5G
5G (5th generation mobile networks or 5th generation wireless systems) denotes the next major phase of mobile
telecommunications standards beyond the current 4G/IMT-Advanced standards. 5G is also referred to as beyond 2020
mobile communications technologies. 5G does not describe any particular specification in any official document
published by any telecommunication standardization body.
Although updated standards that define capabilities beyond those defined in the current 4G standards are under
consideration, those new capabilities are still being grouped under the current ITU-T 4G standards.
Background of 5G
A new mobile generation has appeared approximately every 10th year since the first 1G system, Nordic Mobile
Telephone, was introduced in 1981. The first 2G system started to roll out in 1991, the first 3G system first appeared
in 2001 and 4G systems fully compliant with IMT Advanced were standardized in 2012. The development of the 2G
(GSM) and 3G (IMT-2000 and UMTS) standards took about 10 years from the official start of the R&D projects, and
development of 4G systems started in 2001 or 2002.[1][2] Predecessor technologies have occurred on the market a few
years before the new mobile generation, for example the pre-3G system CdmaOne/IS95 in the US in 1995, and the
pre-4G systems Mobile WiMAX in South-Korea 2006, and first release-LTE in Scandinavia 2009.
Mobile generations typically refer to nonbackwards-compatible cellular standards following requirements stated by
ITU-R, such as IMT-2000 for 3G and IMT-Advanced for 4G. In parallel with the development of the ITU-R mobile
generations, IEEE and other standardisation bodies also develop wireless communication technologies, often for
higher data rates and higher frequencies but shorter transmission ranges. The first gigabit IEEE standard was IEEE
802.11ac, commercially available since 2013, soon to be followed by the multi-gigabit standard WiGig or IEEE
802.11ad.
Debate
Based on the above observations, some sources suggest that a new generation of 5G standards may be introduced
approximately in the early 2020s.[3][4] However, still no international 5G development projects have officially been
launched, and there is still a large extent of debate on what 5G is exactly about. Prior to 2012, some industry
representatives have expressed skepticism towards 5G[5] but later took a positive stand.[citation needed]
New mobile generations are typically assigned new frequency bands and wider spectral bandwidth per frequency
channel (1G up to 30 kHz, 2G up to 200 kHz, 3G up to 20 MHz, and 4G up to 100 MHz), but skeptics argue that
there is little room for larger channel bandwidths and new frequency bands suitable for land-mobile radio.[5] From
users' point of view, previous mobile generations have implied substantial increase in peak bitrate (i.e. physical layer
net bitrates for short-distance communication), up to 1 Gbit/s to be offered by 4G.
If 5G appears, and reflects these prognoses, the major difference from a user point of view between 4G and 5G
techniques must be something else than increased peak bit rate; for example higher number of simultaneously
connected devices, higher system spectral efficiency (data volume per area unit), lower battery consumption, lower
outage probability (better coverage), high bit rates in larger portions of the coverage area, lower latencies, higher
number of supported devices, lower infrastructure deployment costs, higher versatility and scalability or higher
reliability of communications. Those are the objectives in several of the research papers and projects below.
GSMHistory.com [6] has recorded three very distinct 5G network visions having emerged by 2014:
A super-efficient mobile network that delivers a better performing network for lower investment cost. It addresses
the mobile network operators pressing need to see the unit cost of data transport falling at roughly the same rate as the
volume of data demand is rising. It would be a leap forward in efficiency based on the IET Demand Attentive
Network (DAN)philosophy [7]
A super-fast mobile network comprising the next generation of small cells densely clustered together to give a
contiguous coverage over at least urban areas and gets the world to the final frontier for true wide area mobility. It
would require access to spectrum under 4 GHz perhaps via the world's first global implementation of Dynamic
Spectrum Access.
A converged fiber-wireless network that uses, for the first time for wireless Internet access, the millimeter wave
bands (20 60 GHz) so as to allow very wide bandwidth radio channels able to support data access speeds of up to
10 Gb/s. The connection essentially comprises short wireless links on the end of local fiber optic cable.It would be
more a nomadic service (like WiFi) rather than a wide area mobile service.
IMT Advanced
International Mobile Telecommunications-Advanced (IMT-Advanced) are requirements issued by the ITU-R of the
International Telecommunication Union (ITU) in 2008 for what is marketed as 4G mobile phone and Internet access service.
ITU-T
The ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) is one of the three sectors (divisions or units) of the
International Telecommunication Union (ITU); it coordinates standards for telecommunications.The standardization work of
ITU dates back to 1865, with the birth of the International Telegraph Union (ITU). ITU became a United Nations specialized
agency in 1947. The International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee (CCITT, from French: Comit Consultatif
International Tlphonique et Tlgraphique) was created in 1956, and was renamed ITU-T in 1993.
5G mobile telecommunication standards stand for fifth-generation advancements made in the mobile communications field.
These comprise packet switched wireless systems using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) with wide area
coverage, high throughput at millimetre waves (10 mm to 1 mm) covering a frequency range of 30 GHz to 300 GHz, and
enabling a 20 Mbps data rate to distances up to 2 km. The millimetre-wave band is the most effective solution to the recent
surge in wireless Internet usage. These specifications are capable of providing wireless world wide web (WWWW)
applications.
The WWWW allows a highly flexible network (flexible channel bandwidth between 5 and 20 MHz, optimally up to 40 MHz),
and dynamic ad-hoc wireless network (DAWN). This technique employs intelligent antennae (e.g., switched beam antennae and
adaptive array antennae) and the flexible modulation method, which helps in obtaining bidirectional high bandwidth, i.e.,
transfer of a large volume of broadcasting data in giga bytes, sustaining more than 60,000 connections and providing 25 Mbps
connectivity.
Users of 5G technology can download an entire film to their tablets or laptops, including 3D movies; they can download games
and avail of remote medical services. With the advent of 5G, Piconet and Bluetooth technologies will become outdated. The 5G
mobile phones would be akin to tablet PCs, where you could watch TV channels at HD clarity without any interruption.
Key concepts in 5G technology
Future mobile devices equipped with 5G technology will have:
1. Wearable devices with artificial intelligence (AI)
2. Internet Protocol version 6 where the IP address is assigned according to location and the connected network.
3. The ability to connect the user to different wireless access technologies, like 2.5G, 3G, 4G or 5G mobile networks, as
well as Wi-Fi and WPAN (wireless personal area network)or even any other technology to be developed in the future.
This is basically a concurrent data transfer path technique.
4. Smart radio. In order to share the same spectrum efficiently during a wireless transmission scheme, the system will
adaptively find (search) unused spectrum. This dynamic radio resource management will be achieved in a distributed
fashion and rely on software defined transmission.
5. High altitude stratospheric platform station (HAPS) system. This is based on beam division multiple access (BDMA)
and group relay techniques.
5G hardware
Ultra wideband networks (UWB). It is already known that Wi-Fi, Wi-Max and cellular wide area communications are longrange radio technologies. But systems like WPAN need short-range radio technology, which helps in achieving higher
bandwidths (around 4000 Mbps) but at low energy levels (UWB network) for relaying data from host devices to devices in the
immediate vicinity, i.e., distances of around 10 metres or so. This higher bandwidth (4000 Mbps) level is almost 400 times faster
than todays wireless networks. Each network will be responsible for handling user-mobility while the user terminal will make
the final choice among different wireless/mobile access network providers for a given service. However, there should be
different radio interfaces for each radio access technology (RAT) in the mobile terminal.
Smart antennae. These include the following:
1. Switched beam antennae. This type of antenna supports radio positioning via angle of arrival (AOA). Information is
collected from nearby devices.
2. Adaptive array antennae (Samsung has used 64 antennae elements). Such antennae promise to improve the capacity
of wireless systems by providing improved safety through position-location capabilities. This technique rejects
interference through spatial-altering-position location through direction-ending measurements and developing improved
channel models through angle-of-arrival channel sounding measurement.
3. CDMA (code division multiple access) technique. This technique converts audio analogue input signals into digital
signals (ADC) in combination with spread spectrum technology. The signal is transmitted using modulation according
to some predefined code (pattern), and is demodulated using the same pattern since there can be billions of code patterns
which can provide privacy and sufficient security.
5G software
1. 5G will be a single unified IP standard of different wireless networks and a seamless combination of broadband,
including wireless technologies, such as IEEE802.11, LAN, WAN, PAN and WWWW.
2. 5G will enable software-defined radio, packet layers, implementation of packets, encryption flexibility, etc.
