|H4B l|T

ivastras
The stras below are called ivastras. According to tradition, these stras
came out of Lord iva's amaru (drum) during his tava (dance of ecstasy)
and Mahai Pini recorded them. The entire Sanskrit grammar is based on
these ivastras.
1. H 7 (T )
2. + (T )
3. 9 Hl (= )
4. 9 Hl ( )
5. ( 4 4 ( )
6. (T )
7. P = T + (P )
8. H ( )
9. 7 (9 )
10. = 4 7 ( (H )
11. G T 7 6 (4 )
12. T 9 (4 )
13. H 9 B ( )
14. ( ( )
Birds Eye View
BFT6P
Sanskrit
1. Hl|T
Alphabets
2. H-(l-
Nouns
3. H-44l|+
Indeclinables
4. |44l9( Tll
Verbs and Tenses
5. 9 69- 4+
Person & Number
6. 4l14l|+
Simple Sentences
7. H-(- |4|16
Words & Cases
8. 79Bl -
Prefixes
9. 9t44l-
Suffixes
10. B= 4l-
Numerals
11. 94l -
Voice
12. B|--
Combination
13. HlFl|T
Scriptures
Sanskrit alphabets are classified into four groups. They are:
1. F4l- Vowels
2. -4V+l|+ Consonants
3. F4416--4V+l|+ Consonants with vowels
4. B416--4V+l|+ Conjunct consonants

1.1 F4l- Vowels

There are 13 vowels in the Sanskrit language. They are:
H Hl 7 7 + + 9 9 Hl Hl
There are two more letters (1) Anusvra and (2) Visarga represented by a
dot (

) and two vertical dots (-) respectively. Example: H and H- .

1.2 -4V+l|+ Consonants

There are 33 consonants categorized into 8 groups.
T G = T group
7 = H group
7 7 T group
6 ( + 6 group
9 T 4 P 9 group
4 4 semi-vowels
H 9 B sibilants
( aspirate

Hl|T
Alphabets

.
Sulabha Sasktam 4
Almost all the consonants drop their vertical line and the slanting line that
are below them to form half consonants. Note that their pronunciation does
not change due to this modification.
1. T = 1
2. G =
3. =
4. =
5. = = -
6. =
7. 7 = -
8. = = 7
9. H = H
10. = -
11. = -
12. = -
13. 7 = -
14. 7 = -
15. T = '
16. 6 = t
17. =
18. ( = -
19. = \
20. + = -
21. 9 = -
22. T = T
23. 4 = -
24. = -
25. P =
26. 4 =
27. =
28. = -
29. 4 = -
30. H = 7
31. 9 = !
32. B = F
33. ( = -
Observe that some of consonants do not have any vertical lines in them and
therefore do not change. For example: 7 and ( .
Textbook
5
1.3. F44 16--4V+l|+ Consonants United with Vowels
The consonants that are combined with vowels are called svarayukta-
vyajanni.
T + H = T
T + Hl = Tl
T + = |T
T + = Tl
T + 7 = T
T + 7 = T
T + + = T
T + + = T
T + =
T + 9 = T
T + 9 = T
T + Hl = Tl
T + Hl = Tl
With anusvra ( ) and visarga (- ), the forms are:
T + H = T
T + H- = T-

.
Sulabha Sasktam 6
This chart gives you an overall view of all the svarayukta-vyajanni.
H Hl 7 7 + + 9 9 Hl Hl H H-
T T Tl |T Tl T T T T T T Tl Tl T T-
G G Gl |G Gl G G G G G G Gl Gl G G-
l | l l l -
l | l l l -
= = =l |= =l = = = = = = =l =l = =-
l | l l l -
7 7 7l |7 7l 7 7 7 7 7 7 7l 7l 7 7-
= = =l |= =l = = = = = = =l =l = =-
H H Hl |H Hl H H H H H H Hl Hl H H-
l | l l l -
l | l l l -
l | l l l -
7 7 7l |7 7l 7 7 7 7 7 7 7l 7l 7 7-
7 7 7l |7 7l 7 7 7 7 7 7 7l 7l 7 7-
T T Tl |T Tl T T T T T T Tl Tl T T-
G

Textbook
7
6 6 6l |6 6l 6 6 6 6 6 6 6l 6l 6 6-
l | l l l -
( ( (l |( (l ( ( ( ( (l (l ( (-
l | l l l -
+ + +l |+ +l + + + + + + +l +l + +-
9 9 9l |9 9l 9 9 9 9 9 9 9l 9l 9 9-
T T Tl |T Tl T T T T T T Tl Tl T T-
4 4 4l |4 4l 4 4 4 4 4 4 4l 4l 4 4-
l | l l l -
P P Pl |P Pl P P P P P P Pl Pl P P-
4 4 4l |4 4l 4 4 4 4 4 4 4l 4l 4 4-
l | l 6 - l l -
l | l l l -
4 4 4l |4 4l 4 4 4 4 4 4 4l 4l 4 4-
H H Hl |H Hl H H H H H H Hl Hl H H-
9 9 9l |9 9l 9 9 9 9 9 9 9l 9l 9 9-
B B Bl |B Bl B B B B B B Bl Bl B B-
( ( (l |( (l ( ( ( ( (l (l ( (-
6

H
9

H Hl 7 7 + + 9 9 Hl Hl H H-
(
Sulabha Sasktam 8
1. T + T = 1T
2. T + 6 = 16
3. T + + = 1+
4. T + P = 1P
5. T + 4 = 14
6. T + = 1
7. T + 4 = 14
8. G + 4 = 4
9. + T = T
10. + =
11. + + = +
12. + P = P
13. + 4 = 4
14. + =
15. + 4 = 4
16. + + = +
17. + =
18. + 7 = 7
19. + P = P
20. + 4 = 4
21. = + = = 7=
22. = + 4 = 74
23. = + 4 = 74
24. + 7 = -7
25. + 4 =
26. 7 + 4 = 7 4
27. 7 + 4 = 7 4
28. T + = '
29. T + = '
30. T + 7 = '7
31. T + 7 = '7
32. T + T = 'T
33. T + P = 'P
34. T + 4 = '4
1.4. B 4 16--4V+l|+ Conjunct Consonants
A conjunct consonant is formed when two or more consonants are joined
together. For ease of reading we have presented the second consonant with
the vowel H.
Textbook
9
35. T + 4 = '4
36. 6 + = t
37. 6 + + = t+
38. 6 + 9 = t9
39. 6 + P = tP
40. 6 + 4 = t4
41. 6 + 4 = t4
42. 6 + B = tB
43. + + = +
44. + 4 = 4
45. ( + = (
46. + + = \+
47. + P = \P
48. + 4 = \4
49. + 4 = \4
50. + + 6 = -6
51. + + ( = -(
52. + + = -
53. + + P = -P
54. + + 4 = -4
55. + + 4 = -4
56. 9 + 6 = -6
57. 9 + + = -+
58. 9 + 4 = -4
59. 9 + = -
60. 9 + B = -B
61. T + 4 = T4
62. 4 + = = -=
63. 4 + ( = -(
64. 4 + = -
65. + 4 = -4
66. P + + = +
67. P + 9 = 9
68. P + 4 = 4
69. P + =
70. P + P = P
71. P + 4 = 4
72. P + =
73. 4 + 4 = 4
74. + T = -T
75. + 9 = -9
76. + P = -P
Sulabha Sasktam 10
77. + 4 = -4
78. + = -
79. + 4 = -4
80. 4 + 4 = -4
81. H + = 7
82. H + + = 7+
83. H + P = 7P
84. H + 4 = 74
85. H + 4 = 74
86. H + = 7
87. 9 + T = !T
88. 9 + = !
89. 9 + = !
90. 9 + T = !T
91. 9 + 9 = !9
92. 9 + P = !P
93. 9 + 4 = !4
94. 9 + 4 = !4
95. B + T = FT
96. B + G = FG
97. B + 6 = F6
98. B + = F
99. B + 9 = F9
100. B + T = FT
101. B + P = FP
102. B + 4 = F4
103.B + 4 = F4

When precedes any consonant, the symbol (

) is used above the succeeding
consonant.
104. + T = T
105. + =
106. + =
107. + =
108. + = = =
109. + P = P
Textbook
11
110. T + = 4
111. G + = U
112. + =
113. + =
114. = + =
115. ( + =
116. 9 + = 9
117. 4 + =
118. + = H
119. P + = B
120. 4 + =
121. H + = ~
122. B + = U
123. ( + =
124. 7 + = 7
125. + =
126. + =
Some more conjunct consonants:
When follows a consonant it is represented with a slanting line below the
preceding consonant.
127. 7 + = 7
128. 7 + = 7
134. + + =
135. + + + =
136. 9 + + = U
137. 4 + + = R
138. + + =
129. T + + =
130. G + + = +
131. + + = P
132. + + =
133. 6 + + =
When certain consonants combine with , the sound is represented by the
symbol ( ) written below the consonant.
Sulabha Sasktam 12
139. P + + = V
140. 4 + + =
141. H + + = +
142. B + + = H
143. ( + + = @
144. T + = J
145. = + T =
146. = + G = g
147. = + = \
148. + =
149. = + = = =
150. + =
151. + = = V
152. + = }
153. + 4 =
154. 7 + 4 = 7
155. 7 + 4 = 7
156. 6 + 6 =
157. ( + = J
158. ( + ( =
159. ( + = &
160. ( + =
161. ( + P = T
162. ( + 4 = H
163. ( + 4 =
164. ( + 4 =
165. 9 + 6 = 8
166. + = [
167. H + =
168. H + = V
169. H + 4 = H
170. 9 + = 7
171. 9 + = U
172. ( + T = q
173. ( + P = O
174. ( + 4 = G
175. ( + = @
176. ( + 4 =
Textbook
13
180. T + 6 + 4 = 1t4
181. T + 9 + T = T
182. T + 9 + P = P
183. T + 9 + 4 = 4
184. T + 9 + 4 = 4
185. + + 4 = -4
186. = + T + 6 = = 16
187. = + + 4 = =4
188. + 7 + = 7
189. + 7 + 4 = 74
190. T + + 4 = ' 4
191. 6 + 6 + 4 = x4
192. 6 + 9 + = t9
193. 6 + P + 4 = t4
177. T + 9 =
178. 6 + =
Note the following conjunct consonants. Their forms make them unique.
Given below are a few conjunct consonants that are formed by the combination
of three consonants.
179. = + =
194. 6 + + 4 = -4
195. 6 + B + + = tH
196. 6 + B + 4 = tF4
197. ( + + 4 = ( \4
198. ( + + 4 =
199. ( + + 4 = D
200. + + 6 + 4 = -t4
201. + + 6 + = -
202. + + ( + 4 = -H
203. + + ( + = -
204. + + + = -
205. P + 9 + = 9
206. + + 4 = 4
207. + + 4 = 4
Sulabha Sasktam 14
208. H + + 4 = 74
209. 9 + + 4 = 7
210. 9 + + = 7
211. 9 + + 4 = 74
212. 9 + 9 + = !9
213. B + 6 + 4 = Ft4
214. B + 6 + = N
215. B + 6 + 4 = Ft4
Textbook
15
Based on their gender, nouns are classified into three types masculine,
feminine and neuter. The specific mention of the nouns gender is found in
texts such as Amara-koa. However, some rules are given here for the students
easy comprehension.
2.1 9 |[\- Masculine Gender Nouns
Words which end with H-, - and 7- are usually masculine gender nouns.
When two vertical dots (-) are put after any letter it is called visarga. When
words end with H-, they are called akrnta-pulliga; when they end with -,
they are called ikrnta-pulliga; and when they end with 7-, they are called
ukrnta-pulliga.
Masculine Nouns Feminine Nouns Neuter Nouns
7-
HP
H-(l-
Nouns
9|[\- Nl|\- +9 BT|\-
- Hl

H-
H-(l-
Nouns

Sulabha Sasktam 16
2.2 Fl|\- Feminine Gender Nouns
Words that end with Hl and are usually feminine gender nouns (krnta-
strliga and krnta-strliga).
2.3 +9 BT|\- Neuter Gender Nouns
Words that end with HP are usually neuter gender nouns (akrnta-
napusakaliga).

Masculine Gender Nouns

Words ending with H- Words ending with - Words ending with 7-
1. H=- 1. H|- 1. --
2. H - 2. T|4- 2. 6-
3. lP- 3. 9|6- 3. 66-
4. T- 4. P|+- 4. H -
5. 6- 5. H|P- 5. |9 -
Feminine Gender Nouns
Words ending with Hl Words ending with
1. l4l 1. +(l
2. 7l4l 2. +ll
3. Pl4l 3. 9t+l
4. |-6l 4. 9l4 6l
Neuter Gender Nouns
Words ending with HP
1. |P
2. 4+P
3. P
4. 794+P

Textbook
17
More Masculine Gender Nouns
1. H=- Goat
2. H - Meaning
3. HB- Lazy person
4. H+- Fire
5. H+- Follower
6. HH- Horse
7. H- Lip
8. =4- Victory
9. H|- Enemy
10. H|+- Wind
11. H|4- Insult
12. Hll4 - Teacher
13. Hl( H- Order
14. Hl(H - Mirror
15. Hl(l- Food
16. -- Moon
17. 7HP- Effort
18. H - Sprout
19. TlT- Crow
20. T-T- Ball
21. T4l- Door
22. T|4- Poet
23. Tl- Time
24. Tl- Worm
25. T9- Well
26. T 9l4- Farmer
27. T H- Hair
28. Tl|4(- Expert
29. TlH- Treasure
30. G- Donkey
31. G- Bird
32. G- Wicked man
33. l4T- Singer
34. - Pot
35. lT- Nose
36. 6 - Clever
37. - Eye
38. |T- Leopard
39. l - Thief
40. =(- Cloud
41. =+T- Community
42. =-6 - A creature
43. 66- Tree
44. 6 9l- Dew, mist
Sulabha Sasktam 18
45. (- Expert
46. (|T(F6- Right hand
47. (H+- Tooth
48. 6- Messenger
49. +- Actor
50. +- Man
51. +l|T- Coconut
52. +l|4T- Boat-man
53. +9|6- King
54. 9|6- Leader
55. 9- Wing
56. 9- Smart person
57. 9l 9Tl- Help
58. 9l9Tl- Harm
59. 9l|T- Palm
60. |4Hl4- School
61. 9l4T- Fire
62. 9l6lH- Breakfast
63. H-6T- Yama
64. 4l- Boy
65. 16- Devotee
66. - Soldier
67. T- Frog
68. BP- Ocean
69. PF6T- Head
70. P99l- Shepherd
71. Pl - Vain
72. 4|6- Saint
73. - Chariot
74. |16- Empty
75. |9 - Enemy
76. lT- World
77. 4- Chest
78. 44 - Banyan tree
79. 4tB- Calf
80. 4lP(F6- Left hand
81. 4l6- Wind
82. |44l(- Dispute
83. |4- Obstacle
84. |4Hl- Big
85. -4l4lP- Exercise
86. Hl|- Paddy
87. HlT|T- Cart-man
88. |HH - Child
Textbook
19
89. H- Lord iva
90. B- Tank
91. FT-- Shoulder
92. (l- Garland
93. (lT- Diamond
More Feminine Gender Nouns
1. H4l Forest
2. HlHl Desire
3. T-4l Girl
4. T6l Scissor
5. T|Tl Key
6. TlP(l Moonlight
7. 'l Bell
8. |-6l Worry
9. 7l Crest
10. =++l Mother
11. ( 46l Goddess
12. l Earth
13. ll Nurse
14. +ll Woman
15. +lBl Nose
16. +lTl Boat
17. 9t+l Wife
18. 9|Tl Letter
19. 9|Tl Box
20. l4l Wife
21. P(l Earth
22. Pll Garland
23. P9l Falsehood
24. P|Tl Clay
25. Pl Memory
26. Pl Lakm
27. 4l|(+l Army
28. 4l6l News
29. |4Hl Knowledge
30. 4ll Street
31. 4 (+l Pain
32. HT l Sugar
33. H4 l Night
34. HlGl Branch
35. H'7l Trunk
36. Bl Assembly
37. F9(l Desire

Sulabha Sasktam 20
More Neuter Gender Nouns
1. HP Alphabet
2. H|=+P Deer-skin
3. H4P Sky
4. H+6P Falsehood
5. H\44+P Study
6. Hl++P Face
7. HlTP Ornament
8. 7P Answer
9. 7Hl+P Garden
10. 7(P Stomach
11. 794+P Garden
12. Hl(+P Cooked rice
13. Hl 9P Medicine
14. TP Paper
15. T-(P Root
16. TP Wife
17. T4P Body
18. TP(P Work-place
19. Tl-4P Poetry
20. T'7P Earring
21. TlHP Skill
22. TlP Hollow of a
tree
23. lP Body
24. l9P Tower
25. 6P Ghee
26. |P Picture
27. 4P Wheel
28. 7P Umbrella
29. |7P Hole
30. =P Belly
31. 6lTP Lake
32. 6 TP Grass
33. 6l4P Water
34. P Milk
35. +P Wealth
36. l-4P Grain
37. 4P Courage
38. +P Star
39. +4+P Eye
40. +l7P Nest
41. +P City
42. 9(P Step
43. 9VP Cage
44. 9T P Leaf
45. 9lP Vessel
Textbook
21
46. 9l6TP Sin
47. 9!9P Flower
48. TP Fruit
49. 4-+P Bondage
50. 4+P House
51. P-4P Price
52. Pl(TP Sweet ball
53. 4l=+P 8 miles
54. lP Forehead
55. 4TP Salt
56. l+P Eye
57. 4(+P Face
58. 4FP Dress
59. |4HP World
60. HTP Cart
61. HlTP Vegetable
62. Bl(BP Bravery
63. Bl9l+P Step, stairs
64. F47P Clean
65. |(PP Snow
66. lP Milk
67. P Field
68. l+P Knowledge
1. T(lTP Banana 6. H+l+BTP Pineapple
2. +l\TP Orange 7. (l|7PTP Pomegranate
3. |+4 TTP Lemon 8. 4( 4l=TP Guava
4. llTP Grape 9. HlBTP Mango
5. 9+BTP Jackfruit
Tl|+ Fruits
P l- Animals
1. + - Cow
2. T1T- Dog
3. =- Elephant
4. Pl=l- Cat
5. |B(- Lion
6. 4l+- Monkey

Sulabha Sasktam 22
7. P9T- Rat 12. HH- Rabbit
8. -4l- Tiger 13. (- Donkey
9. 7!- Camel 14. 4l(- Pig
10. (|T- Deer 15. Hl- Fox
11. -T- Bear 16. 4 T- Wolf

9|T- Birds
1. (B- Swan 7. T1Tl Hen
2. P4- Peacock 8. T9l6- Dove
3. Tl|T- Cuckoo 9. 7T- Owl
4. H T- Parrot 10. 4T- Crane
5. TlT- Crow 11. T- Sparrow
6. T1T- Cock

9l|T+- (Other) Living Beings

1. P'7T- Frog 7. (l|Tl House lizard
2. PtF4- Fish 8. 4|T- Scorpion
3. TP- Tortoise 9. P|Tl Fly
4. PT- Crocodile 10. PHT- Mosquito
5. B9- Snake 11. P T- Honeybee
6. TT- Crab 12. |99l|Tl Ant

4Tl - Colours
1. k:[> Black 2. H6- White
Textbook
23
3. 9l6- Yellow 6. 9l- Rose
4. (|6- Green 7. +l- Blue
5. T9l4- Orange 8. 16- Red

4 l- Trees
1. HlB4 - Mango tree 5. 44 - Banyan tree
2. 6l4 - Palm tree 6. H74t4 - Peepal tree
3. 9+B4- Jack tree 7. +l|T4- Coconut tree
4. T(l4 - Banana tree

HlF4 H\l|+ Parts of the Body

1. |H- Head 8. (F6- Hand
2. +P Eye 9. H\l Finger
3. ~lP Ear 10. +G- Nail
4. +l|BTl Nose 11. T'- Neck
5. P GP Mouth 12. 7(P Belly
6. (-6- Teeth 13. 76- Thigh
7. |=l Tongue 14. 9l(- Leg

9 !9l|T Flowers
1. TPP Lotus 4. P|-Tl Jasmine
2. =9lTBPP Hibiscus 5. B4Tl|-6- Sunflower
3. l49!9P Rose

Sulabha Sasktam 24
Bl- Tastes
1. P - Sweet 4. H- Sour
2. T9l4- Astringent 5. |616- Bitter
3. T - Pungent 6. 4T- Salty

|(Hl- Directions
1. 7l North 3. 9|7Pl West
2. 9 4l East 4. (|Tl South

4lBl- Days
1. |44lB- Sunday 5. 64lB- Thursday
2. BlP4lB- Monday 6. H44lB- Friday
3. P\4lB- Tuesday 7. H|+4lB- Saturday
4. 4 4lB- Wednesday

4l(+l|+ Vehicles
1. Tl4l+P Car 5. ||4Tl Auto
2. HTP Cart 6. +lTl Boat
3. |4Pl+P Aeroplane 7. P(l+lTl Ship
4. lT4l+P Bus

(P House
1. ||- Wall 3. |7Tl Brick
2. 7|(- Roof 4. 4l6l4+P Window
Textbook
25
5. T4lP Door 7. lP Entrance
6. Bl9l+P Steps 8. 794+P Garden

T 4- Family
1. |96l Father 5. H=l Elder sister
2. Pl6l Mother 6. H=- Elder brother
3. H+=- Younger brother 7. |96lP(- (Paternal)
Grandfather
4. H+=l Younger sister 8. |96lP(l (Paternal)
Grandmother

|4Hl4- - School
1. H\4l9T- Teacher (M) 7. T !TTTP Blackboard
2. H\4l|9Tl Teacher (F) 8. 9 F6TP Book
3. 7l- Student (M) 9. HP Letter, syllable
4. 7ll Student (F) 10. H+l Pencil
5. 7t9l|Tl Table 11. G+l Pen
6. HlB-(- Chair

+6 Season
1. (P-6- Winter 4. l!P- Summer
2. |H|H- Cold season 5. 49l Rainy season
3. 4B-6- Spring 6. H6 Autumn

Sulabha Sasktam 26
PlB- Month
1. PlHl9- 7. 74 U-
2. 9l 9- 8. Hl9l7-
3. Pl- 9. ~l4T-
4. Tl- +- 10. l9(-
5. - 11. Hl|H+-
6. 4 HlG- 12. Tl| T-
Textbook
27
21. 7F6P Loudly
22. 6 T P Speedily
23. HH Today
24. 9|6|(+P Every day
25. |+t4H- Daily
26. G- Yesterday
27. 9G- The day before
yesterday
28. H- Tomorrow
29. 9H- The day after
tomorrow
30. 6lcHP Like that
31. 6(l+lP Then
32. H|9 Also
33. HH Today
34. |T-6 But
35. 9-6 But
36. 4l - 6l As so
37. 4|( - 6|( If so
38. T Where
1. H Here
2. 6 There
3. H- Down
4. 79| Above
5. 9 4 P Before
6. HF6l6 Below
7. H6- In front of
8. 9F6l6 Before
9. 9U6- Behind
10. 9l6- Morning
11. Bl4P Evening
12. |(4l Day
13. +16P Night
14. P-(P Slowly
15. HlP Quickly
16. B(Bl Suddenly
17. Bt4P Immediately
18. 9P After
19. BH- Instantly
20. 9 l In the olden days
Words that remain unchanged in all numbers, cases and genders are known as
indeclinables (avyaya).
H-44l|+
Indeclinables

Sulabha Sasktam 28
39. T(l When
40. (l+lP Now
41. TP How
42. T|6 How many
43. |T46 How much
44. |T|P|6 Why
45. |TP 6 Whether
46. Tl(HP Of what kind
47. |4+l Without
48. |6 Thus
49. 4 Like
50. ( Here
51. 9+- Again
52. B(l Always
53. B-66P Always
54. B4T Good, well
55. T+ By any means
56. BP-66- All around
57. H+TH- Many times,
many ways
58. H6l4 Very much
59. 9l4 T Mostly
60. 94P Thus
61. 9T(l Once
62. T(l|6 Once
63. HP Enough
64. Pl Don't
65. 4l Or
66. G Certainly
67. H-6lP Between
68. |+6lP Entirely
69. HP Often
70. 66- Then
71. 66- 9 |6 Since then
72. H +l Now
73. P(6P Awhile
74. B( With
75. T|6 Someone
76. B4 6- From every side
Textbook
29
There are about 2200 verb roots (dhtu) in Sanskrit. These roots are classified
into three types (1) parasmaipada (2) tmanepada and (3) ubhayapada.
Ubhayapada has not been dealt with in this book.
Parasmai means for other and tmane means for oneself. Thus, when
actions are done for others sake, parasmaipad roots are used. And, when the
actions are done for one's own sake, tmanepad roots are used. This
differentiation is mainly to indicate the intention of the doer. Please note that
this rule is not followed presently in Sanskrit.
Parasmaipad is dealt in detail while tmanepad is dealt briefly at the end
of the course.
The verbal root is termed dhtu. It is used to form the 'verbal base'. Many
examples for verbal root and verb base have been given in the next two pages.
You may notice that some verbal roots change completely when they become
verbal bases.

|44l9( Tll
Verbs and Tenses

l64-
9FP 9(l
HltP+9(l
Sulabha Sasktam 30
S.No Verb Roots Verb Base Meaning
1. 4 Be
2. H H Wander
3. H H Worship
4. T9
T9 Plough
5. 4l7 4l7 Play
6. Gl( Gl( Eat
7. P
7
Go
8. = = Roar
9. l4 Sing
10. Move
11. Move
12. =9
=9 Chant
13. =-9
=-9 Blabber
14. |= =4 Conquer
15. =l4 =l4 Live
16. 74 74 Shine
17. 69 69 Heat
18. t4= t4= Abandon
19. (H (H Bite
20. (( (( Burn
21. (l 47 Give
22. cH 974 See
23. + + Dance
24. +P
+P Salute
25. +-( +-( Glad
Textbook
31
26. |+-( |+-( Criticise
27. 9 9 Read
28. 96 96 Fall
29. 9l
|94 Drink
30. 4
4l Know
31. HP HP Roam
32. Protect
33. 4( 4( Speak
34. H
Hl Grieve
35. l4 l4 Run
36. Fl |6U Stand
37. (B (B Laugh
38. P P Liberate
39. |4( |4-( Get
40. 4B 4B Live
41. |B |B Sprinkle
42. |4H |4H Enter
43. |P |P Meet
44. T T4 Tell
45. T T4 Count
46. |-6 |-64 Think
47. 67 6l74 Beat
48. ('7 ('74 Punish
49. 9 = 9=4 Worship
50. 4 Eat

Sulabha Sasktam 32
4.1. (H-Tll- Ten Lakras
Each of the verb root has ten lakras (daa-lakr). Of these ten lakras, six
indicate tenses (klavcak) and four indicate moods (prakra-bodhak).
Besides the ten lakras, there is one more lakra which is called . This is
used only in the Vedas, and is termed 'Vedic Subjunctive'.

4.1.1 9-Tl4lTl- Six Tenses
Out of the six tenses, there is only one type in the present tense, three varia-
tions for past tense, and two variations for the future tense.
Let us take the root (4) and see the variations:
To explain further:
1. In vartamna (present tense), 4 becomes 4|6.
46Pl+- Present 4|6
= H+H6+6- Past Tense (Imperfect) H46
= 6- Past Tense (Aorist) H 6
| 9l 6- Past Tense (Perfect) 4 4
H+H6+|4!46 First Future |46l
|4!46
Second Future
|4!4|6
Six Tenses
Example
1
2
3
4
5
6
Textbook
33
We will now see the three variations of past tense:
2. In anadyatana-bhta (past imperfect tense), 4 becomes H46 . This
indicates not today meaning, something that happened the previous day or
before that.
3. In bhta (past tense), 4 becomes H6 . This indicates the immediate
past.
4. Inparoka-bhta (past perfect tense), 4 becomes 4 4. This indicates the
historical past.
In the same way we have two variations of future tense:
5. In anadyatana-bhaviyat (first future), 4 becomes |46l. This indicates
'not today'. It could be the next day or any time in the distant future.
6. In bhaviyat (second future), 4 becomes |4!4|6. This indicates the
general future (could be immediate or distant).

Now let us go through the terminations of the three basic tenses: (1) present
(2) future and (3) past. Even though, as mentioned before, there are three
variations in the past tense and two variations in the future tense, we will be
studying only one from each of the past tense and future tense.
There are nine terminations for each of the lakras. The different
terminations indicate the different person and number (Refer to Chapter 5).
The verb base 9 is taken as an example here (see next page) to illustrate
the terminations taken by the verb in the present, future and the past tenses.
Sulabha Sasktam 34
Present

Future

Past
=
!4
or
F4
9|6 96- 9|-6
9|B 9- 9
9l|P 9l4- 9lP-

9|!4|6 9|!46- 9|!4|-6
9|!4|B 9|!4- 9|!4

9|!4l|P 9|!4l4- 9|!4lP-
H96 H96l H9+

H9- H96 H96

H9P H9l4 H9lP
H
Present tense verbal form: Verb base + Termination
Future tense verbal form : Verb base + !4/ F4 + Termination
Past tense verbal form : H + Verb base + Termination

4.1.2 t4l- 9Tl4l Tl - Four Moods
Out of four moods (catvra prakrabodhak), we will only be studying the
terminations of two important moods the imperative and potential moods.
There are nine terminations for each of these moods. Just as in the tenses,
|6 6- H|-6
|B -

Hl|P Hl4- HlP-
|6 6- H|-6
|B -
Hl|P Hl4- HlP-
6 6l +
H
6 6

HP Hl4 HlP
Four Moods
l Hll 46
|4||= |4|- 4 6
HlHl|= HlHl- 4l6
= |44l|69|- (B 6-) H|4!46 4
2
3
1
Example
Imperative
Potential

Benedictive
Conditional
Textbook
35
here too, there are different terminations to indicate the different person and
number.
The verb base 9 is taken for illustration.
Imperative Potential
l |=
6 6lP H-6
- 6P 6
Hl|+ Hl4 HlP
6 6lP 4 -
- 6P 6
4P 4 P
96 96lP 9-6
9 96P 96
9l|+ 9l4 9lP
9 6 96lP 9 4 -
9 - 96P 9 6
94P 9 4 9P
Sulabha Sasktam 36
In Sanskrit, just as in many other languages like English, there are three persons
(puru). They are: (1) 9P9 69- Third person, (2) P\4P9 69-
Second person and (3) 7P9 69- First person.
Sanskrit permits three numbers : (1) 9T4+P - Singular, (2) |4+P Dual
and (3) 44+P Plural.
The dual number is unique to Sanskrit.

Please note that the verbal terminations depend on the person, number and
tense/mood.
9 69- 4+
Person and Number
9T4+P |4+P 4( 4+P

Singular Dual Plural
9P-9 69-
III Person
B- He
Bl She
66 It
6l They two
6 They two
6 They two
6 They all
6l- They all
6l|+ They all
7P-969-
I Person
t4P You 4 4lP You two 4 4P You all
H(P I Hl4lP We two 44P We all
P\4P-9 69-
II Person
Textbook
37
The present tense verbal formations for the various persons and numbers have
been indicated below with the example of the verb 9.
9P-9 69- 9|6 96- 9|-6
9T4+P |4+P 4( 4+P
P\4P-9 69- 9|B 9- 9
7P-9 69- 9l|P 9l4- 9lP-
Sulabha Sasktam 38
B- 9|6 6l 96- 6 9|-6
He reads. They (two) read. They (all) read.
Bl 9|6 6 96- 6l- 9|-6
She reads. They (two) read. They (all) read.
66 9|6 6 96- 6l|+ 9|-6
It reads. They (two) read. They (all) read.

4l14l|+
Simple Sentences
Simple sentences can be formed using person, number and verb terminations.
+
9|6 96- 9|-6
9|B 9- 9
9l|P 9l4- 9lP-

B- 6l 6
Bl 6 6l-
66 6 6l|+

t4P 4 4lP 4 4P

H(P Hl4lP 44P
Bl
B-
66
9|6 6
6l
6
96- 6l-
6
6l|+
9|-6


III Person
Textbook
39
B- l |94|6 6l l |946- 6 l |94|-6
Bl l |94|6 6 l |946- 6l- l |94|-6
66 l |94|6 6 l |946- 6l|+ l |94|-6
II Person
t4 9|B 4 4l 9- 4 4 9
You read. You (two) read. You (all) read.

I Person
H( 9l|P Hl4l 9l4- 44 9lP-
I read. We (two) read. We (all) read.

6.1 Formation o f Simple Sentences
III Person
B-
Bl
66
6l
6
6
6
6l-
6l|+
lP
|94|6
|946-
|94|-6
Sulabha Sasktam 40
II Person
t4 ( 4l4 7|B
4 4l ( 4l4 7-
4 4 ( 4l4 7
H( B FT 6 9l|P
Hl4l B FT 6 9l4-
44 B FT 6 9lP-
I Person
B FT6P
9l|P
9l4-
9lP-
H(P
Hl4lP
44P
( 4l4P
7|B
7-
7
t4P
44lP
4 4P


Textbook
41
6.2 More Simple Sentences
1. B- T- Who is he ?
2. B- |HT- He is a tutor.
3. B- H|Tll He is an officer.
4. 6l Tl Who are they (two)?
5. 6l H\4l9Tl They (two) are teachers.
6. 6l 6 l They (two) are clever.
7. 6 T Who are they ?
8. 6 4 4Tl- They are youth.
9. 6 |Tll- They are artists.
10. 6 4lTl- They are boys.

11. Bl Tl Who is she?
12. Bl l6l She is Gt.
13. Bl 6l That is a creeper.
14. 6 T Who are they (two)? (F)
15. 6 4l|T They (two) are girls.
16. 6 |('4l They (two) are housewives.
17. 6l- Tl- Who are they? (F)
18. 6l- B |4Tl- They are servants. (F)
19. 6l- 4 &l- They are old ladies.
Sulabha Sasktam 42
20. 6l- +l4 - They are ladies.
21. 66 |TP What is that?
22. 66 TP That is a fruit.
23. 66 (P That is a house.
24. 6 T What are they (two)?
25. 6 9 !9 Those (two) are flowers.
26. 6 Tl-4 They (two) are epics.
27. 6l|+ Tl|+ What are they?
28. 6l|+ HlTl|+ Those are ornaments.
29. 6l|+ 7l|T They are answers.
30. 6l|+ Tl-4l|+ They are poems.

31. t4 T- Who are you? (M)
32. t4 7l- You are a student. (M)
33. t4 7ll You are a student. (F)
34. t4 |PP You are a friend.
35. 4 4l t4l You (two) are servants.
36. 4 4l T-4 You (two) are maidens.
37. 4 4l |P You (two) are friends.
38. 4 4 T|+Ul- You (all) are young.
39. t4 7l- 4l Are you a student? (M)
Textbook
43
40. HlP H( 7l- Yes, I am a student. (M)
41. H( 4 H- I am a doctor. (M)
42. H(P H\4l|9Tl I am a teacher. (F)
43. Hl4l =Tl We (two) are washermen.
44. Hl4l |('4l We (two) are housewives.
45. Hl4l |P We (two) are friends.
46. 44P H\4l9Tl- We are teachers. (M)
47. 44 Pl l4l - We are teachers of Dharma.
48. 44 |Pl|T We are friends.

49. H( Bl B-64l(+ |4Hl4 7l|P I go to school at 7.30.
50. H\4l9T- T(l Hl7|6 When does the teacher come?
51. T(l 9lHll4l- Hl- When does the school start?
52. B4l + 9746 Look at everybody.
53. t4 T 7|B? Where do you go?
54. P+ !4- T H|F6 Where is the man?
55. T TFPl6 96|6 Where does the fruit fall from?
56. B 4 - T(l 7( |6 When does the sun rise?
57. P|-( T H|F6 Where is the temple?
58. H T- |TP P|-( 7|6 Why does the priest go to the
temple?
Sulabha Sasktam 44
59. lP- |4Hl4 7|6 Rma goes to the school.
60. t4|4 PP F+ (- H|T- I love you a lot.
61. B- PP (P Hl7|6 He comes to my house.
62. H( B4 (l 4-6 FPl|P I always remember you.
63. H( Bt4 4(l|P I speak the truth.
64. Pl 6 + 9 946 Do not send me there.
65. P|4 |4HlB Tl 6 Have faith in me.
66. lPF4 B(l (- Bl P- Rmas brother is Soma.
67. 4l+ 9l 9|6 You read the lesson. (M)
68. 46l |6T |6 You bear a tilak. (F)

69. H( P\4l@ l=+ Tl|P I eat in the afternoon.
70. B- 9l6- 7|!|6 He gets up in the morning.
71. 4lT- Bl4 4l7|6 Boy plays in the evening.
72. H( Hl TTl + 9l|P I don't study when I am sad.
73. B- Tl4l 4 7|6 He goes to the office.
74. H( 4l|Tl H|FP I am a girl.
75. H( l- H|FP I am brave.
76. H( |+9 Tl H|FP I am skilled. (F)
77. H(P H\4l9T- H|FP I am a teacher.
78. 9ll 9H- |4!4|6 The exam will be the day after
tomorrow.
Textbook
45
79. 4lT- 9 F6T 9|6 The boy reads the book.
80. HlT- l 6l74|6 The policeman beats the thief.
81. TP H 96|6 The fruit falls here.
82. |H!4- 97+ 9 7|6 The disciple asks a question.
83. Bl = +4|6 She carries water.
84. 4 H- Hl 9 47|6 The doctor gives medicine.
85. l|4Tl l6 l4|6 The singer sings a song. (F)
86. Bl6l 4+ 7|6 St goes to forest.
87. l4T- l6 l4|6 The singer sings a song. (M)
88. 7l- 7l|T FP|6 The student remembers the
answers.

89. 4lT- | 974|6 The boy sees the picture.
90. 16- ( 46l +P|6 The devotee worships the Lord.
91. |HH - (B|6 The child laughs.
92. Bl 4F9l+ Tl |6 She washes cloth.
93. T !T- 4B ( 4F4 9 - Ka is the son of Vasudeva.
94. ( 4Tl T !TF4 =++l Devak is the mother of Ka.
95. lP- 6F4 H=- Rma is the elder brother of Bharata.
96. lP- H4l \4l4l- + 9- Rma is the king of Ayodhy.
Sulabha Sasktam 46
97. PT- lPF4 H+ =- Lakmaa is the younger brother
of Rma.
98. \l |(Pl4l6 94(|6 Gag flows from the Himlayas.

6.3 Sentences from the Upaniads and the Bhagavad Gt

1. Bt4 4( Speak the truth.
2. P Walk on the path of Dharma.
3. Pl6 ( 4l 4 Worship mother as God.
4. |96 ( 4l 4 Worship father as God.
5. Hll4 ( 4l 4 Worship teacher as God.
6. H|6|( 4l 4 Worship guest as God.
7. Bt4P 4 =46 + H+ 6P Truth alone wins, not untruth.
8. 6FPl6 7|U l6 Therefore get up, O Bhrata!
9. + H+ Hl |-6 9|'76l- The wise never grieve.
10. 6l+ |6|6F4 l6 Endure them, O Bhrata!

11. + H+ Hl |6 P H( |B You should not grieve.
12. BPt4 4l 746 Evenness of mind is called yoga.
13. TP |T 94 H|Tl- 6 Your right is to work only.
14. 4l - TP B Tl HP Skill in action is yoga.
Textbook
47
15. 4 |&+lHl6 9T74|6 Man perishes from the destruction
of his intellect.
16. T 9Tl- T( 64- Wretched are they whose motive
is the fruit.
17. P 16B\- BPl Free from all attachments, act!
18. 6F4 Tl4 + |4H6 He does not have any duty.
19. 4 \4F4 |4674- Free from feverish excitement,
fight!
20. 7|U6 =l6 Arise! Awake!
21. 9T |6 4l|-6 6l|+ Living beings follow their own
nature.
22. (+l TP Tl |6- The nature of karma is
imponderable.
23. ~&l4l+ 6 l+P The man of faith obtains
knowledge.
24. 4- 974|6 B 974|6 He who sees, sees.
25. 9|'76l- BP(|H +- Sages look at everything
impartially.
26. F4l4F6 946 6 It is nature that acts.
27. 7& 6 HltP+l HltPl+P Lift yourself by yourself.
28. HltPl 94 HltP+l 4- - Self alone is the friend of oneself.
Sulabha Sasktam 48
29. HltPl 94 |9 - HltP+- One oneself is the enemy of oneself.
30. PP Pl4l ( t44l My illusion is difficult to crossover.
31. PlP+ FP 4 \4 Remember me and fight.
32. + P 16- 9T74|6 My devotee never perishes.
33. BP- H( B4 6 9 I am equal to all.
34. 4l P 4(l|P H(P I bestow yoga and kema.
35. ((l|P 4 |&4l 6P I give him the buddhi-yoga.
36. PlP 9T HT = Take refuge in me alone.
37. T|!4 4+ 64 I will act according to your word.
38. 6FPl6 HlF 9PlT 6 Therefore let the scriptures be your
authority.
39. F4P |++ ~ 4- Death while in ones own duty is
meritorious.
40. |+|PPl 4 B-4Bl|+ O left handed archer! Be an
instrument.
Textbook
49

7.1 Declension of Nouns

The term declension means the various forms taken by a noun in the various
cases and numbers. We shall be presently studying the declension of the nouns
belonging to the three genders.
In Sanskrit, there are seven cases and one vocative.

H-(- |4|16
Nouns and Cases

We have already studied the following:
(1) Masculine Nouns usually end with H-, - and 7-
(2) Feminine Nouns usually end with Hl and and
(3) Neuter Nouns usually end with HP .
H-(l-
Nouns
9|-\-
Masculine Nouns
Fl|\-
Feminine Nouns
+9 BT|\-
Neuter Nouns
lP- P |+- 6-
6l
+(l
TP!
Sulabha Sasktam 50

Application of cases in lP-H-(-

lPl l=P|T- B(l |4=46 lP P H -=
lP T H|(6l |+HlP - lPl4 6FP +P-
lPl6 +l|F6 9l4T 96 lPF4 (lBl 5F4(P
lP |4- B(l 46 P l lP PlP &+
Victory to Rma, the best of the kings. I worship Rma, the lord of St. Armies
of the demons were killed by Rma. Salutations to the Rma. There is no
better resort than Rma. I am a servant of Rma. May my mind be absorbed
in Rma. Oh! Rma, protect me.

7.1.1 HTll-6- 9 |-\- lP-H-(-

I (subject) lP- lPl lPl-
II (to, object) lPP lPl lPl+
III (with, by) lP T lPl-4lP lP-
IV (for) lPl4 lPl-4lP lP -4-
V (from, than) lPl6 lPl-4lP lP -4-
VI (of) lPF4 lP4l- lPlTlP
VII (in, on) lP lP4l- lP 9
Vocative ( lP ( lPl ( lPl-
Case Singular Dual Plural
Textbook
51

Application of cases in T !T-H-(-

T !Tl 6 +l =t4 6- T !T +PF4l4(P
T !T + HPH4l |4|+(6l- T !Tl4 6FP +P-
T !Tl6 94 BP |t6 =|(( T !TF4 (lBl 5F4(P
T !T |6U|6 B4 P 6(|G ( T !T F4 PlP +
May Ka, the teacher of the three worlds protect us. I salute Ka. The
demons who are enemies of Gods are killed by Ka. Salutations to that Ka.
This world has sprung from Ka alone. I am the servant of Ka. All this
entirely stays in Ka. O Ka, save me!
Decline the following nouns.
1. ( 4- God
2. +- Man
HTll-6- 9 |-\- T !T-H-(-
I (subject)
T !T- T !Tl T !Tl-
II (to, object) T!TP T !Tl T!Tl+
III (with, by) T!T+ T!Tl-4lP T !T -
IV (for) T !Tl4 T!Tl-4lP T !T -4-
V (from, than) T!Tl6 T!Tl-4lP T !T -4-
VI (of) T!TF4 T !T4l - T!Tl+lP
VII (in, on) T !T T !T4l - T !T 9
Vocative ( T !T ( T !Tl ( T !Tl-
Case Singular Dual Plural
Sulabha Sasktam 52
Decline the following nouns.
1. H|- Enemy
2. T|4- Poet
3. 9|6- Leader
4. H|P- Fire
5. (|- Lord Viu

3. H=- Goat
4. =- Elephant
5. ('7- Stick
6. - Chariot
7. (l9- Lamp
8. 94 6- Hill

7.1.2 Tll-6- 9 |-\- P |+-H-(- (Sage)

I (subject) P |+- P +l P+4-
II (to, object) P |+P P +l P+l+
III (with, by) P |++l P|+-4lP P |+|-
IV (for) P +4 P|+-4lP P|+-4-
V (from, than) P + - P|+-4lP P|+-4-
VI (of) P + - P-4l- P+l+lP
VII (in, on) P +l P-4l- P|+9
VIII (vocative) ( P + ( P +l ( P +4-
Case Singular Dual Plural
Textbook
53
I (subject) 6- - 4-
II (to, object) 6P - -+
III (with, by) 6Tl 6-4lP 6|-
IV (for) 4 6-4lP 6-4-
V (from, than)
l-
6-4lP 6-4-
VI (of) l- 4l-
-TlP
VII (in, on)
l 4l-
69
VIII (vocative) ( l ( - ( 4-
Case Singular Dual Plural
Decline the following nouns.
1. H- Lord iva
2. |9 - Enemy
3. -- Moon
4. 66- Tree
5. |4 - Moon
6. |4!T - Lord Viu
7. P6- Mount Sumeru
8. +6- Season
9. 4- - Relative
10. 9- Lord or master

7.1.3 7Tll-6- 9 |-\- 6-H-(- (Teacher)

Sulabha Sasktam 54
Decline the following nouns.
1. |-6l Worry, thought
2. 7l4l Shade
3. Pll Garland
4. |4Hl Education, knowledge, learning
5. 9|Tl Box
6. Bl Nectar
7. B+l Tongue
8. |99l|Tl Ant
9. +lTl Boat
10. +l|BTl Nose

7.1.4 HlTll-6- Fl|\- 6l-H-(- (Creeper)

I (subject)
6l 6 6l-
II (to, object)
6lP 6 6l-
III (with, by) 64l 6l-4lP 6l|-
IV (for) 6l4 6l-4lP 6l-4-
V (from, than) 6l4l- 6l-4lP 6l-4-
VI (of) 6l4l- 64l- 6l+lP
VII
(
in, on) 6l4lP 64l- 6lB
VIII (vocative) ( 6 ( 6 ( 6l-
Case Singular Dual Plural
Textbook
55
Decline the following nouns.
1. ( 4l Goddess
2. P(l Earth
3. ll Parvat
4. +ll Woman
5. G+l Pen
6. =++l Mother
7. P-(l|T+l Hevenly Gangas
8. l|(+l Thunder-bolt
9. 9l4 6l Consort of Lord iva
10.Pl Consort of Lord Viu

7.1.5 Tll-6- Fl|\- +(l-H-(- (River)

I (subject)
+(l +Hl +H-
II (to, object) +(lP +Hl +(l-
III (with, by) +Hl +(l-4lP +(l|-
IV (for) +H +(l-4lP +(l-4-
V (from, than) +Hl- +(l-4lP +(l-4-
VI (of) +Hl- +Hl - +(l+lP
VII (in, on) +HlP +Hl - +(l9
VIII (vocative) ( +|( ( +Hl ( +H-
Case Singular Dual Plural
Sulabha Sasktam 56
Decline the following nouns.
1. HP Food
2. Tl-4P Poetry
3. +P Wealth
4. 9!9P Flower
5. l+P Knowledge
6. P Field
7. l+P Eye
8. 4TP Salt
9. lP Milk
10. 4+P House

Case Singular Dual Plural

I (subject) TP T Tl|+
II (to, object) TP T Tl|+
III (with, by) T + Tl-4lP T -
IV (for) Tl4 Tl-4lP T -4-
V (from, than) Tl6 Tl-4lP T -4-
VI (of) TF4 T4l - Tl+lP
VII (in, on) T T4l - T 9
VIII (vocative)
( T ( T ( Tl|+
7.1.6 HTll-6- +9 BT|\- T-H-(- (Fruit)
Textbook
57
B4 +lP-H-(l-
P\4P-9 69- 7P-9 69-
B-
Bl 6( 4 !P(
HFP(
He She It (That) You I
9P-9 69-

7.2.1 (Tll-6- 9 |-\- 6( -H-(- (He)

7.2 Declension of Pronouns sarvanma-abda

Case Singular Dual Plural
II (to, object) 6P 6l
6l+
III (with, by) 6 + 6l-4lP 6-
IV (for)
6FP
6l-4lP
6 -4-
V (from, than) 6FPl6 6l-4lP
6 -4-
VI (of) 6F4 64l - 69lP
VII (in, on) 6|FP+ 64l - 69
I (subject)
B- 6l 6
Sulabha Sasktam 58
7.2.2 (Tll-6- Nl|\- 6( -H-(- (She)
7.2.3 (Tll-6- +9 BT|\- 6( -H-(- (That)
Case Singular Dual Plural
I (subject) 66
6 6l|+
II (to, object) 66
6 6l|+
III (with, by)
6 +
6l-4lP
6-
IV (for)
6FP
6l-4lP
6 -4-
V (from, than)
6FPl6 6l-4lP 6 -4-
VI (of)
6F4 64l - 69lP
VII (in, on)
6|FP+ 64l - 69
Case Singular Dual Plural
I (subject)
Bl 6 6l-
II (to, object) 6lP 6 6l-
III (with, by) 64l 6l-4lP 6l|-
IV (for) 6F4 6l-4lP 6l-4-
V (from, than) 6F4l- 6l-4lP 6l-4-
VI (of) 6F4l-
64l -
6lBlP
VII (in, on) 6F4lP 64l - 6lB

Textbook
59
7.2.5 (Tll-6- HFP( -H-(- ( I )
(Same in all the three genders)
Note: There is no vocative form for pronouns.
Case Singular Dual Plural
I (subject) t4P 44lP 4 4P
II (to, object) t4lP-t4l 44lP-4lP 4 !Pl+-4-
III (with, by) t44l 4 4l-4lP 4 !Pl|-
IV( for)
6-4P-6 4 4l-4lP -4lP 4!P-4P-4-
V (from, than)
t46 4 4l-4lP 4!P6
VI (of ) 64-6 444l--4lP 4!PlTP-4-
VII (in, on) t4|4 4 44l - 4!PlB


Case Singular Dual Plural
I (subject) H(P Hl4lP 44P
II (to, object) PlP-Pl Hl4lP-+l HFPl+-+-
III (with, by) P4l Hl4l-4lP HFPl|-
IV (for) PGP-P Hl4l-4lP-+l
HFP-4P-+-
V (from, than) P6 Hl4l-4lP HFP6
VI (of)
PP-P Hl44l --+l HFPlTP-+-
VII (in, on)
P|4 Hl44l - HFPlB
7.2.4 (Tll-6- 4 !P( -H-(- (You)
(Same in all the three genders)
Sulabha Sasktam 60
Upasargas or prefixes are added to the verb roots, to modify, intensify and
sometimes to alter the original sense of the roots. Sometimes they are prefixed
without any alteration to the root sense. There are twenty two upasargas in all.
1. 9 More, higher
2. 9l Opposite, against
3. H9 Away, separation
4. BP Coincide, congruently
5. H+ Favourable, after, according to
6. H4 Downwards
7. |+B Low
8. |+ Low
9. B Wicked
10. Bad
11. |4 More, opposite, divergent
12. Hl On this side
13. |+ To vacate, to empty
14. H| In, on, above, over
15. H|9 Moreover
16. H|6 Very much
17. B Best
18. 76 On, above, over
19. H| In front of
20. 9|6 Contrary to
21. 9| Everywhere
22. 79 Near, more

79Bl-
Prefixes
Textbook
61
The application of upasarga to verbal roots:
H|6, the upasarga, combines with the verbal root 4P to become H|64lP|6.
H|6 + 4P = H|64lP|6 goes beyond.

The following is a sample list of verbal formations when the upasarga joins
with the verbal root.
79Bl - l64- Verbal Form Meaning
1. H| P H|7|6 To get
2. H+ T H+Tl|6 Imitates
3. H9 +l H9+4|6 Takes away
4. H|9 l H|9(l|6 Covers
5. H| P H|7|6 Goes after
6. H4 P+ H4P-46 Disrespects
7. Hl P Hl7|6 Comes
8. 76 P 7J7|6 Goes up
9. 79 T 79Tl|6 Obliges
10. B / l|6 Acts badly
11. |+ |(H |+|( H|6 Commands
12. |+B /|+ P |+7|6 Goes out
13. 9l |= 9l=46 Defeats
14. 9| l 9|(l|6 Places all round
15. 9 9(|6 Strikes
16. 9|6 T 9|6Tl |6 Acts in opposite
17. |4 4l |44lTl|6 Sells
18. BP B (|6 Destroys
19. B T BTl|6 Does well
Sulabha Sasktam 62
Note how the meaning of the root (to take away) changes when it combines
with various upasargas:
9 + = 9(|6 beats
B + = B(|6 kills
Hl + = Hl(|6 brings
|4 + = |4(|6 plays
9| + = 9|(|6 removes

Following are the changes effected in the meaning by different upasargas

coming together with the derivatives of root (to be):
9 + = 96P abundant
= 94- birth
= 9l4- prowess
= 9- lord, husband
9l + = 9l4- defeat
H9 + = H9|6- ruin
BP + = B4|6 creation
H+ + = H+4- experience
|4 + = |44- wealth
H|6 + = H|64+P being the greatest of all
7( + = 74P birth
9| + = 9|4P insult

Two or more upasargas may also be combined and prefixed to one

verbal root:
Textbook
63
H| + |+ + |4H = H||+|4H6 to enter into with resolution
BP + 79 + Hl + P = BP 9l7|6 to come into close contact

The following sentences are given as examples to illustrate how the upasargas
are used in constructing sentences:
1. 4l|Tl 9P 74P H-4 |6 Girl worships the Lord.
2. 4lT- |4Hl4l6 Hl7|6 Boy comes from the school.
3. Bl =P H9+4|6 She takes away water.
4. B- 4+ 9|4H|6 He enters the house.
Sulabha Sasktam 64

9.1 6 P + -9t44-
The suffix 6 P is added to the verbs to indicate the purpose of action.
Example: lP- 9|6 |4Hl4 7|6 Rma goes to school in order to study.
Once the 6 P + -9t44 is added to the verbal derivative, it becomes an
indeclinable, which means that the word will be the same in all genders, cases
and numbers.
Pratyaya or suffix is added at the end of verbal root to transform the verbal
root into indeclinable, imperfect verb, definite verb, past tense of verb, present
continuous tense of verb and so on.
The following are some important suffixes:
9t44l-
Suffixes

9t44l-
4. H+l4
5. 6-46
6. 1646
7. 16
8. H6
3. -49
2. 1t4l
1. 6P +
Textbook
65
1. 9|6P To read
2. |6P To protect
3. 4l|6P To beg
4. (l6P To hold
5. |G6P To write
6. 4|B6P To live
7. l|46P To run
8. |4Pl|6P To release
9. |46 P To become
10. 4l|6P To teach
11. =l|46P To live
12. =|-96P To blabber
13. |-6|46P To think
14. Gl|(6P To eat
15. |+|-(6P To criticise
16. ('7|46P To punish
17. 416P To speak
18. Hl-6P To come
19. -6P To go
20. 9l6P To drink
21. ~l6P To hear
22. (6P To snatch
23. 66P To cross
24. T6P To do
25. (-6P To kill
26. -P To get
27. 4l|76 P To play
28. 9|66P To fall
29. Fl6P To stand
30. P6P To die
31. 9l|46P To nurture
32. H|6P To worship
9.2 1t4l-9t44-
The suffix t4l is added only to roots that are not prefixed by upasarga. It
denotes the sense of adverbial past participle (prefix). After having completed
Here are a few examples:

Sulabha Sasktam 66
an action, if the subject does another action, then, the 1t4l suffix is added to
the completed action.
Example: lP- 9|t4l 4l|76 7|6 Having read, Rma goes to play.
The verbal forms formed with 1t4l suffix are also indeclinables.
Here are a few examples:
1. 9|t4l Having read
2. ||Gt4l Having written
3. l|4t4l Having run
4. 7|(t4l Having risen
5. 7|9t4l Having lived
6. (|Bt4l Having laughed
7. |t4l Having protected
8. (lt4l Having held
9. |4t4l Having eaten
10. T|4t4l Having counted
11. l |4t4l Having stolen
12. |4t4l Having composed
13. 4l|4t4l Having begged
14. 6l7|4t4l Having beaten
15. T|4t4l Having told
16. |-6|4t4l Having thought
17. |P|t4l Having met
18. t4l Having been
19. (t4l Having killed
20. t4l Having gone
21. 9lt4l Having drunk
22. +t4l Having prostrated
23. FPt4l Having remembered
24. |=t4l Having conquered
25. c!4l Having looked
26. ~t4l Having heard
27. T t4l Having done
28. t41t4l Having given up
29. Pt4l Having considered
30. H|t4l Having Wandered
Textbook
67
9.3 -49 -9t44-
-49-9t44 has the same function as 1t4l-9t44, but the only difference is that, in
-49 -9t44 (4) is suffixed when the verbal form has an upasarga prefixed to it.
Example: When the -49 is added to l, which has the |4 upasarga, it becomes
|4l4.
|4 + l + -49 = |4l4 Having known
Without upasarga, l becomes lt4l.
Here are a few more examples:
1. Hl + = Hl( 4 Having called
2. |+ + 4- = |+4\4 Having bound
3. Hl + (l = Hl(l4 Having brought
4. 9 + = 9 t4 Having reached
5. Hl + 9 = Hl9 4 Having filled up
6. 9 + |4H = 9|474 Having entered
7. |4 + l = |4l4 Having dissolved
8. BP + FP = BFPt4 Having thought well
9. H| + = Hlt4 Having got
10. Hl + 97 = Hl974 Having asked
11. |+ + P7= = |+P774 Having sunk
12. 7( + Fl = 7tl4 Having got up
13. |+B + | = |+|t4 Having decided
14. BP + T = BFTt4 Having purified
Sulabha Sasktam 68
15. 9 + 4 = 9l4 Having told
16. Hl + 6( = Hl6G Having climbed
17. Hl + P- = HlP--4 Having discussed
18. 9 + +P = 9T4 Having prostrated
19. Hl + P = Hlt4/Hl4 Having come
20. 9 + 4l = 94l \4 Having educated

9.4 H+l4 -9t44-

When the H+l4 -9t44 is added to the verbal root, the potential passive participle
is formed. It conveys a sense of 'necessity' or 'command'.
Example: ~lPll4T- FPTl4- Lord Nryaa is to be remembered.
The derivatives formed using this suffix agrees with the noun in gender,
number and case.
Example:
Masculine Gender 9+l4-
Feminine Gender 9+l4l
Neuter Gender 9+l4P
Here are a few more examples:
1. TTl4P To be done
2. 9+l4P To be read
3. P+l4P Have to go
4. 4(+l4P To be carried
5. (++l4P To be killed
6. (B+l4P Have to laugh
7. 4(+l4P To be spoken
8. 4+l4P To be spoken
9. (l+l4P To be given
10. (H +l4P To be seen
Textbook
69
11. ~4Tl4P To be heard
12. (+l4P To be split
13. |+-(+l4P To be condemned
14. t4=+l4P To be given up
15. l=+l4P To be consumed
9.5 6-46 -9t44-
The usage of 6-46 -9t44 is similar to H+l4 -9t44. The only speciality is that
the aspects of 'necessity' and 'command' are stressed more in the 6-46-9t44
than H+l4 -9t44.
Example: T6 -4 ( 4Pl|@TP The religious rites ought to be done.
The derivatives formed using this suffix agrees with the noun in gender,
number and case.
Example:
Masculine Gender 9|6-4-
Feminine Gender 9|6-4l
Neuter Gender 9|6-4P
Here are a few examples:
16. Gl(+l4P to be eaten
17. =4+l4P to be conquered
18. 4l=+l4P to be linked
19. +4+l4P to be carried
20. FPTl4P to be remembered

1. 9|6-4P Must be read

2. l|96-4P Must be spoken
3. l16-4P Must be enjoyed
4. G|+6-4P Must be dug
5. 4l |6-4P Must be educated
6. T6 -4P Must be done
7. t416-4P Must be given up
8. (l6-4P Must be given
9. ~l 6-4P Must be heard
10. Pl|= 6-4P Must be purified
Sulabha Sasktam 70

9.6 1646 -9t44-
The past active participle is formed by adding the suffix 1646 to the verbal
root and has the same meaning as that of the verbal past tense.
Example: lP- |4Hl4 64l+ (H76 ) Rma went to school.
Thus 64l+ and H76 mean one and the same.
The derivates formed using this suffix agree with the noun in gender, number
and case.
Example:
Masculine Gender 9|64l+
Feminine Gender 9|646l
Neuter Gender 9|646
Here are a few examples:
1. 64l+ Went 4. 9U4l+ Asked
2. T64l+ Did 5. l|464l+ Ran
3. |F64l+ Stood 6. 9|64l+ Read
11. B|(6-4P Must be borne
12. |G6-4P Must be written
13. 6|6-4P Must be crossed over
14. 4l|76-4P Must be played
15. T|46-4P Must be told
16. |6-4P Must be protected
17. =6-4P Must be conquered
18. Fl6-4P Must be positioned
19. (-6-4P Must be killed
20. F+l6-4P Must be bathed
21. l6-4P Must be known
22. 7-4P Must be seen
23. +6-4P Must be carried
24. 9l6-4P Must be drunk
25. -6-4P Must be gone
26. 4-4P Must be spoken
Textbook
71
7. +PFT64l+ Prostrated
8. (l64l+ Held
9. 7164l+ Told
10. c74l+ Looked
11. Gl|(64l+ Ate
12. H|64l+ Roamed
13. Fl|964l+ Established
14. t4164l+ Gave up
15. 9 |964l+ Sent
16. |-64l+ Threw
17. ~ 64l+ Heard
18. 9l64l+ Drank
19. |=64l+ Conquered
20. ||G64l+ Wrote
21. Hl(64l+ Called
22. +l64l+ Carried
23. Hl+l64l+ Brought
24. ||-664l+ Thought
25. Hl|64l+ Did
26. l64l+ Knew

9.7 16-9t44-
The past passive participle is formed by adding 16-9t44 to the transitive verbal
roots.
Example: l4T- (6- Rvaa has been killed.
The verbal derivative formed using this suffix agrees with the noun in
gender, number and case.
Example:
Masculine Gender T6-
Feminine Gender T6l
Neuter Gender T6P
Here are a few examples:
1. T 6- Has been done 3. 6- Has been gone
2. ~ 6- Has been heard 4. c7- Has been looked
Sulabha Sasktam 72
5. 9l6- Has been drunk
6. +l6- Has been carried
7. 9|6- Has been read
8. 6l|76- Has been beaten
9. (6- Has been killed

9.8 H6-9t44-
The present participle is formed by adding H6-9t44 to the verbal root. This
has the sense of present continuous tense.
Example: lP- l4+ 7|6 Rma goes singing.
The verbal derivative formed using this suffix agrees with the noun
in gender, number and case.
Example:
Masculine Gender T4+
Feminine Gender T4-6l
Neuter Gender T46
Here are a few examples:
10. |=6- Has been conquered
11. ||G6- Has been written
12. T|6- Has been told
13. t416- Has been given up
14. l6- Has been known
1. T4+ Doing
2. 7+ Going
3. Hl7+ Coming
4. 9+ Reading
5. H '4+ Hearing
6. t4=+ Giving up
7. l4+ Running
8. 9l4+ Protecting
Textbook
73
1 9TP {
2 -
3 l|T (
4 t4l| v
5 9 -
6 9 \
7 B8
8 H7 <
9 +4
10 (H {
11 9Tl(H {{
B=4l-
Numerals
12 l(H {-
13 4l (H {(
14 6 ( H {v
15 9(H {-
16 9l 7H {\
17 B-6(H {
18 H7l(H {<
19 +4(H/ {
9Tl +|4 H|6
20 |4 H|6- -
Note that the number nineteen has two appellations +4(H and 9Tl +|4 H|6-
7+ means less. 9T - 7+ - |4 H|6- means, 1 less than 20. This applies for 29, 39,
49 and so on.
21 9T|4H|6- -{
22 l|4 H|6- --
23 4l |4 H|6- -(
24 6|4H|6- -v
25 9|4H|6- --
26 97|4H|6- -\
27 B-6|4H|6- -
28 H7l|4 H|6- -<
29 +4|4H|6-/ -
9Tl+|H6
30 | H6 (
31 9T|H6 ({
32 l| H6 (-
33 4|F H6 ((
Sulabha Sasktam 74
34 6 |F H6 (v
35 9| H6 (-
36 9 | H6 (\
37 B-6|H6 (
38 H7l| H6 (<
39 +4|H6/ (
9Tl +t4l|

H6
40 t4l| H6 v
41 9Tt4l|

H6 v{
42 |t4l|

H6 v-
43 |t4l|

H6 v(
44 6 7t4l|

H6 vv
45 9t4l|

H6 v-
46 9 t4l| H6 v\
47 B-6t4l|H6 v
48 H7t4l| H6 v<
49 +4t4l| H6/ v
9Tl+9lH6
50 9lH6 -
51 9T9lH6 -{
52 |9lH6 --
53 |9lH6 -(
54 6 -9lH6 -v
55 99lH6 --
56 9 9lH6 -\
57 B-69lH6 -
58 H79lH6 -<
59 +49lH6/ -
9Tl+9|!-
60 9|7- \
61 9T9|!- \{
62 |9|!- \-
63 |9|!- \(
64 6-|!- \v
65 99|!- \-
66 99|!- \\
67 B-69|!- \
68 H79|!- \<
69 +49|!-/ \
9Tl+B-6|6-
70 B-6|6-
71 9TB-6|6- {
72 |B-6|6- -
73 |B-6|6- (
74 6-B-6|6- v
75 9B-6|6- -
Textbook
75
76 9B-6|6- \
77 B-6B-6|6-
78 H7B-6|6- <
79 +4B-6|6-/
9Tl+lHl|6-
80 HHl|6- <
81 9TlHl|6- <{
82 Hl|6- <-
83 -4Hl|6- <(
84 6 Hl|6- <v
85 9lHl|6- <-
86 97Hl|6- <\
87 B-6lHl|6- <
88 H7lHl|6- <<
89 +4lHl|6-/ <
9Tl++4|6-
90 +4|6-
91 9T+4|6- {
92 |+4|6- -
93 |+4|6- (
94 6+4|6- v
95 9+4|6- -
96 9'T4|6- \
97 B-6+4|6-
98 H7+4|6- <
99 +4+4|6-/
9Tl+H6P
100 H6P {
200 |H6P -
300 |H6P (
400 6-H6P v
500 9H6P -
600 9H6P \
700 B-6H6P
800 H7H6P <
900 +4H6P
1,000 B(UP {
10,000 H46P {
1,00,000 P {
10,00,000 |+46P {
1,00,00,000 Tl|- {
Sulabha Sasktam 76
94l -
Voice

94l -
Voice
TP |T94l -
Passive Voice
Sanskrit language permits three kinds of voice: (1) T6 |94l - (2) TP |T94l -
and (3) l4 94l -. We will be studying only the first two voices in this course.
(1) T6 |94l - or Active Voice In this the subject (kart) is principal and the
verb agrees with the subject in person, number and gender.
(2) TP |T94l - or Passive Voice In this the object (karma) is principal and the
verb agrees with the object in person, number and gender.
The tmanepad terminations play an important role in changing a sentence
from kartariprayoga to karmaiprayoga. The following table gives the present
tense and the past tense tmanepad terminations.

T6 |94l -
Active Voice
Textbook
77
HltP+ 9(l Terminations
In order to change active voice verb into passive voice verb, 4 is added to the
verbal root and then the HltP+9(l terminations are added.
Example:
Active Voice : 9|6
Passive Voice: 946
Thus, in order to change the active voice 9|6 into passive voice, the verbal
root 9 (to cook) is taken, 4 is added, and then the present tense termination
of HltP+ 9(l is added.
Here are a few more examples:
1. +P|6 +46 ( +P to worship)
2. 9|6 96 ( 9 to learn)
3. 4l|6 4l46 ( 4l to beg)
4. +4|6 +l46 ( +l to lead)
Present () Past (=)
6 6lP H-6
l- lP \4P
Hl4|( HlP|(
96 9 6 9-6
9B 9 9\4
9 9l4( 9lP(

H96 H9 6lP H9-6

H9l- H9 lP H9\4P
H9 H9l4|( H9lP|(
6 6 H-6
B \4
Hl4( HlP(
Sulabha Sasktam 78
In passive voice, the subject takes the third case and the object takes the first
case. The verb must agree with the object in number and person.
Example:
16- ( 4 +P|6 The devotee worships the Lord. (A.V.)
16 + ( 4- +46 The Lord is being worshipped by the devotee. (P.V.)
In order to change the active voice sentence 16- (4 +P|6 into a passive
voice sentence, change the subject 16- to its third case and the object ( 4 to its
first case, and the verb into its passive form. Then we get the passive voice
sentence 16 + ( 4- +46

Here are a few more examples:

1. Bl6l l =+ 9|6 St cooks food. (A.V.)
Bl64l l =+ 946 The food is being cooked by St. (P.V.)
2. + 9- l ('74|6 The king punishes the thief. (A.V.)
+ 9 T l - ('7 46 The thief is being punished by the king. (P.V.)
3. H( ( 4l+ 9 =4l|P I worship the devas. (A.V.)
P4l ( 4l- 9 74-6 The devas are worshipped by me. (P.V.)
4. t4l- l +4|-6 The servants are carrying load. (A.V.)
t4 - l- +l46 The load is being carried by the servants. (P.V.)
5. H( B FT 6 9l|P I study Sanskrit. (A.V.)
P4l B FT 6 9 46 Sanskrit is studied by me. (P.V.)
Textbook
79
When two words come together, the last letter of the first word and the first
letter of the second word are combined together using certain rules. The
combination of these letters is known as sandhi.
There are three kinds of sandhis:
(1) F4-B|-- When two vowels are combined together it is known as
svara-sandhi.
(2) -4V+-B|-- When two consonants are combined together it is known as
vyajana-sandhi.
(3) |4B -B|-- When visarga (:) is joined with any vowel or a consonant it is
known as visarga-sandhi.

The following table gives a complete classification of all the letters of the
Sanskrit alphabet. This table will be useful while learning sandhis especially
vyajana-sandhi.
B|--
Combination

9 and 9 are both guttural and palatal; Hl and Hl are guttural and labial; and 4
is both dental and labial.
T G = (
H 7 = H 4
9 7 7 T
B 6 ( +
9 T 4 P 4
Tl-4V+l|+
Hard Consonants
F4l-
Vowels
P -4V+l|+
Soft Consonants
H Hl

+ +

7 7
7!PlT-

Sibilants
H-99lT
Unaspirate
P(l9lT
Aspirate
P(l9lT
Aspirate
H-6-F
Semivowels
H+ +l|BT
Nasals
H-99lT
Unaspirate
P(l9lT
Aspirate
-4V+l|+ Consonants
Sulabha Sasktam 80
The following table gives the three types of sandhis and their subdivisions.
1. (l B|--
2. TB|--
3. 4 |&B|--
4. 4T B|--
5. H4l|(B|--
6. 9 4 -9B|--
7. 9-9B|--
8
. 9 GB|--
1. t4 B|--
2. =7t4B|--
3. H+ +l|BTB|--
4. H+ F4lB|--
5.
9B4T B|--
6.
t4B|--
7. 7 t4B|--
8.
94B4TB|--
9. 7t4B|--
10. =P 7lPB|--
F4-B|--
(H B|--)
-4V+-B|--
(( B|--)
|4B -B|--
1. 7Tl-
2. l 9-
3. T-
4. BTl-

B|--
Textbook
81
12.1.1 (l B|--
HT- B4T (l - Pini Stra (6.1.101)
If H, , 7, and + short or long, are followed by the same vowel short or long
they are combined to make the long vowel Hl, , 7 and +.
Example: P + H|- = P l|-
The first word P ends with the short vowel H; H|- begins with the short
vowel H. When these two short vowels combine they form the long Hl.
2. T
1. (l
3. 4 |&
4. 4T
5. H4l|(
6. 9 4 -9
7. 9-9
8. 9T |6
F4B|--
12.1 F4-B|--
When two vowels are combined together it is known as F4-B|--. It can be
divided into 8 types.

H + H = Hl Hl + H = Hl
H + Hl = Hl Hl + Hl = Hl
(A)
Sulabha Sasktam 82
Here are a few more examples:
( H + H+P = (Hl+P
lP + H46l- = lPl46l-
( 4 + Hl4- = ( 4l4-
T + Hl(l- = Tl(l-
|4Hl + H-4lB- = |4Hl-4lB-
|4Hl + Hl4- = |4Hl4-
9F6T + Hl4- = 9F6Tl4-
T|4 + H- = T4lH-
P(l + H- = P(lH-
4|6 + -- = 46l--
|4 + -- = 4l--
|| + H- = |lH-
Pl + H- = PlH-
P(l + -- = P(l--
l+ + 7(4- = l+(4-
|B- + 7|P- = |B-|P-
6+ + 7\4P = 6+\4P
4 + 7tB4- = 4 tB4-
+ 7P- = P-
(B)
+ = + =
+ = + =
(C)
7 + 7 = 7 7 + 7 = 7
7 + 7 = 7 7 + 7 = 7
Textbook
83
T + 7|16- = T|16-
|96 + +TP = |96TP
Pl6 + +|&- = Pl6|&-
Pl6 + +TP = Pl6TP
Pl6 + +|t4=- = Pl6|t4=-
12.1.2 TB|--
H( \ T- Pini Stra (1.1.2)
If the vowels , 7, + and short or long, follow H or Hl, then they are
substituted with 9 , Hl, H and H respectively.
Example: 79 + -- = 79 --
The vowel in the second word -- follows H in the first word 79. A single
vowel 9 is substituted in the place of both H and . Thus, we have 79 + -- =
79 --
Here are some more examples:
H + 7l = H7l
6l + 4 = 6 4
9 T + -- = 9 T --
(D)
(A)
H + = 9 H + = 9
Hl + = 9 Hl + = 9
+ + + = + + + + = +
+ + + = + + + + = +

Sulabha Sasktam 84
T + H- = T H-
lP + H- = lP H-
7Pl + H- = 7PH-
P(l + 7l = P(7l
9 + 79Tl- = 9l 9Tl-
B4 + 7(4- = B4l(4-
( H + 7|6- = ( Hl |6-
\l + 7(TP = \l(TP
|(6 + 79( H- = |(6l 9( H-
P(l + 7|P- = P(l|P-
- + 7(4- = -l (4-
( + 7\4P = (l\4P
( 4 + +|9- = ( 4|9 -
O + +|9- = O|9 -
l=l + +|9- = l=|9 -
P(l + +|9- = P(|9 -
B-6 + +|9- = B-6|9 -
4B-6 + +6- = 4B-66 -
(B)
H + 7 = Hl H + 7 = Hl
Hl + 7 = Hl Hl + 7 = Hl
(C)
H + + = H H + + = H
Hl + + = H Hl + + = H
Textbook
85
12.1.3 4 |&B|--
4 |&l( Pini Stra (1. 1. 1)
If H or Hl is followed by 9 or 9 , they are combined to become 9.
If H or Hl is followed by Hl or Hl, they are combined to become Hl.
Example: PP + 94 = PP 4
In PP + 94 note that the vowel 9 follows H in PP. The vowel 9 is
substituted in the place of H and 9 . Thus we have PP + 94 = PP 4.
Some more examples are given below:
9T + 9TP = 9TTP
B(l + 94 = B(4
|4H + 9T6l = |4HT6l
P6 + 9 14P = P6 14P
( 4 + 9H4P = (4H4P
+ + 9H4P = +H4P
P(l + 9H4P = P(H4P
|(4 + HlTB- = |(4lTB-
= + Hl - = =l -
(B)
H + Hl = Hl H + Hl = Hl
Hl + Hl = Hl Hl + Hl = Hl
H + 9 = 9 H + 9 = 9
Hl + 9 = 9 Hl + 9 = 9
(A)
Sulabha Sasktam 86
9P + Hl|t4P = 9Pl|t4P
P(l + Hl 9|- = P(l 9|-
P(l + HltB14P = P(ltB14P

12.1.4 4T B|--
Tl 4T| Pini Stra (3. 1. 77)
, 7, + and , short or long, when followed by any dissimilar vowel
becomes 4 , 4 , and respectively.
(A) or + any dissimilar vowel (other than or ) = 4
4|( + H|9 = 4H|9
9|6 + H = 9t4
9|6 + 9TP = 9t4TP
|6 + Hl|( = t4l|(
H|6 + 7P- = Ht4P-
Bl + 79lF4- = B\49lF4-
9l4 6l + H +l = 9l4 t4 +l
(B) 7 or 7 + any dissimilar vowel (other than 7 or 7 ) = 4
H+ + 99TP = H-4 9TP
6 + Hl( H- = 4l ( H-
H+ + H4- = H-44-
( 6 + HP = ( t4 P
Bl + (P = Bl|\4(P
Bl + Hl(+P = Bl\4l(+P
Textbook
87
(C) + or + + dissimilar vowel (other than + or + ) =
|96 + Hll = |9ll
|96 + H H- = |9 H-
|96 + Hl(l4P = |9l (l4 P
Pl6 + Hll = Plll
Pl6 + 7l = Pl|7l
Pl6 + 7Hl+P = Pl Hl+P

12.1.5 H4l|(B|--
9l 544l4l4- Pini Stra (6. 1. 78)
If 9 , 9 , Hl, and Hl are followed by any dissimilar vowel, they become H4
Hl4 , H4 and Hl4 respectively.
Example: + + H+P = +4+P
The 9 in + is changed to H4 and hence + + H+P = +4+P
Here are a few more examples:
Pl + Hl6l- = Pl4l6l-
|~4 + 7H6- = |~4l4H6-
+ + HT- = +l4T-
( + 9 = (4
9 + any dissimilar vowel = H4
9 + any dissimilar vowel = Hl4
Sulabha Sasktam 88
Hl + any dissimilar vowel = H4
Hl + any dissimilar vowel = Hl4
9l + HT- = 9l4T-
l + H+P = 4+P
|4!Tl + 9 = |4!T4
+l + T- = +l|4T-
|4l + ( = |4|4(

12.1.6 9 4 -9B|--
9=- 9(l-6l(|6 Pini Stra (6. 1. 109)
If 9 or Hl at the end of a word is followed by H, the H disappears and the sign
5 (avagraha) is placed instead. This sandhi being an exception to H4l|(-B|-
(refer 12.1.5), the 9 or Hl is not changed into H4 or H4 .
Example: ( + H = ( 5
In ( + H, H follows the vowel 9 and hence H is changed to avagraha. The
avagraha indicates that the H is silent.
A few more examples:
6 + H4 = 654
H+6 + H|9 = H+65|9
l9ll + H(P = l9ll5(P
Bl + H4P = Bl54P

Textbook
89
12.1.7 9-9B|--
9|= 9-9P Pini Stra (6. 1. 94)
If H is followed by 9 or Hl, they combine to form the latter, that is 9 or Hl.
Example: 9 + 9=6 = 9=6
In 9 + 9=6 the vowel 9 is substituted in the place of H and 9 and it becomes
9=6.
79 + Hl9|6 = 79l9|6
H & + Hl(+- = H&l(+-

12.1.8 9T |6l4 B|--

( ( |4+ 9 GP Pini Stra (1. 1. 11)
When any vowel follows a dual noun ending with , 7 or 9 , there is no
sandhi of the words, that is, they retain their original form. Therefore this
sandhi is also called praktibhva-sandhi.
Example: (l + Hl6l = (l Hl6l
The word (l is the pratham-vibhakti-dvivacana of the word (|. So there is
no sandhi and the form remains as (l Hl6l .
Here are a few more examples:
+ + Hl76- = + Hl76-
6 + H|B6lP = 6 H|B6lP
HP + HHl = HP HHl

Sulabha Sasktam 90

12.2.1 t4 B|--
G| Pini Stra (8. 4. 55)
The consonants except nasals and semi-vowels when followed by hard
consonants substitute the first letter of their group of consonants
(T 6 9).
Example: |49( + Tl- = |49tTl-
The ( of |49( is followed by T which is a hard consonant. So ( is substituted
by 6 , which is the first letter of its group.
12.2 -4V+B|--
When two consonants are joined together it is known as vyajana-sandhi.
This is of ten types.
1.t4
2. =7t4
3. H+ +l|BT
4. H+ F4l
5. 9B4T 6. t4
7. 7 t4
8. 9 4 B4T
9. 7t4
10. =P 7lP
-4V+B|--
Textbook
91
Here are a few more examples:
|4l7 + 9 69- = |4l 9 69-
B( + Tl- = BtTl-
B( + 4l7|6 = B t4l7|6
|( + 9l- = |(19l-
+ |99lBl = |t99lBl

12.2.2. =7t4B|--
Hl =Hl 5-6 Pini Stra (8.2.39)
The consonants, except nasals, at the end of a word when followed by a vowel
or a soft consonant, take the third letter of their group.
Example: 4lT + (l+P = 4l(l+P
The consonant T is followed by the soft consonant (. The T is therefore
changed into the third letter of its group .
Here are a few more examples:
|(T + =- = |(=-
H + H-6- = H=-6-
=6 + H- = =(lH-
9lT + 94 = 9l 4
9|l + 4(|6 = 9|l7 4(|6
H9 + - = H--
|(T + H4- = |(4-

Sulabha Sasktam 92
12.2.3 H+ +l|BTB|--
4l 5+ +l|BT 5+ +l|BTl 4l Pini Stra (8. 4. 45)
When a word ends in a consonant other than ( and is followed by a nasal, the
final consonant of the first word is optionally substituted by the nasal of its
group.
Example: 96( + P l|- = 96-P l|-/ 96( P l|-
The word 96( ends with the consonant ( and is followed by the nasal P . So
the consonant ( takes up the nasal of its class, which is + , and thus we get
96-Pl|-.
A few more examples:
9 + PlBl- = 9'PlBl- / 9 PlBl-
=6 + +l- = =l-/ =6 +l-
9lT + P GP = 9l= P GP / 9lT P GP
B( + P|6- = B-P|6- / B( P|6-
But when the end consonant of a word is followed by the suffixes P4 and Pl,
the change into nasal is compulsory.
Examples:
|6 + P4P = |-P4P
66 + PlP = 6-PlP

12.2.4. H+ F4lB|--
(A) Pl 5+ F4l- Pini Stra (8. 3. 23)
If P is followed by any consonant then P is replaced by anusvra.
Textbook
93
Examples :
(|P + 4-( = (| 4-(
Tl4P + T6 = Tl4 T 6
PP + = P
Bt4P + 4( = Bt4 4(
Bx4P + 4l|6 = Bx4 4l|6
lPP + =l|P = lP =l|P
(B) +l9(l-6F4 H| Pini Stra ( 8. 3. 24 )
P and + occurring within the middle of the word, when followed by a
consonant except a nasal or a semi vowel or (, is changed into anusvra.
Example: 4Hl+ + |B = 4Hl|B
In 4Hl+ + |B, + is changed into anusvra as it followed by the sibilant B .
A few more examples:
94l+ + |B = 94l|B
+P + F4|6 = +F4|6
BP + Bl- = BBl-

12.2.5 9B4T B|--

(A) H+ F4lF4 4|4 9B4T - Pini Stra (8. 4. 58)
The P or + occurring within a word is changed into anusvra, and when
followed by any consonant except H , 9 , B , or ( , is changed into a nasal of
the following consonant.
Example: H + |T6- = H|6-
Sulabha Sasktam 94
In this example H is followed by the consonant T . So P is changed into the
nasal of its group which is = Thus H + |T6- = H|6-
Here are a few more examples:
P + |(P = P|-(P
T + |6- = T|'6-
Hl + 6- = Hl-6-
+ |T6- = |T6-
(B) 4l 9(l-6F4 Pini Stra (8. 4. 59 )
But the nasal at the end of a word is optionally changed into anusvra in accor-
dance with the above rule.
Examples:
t4 + Tl |9 = t4= Tl |9 / t4 Tl |9
6 T + |6 = 6 T|6 / 6 T |6
lP + 7|6 = lP= 7|6 / lP 7|6
(C) 6l | Pini Stra (8. 4. 60)
If a consonant of the 6 group is followed by , the consonant of the 6 group
changes into .
Examples:
66 + l+- = 6-l+-
7( + G- = 7-G-
=6 + Pl- = =-Pl-
|4B6 + l = |4B-l

Textbook
95
12.2.6 t4B|--
(A) F6l - +l - Pini Stra (8. 4. 40)
If B is followed by H or the consonants of group, the B is changed into H .
Examples:
lPB + H 6 = lP7H 6
P+B + P = P+P
lPB + |+l|6 = lP|+l|6
|HHB + H 6 = |HH 7H 6
(B) If the consonant of the 6 group is followed by H or the consonant of the
group, the consonant of the 6 group is changed into its corresponding group
consonant.
Examples:
B6 + |6 = B|6
P(6 + 4P = P(4P
4 (6 + 7P = 4 (7P

12.2.7 7 t4B|--
(A) 7 +l 7 - Pini Stra (8. 4. 41)
If B is followed by 9 or the consonant of the group, the B is changed into 9.
lPB + 9U- = lP!9U-
+B + l- = +7l-
4lB + 9U- = 4l!9U-
(B) If the consonants of the 6 group is followed by the consonants of the
Sulabha Sasktam 96
group, the consonant of the 6 group is changed into its corresponding
consonant of the group.
P(( + |7|'7P- = P(|77|'7P-
66 + lTl = 6}lTl
4 (6 + lTl = 4(}lTl
|4+ + 7lTB = |4'7lTB
4 (6 + Hll = 4(}Hll
76 + +P = 7}+P
76 + 74- = 7774-
P(l+ + =4- = P(l-=4-
H-46 + = H-4

12.2.8 9 4 B4T B|--

H4l (l 5-46F4lP Pini Stra (8. 4. 62)
If ( comes after any of the first four letters of a group, the ( is optionally
changed to the fourth letter of that group. The end consonant of the first word
changes into the third letter of its group.
Example: 4lT + (|- = 4l(|-/4l|-
4lT ends with the consonant T which is changed into which is the third
letter of its group. ( is optionally changed into .
A few more examples:
966 + |(PP = 96( |(PP /96|&PP
66 + |(6- = 6( |(6-/6|&6-
H9 + (TP = H-(TP/H-TP
Textbook
97
|(T + (F6l = |((F6l/|(F6l
BBl + |(6T = BBl|7 (6T/BBl|7 76T

12.2.9 7t4B|--
H77l 5| Pini Stra (8. 4. 63)
If H is followed by a vowel, semi-vowel or ( and is preceded by a word
ending in any of the first four letters of a group, H is changed into 7
optionally. The 6 of the first word changes into .
Examples:
66 + |H4- = 6|H4- / 6|74-
66 + Hl- = 6Hl- / 67l-
=6 + HTP = =HTP / =7TP
76 + |H!- = 7|H!- / 7|7!-
B6 + HlFP = BHlFP / B7lFP

12.2.10 =P 7lPB|--
=Pl F4l(| =P |'+t4P Pini Stra (8. 3. 32)
If a word ends in = , T or + , is preceded by a short vowel and is followed by
any vowel, then = , T or + is doubled.
Examples:
9t4= + HltPl = 9t4==ltPl
l4+ + HH- = l4H-
(B+ + H| = (B|
BT + H- = B'TlH-
Sulabha Sasktam 98
12.3.1 7Tl-
If a visarga (-) is preceded by H and is followed by a soft consonant or H then
the visarga is changed into 7 (H + 7 = Hl ) ( H = 5).
The soft consonants do not change whereas H changes to avagraha (5).
Example: |H4- + H4 - = |H4l54-
In the word |H4- the visarga is preceded by the vowel H and is followed by H
in H4 -. Thus the visarga in |H4- changes to 7. Again H and 7 combine to
become Hl and thus we get |H4l 54 -.
A few more examples:
lP- + H|9 = lPl5|9
T- + H4P = Tl54P
7+ + H|F6 = 7|F6
FP+ + 74l = FP-+4l

12.3 |4B B|--

When visarga (:) is combined with any vowel or consonant it is known as
visarga sandhi There are 4 types in this sandhi.
2. l 9-
3. T-
|4B B|--
1. 7Tl-
4. BTl-
Textbook
99
l|4-(- + H(P = l|4-(l5(P
H- + |6 = Hl |6
P+- + 4P = P+l 4P

12.3.2 l 9-
(A) If visarga is preceded by Hl and is followed by any vowel or a soft
consonant, the visarga is dropped.
Examples:
HHl- + HPl = HHl HPl
9 l- + =l6l- = 9 l =l6l-
HHl- + l4|-6 = HHl l4|-6
=+l- + 7|-6 = =+l 7|-6
6ll- + 7|(6l- = 6ll 7|(6l-
(6l- + =l- = (6l =l-
(B) If a visarga is preceded by H and is followed by any vowel other than the
short H, the visarga is dropped.
Examples:
T6- + Hl6l- = T 6 Hl6l-
+- + 4 = + 4
-- + 7(|6 = - 7( |6
( 4- + +|9- = ( 4 +|9-
T !T- + 9|6 = T !T 9|6
T- + 99- = T 99-
(C) If any consonant or vowel except short H follows B- or 99-, the visarga is
dropped.
Sulabha Sasktam 100
Examples:
B- + Hl7|6 = B Hl7|6
B- + H- = B H -
99- + |4!T - = 99 |4!T -
(D) The words l -, l - and Hl - lose their visarga if any vowel or soft
consonant follows it.
l- + H46 = l H4 6
Hl - + 4l|( = Hl 4l|(
l- + +PF6 = l +PF6

12.3.3 T-
(A) If visarga is preceded by any vowel except H or Hl and is followed by any
vowel or a soft consonant then, visarga is changed into .
Examples:
(|- + H4P = (|4P
|6- + 4P = |6|4P
|4- + 7( |6 = |46(|6
P|+- + =|6 = P|+=|6
T4 - + 4 |&- = T4 4 |&-
l- + (P = l(P
(B) Having changed visarga into ( - = ), if the first letter of the following
word is again , the of the first word disappears and the short vowels H, or
7 before of the first word is then changed to Hl, or 7 respectively.
(| ((|-) + 4- = (l 4-
Textbook
101
The visarga in (|- is changed into and then when it combines with of the
following word 4-, the in the (| ((|-) is dropped and the vowel is
lengthened. Thus (| ((|-) becomes (l.
A few more Examples:
|+ + B- = +lB-
H + l=6 = H l=6
Hl6 + l(+P = Hl6 l (+P
|96 + = |96l

12.3.4. BTl-
(A) When visarga is followed by 6 or then the visarga is changed into
B .
Examples:
P+- + 6l9- = P+F6l9-
lP- + |6!|6 = lP|F6!|6
|4!T - + l6l = |4!T Fl6l
If visarga is followed by or 7 then the visarga becomes H .
Examples:
l- + |6 = l |6
T- + |6 = T|6
P- + |6 = P |6
If visarga is followed by or then the visarga is changed to 9.
Examples:
lP- + lT6 = lP!lT6
Sulabha Sasktam 102
+ - + Tl- = + ! Tl-
(B) If H, 9 or B follows a visarga then the visarga is changed into H , 9 or
B optionally.
Examples:
(|- + H 6 = (|7H 6/(|- H 6
B-6- + |HH - = B -6|7HH -/B -6- |HH -
T|4- + ~Tl|6 = T|47~ Tl |6/T|4- ~ Tl |6
P- + 9 9(- = P!9 9(-/P- 9 9(-
9(ll - + B-6 = 9(ll FB-6/9(ll - B-6
TPl- + Bl(|6 = TPlFBl(|6/TPl- Bl(|6
Textbook
103
Five well known lokas from rmad Vlmki Rmyaam, rmad Bhagavad Gt,
rmad Bhgavatam, Manusmti, Upaniads and Raghuvama are given below along
with their prose order. With the knowledge that you have gained from this
study of Sanskrit you should be able to grasp the meaning of these verses.
13.1 ~lPl-Pl|TlPl4TP
rmad Vlmki Rmyaam
1. Sage Vivmitra to Daaratha
H( 4 |T P(ltPl+ lP Bt49l4PP
4|BUl 5|9 P(l6 =l 4 P 69|B |F6l-+
The glorious sage Vasiha and all those who are stead fast in austerity and I
know the great Rma as the possessor of true prowess. (Blaka 19.14)
Prose Order:
H( Bt49l4P P(ltPl+ (|6) lP 4 |T, P(l6 =l 4|BU- P 4 69|B |F6l- H|9
|4(|-6
2. King Daaratha to Sage Vivmitra
7+9l 7H49l P lPl l=l4l +-
+ 4 &4l 46lPF4 974l|P B( lB -+
My lotus-eyed Rma is less than sixteen years old. I do not perceive his
capacity to wage war with the Rkasas. (Blaka 20.2)
Prose Order:
P l=l4l +- lPl 7+9l 7H49 - (4|6), HF4 lB - B( 4 &4l 46l + 974l|P
3. Sage Vivmitra to r Rma and Lakmaa
Tl B-4lB 9=l lP 9 4l B-\4l 946 6
HlFl|T
Scriptures
Sulabha Sasktam 104
7|U +Hl T6 -4 ( 4Pl|@TP +
O Rma! the worthy son of Kausaly, the morning twilight has set in. Get up.
O tiger among men! Contemplation on the deity and the daily duties have to
be performed. (Blaka 23.2)
Prose Order:
( lP, Tl B-4lB 9=l, 9 4l B-\4l 946 6 , +Hl 7|U, ( 4P Hl|@TP T6 -4P
4. Janaka to r Rma
4 Bl6l PP B 6l B(P l 64
96l7 +l 6 9l|T ql!4 9l|T+l+
This St, my daughter, is your companion in discharging your sacred duties.
Take her hand in your own and accept her. May good betide you. (Blaka
73.26)
Prose Order:
4 Bl6l PP B 6l 64 B(P l (4|6), 9+l 96l7 9l|T+l 9l|T ql!4, 6 P
(HF6)
5. Sumitr to Lakmaa
lP (H |4|& Pl |4|& =+TltP=lP
H4l \4lP4l |4|& 7 6l6 4l B GP +
Consider Rma to be Daaratha, look upon St as myself, experience the forest
as Ayodhy and depart happily, my dear. (Ayodhyka 40.9)
Prose Order:
6l6, lP (H |4|&, =+TltP=l Pl |4|& H4l H4l \4l |4|&, 4l B G 7

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105
13.2 ~lP4Jl6l
rmad Bhagavad Gt
TP '4 4l|TlF6 Pl T 9 T(l+
Pl TP T( 6 - Pl 6 B\l 5Ft4TP |T+
Thy right is to work only but never to its fruits; let the fruit of action be not thy
motive, nor let thy attachment be to inaction. (Chapter 2.47)
Prose Order:
TP |T 94 6 H|Tl-, T 9 Pl T(l+, TP T( 6 - Pl -, 6 B\- HTP |T Pl
HF6
4(l 4(l |( P F4 l|+ 4|6 l6
H-4 tl+PP F4 6(ltPl+ B =l4(P +
Whenever there is decay of righteousness, O Bhrata, and unrighteousness, is
on the rise, then I manifest Myself. (Chapter 4.7)
Prose Order:
( l6, 4(l 4(l |( P F4 l|+- 4|6, HP F4 H-4 tl+ (4|6), 6(l H(P
HltPl+ B =l|P
9|lTl4 Bl +l |4+lHl4 !T 6lP
P B Fl9+ll 4 B4l|P 4 4 +
I am born in every age for the protection of the good, for the destruction of the
wicked, and for the establishment of righteousness. (Chapter 4.8)
Prose Order:
Bl +l 9|lTl4, !T 6l |4+lHl4, P B Fl9+ll 4 , 4 4 B4l|Pl
9 9 !9 T 6l 4 4l P 1t4l 947|6
6(( 1t4 96 H+l|P 946ltP+-+
Sulabha Sasktam 106
Whoever offers Me with devotion a leaf, a flower, a fruit, water, that I accept,
offered by the pure minded with devotion. (Chapter 9.26)
Prose Order:
4- P 9 9 !9 T 6l 4 1t4l 947|6 946ltP+-, 1t4l 796 66 H(P H7+l|P
B4 Pl + 9|t474 PlP T HT =
H( t4l B4 9l9 -4l Pl |4!4l|P Pl H -+
Abandoning all dharmas, take refuge in Me alone; I will liberate thee from all
sins; grieve not. (Chapter 18.66)
Prose Order:
B4 Pl + 9|t474 PlP 9T HT =, H( B4 9l9 -4- t4l Pl |4!4l|P, Pl H -

13.3 ~lPl46P
rmad Bhgavatam
|+Hl 6P 7 6 =l4Pl+ =+l( +
( 414l ( 4-|9'4l |4!T - B4 (lH4-
Hl|4lBl( 4l 9l4l |(Hl-|4 9 !T-+
In the pitch darkness of midnight, Mahviu, the dweller of all hearts, was
born of the divinely beautiful Devak, like the full moon rising on the eastern
horizon. (Skandha 10.3.8)
Prose Order:
B4 (lH4- |4!T - |+Hl 6P 7 6 =l4Pl+ =+l( + ( 414l ( 4-|9'4l 4l 9l4l
|(|H 9 !T- -- 4 Hl|4lBl6
64 |44l|76 T !T + Tl 9PP\P
TT 9l4 9PlF4lH t4=t4-4F9 (l =+-+
O Ka! hearing about your holy and auspicious sports, which is a real nectar
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107
for the ear, the people leave all other desires. (Skandha 11.6.44)
Prose Order:
( T !T, + Tl 9PP\ TT 9l4 9 64 |44l|76 =+- HlF4lH H-4F9 (l t4=|6
B44 (l-6Bl |( ~ll46|P!46
6BlP 66 -6F4 +l-4 F4l( |6- 14|6 +
This Bhgavata being the essence of all Vednta, it is natural that one who is
satisfied in its study does not feel interest in any other text. (Skandha 12.13.15)
Prose Order:
~ll46 B4 4 (l-6Bl |( !46 66 BlP 66 -6F4 H-4 14|6 |6- + F4l6
+ G l |9Tl+-(+l 4l+|G( |(+lP-6ltP( T
|4G+Bl| 6l |4H -64 BG 7( |44l+ Blt46l T +
O Friend! you are not merely the Gopik's son, but the witness of the inner
essence of all embodied beings. Prayed by Brahm, you have risen in the clan
of the Yadus for the protection of the world. (Skandha 10.31.4)
Prose Order:
BG 4l+ + G l|9Tl+-(+-, H|G(|(+l H-6ltPcT |4G+Bl|6- (4l+)
|4H -64 Blt46l T 7( |44l+
|+9 P |+ Hl-6 |+4 BP(H +P
H+ =l4( |+t4 9 4 4 t4= | T |-+
I always follow the sage who desires nothing, who is always tranquil in order
that I may get purified by the dust of his feet. (Skandha 11.14.16)
Prose Order:
H( H=|T|- 9446 (|6 |-64+) |+9 |+4 BP(H+ Hl-6 P|+ |+t4P
H+=l|P

Sulabha Sasktam 108

13.4 P+ FP |6-
Manusmti
+ =l6 TlP- TlPl+lP 79l + Hl4|6
(|49l T !T4tP 4 4 4l|4 6 +
Desire is never satisfied by the enjoyment of its objects. Like fire fed with
ghee, it only flares up all the more. (Chapter 2.94)
Prose Order:
TlP- TlPl+lP 79l + + =l6 Hl4|6 (|49l T !T4tP 4 4 94 H|4 6
~ t4l F9 7 4l c7 4l 1t4l lt4l 4l +-
+ !4|6 l4|6 4l B |4 4l |=6 |-4-+
One who, having heard, having touched, having seen, having tasted and
having smelt does not become joyful nor sink in sorrow, is declared as one
who has conquered his senses. (Chapter 2.98)
Prose Order:
4- +- ~ t4l F9 7 4l c7 4l 1t4l lt4l + !4|6 l4|6 4l B- |=6 |-4- |4 4-
B4 94H ( -G B4 PltP4H B GP
96|HltBPlB + T B G( -G4l -+
Sorrow is for one who depends on the external world; joy for one who
depends on one's own self. Know this to be the nature of joy and sorrow.
(Chapter 4.160)
Prose Order:
B4 94H ( -GP B4 P HltP4H B GP 966 B G( -G4l - T BPlB + |4Hl6
P 94 (6l (|-6 Pl |6 |6-
6FPl&Pl + (-6-4l Pl +l Pl (6l 54l6 +
Dharma destroys its destroyer. Dharma protects its protector. Therefore
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109
virtues should not be destroyed. Let not such dharma (which has been
destroyed) destroy us. (Chapter 8.15)
Prose Order:
(6- P - 94 (|-6 |6- P - |6 6FPl6 P - + (-6-4- (6- P - +- Pl
H4l6
H -4l |-+- ~ Ul- |--4l l|Tl 4l-
l|-4l l|++- ~ Ul- l|+-4l -44Bl|4+-+
Greater than the ignorant are those who have read the scriptures. Still greater
are those who have memorized them. Greater still are those who know their
meaning. The best are those who put them to practice. (Chapter 12.103)
Prose Order:
H -4- ~ 7l- |-+-, |--4- 4l- l|T-, l|-4- ~ 7l- l|++-, l|+-4- -44Bl|4+-
(~Ul-)

13.5 79|+9(
Upaniad
l B 9Tl B4 =l BGl4l BPl+ 4 9|9F4=l6
64l -4- |9-9 F4l| H+7+-4l H|lTHl|6+
Two birds bound to one other in close friendship, perch on the same tree. One
of them eats the fruits of the tree with relish, while the other looks on without
eating. (Muakopaniad 3.1.1)
Prose Order:
B4 =l BGl4l l B 9Tl BPl+ 4 9|9F4=l6 64l - H-4- F4l |9-9 H| H-4-
H+7++ H|lTHl|6
Sulabha Sasktam 110
9T4l + - Hl GltPl O 6-4P 46
H9P + 4 &-4 H46 6-P4l 4 6 +
The Praava is the bow, the tman is the arrow and Brahman is said to be its
mark. It should be hit by one who is self-collected and the one who
hits becomes, like the arrow, one with the mark, which is Brahman.
(Muakopaniad 2.2.4)
Prose Order:
+ - 9T4-, H- |( HltPl, 4 66 O 746 , H9P + 4 &-4, H46 6-P4- 4 6
7|U6 =l6 9l-4 4l+ |+4l 6
F4 ll |+|H6l t44l 9F66 T44l 4(|-6+
Arise, awake; having reached the great teachers realize that tman. Like the
sharp edge of a razor is that path, difficult to cross and hard to tread thus say
the wise. (Kahopaniad 1.3.14)
Prose Order:
7|U6, =l6, 4l+ 9l-4 |+4l 6 T44- 66 9- F4 ll |+|H6l t44l
(|6) 4(|-6
HltPl+ |+ |4|& Hl P 4 6
4 |& 6 Bl| |4|& P+- 9(P 4 +
Know the tman as the Lord of the chariot, and the body as the chariot. Know
the intellect as the charioteer and the mind verily as the reins. (Kahopaniad
1.3.3)
Prose Order:
HltPl+ |+ |4|&, Hl 94 6 P (|6 |4|&) 4 |& 6 Bl| |4|& P+- 9(P 94
(|6 |4|&)
|-4l|T (4l+l( - |494l F6 9 l l+
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111
HltP |-4P+l 4 16 l 16 t4l( P +l|9T-+
The senses, they say, are the horses, and their roads are the sense objects.
When an individual is united with the body, the sense and the mind, call him
the enjoyer. (Kahopaniad 1.3.4)
Prose Order:
|-4l|T (4l+ Hl( - |494l+ 6 9 l l+ (Hl( -) HltP |-4P+l 4 16 l 16l |6
P+l|9T- Hl( -

13.6. 4 H-
Raghuvaa
4ll |44 B9 16l 4l 9|694
=6- |96l 4-( 9l4 6l9P 74l +
I bow down to Prvat and Paramevara, the world parents, who like word
and meaning are unified, so that I may attain right knowledge of word and
sense. (Sarga 1.1)
Prose Order:
4lT -H -9|694 4ll |44 B9 16l =6- |96l 9l4 6l9P 74l 4-(
6l4 l4|9 9F9|F6l 4 Pl+9|(l+6 =Bl
974|6 FP =+6l |(+lt44 9l4 Tl H|H|(4lTl|44+
Standing face to face in opposition, on the full moon day, the people beheld
them (Rma and Paraurma) like the sun and the moon at the end of the day,
with the glory of the one waxing and that of the other waning. (Sarga 11.82)
Prose Order:
9l4 Tl |(+lt44 H|H|(4lTl 4 6l 7l H|9 9F9|F6l 4 Pl+9|(l+6 =Bl =+6l
974|6 FP
Sulabha Sasktam 112
B Bl6lPTBG- Bt4l6 6Pl 94+
|44 H ('7Tl'4 9t4 T B6l P+-+
With Lakmaa and St for companions, helping his father not to stray from
truth, he entered the Daaka forest, and the heart of every good man. (Sarga
12.9)
Prose Order:
B- Bl6lPTBG- Bt4l6 6P Hl 94+ , ('7Tl'4 9t4 T B6l P+- |44 H
94 l 79-l4l 6F4l- B9l|6(H +l6
Pl6|6- Bl 6lT - B Bl 4 |+P P-+
On meeting Sampti they got news of St. Mruti crossed the ocean, as a
selfless soul transcends this transitory life. (Sarga 12.60)
Prose Order:
B9l|6(H +l6 6F4l- 94 l 79-l4l |+P P- B BlP 4 Pl6|6- Bl 6lT -
B B 6 4-4lPlB -4 - 4Tl|B
Bl6l6 4 7-P+ H 9 F4-+l4 Hl|\ T-+
Across the briny sea, with the help of the monkeys he built a bridge which
resembled ea rising from the nether regions for Viu to sleep on. (Sarga
12.70)
Prose Order:
B- -4 - 4Tl|B Hl|\ T- F4-+l4 Bl6l6 7-P+ H 9P 4 B 6 4-4lPlB
ivnazay c xmRs<SwapnawaRy yuge yu
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113
Transliteration and Pronunciation
In this book, Devangar characters have been transliterated according to the
scheme adopted by the International Congress of Orientalists at Athens in
1912. One fixed pronunciation value is given to each letter; f, q, w, x and z are
not called to use. According to this scheme:
sounds like sounds like
H a o in son 7 d in dog
Hl in master 7 h dh in godhood
i in if T n in under
ee in feel 6 t
7 u u in full th th in thumb
7 oo in boot ( d th in then
+ ri in rim dh theh in breathe
here
9 e a in evade + n
9 ai y in my 9 p
Hl o T ph ph in loop hole
Hl au ow in now 4 b
T k bh bh in abhor
G kh ckh in blockhead P m
g (hard) 4 y
gh gh in log-hut r
= ng l
c ch in chuckle 4 v in avert
7 ch chh in catch him H sh in shut
= j 9 s in sugar
H jh dgeh in hedgehog B s
n in banyan ( h
t in tank
h th in ant-hill - (half h)