CONCRETE I MIXED-USE MODULE

by mona fasihah ibrahim

T A B L E

O F

C O N T E N T
Project Brief Design Statement Definition Timeline Precast vs Insitu Summary Patterns 2D Volume 3D Joints Site Choosen Group Site Choosen Site Site Study Program Proposed Program Site Zoning Site Circulation Program Distribution

Project Description Material Research

Design Investigation

Design Concept

Design Proposal

Module Ensembled Jointing Detail Catalog of Panels Catalog of Units Floor Plans Sectional Perspective Material Pallete Environmental Impact

Environment

D E S I G N

The driving concept behind the building is the use of prefabricated modular elements that allow for variation so that different programs are possible. The idea started by researching concrete and realizing the main criticism towards precast concrete is that it tends to be repetitive and without life. My aim was to create a prefabricated system, which takes advantage of the efficiency, yet allows for variation and adaptation according to use. The Mixed-Use Module consists of shops, cafes & restaurants, offices, accommodations, and residences. The aim is to create a vibrant neighbourhood and an environment where: the public can come to either shop or simply hang out; employees can enjoy a dynamic working environment which will attract employers to invest in businesses; and where residents can live near amenities. The building is located near Deans Avenue and adjacent to Hagley Park. It is a strategic location as it has a great viewhhh towards the park, and easy access to one of the major avenues defining the CBD. The design of the building uses prefabricated module to populate the site in according to the building programs. Each program has its own unique unit which is repeated and easily ensemble for plug and play. It is also flexible for future extensions and development. The aim of this project is to give citizens of Christchurch back their lost homes as well as a place to work in an attractive and dynamic environment. My project responds to Bob Parkers observation that lives were lost, peoples homes and livelihoods destroyed

S T A T E M E N T

1.0 M A T E R I A L

R E S E A R C H

Definition:

The word Concrete comes from the latin word concretus (meaning compact or condensed), the perfect passive participle of concrescere, from con. (together) and crescere (to grow).

1.1 C O N C R E T E
What is Concrete?
Concrete is a mixture of cement, water, aggregate (fine and coarse) and admixture. +
Water Cement

+
Aggregates

+
(Admixture)

=
Concrete

H20
Proportions:
100%

Chemical Substance

Binder

Filler

Accelerator

W:C ratio 0.50- Exposed to freezing & thawning. 0.45- Sulphate Conditions Higher Quality concrete. 7-15%

Smoother surface, easy to place however, resuting concrete will shrink & be less economical Difficult to place, rough & porous 60-80%

Keep Cost Low

Water (W)

14-21%

Cement (C)

Aggregates

Quantity depends on type of Admixture 6-8%

Air

Proportions Graph

Process of Mixing:
Water

+
Cement

=
Paste Paste

=
Aggregates Synthetic Conglomerate

+
Admixtures

Chemical Reaction Hydration Process of hardening and gaining stength

added to the concrete to give it certain charachteristics not obtainable with plain concrete mixes.

Variables affecting Concrete Strength:

Strength of concrete

Quality of paste

Ratio of Water:Cement (W:C)

Workability

Less Water results in a stronger concrete mix. Less water is achievable if there is proper curing, placing & consolidating.

Ability of fresh (plastic) concrete mix to fill the form/mould properly with the desired work (vibration) and without reducing the concretes quality.Timimg is critical

1.2 T I M E L I N E
1849 1796
natural hydraulic cement. James Parker iron reinforced concrete (ferroconcrete)

1903

the 1st concrete highrise (15-storeys) by Elzner & Anderson

1967 1931
Le Corbusier (modern architecture international style)

concrete sports dome

1889

1774

quicklime (made cement harder)

1824

portland cement. Joseph Aspodin

the 1st reinforced concrete bridge by Ernest L. Ransome

The Ingalls Building

1903

Villa Savoye

Assembly Hall, University of Illinois

1999

Alvord Lake Bridge

coloured concrete (colour hardeners, colourwax integral colour, sealers, chemical stains)by Lynn M. Scofield

1938

concrete overlay

1980s

polished concrete

concrete countertops

200 A.D.
Romans

1756

John Smeaton discovered hydraulic lime (coarse aggregate + powdered brick+cement)

1812

1886

1900s the use of precast

21st century
decorative concrete developed

1950s

translucent concrete

Pantheon

1414

Colosseum

the 1st modern use of concrete

Louis Vicat developed artificial hydraulic lime (synthetict + limestone + clay)

rotary kihln (made cement & production constant)

1913

ready mix

1990

concrete engraving

glassfibre reinforced concrete (GRC)

1891

1930

the 1st concrete street

air entraining agents (to resist against damage from frozen & thawing)

1936
Frank L. Wright - exploit cantilever

fiber reinforcement (to strengthen concrete)

1970s

recycled concrete

1836 1793
Eddystone Lighthouse, Cornwall (influence on lighthouse design)

self-compacting concrete bendable concrete (liquid stone)

Pont de Notre Dame Aqueduct

cement testing (tensile & compression strength)

Bellefontaine, Ohio

precast composite

Ductal
Fallingwater

Eddystone Lighthouse

Hoover Dam(largest scale concrete project)

fabric-formed concrete tactile concrete self-cleaning concrete

Hoover Dam, Colorado

1.3 P R E C A S T

V S. I N - S I T U P R E C A S T
Is manufactured under factory-controlled conditions & erected on site until it is fully hardened. Mt.Eden, Auckland East Tamaki, Auckland Paeroa, Waikato Kaiwharawhara, Wellington Hutt City, Wellington Gonville, Wanganui Richmond, Nelson Balclutha, Otago Hornby, Christchurch Otorohanga, Waikato Porirua, Wellington

I N - S I T U
. . . . . . . . .

Is formed on site using the traditional methods of formwork and ready-mixed concrete. Manukau, Auckland Athol St., Queenstown St. Woolston, Christchurch Landfill Road, Wellington Belmont, Wellington Johnsonville, Wellington Miramar, Wellington Upper Hutt, Wellington Waikanae, Wellington

Where in New Zealand:

. . . . . . . . . . .

Performance:

. strong . durable

. stable . excellent acoustic and fire resistant properties . waterproof

. . . . . . . .

strong durable stable excellent acoustic and fire resistant properties the ability to control of form and shape the enclosure of space and structure in one material the ability to form integral surface finishes and colour its compatibilty with most other materials flexibility mouldability continuity robustness

Advantages:

+ + + + + + +

consistent form & finish speed accuracy prestressing high-quality assured covers dense & properly cured

+ + + +

Disadvantages:

- limited design - not available everywhere - joints between panels are often expensive & complicated - limited panel size - cranes are required - skilled workmanship is required

- time consuming - workmanship is variable - depends on weather condition

Cost: Example:

save time + cut labour cost

LESS

time consuming + skilled labour

MORE

1.4 M A T E R I A L

S U M M A R Y

Realizing the main criticsm towards precast concrete is that it tends to be repetitive and without life. The aim is to create a prefabricated system, which takes advatage of the efficiency, yet allows for variation and adaptation according to use.

2.0 D E S I G N

I N V E S T I G A T I O N

patterns_2D

precast

pre-fabrication

module

volume_3D

face variable types of joint variable

joints

reason to be: variations in repetition

2.1 P A T T E R N S I 2 D

>

>

>

>

>

>
> >

>

>

>

2.2 V O L U M E I 3 D

2 faces

4 faces

face

8 faces

16 faces

volume

36 faces

variable01 same

+ + + + / + / + /

variable

variable02 mix

variable03 other objects

2.2.1 V A R I A B L E 0 1

+ + +

2.2.2 V A R I A B L E 0 2

+ +

2.3 J O I N T S

type of joints

joints

variable01 neutral neutral

+ + +

joints

variable

variable02 same joints variable03 mix joints

joints

other joints

2.3.1 V A R I A B L E 0 1

+
neutral joints

+
neutral joints

+
neutral joints

+
neutral joints

+
neutral joints

+
neutral joints

+
neutral joints

+
neutral joints

+
neutral joints

2.3.2 V A R I A B L E 0 2

+
joints joints

+
joints joints

+
joints joints

+
joints joints

joints

joints

joints

+
+

joints

joints

joints

joints

+ +

joints

joints

joints

2.3.3 V A R I A B L E 0 3

+
joints joints

+
joints joints

+
joints joints

3.0 D E S I G N

C O N C E P T

3.1 S I T E

3.1.1 C H O O S E N
Site Relationships

G R O U P

S I T E

The challenge was to find a site, which could accomodate all of the group members proposed programs. Residential, public and industrial programs were chosen to be placed within close range to create synergy between each programs users.
Map Of Choosen Sites: Zoomed up map Of Choosen Sites: Key:
Monas Site- Residential/Accomodation/Retail

Farahs Site- Temporary Contemporary Art gallery Tommys Site- Recycle/Reuse Concrete Plant/ Education Main Streets Public Space Retail Train Stations/ Access Railway Track Hagley Park

Industrial Area

Residential Four Major Avenues of Christchurch CBD

Bubble Diagram Showing relationships between chosen sites and site features:

Shopping Centre

Residential

Christchurch Train Station

Hagley Park

Train Stop

Bicycle Parking/ Promotes cycling

Gathering of People

Pedestrian Way

Public Seating

Cars

8 Lanes Cafes/Restauraunts Moorhouse Avenue (1/4 Major avenues)- Accesible

Performances

Industrial Zone

8 Lanes Blenheim Road- Accesible Railway

4.2 H O O S E N 3.1.2 C C H O O S E N S S I T E I T E
Proposed site

Location Plan not to scale area 50,416m 2

Site Plan not to scale

M O N A

3.1.3 S I T E S T U D Y Macro Analysis

M O N A

Accessibility
train pedestrian cycle

Accessibility (private transportation)

public amenities
train station

residential

commercial / industrial

recreational

M O N A

S.W.O.T Diagram

+ opportunity ready-catchment

area.

opportunity

connects people to the site.

+ strength great view.

ideal for recreational activities.

threat

noise pollution coming from the passing train.

+ opportunity easy accessibility + opportunity easy accessibility

for the cyclists. connects peole to the site. for

opportunity

connects people to the site.

the pedestrians. connects peole to the site.

opportunity
allow for variety

+ opportunity connects people

to the

train pedestrian cycle

highway primary road secondary road

train station residential commercial/ industrial

recreational site

M O N A

Micro Analysis
Noise
The noises are coming from the train tracks

View

The good views are towards the Hagley Park and the bad views are towards the train tracks

+ +

+
C O N C R E T E

Sun Orientation

The site is exposed to direct sunlight

M O N A

3.2 P R O G R A M

issue aim objectives

...lives were lost, peoples homes and livelihoods destroyed...

to become a vibrant and comfortable living space which stimulate & foster new lifestyle to the people of Christchurch.

+a

place

people

want

to

spend

time

in

and

invest

in.

+ a place that discover the

fosters business investment and growth, attracts visitors and invites residents to wander, explore and new public spaces and network of green spaces. and responds to the needs of todays and future generations.

+ people-friendly + easy

to get around, with a business-friendly compact core, an array of inviting green spaces and plenty of activities to draw people in throught the day and into the evening.

+ accessibility

- supported by excelent walking and cycling paths.

redefine_comfort recreate_public revive_urban

living spaces

experince

concept : variations in repetition

variation

\va`ri*ation\, n. the act of varying; a partial change in the form, position, state, or qualities of a thing; modification; alternation; mutation; diversity; deviation; as, a variation of colour in different lights; a variation in size; variation of language.

repetition

\rep`e*tition\, n. the act of repeating; a doing or performing again; iteration.

3.2.1 P R O P O S E D

P R O G R A M

work

live

play

Proposed Program
residential accommodation office
studio 2-bedrooms 3-bedrooms suite deluxe twin deluxe king open planning enclosed small medium large

Program Activities
programs users residents family teenagers children adults workers retailers disabled tourists/ visitors activities sleep dine shop socialize recreation work

live
work

live
work

play

retail dining

restaurant cafe bar

play

Program Distribution

Program Density
918m2

live
5,067m2

residential
4,149m2

accommodation
studio
19 units 63m2

30%

studio
19 units 1,197m2

suite
6 units 324m2

2-bedroom
11 units 1,188m2

deluxe twin
6 units 324m2

2-bedroom
11 units 108m2 28%

residential
4,149m2

3-bedroom
14 units 1,764m2

deluxe king
6 units 270m2

80%

live
60%
5,067m2

work
1,755m2

3-bedroom

office
1,755m2

14 units 126m2

48%

open planning
4 units 1,188m2

suite
6 units 54m2

35%

accommodation enclosed
9 units 567m2

deluxe twin
6 units 54m2

918m2

20%

35%

deluxe king
6 units 270m2 30%

play
1,674m2

retail
774m2

dining
900m2

open planning

work
1,755m2

4 units 297m2

office
1,755m2

68%

21%

100%

small
4 units 144m2

restaurant
2 units 180m2

enclosed
9 units 63m2

32%

medium
3 units 378m2

cafe

small 4 units
36m2

5 units 315m2

retail
774m2

20%

46%

medium 3 units
126m2

48% large 1 unit

play
1,674m2

restaurant 2 units
90m2

large
1 unit 252m2

9 units 405m2

bar

19%

20%

dining
900m2

cafe
5 units 63m2

45%

54%

bar
9 units 45m2

35%

3.2.2 S I T E program

Z O N N I N G

option01
commercial zone is situated at the centre of the site to act as a node. open public space allows overflow of people coming from Lester Ln. and South Hagley Park. parking zone is located at the west side to buffer the noise coming from train passing-by and also to penetrate the western sun.

option02
commercial zone is situated at the centre of the site to act as a node. open public space allows overflow of people coming from Lester Ln. and South Hagley Park. parking zone is located at the west side to buffer the noise coming from train passing-by and also to penetrate the western sun. residential zone is situated most on the north side to relate with the existing residentail area and on the east side to capture the view of South Hagley Park and also the eastern sun. office zone is located near the parking zone for easy access.

option03
commercial zone is situated at the centre of the site to act as a node yet split in the middle to allow for flow of public. open public space allows overflow of people coming from Lester Ln. and South Hagley Park and also from the existing residential area. parking zone is located at the west side to buffer the noise coming from train passing-by and also to penetrate the western sun. residential zone is situated most on the north side to relate with the existing residentail area and on the east side to capture the view of South Hagley Park and also the eastern sun. office zone is located near the parking zone for easy access.

residential office commercial open public space parking

M O N A

3.2.3 S I T E

circulation

C I R C U L A T I O N

option01
one entrance for cars into the site from the residential zone.

option02
one entrance for cars into the site from Deans Av.

option03
two entrances for cars into the site from the residential zone and Deans Av.

+ only + car flow pedestrian flow

focus on one entrance. capture users from the residential zone. easy to control vehicular traffic flow. a little bit secluded. cars coming from Deans Av may need directions going into the site.

+ only + easy

focus on one entrance. to control vehicular traffic flow.

+ capture + +

users from main road and the residential zone. avoid traffic congestions. allow for accessibility.

- may

lead to traffic congestion.

- challenging

to control the vehicular traffic on site.

M O N A

3.2.3.1 S I T E

program + circulation

C I R C U L A T I O N

&

Z O N N I N G

commercial zone is situated at the centre of the site to act as a node yet split in the middle to allow for flow of public. open public space allows overflow of people coming from Lester Ln. and South Hagley Park and also from the existing residential area. parking zone is located at the west side to buffer the noise coming from train passing-by and also to penetrate the western sun. residential zone is situated most on the north side to relate with the existing residentail area and on the east side to capture the view of South Hagley Park and also the eastern sun. office zone is located near the parking zone for easy access.

two entrances for cars into the site from the residential zone and Deans Av.

+ capture users from main road and the residential zone. + avoid traffic congestions. + allow for accessibility. - challenging to control the vehicular traffic on site.

residential office commercial open public space parking car flow pedestrian flow

M O N A

3.2.4 P R O G R A M

D I S T R I B U T I O N

Section Diagram

c residen tial resi o dential accommo dation r off e ice open public comme rcial space
resi dential

rooftop

3m

5F

3m 4F

3m 3F

3m 2F

3m

open public space

1F

3m

GF

Program & Massing

Core

Accommodation

Commercial

Residential

Office

Overall Planning

3.3 D E S I G N

P R O P O S A L

3.3.1 M O D U L E

E N S E M B L E D

Posts & Beams

Panels

Single Unit

Multiple Units

Multiple Units Stacked

3.3.2 J O I N T I N G

D E T A I L I P O S T & B E AM

Steel Beam

steel beam

steel plate column

bolts

Steel Column

3.3.3 C A T A L O G

O F

P A N E L S

Solid Wall Panel

Glass Wall Panel

Door Panel

Window Panel

3.3.4 C A T A L O G

O F

U N I T S

Studio (63m2)

Suite (54m2)

Bar (45m2)

Small (36m2)

2-bedroom (108m2)

Deluxe Twin (54m2)

Cafe (63m2)

Medium (126m2)

Open Planning (297m2)

3-bedroom (126m2)

Deluxe King (270m2)

Restaurant (90m2)

Large (252m2)

Enclosed (63m2)

Residential

Accommodation

Dining

Retail

Office

View towards the central courtyard

View of the office unit

View of the studio unit

View from the accommodation lobby

3.3.5 F L O O R

P L A N S

Ground Floor Plan

First Floor Plan

Second Floor Plan

Third Floor Plan

Fourth Floor Plan

Fifth Floor Plan

3.3.6 S E C T I O N A L

P E R S P E C T I V E

residential residential residential residential accommodation

residential

accommodation

3.3.7 M A T E R I A L

P A L L E T E

exterior wall (RAB Cladding)

interior wall (gypsum board)

interior wall finish

glazing (polycarbonate)

floor finish

4. 0 E N V I R O N M E N T A L

I M P A C T

4.0 E N V I R O N M E N T A L

I M P A C T

The use of prefabrication system reduces the impact on the environment. The speed and efficiency of prefabrication enchance sustainability through shorter construction time and less waste. Time spent in bad weather or hazardous environtments at the construction site is minimized. Prefabrication design & construction allows for a control factory environment which give very precise material planning and use there is very little waste left over when compared to standard construction techniques. Prefabrication can be bought in bulk and used over many projects, minimizing delays and ensuring that no short cuts are taken due to unavailable materials. This bulk purchasing and the delivery of a small number of completed modules to the site dramatically reduce pollution from transportation to and from the site. And finally, the disturbance of the construction site can be minimized because there is no need to stage and store large amounts of material onsite for extended periods. In addition to being green, these elements also help to keep costs down and shorten the overall project timeline. Materials can be bought in bulk at attractive prices. Skilled craftsmen can be fully employed and can work on modules for many prefabrication units at a time. And, the indoor construction process eliminates delays and damage due to weather conditions.