. Vikramshila University
Organism______________________ 91 ___________________ 107
8.2.2. Geet Gawai 2.1. Emerging World Order___________________
____________________________ 107 15
8.2.3. Jnanpith 2.2. Inward-Looking Development Strategies ____
Award_________________________ 107 17
8.2.4. India’s Traditional New Year Festivals 2.3. Indus Waters Treaty_____________________
_______ 108 19
9. ETHICS ______________________________ 2.3.1. Simla Agreement
109 ________________________ 20
9.1. Persuasion 2.4. 75 Years of India-China Relations __________
___________________________109 22
9.2. Happiness 2.5. China’s Rare Earth Elements Export Control _
____________________________110 24
9.3. Philanthropy: A Moral Imperative for Social 2.6. India – Sri Lanka
Good Relations________________ 25
________________________________________ 2.7. India-Saudi Arabia Relations ______________
113 27
10. SCHEMES IN NEWS ___________________ 2.8. India-UAE Relations
116 _____________________ 29
10.1. Rashtriya Gokul 2.9. 6th BIMSTEC Summit
Mission________________116 ____________________ 30
11. PLACES IN NEWS_____________________ 2.10. Indian Diaspora _______________________
118 32
12. PERSONALITIES IN NEWS ______________ 2.11. News in Shorts
119 ________________________ 34
2.11.1. SAARC Visa Exemption
Table of Contents Scheme____________ 34
1. POLITY AND GOVERNANCE 2.11.2. BRICS Labour & Employment Minister’s
________________4 Meet
1.1. Separation of Powers 2025 Adopts Declaration
____________________ 4 _______________________ 34
1.2. Assent to State Bills 2.11.3. ASEAN-India Trade In Goods Agreement
______________________ 5 (AITIGA)
1.3. States’ Demand for Autonomy ________________________________________
_____________ 8 ___ 35
1.4. 5 Years of SVAMITVA scheme 2.11.4. Extradition
_____________ 10 ____________________________ 35
1.5. News in Shorts 2.11.5. India-Thailand Strategic Partnership
_________________________ 12 ________ 36
1.5.1. Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha 2.11.6. India’s Extended Continental Shelf Claim
___________ 12 ____ 36
1.5.2. Inaction By Speakers on Defection 2.11.7. Transshipment Facility For
Petitions___ 13 Bangladesh______ 37
1.5.3. Immigration and Foreigners Bill, 2025 2.11.8. Heard And McDonald Island
_______ 14 ______________ 37
1.5.4. Panchayat Advancement Index (PAI) 2.11.9. Morag Axis
________ 14 ____________________________ 38
2. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 3. ECONOMY
______________15 ____________________________39
3.1. Innovation Ecosystem for Deep Tech _______ 4.1. Terrorism in Jammu and Kashmir__________
39 54
3.2. Electronics Component Manufacturing 4.2. India’s Defence Exports _________________
Scheme 56
________________________________________ 4.3. Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) _____
_ 40 58
3.3. Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana (PMMY)_____ 4.4. News in Shorts_________________________
42 60
3.4. One State, One RRB 4.4.1. Vibrant Villages Programme-II (VVP-II)
_____________________ 45 _______ 60
3.5. News in Shorts 4.4.2. I4C
_________________________ 46 ____________________________________ 61
3.5.1. India’s External Debt 4.4.3. Rafale Marine (M) Fighter Jets
_____________________ 46 ______________ 61
3.5.2. MOSPI Releases CAPEX (Capital 4.4.4. Long-Range Glide Bomb
Expenditure) ‘Gaurav’____________ 62
Survey___________________________________ 4.4.5. Mk-II(A) DEW system
___ 47 _____________________ 62
3.5.3. Coastal Shipping Bill, 4.4.6. Project
2025_________________ 48 Varsha___________________________ 63
3.5.4. New Steel 4.4.7. Exercises In News
Policy_________________________ 48 ________________________ 63
3.5.5. Tax Collected at Source 5. ENVIRONMENT
___________________ 49 ________________________64
3.5.6. Safe Harbour 5.1. Eco-centric Approach ___________________
___________________________ 49 64
3.5.7. Liquidity Coverage Ratio 5.2. Revised Classification of Industries ________
(LCR)______________ 49 65
3.5.8. IMF’s Global Financial Stability Report 5.3. Bio-Input Resource Centres (BRCs) ________
_______ 50 67
3.5.9. Global Trade Outlook and Statistics 2025 5.4. Functional De-extinction_________________
_____ 50 68
3.5.10. UNCTAD Releases Technology and 5.5. News in Shorts_________________________
Innovation 69
Report 2025 5.5.1. Command Area Development and Water
_________________________________ 51 Management
3.5.11. International Standards of Accounting And (M-CADWM)______________________ 69
Reporting (ISAR) 5.5.2. Green Municipal Bonds
______________________________ 51 ___________________ 70
3.5.12. Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) 5.5.3. Similipal Tiger Reserve
_____________ 52 ____________________ 71
3.5.13. Cape Town Convention and 5.5.4. Gandhi Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary
Protocol________ 52 ____________ 71
3.5.14. Nano Sulphur 5.5.5. International Big Cat Alliance
__________________________ 52 _______________ 72
3.5.15. Saline Aquaculture Hubs 5.5.6. Global Geoparks Network (GGN)
_________________ 52 ____________ 72
4. SECURITY 5.5.7. Particulate Emission Trading Market in
_____________________________54 Gujarat 73
5.5.8. Net Zero Framework for Global 7.2.6. Desalination
Shipping______ 74 Technologies_________________ 84
5.5.9. WHO Global Conference on Air Pollution 7.2.7.
and Batechomon____________________________ 85
Health 8.
______________________________________ 74 CULTURE______________________________86
5.5.10. Baku to Belem Roadmap 8.1. Manuscripts of Bhagavad Gita and
_________________ 75 Natyashastra
5.5.11. Aim4nature Initiative ________________________________________
____________________ 75 _ 86
5.5.12. Vulture Conservation And Breeding Centre 8.2. Agriculture in Indus Valley Civilization ______
(VCBC) 87
________________________________________ 8.3. Vaikom Satyagraha _____________________
___ 75 89
5.5.13. Small Hive Beetle (SHB) 8.4. Personality In Focus: Sir Chettur Sankaran
__________________ 75 Nair (1857-1934)
5.5.14. Aral Sea ___________________________ 90
_______________________________ 76 8.5. News in Shorts
6. SOCIAL ISSUES _________________________ 92
_________________________77 8.5.1. Banarsi Shehnai And Tabla
6.1. Workplace Automation__________________ ________________ 92
77 8.5.2. Kannadippaya Tribal Craft
6.2. News in Shorts_________________________ _________________ 92
78 8.5.3. Harvest Festivals
6.2.1. MoSPI Released “Women and Men In India _________________________ 92
2024: 8.5.4. Padma Awards
Selected Indicators And Data” __________________________ 92
___________________ 78 9.
6.2.2. AI Kiran ETHICS________________________________94
________________________________ 79 9.1. Social Media Influencer and Consumer
6.2.3. IMF Report Stresses on Silver Behavior
Economy_______ 79 ________________________________________
7. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY _ 94
______________80 9.2. Ethical Dimensions of Body Shaming _______
7.1. Green Hydrogen Certification Scheme of India 95
80 9.3. Ethics of Capital Punishment _____________
7.2. News in Shorts_________________________ 97
81 10. SCHEMES IN
7.2.1. Non-Nuclear Hydrogen Bomb NEWS____________________100
______________ 81 10.1. PM SHRI Schools (PM ScHools for Rising
7.2.2. Jevons Paradox India)
__________________________ 82 ________________________________________
100
7.2.3. Tensor Processing Unit 11. PLACES IN NEWS
___________________ 82 _____________________102
7.2.4. Mission "Fram2" 12. PERSONALITIES IN
________________________ 83 NEWS_______________103
7.2.5. Aryabhata
Satellite_______________________ 84
Table of Contents 2.7. Errata
1. POLITY AND GOVERNANCE ________________________________20
________________4 3. ECONOMY __________________________21
1.1. Caste 3.1. Northeast as ‘Frontrunner of Growth’
Census____________________________4 ______21
1.2. Private Member Bill 3.2. Revamped Periodic Labour Force Survey
______________________5 (PLFS)
1.3. News in Shorts ________________________________________
__________________________7 _23
1.3.1. Inclusive Digital Access Part Of Article 21: 3.3. Vizhinjam International Seaport
Supreme ___________25
Court 3.4. National Road Safety
________________________________________ Board_______________27
7 3.5. District Mineral Foundation (DMF)
1.3.2. Power of Courts to Modify Arbitral _________29
Awards_____ 7 3.6. News in Shorts
1.3.3. Rohingyas And Provisions Related To _________________________32
Refugees And 3.6.1. India overtakes Japan to become 4th
Deportation Largest
___________________________________ 8 Economy
1.3.4. Rights of ____________________________________ 32
Pedestrians_______________________ 8 3.6.2. US House Approves 3.5% Outward
1.3.5. 50th Anniversary Of Sikkim’s Statehood Remittance Tax
________ 9 ________________________________________
2. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS ________10 ____ 32
2.1. India-UK Free Trade Agreement 3.6.3. Alternative Investment Funds (AIFs)
(FTA)_______10 _________ 33
2.2. China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) 3.6.4. Predatory
____12 Pricing_________________________ 33
2.3. India–Turkey 3.6.5. Payments Regulatory Board
Relations___________________13 ________________ 33
2.4. Concerns raised by India over IMF’s 3.6.6. RBI (Digital Lending) Directions, 2025
Lending to Pakistan ________ 34
_________________________14 3.6.7. Opinion Trading Platforms
2.5. United Nations Peacekeeping _________________ 35
_____________16 3.6.8. India Achieves Highest Ever
2.6. News in Shorts Exports__________ 35
_________________________18 3.6.9. World Bank Land Conference
2.6.1. New Development Bank _______________ 35
___________________ 18 3.6.10. Repairability Index
2.6.2. IAEA ______________________ 36
___________________________________ 18 3.6.11. World Audio Visual and Entertainment
2.6.3. UN Security Council’s (UNSC) 1267 Summit
Sanctions (WAVES),
Committee________________________________ 2025________________________________ 36
___ 19 3.6.12. Indian Institute of Creative Technology
2.6.4. Asian Productivity Organization ______ 37
_____________ 19 4. SECURITY ___________________________39
4.1. India’s New Security Doctrine Regulation
_____________39 2025____________________________57
4.2. Defense Technology in Operation Sindoor 5.3. The Himalayan Mountain System Ecology
___40 ___60
4.3. Social Media Influencers’ and National 5.4. Urban
Security Floods___________________________62
________________________________________ 5.5. Six New Sites Join FAO’s GIAHS
_44 ____________64
4.4. India’s Diplomatic Outreach Against State 5.6. News in Shorts
Sponsored _________________________65
Terrorism________________________45 5.6.1. Supreme Court Strikes Down Retrospective
4.5. Brahmos Aerospace Testing Facility Launched Environmental Clearances
47 ______________________ 65
4.6. Golden Dome 5.6.2. CAQM Issues Direction for Paddy Stubble
__________________________48 Burning
4.7. Naxalism ________________________________________
______________________________49 ____ 66
4.8. Crypto Currency Hawala Nexus 5.6.3. National Centre of Polar and Ocean
____________51 Research
4.9. News in Shorts (NCPOR) Celebrates 25 Years
_________________________52 ____________________ 66
4.9.1. Financial Fraud Risk Indicator 5.6.4. Global Methane Tracker 2025
______________ 52 ______________ 67
4.9.2. National Security Advisory Board (NSAB) 5.6.5. Asiatic Lion Population Increases in Gujarat
_____ 53 ___ 67
4.9.3. Victims of Terrorism Associations Network 5.6.7. Ladakh’s Snow Leopard
(VOTAN) Population__________ 68
____________________________________ 53 5.6.8. Operation Olivia
4.9.4. _________________________ 69
Bhargavastra____________________________ 5.6.9. TSARAP CHU Conservation
54 Reserve__________ 69
4.9.5. Multi-Influence Ground Mine (MIGM) 5.6.10. Yala Glacier Declared Dead
_______ 54 _______________ 69
4.9.6. Hawkeye 360 Technology 5.6.11. Solar Panel Efficiency Norms
_________________ 54 ______________ 70
4.9.7. Igla-S 5.6.12. World's First Commercial-Scale E-Methanol
__________________________________ 54 Plant
4.9.8. Operation Hawk Operationalised in Denmark
_________________________ 55 ____________________ 71
4.9.9. Exercises in News 5.6.13. RIMES
________________________ 55 ________________________________ 71
5. ENVIRONMENT _____________________ 56 5.6.14. Banana Musa Indandamanensis
5.1. 2025 Conferences of the Parties to the ___________ 71
BASEL, 5.6.15. Atmospheric Memory
Rotterdam, and Stockholm Convention ___________________ 72
_________56 6. SOCIAL ISSUES ____________________ 73
5.2. Biological Diversity (Access and Benefit 6.1. Human Development Report 2025: Widening
Sharing) Inequality_________________________________
73
6.2. Sample Registration System (SRS) Report 7.4.5. Liquid Carbon
2021 ___________________________ 91
________________________________________ 8. CULTURE
_75 ______________________________92
6.3. Urban 8.1. Sushruta and Charaka
Poverty__________________________77 ___________________92
6.4. Mizoram Achieves Full Functional Literacy 8.2. News in Shorts
___78 _________________________92
6.5. News in Shorts 8.2.1. Karni Mata Temple
_________________________80 _______________________ 92
6.5.1. Care Economy and Digitalisation 8.2.2. Gallantry Awards
____________ 80 ________________________ 93
8.2.3. Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Award
6.5.2. Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) _______ 93
____________ 81 8.2.4. Pulitzer Prize
6.5.3. Initiatives for Ageing with Dignity ____________________________ 93
___________ 81 8.2.5. Metre Convention
6.5.4. Global Network of Age-Friendly Cities and _______________________ 94
Communities (GNAFCC) 9. ETHICS_____________________________ 95
________________________ 81 9.1. Right to Die with Dignity
6.5.5. Global Report on Internal Displacement _________________95
(GRID) 9.2. Ethics of Business Downsizing
2025 _____________97
________________________________________ 10. SCHEMES IN NEWS ______________ 100
82 10.1. Atal Pension Yojana
7. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ________83 ___________________100
7.1. Satellite Internet Services 10.2. Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana
________________83 _101
7.2. Deepfakes 10.3. Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima
_____________________________85 Yojana____101
7.3. Gene Editing 10.4. National Scheme for Upgradation of
___________________________87 Industrial
7.4. News in Shorts Training Institutes (ITIs)
_________________________89 ____________________102
7.4.1. ISRO’s 101st Mission fails as PSLV Rocket 10.5. Credit Guarantee Scheme for Startups
Suffers (CGSS)
Malfunction ________________________________________
__________________________________ 89 103
7.4.2. World Health Assembly (WHA) Adopted 10.6. SHAKTI (Scheme for Harnessing and
World's Allocating
First Pandemic Agreement Koyala Transparently in India) Policy
______________________ 89 __________104
7.4.3. The 1st State of the World’s Animal Health 11. PLACES IN NEWS_____________________
Report 106
________________________________________ 12. PERSONALITIES IN NEWS ______________
____ 90 107
7.4.4.
Trachoma_______________________________ Table of Contents
90
1. POLITY AND GOVERNANCE ________________________________________
________________3 ____ 18
1.1. 50 years of Emergency 2.7.6. International Organization for Marine Aids to
____________________3 Navigation
1.2. Personality (IALA)______________________________ 19
Rights________________________4 2.7.7. Zangezur Corridor
1.3. News in Shorts ________________________ 19
__________________________5 2.7.8. E‑Passport
1.3.1. Constitutional Validity of Narco Tests ______________________________ 20
_________ 5 3.
1.3.2. Quality Council of India (QCI) ECONOMY_____________________________21
________________ 6 3.1. Rural India: The New Engine of India's
1.3.3. ECINET app Consumer
______________________________ 6 Market
1.3.4. Adi Karmyogi Programme ___________________________________21
___________________ 7 3.2. Quick Commerce in India
2. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS _________________22
_______________8 3.3. Aviation Safety
2.1. India and Shanghai Cooperation Organization _________________________24
(SCO) 3.4. Asset Monetization
_____________________________________8 _____________________25
2.2. China-led Trilateral Nexus 3.5. Foreign Direct Investment
_________________9 (FDI)____________28
2.3. Israel-US-Iran Conflict 3.6. Financing for Sustainable Development
___________________11 _____30
2.4. Group of Seven (G7) 3.6.1. Sustainable Development Report (2025)
_____________________12 ______ 31
2.5. World Trade Organization (WTO) Reforms 3.7. Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban
___14 Transformation (AMRUT)
2.6. Economic Community of West African States ____________________32
(ECOWAS) 3.8. News in Shorts
________________________________15 _________________________34
2.7. News in Shorts 3.8.1. Digital Payment Intelligence Platform
_________________________16 (DPIP)___ 34
2.7.1. UN Security Council (UNSC) 3.8.2. Priority Sector Lending (PSL) Norms For
________________ 16 Small
2.7.2. UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) Finance Banks (SFBs)
____ 17 ___________________________ 34
2.7.3. Us Pulls Funding from Gavi, The Vaccine 3.8.3. Sagarmala Finance Corporation Limited
Alliance (SMFCL)35
________________________________________ 3.8.4. Indigenous Polar Research Vessel (PRV)
____ 18 ______ 36
2.7.4. International Organisation for Mediation 3.8.5. Report On Value of Output from Agriculture
(IOMed) and
________________________________________ Allied Sectors (2011-12 To 2023-24)
____ 18 ______________ 36
2.7.5. India-Kyrgyzstan Bilateral Investment Treaty 3.8.6. Modified Interest Subvention Scheme
(BIT) (MISS) __ 37
3.8.7. International Crops Research Institute For 5.6.5. National Mission for a Green India
The __________ 55
Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) 5.6.6. Global Drought Outlook, 2025 Released
_____________________ 37 ______ 55
3.8.8. National Turmeric Board 5.6.7. Global Ocean Darkening Threatens
__________________ 38 Underwater
3.8.9. Nano Ecosystems
Fertilizers__________________________ 39 __________________________________ 56
4. SECURITY_____________________________ 5.6.8. Blue Nationally Determined Contributions
40 (NDC)
4.1. Fifth-Generation Fighter Jet AMCA Challenge________________________________
_________40 ____ 56
4.2. News in Shorts 5.6.9. Third United Nations Ocean Conference
_________________________41 (UNOC3)
4.2.1. Silver Notice ________________________________________
____________________________ 41 ____ 57
4.2.2. Successful Trial Rudrastra Conducted At 5.6.10. New Ramsar Sites in Rajasthan
Pokhran, ____________ 57
Rajasthan________________________________ 5.6.11. Greater Flamingo Sanctuary
____ 42 ______________ 58
4.2.3. Exercises In News 5.6.12. IBAT Alliance
________________________ 43 ___________________________ 58
5. ENVIRONMENT________________________ 5.6.13. International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA)
44 ________ 59
5.1. Agroforestry 5.6.14. Revised Guidelines On National Bioenergy
___________________________44 Programme
5.2. International Conference on Disaster Resilient __________________________________ 59
Infrastructure 2025 5.6.15. Energy Transition Index (ETI), 2025
_________________________45 _________ 60
5.2.1. Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) Financing 5.6.16. Thirstwave
______ 46 ____________________________ 61
5.3. Maritime Disasters 5.6.17. Salkhan Fossil Park Added To UNESCO
______________________48 Tentative
5.4. Crowd Disaster Management List For World Heritage Sites
_____________50 ____________________ 61
5.5. Bharat Forecast System 5.6.18. Recent Volcanic EruptionsMount Etna
__________________52 ______ 62
5.6. News in Shorts 6. SOCIAL ISSUES_________________________
_________________________52 63
5.6.1. Intergovernmental Science-Policy Panel On 6.1. Cultural Appropriation
Chemicals, Waste And Pollution ___________________63
Established________ 52 6.2. Tier-2 Influencers redefining Cultural Capital in
5.6.2. ILO Convention on Biological Hazards Digital India
________ 53 _______________________________64
5.6.3. State And Trends Of Carbon Pricing 2025 6.3. Improvement in QS World University Rankings
_____ 54 ________________________________________
5.6.4. State of The Climate In Asia 2024 _65
___________ 54 6.4. Manosphere
___________________________67
6.5. Women in Armed Force 8. CULTURE _____________________________
__________________68 83
6.6. Global Tobacco Epidemic 2025 8.1. INS Kaundinya and Tankai method
____________69 _________83
6.7. Global Gender Gap 2025 8.2. News in Shorts
_________________70 _________________________84
6.8. News in Shorts 8.2.1. Emblems and Names (Prevention of
_________________________72 Improper Use)
6.8.1. WHO Report On Social Connection Act, 1950
__________ 72 ____________________________________ 84
6.8.2. Performance Grade Index (PGI) 2.0 8.2.2. Kumbakonam Vetrilai and Thovalai
__________ 72 Maanikka
6.8.3. State of World Population Report 2025 Maalai
_______ 73 ______________________________________ 85
6.8.4. Global Education Monitoring 2024 Report 8.2.3. Word Test
____ 73 Championship__________________ 86
6.8.5. Gender Budgeting Knowledge Hub Portal 9. ETHICS _______________________________
_____ 74 87
7. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 9.1. Values of Mahatma Gandhi and Sree Narayan
______________76 Guru
7.1. Axiom-4 _____________________________________87
Mission________________________76 9.2. Integral Humanism (Ekatm
7.2. News in Shorts Manavvad)______88
_________________________78 10. SCHEMES IN NEWS ____________________
7.2.1. Science And Technology (S&T) Clusters 90
Initiatives 10.1. Scheme to Promote Manufacturing of Electric
________________________________________ Passenger Cars in India
____ 78 ______________________90
7.2.2. Critical And Emerging Technologies Index 11. PLACES IN NEWS______________________
_____ 78 91
7.2.3. Quantum Entanglement-Based 12. PERSONALITIES IN NEWS
Communication _______________ 92
Achieved
____________________________________ 78 Table of Contents
7.2.4. Fiber Optic Drones 1. POLITY AND GOVERNANCE
_______________________ 79 ________________3
7.2.5. DHRUVA (Digital Hub for Reference and 1.1. Digital Colonialism
Unique _______________________ 3
Virtual 1.2. Online Content Regulation
Address)_______________________________ 79 ________________ 5
7.2.6. Tianwen-2 Probe 1.3. National Cooperative policy
_________________________ 80 2025___________ 6
7.2.7. India’s First Gene-Edited Sheep Produced 1.4. PRI Finances
____ 80 ____________________________ 8
7.2.8. HIV Prevention Drug Approved 1.5. Inter State Water Dispute (ISWD)__________
_____________ 81 10
7.2.9. Weight Loss Drug 1.6. Cost of Politics in India __________________
________________________ 82 12
1.7. Lowering of Age for voting _______________ 2.9.5. International Criminal Court (ICC)
13 ___________ 32
1.8. News in Shorts 2.9.6. E3 Countries
_________________________ 13 ____________________________ 32
1.8.1. Disruption of Parliament 2.9.7. Global Peace Index,
__________________ 13 2025__________________ 32
1.8.2. Removal of Judges In Higher 2.9.8. Red
Judiciary________ 14 Sea________________________________ 33
1.8.3. National Standards for Civil Service Training 2.9.9. New Caledonia
Institutes (NSCSTI) __________________________ 33
____________________________ 15 2.9.10. M23 Rebels
1.8.4. Bills of Lading Bill 2025 ___________________________ 34
___________________ 16 2.9.11. Henley Passport Index 2025
2. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS ______________ 34
______________17 3.
2.1. India-United Kingdom (UK) Comprehensive ECONOMY_____________________________36
Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) ________ 3.1. Prime Minister Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana
17 (PMDDKY)
2.2. India-Maldives Relations_________________ ________________________________ 36
19 3.2. Public Debt in India _____________________
2.3. China’s Hydropower Project on the 38
Brahmaputra 3.3. Employability and Skilling In India _________
River____________________________________ 39
_ 21 3.4. The Future of Work _____________________
2.4. India-Africa Relations ___________________ 41
22 3.5. Research Development and Innovation (RDI)
2.5. India Latin American and Caribbean Countries Scheme
Ties_____________________________________ __________________________________ 43
_ 24 3.6. Financial Inclusion in India _______________
2.5.1. India-Brazil 45
_____________________________ 25 3.7. Digital India Mission ____________________
2.6. BRICS Rio de Janeiro Declaration 47
__________ 26 3.8. Intellectual Property Rights in India ________
2.7. Geelong Treaty under AUKUS 49
_____________ 28 3.9. News in Shorts
2.8. Girmitiya Community ___________________ _________________________ 51
29 3.9.1. Alternative Investment Fund
2.9. News in Shorts _______________ 51
_________________________ 30 3.9.2. Digital Payments Index (DPI)
2.9.1. Kaladan Multimodal Transit Transport _______________ 52
Project 3.9.3. Financial Conditions Index (FCI)
(KMTTP) _____________ 52
____________________________________ 30 3.9.4. Global Findex 2025
2.9.2. US decides to pull out of _______________________ 52
UNESCO___________ 31 3.9.5. Stablecoins
2.9.3. Group Of Friends (GoF) _____________________________ 52
___________________ 31 3.9.6. CROPIC
2.9.4. Pact For ________________________________ 53
Future__________________________ 31
3.9.7. Agricultural Outlook 2025-2034 Released By Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
Oecd- (CITES)
Fao_____________________________________ ________________________________________
____ 53 _ 65
3.9.8. Offshore Areas Atomic Minerals Operating 5.5. Pacific Ring of
Right Fire_______________________ 66
Rules, 2025 Notified 5.6. News in Shorts
___________________________ 53 _________________________ 67
3.9.9. Global Capability Centre 5.6.1. Sustainable Development Goals Report
(GCC)______________ 54 2025 __ 67
3.9.10. DoT Releases Draft National Telecom 5.6.2. National Indicator Framework (NIF) Progress
Policy (NTP)- Report 2025
2025 _________________________________ 68
_______________________________________ 5.6.3. Draft Rules For Carbon Credit Trading
55 Scheme
3.9.11. Aluminium and Issued
Copper___________________ 55 ______________________________________ 68
4. SECURITY_____________________________ 5.6.4. New Rules For Contaminated Site
57 Management
4.1. Quantum Cyber Notified
Readiness________________ 57 _____________________________________ 69
4.2. News in Shorts 5.6.5. Global Wetland Outlook 2025 Released
_________________________ 58 ______ 70
4.2.1 Operation 5.6.6. Uttarakhand To Assess ‘Tourist Carrying
Mahadev_______________________ 58 Capacity’
4.2.2. Operation- MED MAX In Nainital District
_____________________ 58 _____________________________ 70
4.2.3. Project 17A 5.6.7. ICJ Delivers Decision On Tackling Climate
_____________________________ 58 Change
4.2.4. Extended Range Anti-Submarine Rocket ________________________________________
______ 59 ___ 71
4.2.5. Astra Missile 5.6.8. ADEETIE Scheme Launched
____________________________ 59 ________________ 71
4.2.6. Pralay missile 5.6.9. Changing Nature Of
___________________________ 59 Floods_________________ 72
4.2.7. Exercises in News
________________________ 59 5.6.10. C-Flood, A Unified Inundation Forecasting
5. ENVIRONMENT________________________ System
61 Inaugurated
5.1. Urban Resilience _________________________________ 72
________________________ 61 5.6.11. Reclaim Framework
5.2. Ethanol _____________________ 73
Blending________________________ 62 5.6.12. Weather Derivatives
5.3. CSS-Integrated Development of Wildlife ____________________ 73
Habitats 5.6.13. Human-Made Dams Have Shifted Earth’s
Scheme Poles 73
(CSS-IDWH)_________________________ 64 5.6.14. Winter Fog Experiment (WiFEX)
5.4. Convention on International Trade in ___________ 74
5.6.15. Kariyachalli Island 7.3.5. Phenome India National
______________________ 74 Biobank____________ 89
5.6.16. Chenab River 8. CULTURE _____________________________
__________________________ 74 91
5.6.17. Tokara Islands 8.1. Chola Gangam Lake
_________________________ 74 _____________________ 91
5.6.18. Bitra Island 8.2. Maratha Military Landscape ______________
____________________________ 75 93
6. SOCIAL ISSUES 8.3. International Chess Federation (FIDE) Chess
_________________________76 Championship
6.1. 5 Years of National Education Policy (NEP) __ _____________________________ 94
76 8.4. News In Shorts
6.2. Rising Suicides Among Students _________________________ 95
___________ 79 8.4.1. Kashmiri Pashmina
6.3. Social Isolation Shawl__________________ 95
_________________________ 80 8.4.2. Piprahwa
6.4. News in Shorts Relics__________________________ 96
_________________________ 81 9. ETHICS _______________________________
6.4.1. Role Of Social Organisations 97
_______________ 81 9.1. Celebrities and Endorsement of Products____
6.4.2. Child Adoption 97
__________________________ 82 10. Schemes in News _____________________
6.4.3. Kashi Declaration Adopted In Youth Spiritual 99
Summit For Drug-Free 10.1. Pradhan Mantri Kisan Sampada Yojana
India_____________________ 82 (PMKSY)
6.4.4. Talash Initiative ________________________________________
_________________________ 83 _ 99
6.4.5. State of Food Security And Nutrition In The 11. PLACES IN NEWS_____________________
World 101
(SOFI) 2025 Report Released
____________________ 83 Table of Contents
7. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 1. POLITY AND GOVERNANCE
______________85 ________________4
7.1. NISAR (NASA-Isro Synthetic Aperture Radar) 1.1. The Constitution (One Hundred and Thirtieth
Satellite__________________________________ Amendment) Bill,
_ 85 2025_______________________ 4
7.2. Black Hole Merger ______________________ 1.2. The Promotion and Regulation of Online
86 Gaming
7.3. News in Shorts Act, 2025
_________________________ 87 __________________________________ 6
7.3.1. Bluetooth Mesh Networking 1.3. National Sports Governance Act,
_______________ 87 2025_______ 8
7.3.2. AI Alliance Network 1.4. Jan Vishwas (Amendment of Provisions) Bill,
(AIANET)_______________ 88 2025
7.3.3. WHO Launches "3 By 35" Initiative _____________________________________ 10
__________ 88 1.5. News in Shorts
7.3.4. WHO/UNICEF Data On Immunization _________________________ 11
________ 89 1.5.1. Commercial, prohibited speeches not part of
fundamental rights: 3.2. ⁠Regional Imbalances in India _____________
SC_________________________ 11 26
1.5.2. Rules for OCI Card 3.3. Internationalization of Rupee _____________
Tightened_______________ 12 28
1.5.3. Election to the Office of the Vice-President of 3.3.1. De-dollarization
India _________________________ 30
________________________________________ 3.4. Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management
___ 13 (FRBM)
1.5.4. National Cooperative Development Act________________________________ 32
Corporation 3.5. Blue
(NCDC) Economy__________________________ 33
_____________________________________ 13 3.6. Mines and Minerals (Development and
2. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Regulation) Amendment Act, 2025 ____________
______________15 36
2.1. Fair and Representative Global Order ______ 3.7. Gig Workers
15 ___________________________ 37
2.2. India's Strategy in Indian Ocean ___________ 3.8. Income Tax Act 2025 ____________________
16 39
2.3. Association of Southeast Asian Nations 3.9. Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG)
(ASEAN) 40
Centrality_________________________________ 3.10. Competition Commission of India ________
18 41
2.4. News in Shorts 3.11. Indian Ports Act, 2025 __________________
_________________________ 19 43
2.4.1. India-Philippines Strategic Partnership 3.11.1. 10 Years of Sagarmala Programme
_______ 19 _________ 45
2.4.2. UN-India Global Capacity-Building Initiative 3.12. Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana
___ 20 (PMGSY)
2.4.3. Eurasian Economic Union ________________________________________
_________________ 20 _ 46
2.4.4. Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) 3.13. 100th birth anniversary of MS Swaminathan
Treaty 21 48
2.4.5. Armenia–Azerbaijan Peace Agreement 3.14. News in Shorts
brokered by ________________________ 49
the United States 3.14.1. Sovereign Credit
_____________________________ 21 Ratings__________________ 49
2.4.6. Alaska Summit 3.14.2. GIFT City-like Financial Centers
__________________________ 22 ____________ 49
2.4.7. Asia-Pacific Institute for Broadcasting 3.14.3. India’s Retail
Development Inflation____________________ 50
(AIBD) 3.14.4. RBI’s FREE-AI Vision for Financial Sector
______________________________________ 22 _____ 51
2.4.8. Areas in Conflict in News 3.14.5. Small Finance Bank Universal License
__________________ 23 _______ 51
3. 3.14.6. RBI tightens Co-lending
ECONOMY_____________________________25 norms_____________ 52
3.1. Product Nation_________________________ 3.14.7. Safety in the Civil Aviation
25 Sector___________ 53
3.14.8. Steel Scrap Recycling Policy 6. SOCIAL ISSUES_________________________
(SSRP)__________ 53 70
4. SECURITY_____________________________ 6.1. Urban Migration ________________________
55 70
4.1. High-Powered Demography Mission________ 6.2. Adi Karmayogi Abhiyan __________________
55 72
4.2. Increased Private sector share in Defence 6.3. News in Shorts
Production _________________________ 74
________________________________ 56 6.3.1. Multidisciplinary Education and Research
4.3. Sudarshan Chakra Mission improvement in Technical Education (MERITE)
________________ 58 Scheme
4.4. News in Shorts ________________________________________
_________________________ 59 ___ 74
4.4.1. Agni-5 6.3.2. Kerala Becomes India’s First 100% Digitally
_________________________________ 59 Literate
4.4.2. Exercises in News State
________________________ 60 _______________________________________
5. ENVIRONMENT________________________ 74
61 6.3.3. Registrar General of India (RGI)
5.1. E-Mobility _____________ 75
_____________________________ 61 7. SCIENCE AND
5.2. India’s Resolution on Wise-use of Wetlands__ TECHNOLOGY______________ 76
63 7.1. Space Programme of India
5.3. Cloudbursts in Himalayan Regions _________ ________________ 76
64 7.2. India’s First Commercial Earth Observation
5.4. News in Shorts (EO)
_________________________ 65 Satellite Constellation _______________________
5.4.1. India’s Water Management 78
________________ 65 7.3. News in Shorts
5.4.2. Global Outlook Council on Water _________________________ 80
Investments _ 66
5.4.3. Pollution Control 7.3.1. ISRO inaugurates HOPE Analog Mission in
Boards___________________ 66 Tso Kar
5.4.4. UNDP Equator Initiative Award Valley, Ladakh
_____________ 67 _______________________________ 80
5.4.5. Awaza Programme of Action (2024-2034) 7.3.2. ISRO’s heaviest rocket Lunar Module
(APoA) Launch
________________________________________ Vehicle (LMLV) to be ready by 2035
___ 67 ______________ 80
5.4.6. Sundarbans Tiger Reserve 7.3.3. EU AI Code of Practice on General-Purpose
_________________ 67 (GPAI)
5.4.7. ‘Matri Van’ ________________________________________
Initiative______________________ 68 ___ 81
5.4.8. Etalin hydroelectric project 7.3.4. Brain-Computer Interface (BCI)
________________ 68 _____________ 81
5.4.9. Volcanic Eruptions in News 7.3.5. Annual Fastag Passes
________________ 68 _____________________ 82
5.4.10. Drake 7.3.6. Maharashtra inks deal with IIT Madras
Passage__________________________ 69 startup(TuTr
Hyperloop Pvt Ltd) to build hyperloop
____________ 82
7.3.7. SHRESTH Initiative
_______________________ 83
8. CULTURE
______________________________84
8.1. Goswami Tulsidas ______________________
84
8.2. 100 Years of Kakori Train Action___________
85
8.3. Gallantry Awards _______________________
86
8.4. Common Wealth Games _________________
87
8.5. News in Shorts
_________________________ 88
8.5.1. Vitthalbhai Patel
_________________________ 88
8.5.2. National Film Awards
2023_________________ 89
9. ETHICS _______________________________
90
9.1. Trust in Public Institutions ________________
90
9.2. Ethics of Stray Dog
Management___________ 92
10. SCHEMES IN NEWS ____________________
95
10.1. Pradhan Mantri Viksit Bharat Rozgar Yojana
95
10.2. Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY)____
95
11. PLACES IN NEWS______________________
97
76th Republic Day ............................. 6 Draft Digital Personal Data Protection
India-Indonesia Relations ................. 8 Rules, 2025...................................................35
10 years of NITI Aayog ................... 10 SC Declares Domicile-Based PG Medical
Neutral Expert for Indus water Admissions Unconstitutional.........................36
Treaty Disputes............................... 12 Ad Hoc Judges in High Court.......................36
Lokpal of State Public Service Commission (SPSC).....37
India.......................................................................... Whip System.................................................37
..................................................14 SC Criticizes Delay in Appointment of
Indian Information Commissioners ..........................38
Diaspora................................................................... National Geospatial Knowledge-based Land
.......................................................16 Survey of Urban Habitations .........................39
Linking Forest Ecosystem with Green National Broadband Mission 2.0...................39
GDP.......................................................................1 Entity Locker.................................................40
8 Crosspathy ...................................................40
Depreciation of Indian Rupee 10 Years of Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao
................................................................................. and Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana....................41
..............20 Prospects for Children in 2025: Building
ILO Report on International Resilient Systems for Children’s Futures.......41
Migrants.................................................................... 10 Years of UJALA Scheme..........................41
.............21 BHARATPOL Portal.......................................42
Annual Ground Water Quality Report, Bhashini Project............................................43
2024.....................................................................23 ASER Report, 2024 .......................................43
Pesticide Poisoning and International Relations
Regulations.............................................................. Easing of Restrictions on Indian Nuclear Deal ..44
....................25 India, U.S. to Jointly Manufacture
India Meteorological Department (IMD) Interoperable Sonobuoys for Navy ...............44
...........................................................................26 Data Embassies............................................45
Deccan Volcanism’s Impact on Tropical India Joins UN Panel on Big Data.................45
Flora...................................................................27 India-Singapore Relations.............................45
Completion of Genome India Interpol Introduces Silver Notice...................46
Project...................................................................... Economy
...........28 Tobacco Board of India ................................47
Nanopore Technology Business Ready (B-READY) 2024 Report.....47
................................................................................. Pig-Butchering Scam....................................48
............................29 Ramesh Chand Committee...........................48
SC Bans Manual Scavenging In 6 Metropolitan Decline in Rural Poverty: SBI Research........49
Cities...................................................30 Jammu Railway Division ...............................49
Rani Velu Nachiyar Country’s First Organic Fish Cluster .............49
................................................................................. Z-Morh Tunnel...............................................50
...................................31 Future of Jobs Report, 2025 .........................50
358th Birth Anniversary of Guru Gobind Singh ICEGATE.......................................................51
................................................................33 Fast Track Immigration – Trusted Traveller
Polity & Governance Programme (FTI-TTP)....................................52
Trial in Absentia under the BNSS..................34 Interest Equalisation Scheme .......................52
Section 152 of the BNS.................................34 Projects iSNR and INR Konnect....................52
Section 479 of BNSS.....................................34 Securities Transaction Tax............................54
No one can be Deprived of Property without Diamond Imprest Authorization Scheme.......54
Adequate Compensation: SC .......................35 Global Economic Prospects Report, 2025....54
Blood Money.................................................35 Differential Pricing ........................................55
10,000 GI Tags by 2030 ...............................56 Third Launchpad ..........................................73
National Turmeric Board...............................57 Dark Oxygen.................................................73
Environment Industrial Dye Rhodamine-B.........................74
India Submits 4th Biennial Update Report T cell-based Dengue vaccine ‘PRAHR’.........74
to UNFCCC...................................................58 Chinese AI assistant DeepSeek....................75
India’s 1st ‘Coastline-Waders Bird Census’ ..59 Stargate Project ............................................75
Animal Welfare Board of India (AWBI)..........59 Role of Piezoelectricity in Stove Lighters ......75
Blue Flag Certification...................................59 ISRO’s 100th Launch from Sriharikota ..........76
Wetland Accredited Cities in World ..............60 Society
Amur Falcon .................................................60 Sex Ratio at Birth Dropped in Haryana.........77
Himalayan iBex.............................................60 National Tribal Health Conclave ...................78
Kashmir Chinars ...........................................61 Culture & History
Utricularia .....................................................61 Savitribai Phule 194th Birth Anniversary .......79
Geography Classical Status to Marathi Language ..........80
Soapstone Mining.........................................62 Winter Char Dham ........................................80
Sada on Konkan Region ...............................62 Swami Vivekananda’s Birth Anniversary .......81
Vembanad Lake............................................63 Harvest Festivals Across India......................81
Trinidad and Tobago ....................................63 Makaravilakku Festival..................................83
Ecuador ........................................................64 Konark Sun Temple ......................................83
Gulf of Mexico...............................................64 Ratnagiri Buddhist Excavation......................85
Diego Garcia ................................................65 Lezim Dance.................................................86
Lake Naivasha ..............................................65 Lala Lajpat Rai..............................................86
Kurdistan Region ..........................................66 Miscellaneous
Security PanchPran ....................................................88
Navy to Commission 2 Frontline Warships Dr Rajagopala Chidambaram .......................88
and 1 Submarine ..........................................67 National Sports Awards 2024 .......................88
INSV Tarini's Passage Through Point Nemo .67 Unified District Information System for
Bharat Ranbhoomi Darshan Initiative............67 Education Plus (UDISE+) Report ..................89
Nag Mk 2 Anti-Tank Missile ..........................68 Jasprit Bumrah named as the ICC Men’s
Bhargavastra Micro Missiles.........................68 Player of the Year, 2024................................89
Pralay" Missile Showcased at Republic Day Data Recap.................................................. 91
Parade 2025 .................................................68 Test Yourself.............................................. 92
Exercise La Perouse .....................................68
Science & Technology Union Budget 2025-26......................6
Google's Quantum Processor ‘Willow’ ..........69 India-USA Relations........................11
Methylcobalamin...........................................69 Paris AI Summit, 2025.....................13
Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV)................69 President Rule in Manipur...............15
Twigstats.......................................................70 Appointment of New CEC
ISRO’s CROPS Experiment...........................70 .................................................................................
India AI Mission ............................................70 .....................17
Small Language Models ...............................71 Role of Governor in Giving Assent to
Tidal Tail .......................................................71 Bills.........................................................................1
Atomic Energy Commission..........................71 9
Global Cybersecurity Outlook 2025: World SC Judgement in Ranveer Allahbadia
Economic Forum...........................................72 case.......................................................................2
Nuclear Fusion: ITER ....................................72 0
Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) ....................72 Status of Devolution to Panchayats in State
India’s First Indigenous Surgical Report, 2024 ..........................................22
Tele-robotic System ......................................73
India-France International Forums .....................................48
Relations.................................................................. United States Agency of International
...........................................24 Development (USAID)...................................49
India’s Rising LNG India-EFTA Desk ...........................................49
Imports..................................................................... India-UK Defence Collaboration ...................50
.................................26 Economy
Achieving 100 GW Solar Power Kisan Credit Card Interest Subvention
Capacity.................................................................... Scheme.........................................................51
.......28 Green Cardamom .........................................51
Delhi’s Shallow Jevons Paradox ............................................52
Earthquake............................................................... Beggar-thy-Neighbour Policies.....................52
.....................................30 Gross Domestic Knowledge Product (GDKP)
China’s EAST to Measure Knowledge Economy .................53
Reactor..................................................................... Sovereign Green Bonds................................53
...........................................32 India’s Single Largest Solar Cell Making
Research and Development in Unit ...............................................................54
India.......................................................................... Rural Indians Suffer from a ‘Hidden
.........33 Hunger’ ........................................................54
Aero India Show Extension of PM-AASHA Scheme Extended
2025......................................................................... till 2025-26 ....................................................55
.....................................34 Bharat Tex 2025............................................55
Three-language Policy Under NEP ESG Framework ............................................56
2020......................................................................... Predatory Pricing ..........................................57
...36 Inland Waterways Terminal (IWT) .................57
Vijay Durg Environment
................................................................................. Increase in India’s Tiger Territory .................58
...................................................38 Framework Agreement on International Big
Chhatrapati Shivaji Cat Alliance (IBCA).......................................58
Maharaj.................................................................... India’s First Biobank .....................................59
...............................39 Parambikulam Tiger Reserve........................60
India’s 1st Vertical Bifacial Solar Plant..........60
Polity & Governance Aravali Safari Park Project ............................60
Karnataka Allows Passive Euthanasia ..........41 Prani Mitra and Jeev Daya Award.................61
State Emblem of India...................................41 TrailGuard AI System....................................62
Right to Be Informed of Grounds of Arrest....42 Nocturnal Bull Ant Species ...........................62
Public Accounts Committee..........................42 Shatavari (Asparagus racemosus)................63
Removal of Judges In India ..........................42 Blue-Cheeked Bee-Eater (Merops persicus)..63
National Commission for Safai Mithuns .........................................................63
Karamcharis .............................................. 44 False Killer Whales........................................64
Article 101(4) ................................................44 Geography
SC Directions on Remission..........................45 Ocean Coordination Mechanism ..................65
Shaktikanta Das Appointed as New Anticyclone System ......................................65
Principal Secretary........................................45 Cook Islands.................................................66
Delimitation and Concerns of Southern Netzarim Corridor .........................................67
States............................................................46 Gulf of Eilat (Gulf of Aqaba)..........................67
Corruption Perceptions Index, 2024 .............46 Honduras ......................................................68
Rashtriya Karmayogi Jan Seva Program.......47 Gulf of Tonkin................................................69
International Relations Democratic Republic of Congo.....................69
US Withdrawal from UNHRC, WHO, and Other Security
Indian Army’s Pinaka Multiple Rocket Jhumoir Binandini Dance..............................88
Launch System (MRLS) ................................71 Lepakshi Temple ..........................................88
Stryker Infantry Combat Vehicle ...................71 Miscellaneous
TROPEX Exercise .........................................71 Time's Women of the Year 2025 List.............90
Exercise ‘Cyclone 2025’................................72 Saroijini Naidu...............................................90
Exercise Komodo..........................................72 Data Recap.................................................. 91
Exercise DHARMA GUARDIAN ....................72 Test Yourself.............................................. 92
Very Short-Range Air Defence System
(VSHORADS) by DRDO ................................72 75 Years of India-China Diplomatic
INS Tamal .....................................................72 Relations...........................................6
Science & Technology India-New Zealand Relations............9
Use of AI in Gene Testing and Associated Global Sea Level Rise.....................11
Challenges....................................................73 Starlink Satellite Internet .................13
GARBH-INi-DRISHTI Data Repository...........73 7 Years of POSHAN Abhiyaan
Onchocerciasis (River Blindness).................73 .................................................................................
US FDA Approves ‘Suzetrigne’: A Non-Opioid ...............15
Painkiller .......................................................73 Need for Reform in
Role of SRY Gene in Gender Identification ...74 Tribunals...................................................................
Foot and Mouth Disease...............................74 ..............................17
‘Bombay’ Blood Group..................................75 Democracy to
World's 1st Hybrid Quantum Supercomputer..75 Emocracy..................................................................
Einstein Ring.................................................75 .......................................19
Black Hole ‘Gaia BH3’ ..................................76 Electoral Reforms in
Indirect Prompt Injection (IPI) .......................76 India..........................................................................
Perovskite-Based LEDs (PeLEDs) ................76 .............................21
Neutrino Detected under the Mediterranean PM’s Visit to
Sea ...............................................................76 Mauritius...................................................................
DDoS Cyberattack on Kaveri 2.0 Portal ........77 ...........................................23
India’s first Automated Biomedical Waste Creative Economy
Treatment Plant.............................................77 .................................................................................
Microsoft’s Quantum Chip: ‘Majorana 1’ .......78 ....................................25
Project Waterworth........................................78 Revised Criteria for Classifying
First In-Womb Treatment for Spinal Muscular MSMEs.....................................................................
Atrophy (SMA) ..............................................79 ..........27
NASA’s SPHEREx .........................................79 Importance of Bioeconomy for
Society India..........................................................................
Bhopal Prohibits Begging.............................80 ........29
Sexual Equality part of School Syllabus........80 Okjökull Glacier and Earth’s
World Day of Social Justice ..........................81 Cryosphere...............................................................
Culture & History .............31
Sant Guru Ravidas........................................83 Coral Bleaching Devastates
Thaipusam ....................................................83 Western Australia’s Ningaloo
Dhimsa Dance ..............................................83 Reef..........................................................................
Dokra Artwork ...............................................85 .............34
Maharishi Dayanand Saraswati.....................85 Antarctic Circumpolar
Swami Ramakrishna Paramhansa.................86 Current.....................................................................
900-yr-old Kalyana Chalukya-Era Inscriptions .........................36
Unearthed.....................................................86 Disaster Management (Amendment) Bill,
Relics of Ratnagiri: Buddhist Heritage..........87 2024...............................................................38
Space Reinsurance..................................................60
Debris....................................................................... Incentive Scheme for BHIM-UPI
........................................................40 Transactions .................................................61
Seabed Unified Logistics Interface Platform ..............61
Warfare..................................................................... India’s Goods Trade Deficit ..........................61
.....................................................42 Under-funding of Nutrient Subsidy
Women Representation in Schemes.......................................................62
Panchayats............................................................... Anti Dumping Duty........................................63
................44 Govt Abolished 6% Equalisation Levy ..........63
25th Anniversary of Jahan-e-Khusrau Sufi Music Dalle Chilli.....................................................63
Festival............................................46 Public Accounts Committee
Recommendations For GST Regime.............63
Polity & Governance Growth of India’s E-retail Market...................64
Visually Challenged Persons Suitable for 5 Years of National Technical Textiles
Judicial Service: Supreme Court ..................48 Mission..........................................................65
The Immigration and Foreigners Bill, 2025 ...48 India becomes World’s 2nd-largest
Duplicate Voter ID Numbers .........................49 Exporter of Tea in 2024.................................65
Swavalambini Programme ............................49 10th Anniversary of Sagarmala
Six Years of Pradhan Mantri Shram Yogi Programme ...................................................66
Maandhan Yojana (PM-SYM)........................49 Environment
PM Young Authors Mentorship 3.0 National Board for Wildlife ............................67
(YUVA 3.0) Scheme ......................................50 Seagrass Conservation.................................67
Online Assurances Monitoring System .........50 Madhav National Park 58th Tiger Reserve....68
PAC Flag Shortcomings of Swadesh World Air Quality Report 2024 ......................69
Darshan Scheme ..........................................50 Right to Development ...................................70
SAHYOG Portal.............................................51 US Withdrawn from Loss and Damage
Demands for Grants .....................................52 Fund .............................................................70
Judiciary’s In-House Inquiry Against Delhi World’s Largest White Hydrogen Deposit.....71
High Court Judge .........................................52 Global Forest Vision (GFV) 2030...................71
BHIM 3.0.......................................................53 Vantara .........................................................72
Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana Carbon Intensity............................................72
(PMMVY).......................................................53 Mission Amrit Sarovar...................................72
International Relations Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary.............................72
Gold Card US Visa........................................54 Green Grabbing............................................73
Kurd Issue ....................................................54 Ruellia Elegans .............................................73
Iran-USA Nuclear Deal Negotiations.............54 Caracal .........................................................73
Organization of Islamic Cooperation.............55 Gum Arabic (Acacia Gum) ...........................74
Convention on Cluster Munitions ..................55 Butterflies have been Declining the
International Criminal Court ..........................55 Last 20 Years................................................74
Ind-Aus Defence Policy Talks .......................56 Africa’s Giant Goliath Beetle.........................74
‘Squad’ Alliance............................................57 First Comprehensive Estimate of River
Indo-U.S. Cultural Property Agreement ........57 Dolphins in India...........................................74
Balochistan Train Hijack ...............................57 Indian Long-Billed Vulture.............................75
Economy Geography
Agricultural Infrastructure Fund (AIF) George VI Ice Shelf.......................................76
Scheme.........................................................59 Avalanche.....................................................76
India’s Electronics Manufacturing and Wallace Line .................................................77
Export Market ...............................................59 Places in News .............................................78
Pravaah and Sarthi initiatives of RBI .............60 Internal Security
ASTRA MK-III Renamed ‘Gandiva’................79 Vikramshila University...................................97
Exercise Desert Hunt 2025 ...........................79 APAAR ID .....................................................98
Exercise Khanjar-XII .....................................79 World Happiness Report 2025......................98
Fourth Conference on Global Intelligence ....79 Data Recap................................................. 99
SIPRI Report (2020-24).................................79 Test Yourself.............................................100
Ashwini Radar...............................................80
INS Tavasya..................................................80 Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025.............. 6
Exercise VARUNA 2025................................81 Tamil Nadu Governor Case: Supreme
AIKEYME and IOS Sagar..............................81 Court (SC) Verdict................................ 8
Golden Dome................................................81 Energy Statistics India, 2025 ............... 9
Science & Technology Digital Threat Report.......................... 11
Amazon Unveils ‘Ocelot’ Quantum India-Chile
Computing Prototype Chip ...........................82 Relations..................................................................
Ultra-Conserved Elements in DNA................82 ..............................................13
Ferrihydrite....................................................82 BIMSTEC Summit 2025
MeitY Launched AIKosha .............................83 .................................................................................
Solar Maximum .............................................84 ...........................14
Vitiligo Disease .............................................84 India-UAE
Hantavirus.....................................................84 Relations..................................................................
Hydrogen-Powered Fuel Cells ......................85 ................................................16
Birefringence ................................................85 Liberation Day
Miller-Urey Hypothesis..................................85 Tarrifs........................................................................
Artificial Intelligence (AI) Washing................86 .......................................18
Microprocessors Vikram and Kalpana..........86 Undersea
NASA’s Astronauts stranded in Space Cables......................................................................
for 9 months Returned to Earth .....................86 ..................................................19
Society 9 Years of Stand-Up
Expansion of India’s Social Security Net.......88 India..........................................................................
SC Sets up Task Force to Address Student ..............................20
Suicides ........................................................89 Coastal Shipping Bill,
Women’s Role in India’s Inclusive Growth ....90 2024.........................................................................
International Women’s Day ...........................90 ............................21
UNICEF’s Kinship and Community-Based Antibiotics in Livestock
Care Programme (KCBCP) ...........................91 .................................................................................
Culture & History ..........................22
Megalithic Menhir in Telangana....................92 Shifting Cheetahs from Kuno N.P. to Gandhi
World Puppetry Day......................................92 Sagar........................................................23
Project Pari ...................................................94 Particulate Matter Trading Scheme in
Kaliyattam Festival........................................94 Gujarat.................................................................24
Third Battle of Panipat (1761) .......................94 Electronic Surveillance System Along the J&K
Battle of Karnal .............................................95 Border ..................................................25
Gomira Dance...............................................95 World Heritage Day,
Miscellaneous 2025.........................................................................
Oscar Awards...............................................96 ..............................27
Mission 300...................................................96
‘Honorary Order of Freedom of Barbados’ Polity & Governance
Award ...........................................................96 House Panel Suggests Raising Creamy Layer
Compassion in Health Care ..........................96 Limit from Rs 8 lakh............................................ 29
59th Jnanpith Award.....................................97
NITI-NCAER Portal on State Finances ............... Volatility Index (VIX)........................................... 49
29 PM MUDRA Yojana Completes 10 Years........... 49
Cape Town Convention...................................... 30 “Blue Category" Classification for Industries...... 50
Fiscal Health Index, 2025 .................................. 30 Niveshak Didi Initiative....................................... 51
150th Assembly of Inter-Parliamentary Union ..... One State One RRB: Amalgamation of Regional
31 Rural Banks (RRBs) ........................................... 51
Telangana Scheduled Castes Act, 2025............ 31 Environment
Justice B.R. Gavai: 52nd CJI............................. 32 Agasthyamalai Landscape ................................ 53
Supreme Court on Speaker's Role in African Giant Pouched Rat ................................ 53
Anti-Defection Cases ......................................... 33 India’s Air Pollution Concern.............................. 54
Death Sentences and Executions Report: 2024 De-Extinction of Dire Wolf .................................. 54
..33 Green Credit Programme................................... 55
Special Assistance to States for Capital Naini Lake.......................................................... 56
Investment Scheme ........................................... 34 Similipal Biosphere Reserve .............................. 56
Odisha to Launch Unified Health Insurance Biomass Mission................................................ 57
Scheme.............................................................. 34 The Arctic Boreal Zone Rejects More Carbon ... 57
New Policy on Foreign Funds ............................ 35 UNHRC Adopts Resolution Linking Plastic
P4 Initiative ........................................................ 35 Pollution, Ocean Protection, and Human Rights..58
Hamari Parampara Hamari Virasat initiative....... 36 Plastic Parks in India.......................................... 59
Accredited Social Health Activist....................... 36 Ozone Pollution.................................................. 59
Rashtriya Karmayogi Jan Seva Programme....... 36 Alfalfa Hay ......................................................... 60
Equivalence Certificates .................................... 36 Mission Amrit Sarovar........................................ 61
Panchayat Advancement Index Baseline Report... Wet-Bulb Impact................................................ 61
37 Arsenic Pollution ................................................ 62
National Panchayati Raj Day.............................. 38 Migration Pattern of Painted Lady Butterflies..... 62
5 Years of SVAMITVA Scheme........................... 38 Discovery of Small Hive Beetle in India ............. 63
International Relations Pope’s Pit Viper Venom...................................... 63
India-Australia ECTA.......................................... 39 Nilgiri Tahr Census to be Conducted................. 64
Baku to Belem Roadmap................................... 39 Mantis Shrimp.................................................... 64
Ottawa Convention ............................................ 39 New Species of Frog Named after Assam
50 Years of India-Portugal Diplomatic Ties........ 40 College..64
Mauritius Signed ISA’s Country Partnership Sea Lions ........................................................... 65
Framework ......................................................... 40 Juvenile Colossal Squid Sighting....................... 65
World Pandemic Treaty One State One RRB..... 41 Geography
India’s Trade Deficit with China Widened .......... 41 Land Subsidence in Urban Areas...................... 66
PM State Visit to Saudi Arabia ........................... 42 Denisovan Migration Evolution........................... 66
PM Modi Visit to Sri Lanka ................................. 43 Nankai Trough Megaquake Warning ................. 67
Suspension of the Indus Waters Treaty by India India’s Tectonic Shifts: Splitting in Two.............. 68
...44 UNESCO Adds 16 New Global Geoparks ......... 68
Economy Neutral Conditions to Prevail in Pacific Ocean:
Government Securities....................................... 45 US Weather Monitor........................................... 69
Domestically Manufactured Iron & Steel Products Hindu Kush Himalaya Snow Update.................. 70
Policy-2025 ........................................................ 46 North Sentinel Island.......................................... 70
Purchasing Managers' Index (PMI).................... 46 Katchatheevu Island.......................................... 71
GI Tag................................................................ 47 Heard and McDonald Islands............................ 71
Aquaculture ....................................................... 47 DR Congo .......................................................... 72
Pamban Bridge.................................................. 48 Morag Axis......................................................... 72
MoSPI Released “Women and Men in Panama Canal ................................................... 73
India 2024” Report............................................. 48 Ras Isa Port ....................................................... 73
Davis Strait......................................................... 74 Guru Tegh Bahadur........................................... 96
Internal Security Bodh Gaya Temple............................................ 96
Vibrant Villages Programme-II (VVP-II) .............. 75 Tipitaka .............................................................. 98
Project Varsha ................................................... 75 ASI Documents Rock, Temple Inscriptions........ 99
National Investigation Agency (NIA).................. 75 Jallianwala Bagh Massacre ............................... 99
Long Range Glide Bomb‘Gaurav’...................... 76 Sterkfontein Caves........................................... 100
DRDO Tests Laser Weapon System .................. 76 Miscellaneous
GPS Spoofing .................................................... 76 Time Use Survey.............................................. 101
Operation Chakra-V........................................... 76 Breakthrough Prize 2025 ................................. 101
Terror Attack In Pehalgam ................................. 77 Khelo India Youth Games, 2025 ...................... 101
Taurus Missile.................................................... 78 Data Recap 102
India’s Defence Exports Hit New Record........... 78 Test Yourself 104
Science & Technology
Future Circular Collider Feasibility Study........... 80 Operation Sindoor................................ 6
‘Blindsight’ Chip in First Human by 2025........... 80 Air Defence Systems ........................... 8
Vibe Coding....................................................... 81 Psychological Warfare ....................... 11
Asbestos............................................................ 82 Drone Warfare.................................... 12
SpaceX’s Fram2 Mission.................................... 82 70th Anniversary of Bandung
Fluoride Pollution Crisis in Sonbhadra ............... 83 Conference...............................................................
Saturn Gained 128 New Official Moons ............. 83 ...........14
Axiom-4 Mission (Ax-4)...................................... 84 India’s Arctic
National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research...84 Engagement.............................................................
Semaglutide....................................................... 84 .........................................16
Technology and Innovation Report 2025 ........... 85 Presidential Reference under Article 143
Shingles Vaccine for Dementia.......................... 85 ..........................................................................18
Hadean Protocrust............................................. 86 Unemployment at 5.1%, Women Labour Force
National Mission on Power Electronics Rises: PLFS Data ..............................20
Technology (NaMPET)....................................... 86 India’s Trade Deficit Widens to $8.65 Billion
Iron Inside The Sun is More Opaque Than .....................................................................22
Expected ........................................................... 86 Urban
3D Printing......................................................... 87 Flooding....................................................................
India's Genome Mapping .................................. 88 ......................................................23
National Critical Mineral Mission........................ 89 India Becomes the World's 4th Largest
Artemis Accords ................................................ 90 Economy...........................................................24
Society India’s Record Cargo Movement on Inland
Kokborok Language .......................................... 91 Waterways.................................................25
Kailash Mansarovar Pilgrimage ......................... 91 Human Development Report 2025: UNDP
Navkar Mahamantra Divas................................. 91 .......................................................................27
Bharani Festival ................................................. 92 Supreme Court Flags Bitcoin Trading as a Way for
Traditional Harvest Festivals.............................. 92 Hawala..........................................29
Lodhi Garden..................................................... 92 Fourth Global Bleaching
Jatra Utsav......................................................... 92 Event........................................................................
Mahavir Jayanti.................................................. 93 .....................30
BR Ambedkar Jayanti ........................................ 93 Monsoon in India
Mahatma Jyotirao Phule Anniversary................. 94 .................................................................................
Tribhuvandas Patel............................................ 95 .....................................31
Sarhul Festival ................................................... 95 Birth Rates in Delhi, Kerala, and T.N. Declining at
Culture & History Twice the Rate of National
Chittorgarh Fort.................................................. 96
Average NITI Aayog Releases Report on “Designing a
................................................................................. Policy for Medium Enterprises”.......................... 52
.......................................................33 Report on “Enhancing Competitiveness of
MSMEs in India”................................................. 53
POLITY & GOVERNANCE RoDTEP Scheme ............................................... 54
Supreme Court Rulling ‘Sharia Court’ ................ 34 World Bank: India’s Extreme Poverty Drops to
Cabinet Approves Caste Enumeration in 2.3% .................................................................. 54
Upcoming Census ............................................. 34 Green Municipal Bond (GMB)............................ 54
SC Mandates 3-Year Practice to Appear in Insufficient Support for Deep Tech Start-ups in
Judicial Services Examinations.......................... 35 India: Study........................................................ 55
Right To Digital Access ..................................... 36 High Temperatures and Mango Production....... 56
SC Upholds Courts’ Power to Modify Arbitral Fair and Remunerative Price of Sugarcane ....... 56
Awards............................................................... 36 Domestic Institutional Investors Upstage FPIs... 56
Election Commission Internet (ECINET) App..... 37 India Poised to Become the Capital of MICE
One year Extension of CBI Director ................... 37 Tourism.............................................................. 57
Rules for Obtaining Voter ID in India ................. 38 FTA Signed Between UK-India .......................... 57
SC Rules on Rohingya Refugees ....................... 38 New Definitions to Curb Predatory Pricing......... 58
Sutlej-Yamuna Link (SYL) Canal ........................ 39 Most Favoured Nation........................................ 59
CJI Forwards 'In-House' Panel Probe Report To Account Aggregators......................................... 59
President............................................................ 39 World’s First Commercial-scale e-methanol Plant
Sikkim’s 50th Statehood Day ............................. 40 Opens in Denmark............................................. 60
Appointment of UPSC Chairman........................ 41 Cabinet Approves Semicon. Unit in U.P. ........... 61
Govt School Enrolment Drops in 23 States ........ 41 Vizhinjam International Seaport ......................... 61
SMILE Scheme .................................................. 42 India’s Northeast-Kolkata Link via Myanmar...... 62
Gyan Post .......................................................... 42 India’s Farm Trade and Impact of FTAs............. 63
e-Zero FIR Initiative............................................ 43 ENVIRONMENT
GeM Celebrates 8th Incorporation Day ............. 43 CCU Testbeds ................................................... 64
Mizoram: India's First Fully Literate State........... 44 Tsarap Chu Conservation Reserve .................... 64
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Sagarmatha Sambaad....................................... 64
Pakistan Shuts Airspace, Snaps Trade Relations Environment....................................................... 64
with India ........................................................... 45 Operation Olivia................................................. 65
India-France Agreement on Rafale-M Jets ........ 45 Global Environment Facility ............................... 66
OPEC and OPEC+............................................. 46 Euthalia Malaccana ........................................... 66
India to move UNSC 1267 to Declare TRF a Winning Ideas under ‘Ideas4LiFE’ Initiative ....... 66
Terror Group ...................................................... 46 Global Forest Watch .......................................... 66
Israel Cabinet Approves Plan for Gaza.............. 46 India’s Lion Population Risen by 32%................ 67
Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.................. 47 Moringa.............................................................. 68
IMF Loan to Pakistan ......................................... 47 India’s First Wolf Sanctuary: Mahuadanr ........... 68
Colombia Joins Belt and Road Initiative ............ 48 Musk Deer ......................................................... 69
ECONOMY Green Hydrogen Production.............................. 69
Rare Earth Magnets ........................................... 49 Draft GEI target Rules........................................ 70
Futures & Options .............................................. 49 ‘Revive Our Ocean’ Initiative.............................. 70
Net FDI Slumps 96% in FY25 to $353 mn .......... Pangolin............................................................. 71
49 First Geothermal Production in Arunachal ......... 71
Algeria Joins New Development Bank............... 50 CAQM Unveils 19-point Plan ............................. 72
Revised ECF of the RBI ..................................... 50 IEA's Global Methane Tracker ........................... 73
India's Outward remittances Decreases under Geotubing.......................................................... 73
Liberalised Remittance Scheme ........................ 51 Cross River Gorilla, Tapanuli Orangutan among
Pumped Storage Hydropower ........................... 52 25 Most Endangered Primates: Report.............. 74
New Rules for Access and Benefit Sharing of Sugar Boards in Schools ................................... 92
Biodiversity ........................................................ 74 CULTURE & HISTORY
Chlorpyrifos ....................................................... 75 Muziris Heritage Project..................................... 94
GEOGRAPHY 50 Years of End of the Vietnam War .................. 94
Palmyra.............................................................. 76 Jagadguru Basaveshwara ................................. 95
Tiexian Reef (Sandy Cay Reef).......................... 76 Thrissur Pooram................................................. 95
Western Disturbance ......................................... 76 Vikramaditya I Dated Inscription Found in
Chenab River..................................................... 77 Davangere ......................................................... 96
Yala Glacier ....................................................... 77 Lakkundi Temples.............................................. 96
New Caledonia .................................................. 77 Gundaram inscriptions in Telangana................. 97
Bharat Forecasting System Launched............... 78 Piprahwa Relics ................................................. 97
Iran Slams Renaming Persian Gulf .................... 78 Ahilyabai Holkar................................................. 97
Kangchenjunga Mountain.................................. 79 Buddha Purnima ................................................ 98
Magnetic Flip-Flop............................................. 79 Nalanda University............................................. 98
Kilauea Volcano................................................. 80 Agamas ............................................................. 98
INTERNAL SECURITY Gond and Madhubani Art .................................. 99
DRDOs Advances Hypersonic Propulsion......... 81 MISCELLANEOUS
National Security Advisory Board ...................... 81 Padma Awards ................................................ 100
Military Expenditure Report By SIPRI................. 82 Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Award ........... 100
Igla-S Missiles.................................................... 82 Pulitzer Prize 2025 ........................................... 100
Civil Defence Drills............................................. 82 World Food Prize 2025..................................... 101
IMDEX Asia 2025 ............................................... 82 International Booker Prize 2025 ....................... 101
INS Arnala.......................................................... 83 Jayant Narlikar................................................. 101
Territorial Army (TA)........................................... 83 World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) ................ 102
BrahMos Missile................................................. 83 Mt. Makalu ....................................................... 102
Bhargavastra ..................................................... 84 Data Recap................................................103
IB Chief Gets One-year Extension in Service..... 84 Test Yourself.............................................104
AMCA Fighter Jet Execution Model ................... 84
Autonomous Warfare in Operation Sindoor........ 85 Axiom-4 Mission................................... 6
USA's Golden Dome Project.............................. 86 Iran-Israel Conflict................................ 8
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 4th India-Central Asia Dialogue ......... 12
Kuiper Internet ................................................... 87 Western Ghats ................................... 16
Shiv Shakti Point ................................................ 87 Indian Space Situational Assessment Report for
Cloud-Seeding Trials Across NCR..................... 87 2024..................................................22
Dravyaratnakara Nighantu and Dravyanamakara AI Driven
Nighantu ............................................................ 88 Biomanufacturing.....................................................
Breakthrough in Making 2D Metals.................... 88 .............................................23
Samudrayaan..................................................... 89 Post of Deputy
Lupex Mission.................................................... 92 Speaker....................................................................
Shingles Vaccine ............................................... 90 .......................................24
NASA's Grail Mission ......................................... 90 Ninth Anniversary of the Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala
125 Years of Kodaikanal Solar Observatory ...... 90 Yojana (PMUY) ............................25
India Awarded with Certificate of Elimination United Nations Oceans Conference
of Trachoma....................................................... 91 .................................................................................
Metre Convention............................................... 91 ...26
Tianwen-2 Mission ............................................. 91 Ocean Acidification
SOCIETY .................................................................................
58th Jnanpith Award.......................................... 92 .................................27
Corporate Social Responsibility......................... 92
Global SDG Supreme Court Ruling on Narco Test ................ 45
Rankings.................................................................. Social Protection Cover in India Rises to
.............................................28 Over 64% in 2025: ILO ...................................... 45
50 Years of Crocodile Conservation Performance Grading Index 2.0 Report............. 46
Programme.............................................................2 National Internet Exchange of India................... 46
9 Estimates Committees of Parliament.................. 47
Chinese infra Projects Impacting Brahmaputra 50 Years of National Emergency........................ 47
..............................................................30 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
Mount International Organisation for Mediation............ 48
Etna.......................................................................... Asian Development Bank................................... 48
........................................................31 Economic and Social Council ............................ 49
Atlantic Meridional Overturning International Institute of Administrative Sciences..
Circulation................................................................ 49
....32 UNSC's Counter-Terrorism Committee .............. 49
Global Drought Outlook Monaco Marine Conference .............................. 49
................................................................................. Gaza Ceasefire Resolution ................................ 50
........................33 The 51st G7 Summit .......................................... 50
Tech Based Disaster International Day Against Unilateral Coercive
Management............................................................ Measures ........................................................... 51
...........................34 India and Croatia Relations................................ 51
Flash Floods Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty........................ 52
................................................................................. SCO Defence Ministers’ Meeting....................... 53
...............................................35 ECONOMY
State of World Population, NSO's Report on Agriculture.............................. 54
2025......................................................................... India’s Trade Deficit........................................... 54
..................36 NICDC-led Industrial Nodes .............................. 55
Gender Inclusion in Armed FASTag-based Annual Pass .............................. 55
Forces...................................................................... Reverse Flipping................................................ 55
.................37 QR Codes on Roads.......................................... 56
Bonded Labour in Household Income Survey................................. 56
India.......................................................................... IFFCO's First Overseas Nano Fertiliser Plant .....
.................................38 56
Rethinking Alcohol Prohibition Robust Data Ecosystem..................................... 57
................................................................................. Digital Payment Intelligence Platform ................ 57
...........39 Revised PSL Guidelines..................................... 58
Expansionary Policies Bihar’s First Nuclear Power Plant....................... 58
................................................................................. India's First Maritime NBFC ............................... 59
.............................40 International Potato Centre ................................ 59
Operation Deep Manifest................................... 59
POLITY & GOVERNANCE SPREE Scheme.................................................. 59
Contempt of Court ............................................. 41 Variable Rate Reverse Repo Auction................. 60
Swachh Survekshan Grameen 2025.................. 41 India Reports Current Account Surplus ............. 60
1 Billion Internet Users by this Fiscal Year......... 42 DHRUVA Initiative.............................................. 60
NAKSHA Initiative .............................................. 43 Modified Interest Subvention Scheme ............... 60
Announcement of Census Dates ....................... 43 Cabinet approves Hike in MSP for Kharif Crops..61
C CARES Version 2.0......................................... 44 Aizawl Joins National Railway Network.............. 61
Index Cards ....................................................... 44 India Pushes for WTO Reforms.......................... 61
S Mahendra Dev as New Chief of EAC-PM........ 44 Chenab and Anji rail Bridges............................. 62
ECINET App....................................................... 45 ENVIRONMENT
Recovering Silver from E-Waste ........................ 63 Fibre Optic Drones ............................................ 82
International Big Cat Alliance............................. 63 Army Successfully Tests Rudrastra ................... 82
Bonn Climate Change Conference .................... 63 SIPRI Annual Report 2025 ................................. 82
Revised Green India Mission Plan ..................... 64 Barak Magen ..................................................... 83
World Day to Combat Desertification & Drought.. INS Nilgiri........................................................... 84
65 EUNAVFOR........................................................ 84
Ban on Single-Use Plastic.................................. 65 Exercise Nomadic Elephant............................... 84
IBAT Alliance ..................................................... 66 Exercise Shakti-2025 ......................................... 84
Energy Transition Index ..................................... 66 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
Green Data Centre............................................. 66 Measles Disease................................................ 85
Sariska Tiger Reserve........................................ 67 Cholera .............................................................. 85
Dhole (Asiatic Wild Dog).................................... 67 Zoonotic Outbreaks ........................................... 85
Global Warming and Glacial Loss ..................... 67 BharatGen Launched......................................... 86
Flamingos .......................................................... 68 Pathogen Fusarium Graminearum ..................... 86
Amazon Rain Forests......................................... 68 AI RAM Initiative ................................................ 86
Global Temperature to Breach 1.5°C................. 69 Compulsory Licensing for Rare Disease............ 87
Impact of Iron Aerosol on Ocean....................... 70 International Association of Marine Aids to
Building-Integrated Photovoltaics...................... 70 Navigation and Lighthouse Authorities .............. 88
Flu Gas Desulphurisation (FGD)........................ 71 India’s Rare Earth Magnets Crisis...................... 88
Aravalli Green Wall Project ................................ 71 DNA Identification.............................................. 88
World Environment Day 2025 ............................ 71 WHA’s Resolution on Skin Diseases .................. 89
Two New Ramsar Sites Added .......................... 72 Extreme Helium (EHe) Stars .............................. 89
EnviStats India 2025 .......................................... 72 Quantum Communication .................................. 90
Disaster Resilient Infrastructure......................... 73 Candida Tropicalis............................................. 90
Wildlife Protection Act (WLPA)........................... 73 Novo Nordisk’s Wegovy..................................... 90
30x30 Target...................................................... 74 First Quantum Computing Valley of India .......... 91
Eco-Sensitive Zone............................................ 74 Most Commonly Used Cancer Drugs ................ 91
Climate-Resilient Farm Ponds............................ 75 SOCIETY
Emperor Penguins ............................................. 75 ‘NAVYA’ Initiative ............................................... 92
Forest Rights Act, 2006 ..................................... 75 GI Tagged Kolhapuri Chappals......................... 92
Blue NDC Challenge.......................................... 76 Global Gender Gap Report 2025....................... 92
New Species of Jumping Spider........................ 76 Bonalu Festival .................................................. 93
GEOGRAPHY World Refugee Day 2025................................... 93
‘Green Arabia’ Hypothesis................................. 77 CULTURE & HISTORY
Taiwan Strait ...................................................... 77 Official Language .............................................. 94
Cook Islands...................................................... 77 Nonia Rebellion.................................................. 95
Luxor.................................................................. 78 Dr. Syama Prasad Mukherjee ............................ 95
Enhanced Rock Weathering Technique............. 78 Anantapadmanabha Temple ............................. 95
Qatar.................................................................. 78 Sree Narayana Guru & Gandhi Dialogue........... 95
Seven Summits .................................................. 79 Ambubachi Mela................................................ 96
Paraguay ........................................................... 79 Integral Humanism............................................. 97
Heat Dome......................................................... 79 Kheer Bhawani Festival...................................... 97
Hodeidah Port.................................................... 80 Pre-Harappan Settlements................................. 97
Shipki La............................................................ 80 Poson Poya Festival........................................... 98
INTERNAL SECURITY Sant Kabir Das................................................... 98
Government Notifies Inter-services UNESCO ‘Creative City of Gastronomy’............. 98
Organisations Rules, 2025................................. 81 Servants of India Society ................................... 99
Electric Hansa (E-Hansa)................................... 81 Decoding Indus Valley Script ............................ 99
Andaman & Nicobar Command......................... 82 MISCELLANEOUS
Adi Karmyogi Programme................................ 100 Global Wetland Outlook,
Goa achieves Full Functional Literacy ............. 100 2025.........................................................................
Sahitya Akademi Yuva and Bal Puraskar......... 100 .....................32
Adamya ........................................................... 100 Environment Protection Rules,
International Day of Yoga................................. 101 2025.........................................................................
Sahitya Akademi Puraskar............................... 101 ..........34
Global Tobacco Epidemic ............................... 101 Alarming State of Public Infrastructure in
Gwada Negative .............................................. 102 India..............................................................35
Prime Ministers Museum and Library............... 102
Data Recap................................................103 Polity & Governance
Test Yourself.............................................104 Civil Registration System
(CRS).................................37
17th BRICS Summit................................6 De-listing of Political
India-UK FTA ........................................8 Parties......................................37
Resignation of Vice president............ 10 Nomination to Rajya Sabha
National sports Policy 2025 ............... 12 .......................................38
Phone Tapping and Right to Bihar Electoral Roll
Privacy...................................................................... Revision.......................................38
.............14 Zonal Councils of
National Commission for Minorities India................................................39
................................................................................. Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau
..15 ..................39
Chinese Presence in Indian Ocean Region Union Government Report on PCR Act, 1955
(IOR).............................................................16 ......40
India-Maldives Supreme Court on Free Speech on Social
Relations.................................................................. Media...40
.......................................18 Bills of Lading Bill,
India–Brazil 2025...............................................41
Relations.................................................................. Palna Scheme
.............................................20 .................................................................41
Parakh Rashtriya Sarvekshan Swachh Survekshan 2024-25
2024......................................................................... Rankings..................42
.............21 Indian Council of Agricultural
CIMMYT’s Financial Crisis: An opportunity to Research.................43
Repay Debt ..........................................22 Centre Blocks 25 OTT
India: “The Emerging Toy Capital of the Platforms................................43
World”...............................................................24 Five years of National Education Policy
National Cooperative Policy, .................43
2025......................................................................... Bihar: First State to Vote Using Mobile
..............26 App..........44
10 Years of Skill India MY Bharat 2.0
Mission..................................................................... Platform................................................44
...........................29 Pradhan Mantri Divyasha
NISAR Satellite Successfully Kendra.............................45
Launched.................................................................. Sanchar Mitra
.............30 Scheme.................................................45
ICJ’s Ruling on Climate Justice FaceAuth
................................................................................. ..........................................................................45
.............31 International Relations
U.S. To withdraw from UNESCO ‘Trade Connect’
................................46 ePlatform..........................................57
Sea Ship Observer Biostimulants............................................................
Mission.........................................46 ......58
Colombia and Uzbekistan Joined NDB 88th Codex Executive Committee
..................46 Meet..................58
India-South Africa Maritime Partnership...............47 RBI’s Financial Inclusion
Indian Diaspora in Trinidad & Index...................................58
Tobago.....................47 Towards Resilient & Prosperous Cities in India
Geelong Treaty Under ....59
AUKUS...................................48 World Food India, 2025
PM Visited to Ghana ...............................................60
.....................................................48 India Achieves 20% Ethanol Blending in Petrol...60
Economy ADB Lowers India's FY26 Growth Forecast to
India's External Debt Rises to $736 Billion 6.5%...60
............50 India’s Insurance
‘One Big Beautiful Bill’: Foreign remittance tax ...50 Sector...............................................60
Financial Fraud Risk Indicator First Hydrogen-Powered
(FRI)..........................50 Coach................................61
Natural Gas Pipeline Tariff Layoffs Across IT Services
Regulations..................50 Industry..........................61
India’s Aluminium & Copper Vision India’s Retaliatory Tariffs on U.S.
Document......51 Imports...............62
India Maize Summit 2025 NITI Aayog's Report on Chemical Industry
...........................................51 ...........62
Fugitive Economic Offenders Environment
Act.............................52 Secondary
Catastrophe Bonds (Cat Pollutants...................................................64
Bonds)................................52 50 Years of
Bulgaria Becomes 21st Member to Adopt CITES............................................................64
Euro....53 New Garcinia Species Found in
Corporate Investment Lagging Assam...................65
Behind..................53 Green Climate
Fertilizer Supply Agreements with Saudi Arabia Fund......................................................65
...54 Kharai
10 Years of the Digital India Camels.................................................................65
Journey.......................54 Great
Sovereign Debt in Developing Hornbill.................................................................65
World.....................55 Islands Protection Zone (IPZ)
Falling Household Savings in India Notification.............66
.........................55 RhODIS
The Periodic Labour Force Survey India...................................................................66
...........................56 HTBt Cotton
India’s First Digital Nomad Village in ....................................................................68
Sikkim.........56 Assam’s Woolah Tea
Automotive Mission Plan (AMP), 2047 ......................................................68
...................57 MNRE Revises Biomass Guidelines
Status of Youth in Agrifood Systems ..........................68
Report.........57
Lion-Tailed Macaque UNEP Frontiers Report, 2025
....................................................69 .....................................77
New Lichen Species Reveals Ancient Cabo Delgado
Symbiosis....69 Region..................................................78
Kerala’s Rubber Plantations under Threat Socotra
.............69 Island.................................................................78
Environmental Flow Kamchatka
(E-Flow).....................................70 Peninsula...................................................78
Kyoto Great Ruaha
Protocol................................................................70 River..........................................................78
Golden Jackals Internal Security
...............................................................71 Defence Acquisition Council
Green Synthesis of Hydrogen (DAC).........................79
Peroxide..................71 Medium Altitude Long Endurance Drones...........79
Grassland Bird Census in Kaziranga Apache AH-64E
NP..................72 Helicopters.......................................79
Geography Maharashtra’s ‘urban Maoism’ Bill
Munnar to be a global ‘Responsible Tourism ............................79
Destination’............................................................... 134th Session IMO Council
......73 ..........................................80
Majuli Kargil Vijay
Island....................................................................73 Diwas..........................................................80
Noon Astra Missile
River.......................................................................7 ....................................................................81
3 Patriot Air Defense
Mhadei Systems.......................................81
River...................................................................74 Prithvi-II and
Napne Waterfall Agni-I.......................................................81
.............................................................74 INS Nistar
Wular .........................................................................81
Lake.......................................................................7 Kashi Declaration for Drug-Free India
4 ....................82
Chola Gangam Lake Missile
.....................................................74 (ULPGM)-V3.......................................................82
Kariyachalli Island INS
.........................................................75 Udaygiri....................................................................
PM Modi Conferred with Namibia's Highest .83
Civilian Operation Mahadev
Award.................................................................75 .....................................................83
Trinidad & SIMBEX
Tobago.........................................................75 Exercise.............................................................83
Roll Cloud Exercise Bold Kurukshetra
........................................................................76 2025................................83
Blue Nile Science & Technology
...........................................................................76 Synthetic HGP
Eswatini (SynHG)................................................84
............................................................................76 Research Development & Innovation Scheme
Turkana Basin ....84
.................................................................77
Altermagnets............................................................ Hul
......84 Diwas........................................................................
Glutathione .94
.....................................................................85 Alluri Sitarama Raju
DengiAll.................................................................... ......................................................94
........85 Sheesh Mahal
SAKSHAM-3000....................................................... .................................................................95
.......85 Dhammacakkappavattana
OPCW...................................................................... Divas.............................95
..........86 Chautal
Ham Radio .............................................................................95
Communication.......................................86 UNESCO WHS Granted to 12 Maratha
Starlink Receives Regulatory Forts..........96
Nod............................86 Jarawa Tribe
Polycyclic Aromatic ....................................................................96
Hydrocarbons..........................87 Behdeinkhlam Festival
Displaying Sugar and Fat ................................................96
Boards..............................87 Thiru K.
Mitochondrial Replacement Therapy Kamaraj.............................................................96
.....................88 Mangal Pandey
Malaria Vaccine ..............................................................97
‘AdFalciVax’.......................................89 Paika
In Vitro Biotransformation Rebellion...............................................................9
System...........................89 7
Winter Fog Paithani
Experiment................................................90 Sarees...............................................................97
Star-HOPS-315........................................................ Gavri of the Mewar
........90 Bhils.............................................98
TRACERS Soharai
Mission...........................................................90 Art.......................................................................98
Black Hole Chandra Shekhar Azad Birth Anniversary
Merger.........................................................90 .............99
Nipah Virus Outbreak in Voting System in Chola
Kerala.................................91 Administration.................99
Society WHO’s “3 by 35”
India’s First Clinic for Transgender Initiative..........................................100
Persons...........92 Kombucha
Ladakh’s First Astro Tourism .....................................................................100
Festival.......................92 Global Liveability Index
SPREE 2025..................................100
2025......................................................................9 Miscellaneous...........................................................
2 ....100
MoSPI Celebrates 19th Statistics Day Durand Cup
.......................93 Tournament..........................................101
ELI Scheme for Job Henley Passport Index 2025
Creation......................................93 ....................................101
Cultural & History FIDE Women’s World Cup
Peshwa Bajirao 2025...............................101
...............................................................94
India to Host Chess World Ethanol
Cup................................101 Blending...................................................................
Global SPECS ....................................................28
Network...............................................102 Radioactive Contamination in Punjab’s
Corporations can be Victims in Criminal Cases... Groundwater..................................................29
102 Draft Framework of India’s Climate Finance
Film Re-Censoring: 'V. Janaki vs State of Taxonomy ................................................31
Kerala'....102 Supreme Court Ruling on Sand Mining
Data Recap................................................103 .............................................................................32
Test Yourself.............................................104 National Designated Authority for Carbon
Markets......................................................33
Promotion and Regulation of Online Health Impacts of Land Degradation &
Gaming Act, 2025...............................................6 Drought............................................................34
SC's Directive on Stray Dogs...........................8 SC’s Verdict on
India-Japan 15th Annual Summit .................9 EIA............................................................................
Indian Ports Act, 2025....................................11 .........................................36
Inter-State River Water Disputes Cloudbursts..............................................................
(ISRWD)................................................................... ...................................................................38
.......13 ISRO’s Integrated Air Drop Test (IADT-1)
Jan Vishwas ............................................................................39
2.0............................................................................ Quit India
...............................................14 Movement.................................................................
President of Philippines State Visit to India ..............................................40
......................................................................15
US imposes 50% Tariffs on Polity & Governance
India.......................................................................... Single-window System for Appointing DGP of
.................16 State.........................................................................
Aviation Sector in India ..........41
................................................................................. Setubandha Scholar Scheme
..........................18 ....................................41
Income Tax (No. 2) and Taxation Laws National Overseas Scholarship
(Amendment) Acts..........................................20 Scheme.................42
PM Announced Next-Gen GST Swachhata Pakhwada 2025
Reforms.................................................................... .......................................42
.........22 Nyaya Bandhu Legal Aid
Renewable Consumption Obligation Framework Programme.....................42
..........................................................23 Ayush Ministry and FSSAI Releases List of
Maritime Acts to Boost Blue Economy ‘Ayurveda Aahara’ Food
...............................................................................2 Preparations.....................42
4 Section 17A of the Prevention of Corruption
India’s 3rd Voluntary National Review on Act, 1988
SDGs...............................................................25 ..........................................................................43
Green Ammonia for Energy MERITE Scheme
Transition.................................................................. .............................................................43
.............26 National Sports Governance Act, 2025
Ramsar COP15 ..................43
Concluded................................................................ State Health Regulatory Excellence Index
......................................27 ............44
SabhaSaar................................................................ RBI (Investment in AIF) Directions,
........44 2025................53
Public Accounts Committee on Toll Collection ...44 SOFI Report
NAVYA 2025...........................................................53
Initiative.............................................................45 India among World’s Most Equal
Adi Karmayogi Societies...........53
Abhiyan...............................................45 Digital Payments
SC on Welfare of Injured Armed Forces Index................................................54
Cadets...45 Supply and Use Tables
Registrar General of India (SUTs)....................................54
(RGI).................................46 PAN 2.0
The Constitution (130th Amendment) Bill, 2025... Project...............................................................55
46 National Cooperative Development Corporation
Commercial & Prohibited Speeches Not Part of ...55
Fundamental Rights: Rs 6,520 crore For PM Kisan Sampada Yojana
SC..............................................47 ......55
Article 311 Kavach
.......................................................................47 4.0........................................................................56
Project Stablecoins...............................................................
Aarohan.............................................................47 .......56
Restructuring & Extension of the PM SVANidhi.... RBI Holds Repo Rate and Lowers Inflation
48 Forecast
Comprehensive Modular Survey Education, 2025... ..........................................................................56
48 Retail Inflation Hits 8-year
International Relations Low.................................57
UN Women RBI’s New Co-Lending
......................................................................49 Rules.......................................57
The India UN Global South Capacity Building Atal Innovation Mission
.....49 (AIM)...................................58
Russia withdrew From Intermediate-Range Product
Nuclear Forces (INF) Nation...............................................................58
Treaty.........................................49 NITI Aayog Report on Electric Vehicles
80 Years of ..................58
Hiroshima...................................................50 Environment
Major Treaties & Disarmament World’s Smallest Snake rediscovered in
Efforts....................50 Barbados..................................................................
First BIMSTEC Traditional Music Festival ......59
................50 White Paper on Blue
World Trade Organization Economy..................................59
(WTO).............................51 Supreme Court Ruling on Environmental
Armenia-Azerbaijan Peace Treaty Compensation..........................................................
............................51 ......59
India–China Special Representatives’ Dialogue World Lion
..52 Day...............................................................60
India-EAEU Rhisotope
Relations....................................................52 Project..........................................................60
Druzhba Nauru
Pipeline...........................................................52 ................................................................................
Economy 60
Asian Giant Internal Security
Tortoise......................................................61 Maharashtra Special Public Security
Dramatic increase in Whale Bill................72
stranding....................61 Pralay Missile
Krill........................................................................... ..................................................................73
..........62 Himgiri......................................................................
Kancha Gachibowli ........73
Forest..........................................63 Central Nod to Increase CISF
Bombax Ceiba and Lagerstroemia Speciosa Strength...................73
........63 Agnishodh................................................................
Starfish..................................................................... .......73
.........63 “Joint Sea-2025”
Palmyra Palm — A Natural Lightning Shield........64 Drills..................................................73
Palm Ulchi Freedom
Civet........................................................................ Shield...................................................74
64 Money Laundering
Revival of Corals in the Gulf of .......................................................74
Mannar..................65 Agni-5 Intermediate-Range Ballistic Missile.........74
Saltwater Crocodiles in Operation Rainbow
Sundarbans.......................65 ......................................................76
NTCA Limits Tiger Corridors to Minimal Three Joint Doctrines for Armed
Requirement............................................................. Forces................76
......66 Indigenous Integrated Air Defence Weapon
International Big Cat System
Alliance....................................67 ..............................................................................7
Arogyapacha............................................................ 6
.......68 Decoys in Contemporary
New World Warfare............................77
Screwworm...............................................68 INS Udaygiri and INS
Geography Himgiri.....................................78
Musi River Private Sector Share in Defence Production at
........................................................................69 Record High
Mount Kilimanjaro ....................................................................78
........................................................69 Extended Range Attack Munitions
Colorado Missiles..........79
River................................................................69 Science & Technology
South China Malaria
Sea.............................................................69 Elimination.......................................................80
India Sends 5 Tonnes of Cowpea Seeds to Fiji Human Outer Planet
.....70 Exploration.............................80
Alaska....................................................................... BlueBird Communications
.........70 Satellite.........................80
Tawi T
River......................................................................... Cell...........................................................................
71 .......80
Dnipropetrovsk Region Bharat Forecast System
...............................................71 (BharatFS)..........................81
Mount Fuji First Animal Stem Cell
.......................................................................71 BioBank.................................81
Orbiting Carbon Observatories Sylheti
Program...............82 Language...........................................................90
India’s First Commercial Earth Observation 100th Anniversary of Kakori Train
Satellite Action................91
Constellation..................................................82 Kodali Karuppur Silk
Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM) Sari.............................................91
Outbreak in Dhirio
Kozhikode................................................83 ................................................................................
‘S/2025 U1’: 29th Moon of 91
Uranus.............................83 Shaheed Udham
NASA’s CHAPEA Singh................................................91
Project...............................................83 Miscellaneous
UNGA Launches Two New Initiatives to 71st National Film
Strengthen AI Awards...........................................92
Governance.........................................84 UNDP Equator Initiative
IISc Study on Glucose Transporters & Award.................................93
Diabetes...84 National Sports
Soaps and Day......................................................93
Detergents.................................................85 National Anubhav
Discovery of a Rare Quadruple Star System in Awards..........................................93
the Milky Way International Olympiad on Astronomy and
.................................................................85 Astrophysics.............................................................
Startup Pixxel’s Hyperspectral Imaging .......93
Constellation............................................................. Rugby-centric Bronco Test
......85 .........................................94
Deep Ocean Mission CCPA Slaps Penalty on Rapido for
....................................................86 Misleading
Society Ads...............................................................94
Arya Samaj Khelo India Water Sports Festival at Dal Lake
Marriages..................................................87 ......94
School Enrolment Trends – UDISE+ 2024–25 Data Recap................................................. 95
(Ministry of Test Yourself.............................................. 96
Education)................................................87
National Annual Report and Index on Women’s
Safety (NARI) 2025
........................................................87
Women Development to Women – Led
Development............................................................
......88
Cultural & History
Piprahwa Relics of the Buddha
.................................89
Sarnath Nominated for World Heritage Status....89
Ratadiya Ri Dheri
...........................................................89
Evolution of the Indian National
Flag.....................89
Patalpani-Kalakund Line
.............................................90