C 5 Al-Må'idah: The Food: Hapter
C 5 Al-Må'idah: The Food: Hapter
Al-Må’idah: The Food
(REVEALED AT MADÍNAH: 16 sections; 120 verses)
The name of this chapter is taken from the mention of a demand for food — “the daily
bread” — on the part of the followers of Jesus Christ, to which reference is made towards
the end of this chapter. The chapter deals with the Christians in particular and the adoption
of this name might be with a view to express the Christian love of the dainties of this life.
This chapter stands in almost the same relation to the last as the 3rd to the 2nd. Thus,
while the 4th chapter deals chiefly with the hypocrites, the 5th deals with those who had
assumed open enmity to Islåm, being interspersed here and there with directions for the
Muslims. Again, while the 4th chapter deals with the question of Jewish disobedience,
this gives prominence to the Christian transgressions due to their inordinate worldly love,
this distinction being made plain in the concluding portions of the two chapters.
The chapter opens with an exhortation to the Muslims to remain true to their obliga-
tions. This injunction is followed by certain details relating to the performance of the
pilgrimage, to foods, and to social relations with other people and by the announcement
that Religion was made perfect in Islåm. The second section, which calls attention to the
duty of uprightness, is, as it were, a caution against laying too much stress upon details
of the law to the utter neglect of the inner qualities which make the real man. The third
section speaks of the covenants made with the Jews and the Christians, and of the viola-
tion of their covenant by the Christians in assigning a Divine dignity to a mere mortal.
The fourth section takes up the Jewish violation of the covenant, at the very outset of
their national life, and points out the evil consequences of their disobedience. The fifth
section, opening with a lesson to the Jews in Cain’s aggression, plainly points towards
the end to the punishment of the Jews who were now engaged in making war upon the
Prophet, and the subject of the punishment of similar offences is continued in the sixth
section. The seventh speaks of the relation of the Quranic revelation to previous revela-
tions, and points out that this final revelation is really the fulfilment and perfection of all
those revelations. The eighth section warns the Muslims of the hostile attitude of the
Jews and the Christians and those who apostatize, the subject being continued in the
ninth, which speaks of their mockery of the Muslim religion. The tenth introduces the
subject of Christian deviation from the truth, while the eleventh shows that the Qur’ån is
not unjust to them on account of their enmity towards Islåm, valuing the meekness of
monks and priests among them, and recognizing their nearness to Islåm in contrast with
the Jews and the polytheists. The three sections that follow are specially addressed to the
believers, while hinting at Christian disregard of the middle course and of their aggres-
sion against the Muslims. The twelfth section, while warning the Muslims on the one
hand of such practices as monkery, which required a man to deprive himself even of
lawful things, cautions them on the other against the use of impure drugs, such as intoxi-
cating liquors, and the acquisition of property by illegal means, such as gambling, the
244
Part 6] THE FOOD 245
two besetting sins of Christian nations, and requires obedience and regard of duty to be
made the main principle of action. The thirteenth section lays stress on the security of
the Ka‘bah, containing a prophetic allusion to the designs of powerful Christian nations.
The fourteenth section, containing further directions for the Muslims, lays special stress
on the gravity of the sin of polytheism, which had led the Christians farthest away from
the truth, notwithstanding their proximity to Islåm. The two concluding sections of the
chapter deal with the Christian religion more plainly. Attention is drawn in the fifteenth
to the Christian love of this life and their being subjected to an unprecedented punish-
ment as a result of their materialistic tendencies. The sixteenth, which is the last section,
contains a plain condemnation of the doctrine of the divinity of Jesus out of the mouth
of that prophet himself, and makes it clear that this doctrine found way into the Christian
religion after his death and gives hope of their finally finding protection in Islåm.
A consideration of the topics dealt with in this chapter and the opinions of different
authorities, lead us to the almost certain conclusion that this chapter follows in the order
of revelation, as it does in arrangement, the last chapter, and the main portion of it was
revealed within 5–7 Hijrah. The tendency of some Christian critics to ascribe verses con-
demning certain Jewish or Christian doctrines to a period when political relations with
these people became strained is to be deprecated, for, as a matter of fact, the Qur’ån did
not deny the good in these religions at any time, nor did it ever approve of their errors.
For instance, it is in an early Makkan revelation that we find the Christian doctrine of the
sonship of Jesus condemned in the severest terms (19:88– 92), while it is here, in a late
Madßnah revelation, that we find the Christians praised on account of their meekness.
There is, however, one verse in this chapter which belongs to a much later period
than the main portion of the chapter, the date of the revelation of which can be fixed with
certainty. It is the third verse, and it speaks of the perfection of religion in Islåm. Of its
revelation in the Holy Prophet’s last pilgrimage to Makkah in the year 10 A.H. there is
not the least doubt, and, further, there is the clearest testimony that it was revealed on the
9th Dhu-l-Ïijjah in that year, when the Holy Prophet was on the plain of ‘Araf åt
(B. 2:32).
246 Ch. 5: THE FOOD [Al-Må’idah
SECTION 1: Perfection of Religion in Islåm
In the name of Allåh, the Beneficent,
the Merciful.
1 O you who believe, fulfil the
obligations.a The cattle quadrupeds
are allowed to you except that which
is recited to you, not violating the
prohibition against game when you
are on the pilgrimage.b Surely Allåh
orders what He pleases.
2 O you who believe, violate not
the signs of Allåh,a nor the Sacred
Month, nor the offerings, nor the vic-
tims with garlands,b nor those repair-
ing to the Sacred House seeking the
grace and pleasure of their Lord. And
when you are free from pilgrimage
obligations, then hunt. And let not
1a. Respect for all covenants, contracts, agreements, leagues, treaties, and engage-
ments, all of which are included in the significance of the word ‘uq∂d (sing. ‘aqd, a tie)
(LL), and also of all Divine ordinances given for the welfare of the individual and soci-
ety, is the very first necessity of social relations. The word includes the covenants
imposed by God as well as the mutual agreements made by men (LL). Thus respect for
law, religious as well as temporal, is taught here.
1b. The prohibition of game during pilgrimage is mentioned in connection with the
security of the Ka‘bah in section 13, so that even wild animals are secure during the
time; see 95a. The words except that which is recited to you relate to the prohibited
foods mentioned already in 2:173, 6:145, 16:115, and detailed further in v. 3 here.
2a. Sha‘åir is plural of sha‘ßrah which means a sign (R). It is derived from sha‘ara
meaning he knew a thing, and by sha‘å’ir Allåh are therefore meant matters through
which the knowledge of Allåh is obtained. According to IJ, it signifies all duties imposed
by God on man and thus includes all Divine ordinances, obligations, commandments
and prohibitions. Ïasan says sha‘å’ir Allåh means dßn Allåh or the religion of Allåh.
Rites and ceremonies in connection with the pilgrimage and places where these cere-
monies are performed are also known by this name. Hence the ˝af å and the Marwah are
also called sha‘å’ir Allåh in 2:158.
2b. Hady is plural of hadyah, and means what is driven (to Makkah), and qalå’id is
plural of qilådah, meaning a necklace or what is put upon the neck of an animal that is
brought as an offering to Makkah for sacrifice (LA, LL), and hence also the animal
which is made to wear a garland. The word qalå’id as a description of such animals is
used to intensify respect for them, because they bear a clear mark showing that they are
meant to be sacrificed. It should be noted that only camels are made to wear garlands,
while hady includes all kinds of animals brought as offering.
Part 6] PERFECTION OF RELIGION IN ISLÅM 247
2c. The principle laid down here as to uprightness of conduct in dealing even with
those whom one hates is laudable, and the international code of the modern world stands
sorely in need of such a principle of uprightness. Requiring equal treatment for all
nations — for those whom we hate and for those whom we love — Islåm alone can
serve as an international law.
3a. The exception may apply to all the five classes. The infinitive noun tadhkiyah
means causing the natural heat to pass forth. Technically, it indicates a particular mode
of slaughtering (R, LL); and the meaning is that if an animal partly eaten by wild beasts
is found while yet alive, and is slaughtered in the proper manner, its flesh is allowed.
3b. According to Ibn Juraij, these were certain stones which were set up around the
Ka‘bah, over or near which it was customary to kill animals as offerings to certain idols,
their blood being sprinkled and flesh laid on the stones (Rz).
3c. Istaqsamtu-h∂ means, according to R, I asked him to divide, and he adds: “Then
it is used to signify dividing”. If this significance be adopted, the azlåm (lit. arrows
without a head and without a feather) would mean the headless arrows of the game of
hazard. The Arabs played with such arrows for division of the flesh of a slaughtered
camel bought on credit (LL). This significance is favoured by the context, for it pro-
hibits dividing flesh of slaughtered animals by means of certain arrows with which was
played the game of chance called maisir. A comparison with 6:145, where slaying in
other than Allåh’s name is called a transgression, as here dividing by arrows is called a
transgression, also shows this to be the correct significance. Probably animals devoted to
idols were divided by arrows when slain. According to others, however, istaqsama
means he sought to know what was allotted to him by means of the azlåm. When one of
248 Ch. 5: THE FOOD [Al-Må’idah
them desired to make a journey, or to get married, or to perform some other important
affair, he drew out arrows, on one of which was written “My Lord has commanded me”,
on a second, “My Lord has forbidden me”, while a third arrow was blank. He did or
refrained from doing the desired thing according to the arrow which came forth, repeat-
ing the operation if a blank arrow came out (Rz).
3d. External testimony as to the late revelation of this verse has already been quoted
in the introductory note to this chapter. The very subject-matter of the verse shows that
it must have been revealed towards the close of the Holy Prophet’s life, and hence it is
held by all authorities that no precept was revealed after this. The Prophet died eighty-
one or eighty-two days after its revelation (Rz). This verse is a clear testimony to the
perfection of religion in Islåm, no such claim being made by any other book or religion.
Just before Mu√ammad, Jesus had said: “I have yet many things to say unto you, but ye
cannot bear them now. Howbeit when he, the Spirit of truth, is come, he will guide you
into all truth” (Jn. 16:12, 13). The Prophet Mu√ammad was thus the last of the prophets,
because religion being perfected, no prophet was needed after him.
4a. Game killed by means of beasts and birds of prey taught to hunt is allowed.
When, however, the beast or the bird is sent after the prey, the name of Allåh should be
mentioned. Game killed by an arrow or by a shot is allowed, subject to the same condi-
tion. In either case, if the game is not killed before it falls into the hands of the hunter, it
should be slaughtered; if it is already killed, it is lawful in that condition.
Part 6] DUTY OF UPRIGHTNESS 249
SECTION 2: Duty of Uprightness
5a. The question arises here whether the food of those who have been given the
Book is lawful even when that food includes what is expressly unlawful according to the
Holy Qur’ån. The answer to this question must be given in the negative. A thing which
is clearly prohibited cannot become lawful because it is offered by a Jew or a Christian.
According to I‘Ab by Δa‘åm is here meant dhabß√ah (B. 72:22). Thus animals slaugh-
tered by the Jews or the Christians are allowed when slaughtered in the name of God.
When an animal is not slaughtered in the name of God, it is prohibited according to
some while others allow it. See further 6:121a where I quote B. 72:22, according to
which the animal slaughtered by the People of the Book is disallowed only when the
slaughterer is heard mentioning other than Allåh’s name.
5b. Both the Jewish and the Christian laws do not compare well with the Islamic
law in this respect. In Islåm intermarriages with idol-worshippers are totally prohibited
(2:221), but in the case of a people whose religion is based on a revealed book, in which
category fall almost all the nations of the world, the taking of their women in marriage is
expressly allowed. The giving away of Muslim women in marriage to followers of other
religions is not, however, expressly mentioned, and practice from the earliest times is
against it. Indeed, while women belonging to other religions would be happy in a
Muslim household, because of the status and rights which Islåm confers on women,
Muslim women in an alien household would be in a condition of distress, because they
would lose the rights which they enjoy in Muslim society. It may be added that the law
here given is not limited to the Jews and the Christians, but includes the followers of all
religions based on revelation. Hence the law was extended to the Persians by the
companions of the Holy Prophet. As for the Jewish law, see Deut. 7:3: “Neither shalt
thou make marriages with them; thy daughter thou shalt not give unto his son, nor his
daughter shalt thou take unto thy son”. Paul follows the Jewish law: “Be ye not
unequally yoked together with unbelievers: for what fellowship hath righteousness with
unrighteousness? And what communion hath light with darkness?” (2 Cor. 6:14).
5c. The denial of faith is variously explained. Some think it means denial of Allåh;
others, denial of the unity of Allåh; while still others think that faith stands for the
revelation of the Qur’ån.
250 Ch. 5: THE FOOD [Al-Må’idah
6a. I.e., under an obligation to perform a total ablution; see 4:43b.
7a. The reference in the covenant is generally supposed to be to the oath of fidelity
taken by the Madinites at ‘Aqabah, but some have taken it to be the acceptance of the
law of Islåm, others consider it to be the evidence of human nature spoken of in 7:172,
while still others understand by it the swearing of the allegiance at Hudaibiyah (IJ),
which is also referred to in 48:10, 18.
Part 6] CHRISTIAN VIOLATION OF THE COVENANT 251
SECTION 3: Christian Violation of the Covenant
11a. The occasions on which the enemies of Islåm endeavoured to take away the
life of the Prophet or to exterminate the Muslims are too numerous to mention here. The
commentators, however, think that there is special reference to the attempt made by the
Banß Na˙ßr on the life of the Holy Prophet.
12a. It is strange to find Rodwell adding a note here that the Prophet “invented
these twelve leaders of tribes”, whereas they are clearly mentioned by name in
Num. 1:5–15, and in the 16th verse they are called princes of the tribes of their fathers;
while in the 44th verse we have: “And the princes of Israel, being twelve men”. And fur-
ther, in Num. 13:3–15 we again read of twelve heads of the Children of Israel having
been sent to search the land of Canaan.
12b. The land was described by Joshua and Caleb as “a land which floweth with
milk and honey” (Num. 14:8).
252 Ch. 5: THE FOOD [Al-Må’idah
14a. “I have yet many things to say unto you, but ye cannot bear them now.
Howbeit when he, the Spirit of truth, is come, he will guide you into all truth; for he
shall not speak of himself, but whatsoever he shall hear, that shall he speak: and he will
show you things to come” (John 16:12, 13). The kingdom of God so often spoken of in
the Gospel is no other than the spiritual kingdom established by the Holy Prophet, the
Gospel being in fact only the good news of his advent.
14b. The prophecy that there shall always be hatred and enmity between the various
Christian peoples has proved true in all ages, and never more clearly than in our own
day. They will find peace only when they accept Islåm.
15a. There were many truths which the Jews and the Christians had lost, their scrip-
tures not having remained free from corruption, and many which were to be met with in
their books but which they did not act upon. Some of these which were of permanent
value were revealed in the Holy Qur’ån, but others — referred to in passing over much
— had been given to them to suit only the requirements of the time when they were
given and were not now needed. Or, the reference may be to the prophecies of the
advent of the Holy Prophet, for the Qur’ån refers to only very few of them.
15b. Two things are here spoken of as having come from Allåh, a Light and a clear
Book. The Light is the Prophet, and the Book, the Qur’ån. The Prophet is the greatest
spiritual Light which ever dawned upon this earth. Hence he is called a light-giving
sun: “O Prophet, surely We have sent thee as a witness, and a bearer of good news
and a warner, and as an inviter to Allåh by His permission, and as a light-giving sun”
(33:45, 46).
Part 6] CHRISTIAN VIOLATION OF THE COVENANT 253
17a. The meaning is that Jesus Christ and his mother Mary, and all those who were
then on the earth, tasted equally of death; hence Jesus Christ was an ordinary human
being and not God, for if he had been God he would not have died. In sometimes signi-
fies idh or when (Mgh-LL), and this is the significance here. It is a mistake to take it as
referring to the future, for with Jesus Christ is mentioned Mary and the whole generation
then living, and their meeting death was undoubtedly a thing of the past.
18a. In the Gospels it is said; “Blessed are the peacemakers; for they shall be called
the children of God” (Matt. 5:9). The Christians think they are the people spoken of
here. The Jews considered themselves as the favourite nation, because they thought they
were the only nation chosen by God for the gift of Divine revelation, to the exclusion of
all other nations of the world. Thus they considered themselves friends of God. They are
told that their sins were so great that they were punished for them even in this life. How
could people sunk so deep in sins be friends of God or sons of God?
18b. It is in accordance with Divine laws that forgiveness and punishment are exer-
cised, and the alleged atonement of Christ had brought about no change in that law.
254 Ch. 5: THE FOOD [Al-Må’idah
SECTION 4: Israelites’ Violation of the Covenant
19a. Several centuries had elapsed since the appearance of any prophet in any
country when the great Arabian Prophet made his appearance. No nation in the world
claims the appearance of any messenger in it between the advent of Jesus Christ and that
of the Holy Prophet Mu√ammad. The world was, as it were, preparing itself for the
advent of the greatest of all prophets, who was to be a messenger to all the nations of the
world. Hence the cessation of prophecy among all people. The name of Khålid is men-
tioned by some people, but there is no authentic √adßth to this effect, nor any historical
evidence showing that any prophet of that name had appeared after Jesus. On the other
hand, there is an authentic √adßth according to which the Holy Prophet said, speaking of
Jesus Christ: “There has been no prophet between him and me” (B. 21:48).
20a. There is no anachronism here. The Israelites are here told that two favours had
been bestowed upon them: (1) prophets were raised among them; (2) they were made
kings. The reference need not be to the earlier history of the Israelites, but to their histo-
ry as dating from the time of Moses, for the advent of Moses had brought about an entire
change both in their spiritual and political status. Not only had two prophets, Moses and
Aaron, already appeared among them, but with the Mosaic law was laid down the basis
of a dispensation which gave them promise of numerous prophets appearing among
them. And politically they had no doubt already emerged as an independent nation,
being masters of themselves and no more slaves of their Egyptian masters. They had
already acquired kingship, but the words as well contain a clear prophetic reference to
their future career as a ruling nation. Spiritual dominance combined with political
supremacy was manifestly a favour which was not bestowed upon any of the other con-
temporary nations.
Part 6] ISRAELITES’ VIOLATION OF THE COVENANT 255
22 They said: O Moses, therein are
a powerful people, and we shall not
enter it until they go out from it; if
they go out from it, then surely we
will enter.a
23 Two men of those who feared,
on whom Allåh had bestowed a
favour, said: Enter upon them by the
gate, for when you enter it you will
surely be victorious; and put your
trust in Allåh, if you are believers.a
24 They said: O Moses, we will
never enter it so long as they are in it;
go therefore thou and thy Lord, and
fight; surely here we sit.
25 He said: My Lord, I have con-
trol of none but my own self and my
brother; so distinguish between us
and the transgressing people.
26 He said: It will surely be forbid-
den to them for forty years — they
will wander about in the land. So
grieve not for the transgressing
people.a
SECTION 5: Cain and Abel – murderous plots against the Prophet
22a. “All the people that we saw in it are men of a great stature” (Num. 13:32). For
the murmurings of the Israelites and their refusal to go against the enemy, see
Num. 14:1– 4.
23a. “And Joshua the son of Nun and Caleb the son of Jephunneh ... spoke unto all
the company of the children of Israel, saying ... If the Lord delight in us, then He will
bring us into this land and give it to us; a land which floweth with milk and honey. Only
rebel not ye against the Lord, neither fear ye the people of the land ... their defence is
departed from them, and the Lord is with us, fear them not” (Num. 14:6– 9).
26a. “Surely they shall not see the land which I sware unto their fathers, neither
shall any of them that provoked Me see it” (Num. 14:23). The forty years spoken of
here represent the life of that generation.
256 Ch. 5: THE FOOD [Al-Må’idah
when they offered an offering, but it
was accepted from one of them and
was not accepted from the other. He
said: I will certainly kill thee. (The
other) said: Allåh accepts only from
the dutiful.a
28 If thou stretch out thy hand
against me to kill me I shall not
stretch out my hand against thee to
kill thee. Surely I fear Allåh, the
Lord of the worlds:
29 I would rather that thou shouldst
bear the sin against me and thine own
sin, a thus thou wouldst be of the
companions of the Fire; and that is
the recompense of the unjust.
30 At length his mind made it easy
for him to kill his brother, so he killed
him; so he became one of the losers.
31 Then Allåh sent a crow scratch-
ing the ground to show him how to
cover the dead body of his brother.a
He said: Woe is me! Am I not able to
be as this crow and cover the dead
body of my brother? So he became of
those who regret.
27a. The reference is apparently to the story of Cain and Abel. Compare Gen.
4:3 –12. Some commentators are, however, of opinion that the reference is to two men
from among the Israelites, because every man may be spoken of as a son of Adam (Rz).
But the whole story may be taken allegorically to refer to the Jewish plots against the
Holy Prophet, where the Israelites may be taken for the aggressive and sinful brother
and the Ishmaelites, as represented by the Holy Prophet, for the righteous one. It may be
noted that in v. 11 we have a reference to the Jewish plots against the Prophet’s life, and
the two sections that follow are, as it were, parenthetical, reminding the Jews and the
Christians of their covenants and their violation of them, and the subject of v. 11 is
continued in this and the following section.
29a. Ithmß here means not my sin, but the sin committed against me, i.e., the sin of
murder; while by ithmi-ka is meant thy sin, i.e., his previous sin on account of which his
offering was not accepted. The righteous brother tells the wicked one that even after
knowing that he intended to kill him he would not be the first to raise his hand against
him and kill him, but he would rather that the guilty one should go on adding to his sins.
31a. The Bible is silent on this point; but there is nothing improbable in primitive
man learning from other creatures.
Part 6] CAIN AND ABEL – MURDEROUS PLOTS AGAINST THE PROPHET 257
32a. The reference is generally understood to be to the gravity of the crime of
murder, requiring the execution of the criminal. But by the killing of a person may as
well be meant the killing of the Prophet, who had come to establish righteousness. The
killing of that great teacher of righteousness was indeed equivalent to the killing of all
men and the saving of the life of that great Saviour of humanity was equivalent to saving
humanity itself. The reference is to the Jewish plots against the life of the Holy Prophet,
and that is the reason for mentioning here the Israelites in particular.
33a. The words used here imply originally all those opponents of Islåm who waged
war on the Muslims and made mischief in the land by causing loss to the life and
property of innocent Muslims who fell into their hands. But it has generally been accept-
ed as including all dacoits and murderers who cause disorder in a settled state of society.
In fact, when war came to an end in Arabia and the kingdom of Islåm was established
over the whole peninsula, the enemies of Islåm, being unable to oppose its authority
openly, resorted to dacoity and murder to disturb the peace which was now established
in the land. Hence, though it is such enemies that are primarily spoken of here, the
words are general and include all cases of murder and dacoity.
The punishment described is of four kinds, which clearly shows that the punishment
to be inflicted in any particular case would depend upon the circumstances of the case,
as well as the time and place where the crime was committed. For instance, if murder
has been committed in the course of dacoity, the punishment would include the
execution of the culprit, which may take the form of crucifixion if the offence is so
heinous or the culprit has caused such terror in the land that the leaving of his body on
the cross is necessary as a deterrent. In other cases, the punishment may be imprison-
ment, where the severer punishment of cutting off of hands is deemed unnecessary. The
judge would take all the circumstances into consideration and inflict such punishment as
he thought necessary. A particular case dealt with under this verse was that of a tribe
called ‘Urainah. Some men of this tribe came to the Prophet, and accepted Islåm. They
fell ill and were sent by the Prophet to a place at a little distance from Madßnah for
change of climate and recovery of health. But when they regained health, they killed the
very people who had served them and went off with their camels. Then they committed
dacoities and violated the chastity of women, and they were severely punished (B. 4:66,
and the comments on it in ‘Ainß). Many other cases of this nature are recorded by IJ.
258 Ch. 5: THE FOOD [Al-Må’idah
SECTION 6: Punishment of Offenders
38a. The cutting off of hands may be taken metaphorically or literally. You say
qaΔa‘a lisåna-h∂, lit., he cut off his tongue, when you mean he silenced him (LA). If
therefore qaΔ‘ yad is taken metaphorically, it would simply mean restraining the thief by
imprisonment or otherwise. If taken literally, the hand may not be cut off for every theft,
and this is a fact recognized by all jurists. What however I would particularly stress is
the fact that the cutting off of the hand is the maximum punishment. As stated above in
33a, in the case of dacoity the maximum punishment is death and the minimum punish-
ment is imprisonment. Now theft is not as serious a crime as dacoity, and hence the min-
imum punishment for theft could not be severer than the minimum punishment for
dacoity. In the case of dacoity, going upward in point of severity, the punishment is
imprisonment, then cutting off of hands and feet, then death. Therefore what the Holy
Qur’ån states here is only the maximum punishment for theft, the minimum punishment
remaining the same, i.e. imprisonment.
It is moreover clear from v. 33 that the infliction of the severer or the milder punish-
ment depends upon the circumstances of the case and the opinion of the judge. The
crime of dacoity becomes severer or milder according to the loss of life or property that
the victims of dacoity suffer. In theft, the loss is only caused to property and not to life
and therefore death as a punishment in this case is eliminated, while the next grade of
punishment, the cutting off of the hand, is retained as the maximum punishment, and
maximum punishment would depend only on the exigency of the case. It may be the
seriousness of the crime or the seriousness of the offender’s addiction to the crime of
theft that may call for the maximum punishment. Therefore generally the maximum
punishment may be inflicted only in cases of habitual theft. The considerations which
entitle us to make this distinction are as follows: (a) The punishment is called exem-
plary, and exemplary punishment could only be inflicted where the crime is very serious
or the offender is a habitual criminal. (b) The punishment is not to be inflicted if the
offender repents and turns from his evil course. The next verse shows that the punish-
ment of cutting off the hand is only for a criminal who does not reform, i.e. for the habit-
ual offender. Moreover, what is required is repentance and reform. To give a man a
chance to reform it is necessary that he should be given freedom of action before the
more serious punishment is inflicted. (c) The punishment of the cutting off of hands has
been mentioned in connection with the more serious crimes spoken of in v. 33, while
even those serious crimes may be punished with imprisonment only, and therefore mere
stealing, which is by no means as serious an offence as dacoity, need not be punished
always with the severer punishment of the cutting off of the hand.
It is true that the cutting off of the hand even for a first crime is reported in the
Ïadßth, but this may be due to the particular circumstances of the society at the time. It
is for the judge to decide when to inflict the maximum punishment and when not.
According to some √adßth, the hand was cut off when the amount stolen was one-quarter
of a dßnår; according to others when it was one dßnår or more (AD. 37:12; Ns. 46:7).
According to one √adßth the hand was not to be cut off when a theft was committed in
the course of a journey (AD. 37:19). There are √adßth showing that the hand was not to
be cut off for stealing fruit on a tree (AD. 37:13). The cutting off of the hand is also pro-
hibited in the case of criminal misappropriation (AD. 37:14). Marwån had a person
flogged for stealing young palm trees (AD. 37:13). Another √adßth states that when a
260 Ch. 5: THE FOOD [Al-Må’idah
certain person stole another’s mantle valued at 30 dirhams from underneath his head, the
owner of the mantle offered to sell the same to the person who had stolen it, and the
Holy Prophet approved of this arrangement (AD. 37:15). In conclusion, I may add that I
translate the word al-såriq as meaning one addicted to theft, not only for the reasons
given above but also because an explanatory reading of this word is al-sarriq, which is
an ism mubålaghah, i.e., a noun of intensiveness, from the same root.
41a. The meaning is that they listen, but their object is only to invent lies and to
give false reports to people who have not come to the Prophet. The words can also bear
the interpretation that they listen only to the lies uttered by their rabbis, who have not
come to thee. In fact, they were acting only as spies.
Part 6] THE QUR’ÅN AND PREVIOUS SCRIPTURES 261
SECTION 7: The Qur’ån and Previous Scriptures
42a. By the agreement drawn up between the various nationalities of Madßnah on
the advent of the Holy Prophet there (see 2:84a), all disputes were to be referred to the
Holy Prophet, but the Jews had by this time become so inimical to the Prophet that he is
allowed to refuse to judge between them. In case he judged between them, he is still told
to judge with equity. To be equitable notwithstanding the severest enmity of the Jews
and notwithstanding the knowledge that they were always plotting with the enemies of
Islåm for its extirpation, shows that the Prophet had reached the highest point of moral
rectitude to which man can attain.
43a. The Divine judgment in the Torah referred to here may either imply the Divine
injunctions in the Torah, which the Jews refused to follow, or the prophecies of the
advent of the Holy Prophet, which they refused to accept.
44a. Verses 44–47 are supposed by Christian critics to be evidence of the purity of
the text of the Torah and the Gospel. This is not true. That the Torah was a Divine reve-
lation containing light and guidance has never been denied. What is denied is that that
light and guidance were kept intact throughout the ages. It is further denied that these
two books were meant for the whole world and for all ages. They certainly contained
light and guidance, but only for one people — the Israelites, and for a limited time.
Notwithstanding the light and guidance contained in the Torah, the Gospel was sent
down for the Israelite people, which shows clearly that the light and guidance contained
in the Torah were not considered sufficient even for the Israelites for all ages, to say
nothing of other nations.
262 Ch. 5: THE FOOD [Al-Må’idah
44b. The statement made here is that the masters of Divine knowledge and the doc-
tors “were required to guard the Book of Allåh”, i.e. the Torah. The Qur’ån does not say
that they were actually successful in doing so. On the other hand, alteration of those
books is clearly spoken of in 2:75 and 2:79. As against this, the guarding of the Holy
Qur’ån is spoken of as the work of God Himself; see 15:9: “Surely We have revealed
the Reminder, and surely We are its Guardian.”
44c. It should be borne in mind that by judging is not meant only the judging of
civil or criminal cases, but judging in all matters of religion, so that those who did not
judge the revelation of the Holy Prophet by what was revealed in the Torah were disbe-
lievers. And note that the adoption of the words what Allåh has revealed instead of the
Torah is not without significance. It shows that the whole of the Torah as existing then
was not looked upon by the Holy Qur’ån as being the Divine revelation.
45a. Compare Exod. 21:23–25, Lev. 24:19–21.
45b. If a man forgoes his right to an act of reprisal against his brother, this shall be
an expiation for any wrong he may have done.
46a. The description of the Gospel as containing light and guidance conveys the
same significance as the similar statement regarding the Torah, for which see 44a. In
addition it is stated that the Gospel verified the Torah notwithstanding the fact that it
introduces many new doctrines in place of those given in the Mosaic law, as in the case
of divorce, the law of reprisal, etc. This descripton of the Gospel clearly shows that by
Part 6] THE QUR’ÅN AND PREVIOUS SCRIPTURES 263
47 And let the People of the Gospel
judge by that which Allåh has
revealed in it. And whoever judges
not by what Allåh has revealed, those
are the transgressors.
48 And We have revealed to thee
the Book with the truth, verifying
that which is before it of the Book
and a guardian over it, a so judge
between them by what Allåh has
revealed, and follow not their low
desires, (turning away) from the truth
that has come to thee. For everyone
of you We appointed a law and a
way.b And if Allåh had pleased He
would have made you a single peo-
ple, but that He might try you in what
He gave you.c So vie one with anoth-
er in virtuous deeds. To Allåh you
will all return, so He will inform you
of that wherein you differed;
verification is meant only corroboration of the general principles and broad doctrines of
the faith, such as the unity of God and equitable dealing with men, or the declaration by
one prophet of the truth of a previous prophet, as the declaration of the truth of Moses
by Jesus and of both by the Holy Prophet. It is in this sense that the Qur’ån is spoken of
as verifying the Torah and the Gospel.
48a. The Qur’ån is called muhaimin or a guardian over all previous revelation, thus
showing that whatever was of permanent value in the previous scriptures has been pre-
served in the Qur’ån. The previous books contained a light and guidance for the people
for whom they were meant, and they were commanded to judge by those books, but the
Qur’ån is now the Book which judges all truth, wherever it may have been, and there-
fore is the only Book which should be followed.
48b. The appointment of a law and a way for everyone refers to the giving of differ-
ent laws to different nations in accordance with their requirements before the revelation
of the Holy Qur’ån, which fulfilled the requirements of all nations and all ages. Thus the
Qur’ån here recognizes the principle to which it refers frequently, that prophets were
raised among every people, for which see particularly 10:47, 13:7, and 35:24.
48c. This is one significance. Man is placed above the whole of creation in that he
has been granted discretionary powers so that he can choose to follow one path or anoth-
er, as against the rest of creation, which must necessarily follow the laws to which it is
subject. Hence, led by that discretion, men follow different ways, adopting different
sects, whereas if man’s very nature had been so made as to make him unable to use his
discretionary powers, all men would have been a single people, but then man’s better
qualities, which give him preference over the rest of creation, would not have been
264 Ch. 5: THE FOOD [Al-Må’idah
SECTION 8: Relations of Muslims with Enemies
51 O you who believe, take not the
Jews and the Christians for friends.
They are friends of each other. And
whoever amongst you takes them for
friends he is indeed one of them.
Surely Allåh guides not the unjust
people.a
52 But thou seest those in whose
hearts is a disease, hastening towards
them, saying: We fear lest a calamity
should befall us.a Maybe Allåh will
manifested. The words may, however, also mean, if Allåh pleases He will make you a
single people. This would be a reference to the ultimate destiny of the human race. In
fact all people are now growing to the consciousness that they are all but one nation.
51a. All non-believers, whatever their own differences, had made common cause
against Islåm; this is what is meant by their being friends of each other. The Muslims
are warned that they should not expect help or friendship from any party of them,
whether Jews, Christians, or idolaters. It would have been weakness of faith in the ulti-
mate triumph of Islåm if, from fear of a powerful enemy, they had sought help and
friendship here and there among a hostile people, as the next verse shows. When two
nations are at war, an individual of one nation having friendly relations with the enemy
nation is treated as an enemy; that is exactly what the Qur’ån says here.
52a. By hastening towards them is meant hastening to make friendship with them
or seeking their help. The hypocrites did this, fearing a Muslim reverse.
Part 6] RELATIONS OF MUSLIMS WITH ENEMIES 265
bring the victory or a commandment
from Himself, so they will regret
what they hid in their souls.b
53 And those who believe will say:
Are these they who swore by Allåh
with their most forcible oaths that
they were surely with you? Their
deeds will bear no fruit, so they will
be losers.a
54 O you who believe, should
anyone of you turn back from his
religion, then Allåh will bring a
people, whom He loves and who love
Him, humble towards the believers,
mighty against the disbelievers,
striving hard in Allåh’s way and not
fearing the censure of any censurer.
This is Allåh’s grace — He gives it
to whom He pleases. And Allåh is
Ample-giving, Knowing.a
55 Only Allåh is your Friend and
His Messenger and those who believe,
those who keep up prayer and pay the
poor-rate, and they bow down.a
SECTION 9: The Mockers
57 O you who believe, take not for
friends those who take your religion
as a mockery and a sport, from
among those who were given the
Book before you and the disbeliev-
ers; and keep your duty to Allåh if
you are believers.a
58 And when you call to prayer
they take it as a mockery and a sport.
That is because they are a people
who understand not.
59 Say: O People of the Book, do
you find fault a with us for aught
except that we believe in Allåh and
in that which has been revealed to us
and that which was revealed before,
while most of you are transgressors?
60 Say: Shall I inform you of those
worse than this in retribution from
Allåh? They are those whom Allåh has
cursed and upon whom He brought
His wrath and of whom He made apes
and swine, and who serve the devil.
distresses and difficulties. Allåh is really the only Friend of a believer; only He
can come to his help in time of need. But there was God’s Messenger among them and
if God was a believer’s true Friend, so was His Messenger, whose heart was full of
sincerest sympathy for the true believers.
57a. The Muslims were prohibited from having friendly relations with those who
mocked their religion and their Prophet. Friendship with such people would indeed have
led to a similar bent of mind.
59a. Naqama followed by min means he found fault with (R).
Part 6] THE MOCKERS 267
These are in a worse plight and further
astray from the straight path.a
61 And when they come to you,
they say, We believe, and surely they
come in unbelief and they go forth in
it. And Allåh knows best what they
conceal.
62 And thou seest many of them
vying one with another in sin and
transgression, and their devouring
illegal gain. Certainly evil is that
which they do.a
63 Why do not the rabbis and the
doctors of law prohibit them from
their sinful utterances and their
devouring unlawful gain? Certainly
evil are the works they do.
64 And the Jews say: The hand of
Allåh is tied up. Their own hands are
shackled and they are cursed for
what they say. Nay, both His hands
are spread out.a He disburses as He
pleases. And that which has been
60a. Those who are spoken of as having been made apes and swine are the Jews.
See 2:65b as explaining the significance of these words. It is remarkable that, though the
people spoken of here are in both places the same, they are on one occasion called sim-
ply apes and on the other apes and swine. In addition, the same people are here spoken
of as serving the devil. The concluding words that the people who were thus made apes
and swine and the servants of the devil are “in a worse plight and further astray from the
straight path”, are conclusive as establishing the fact that they were still men, because
apes and swine could not be said to be straying from the straight path. The next verse
makes this plainer, for these very apes and swine are there described as coming to the
Messenger with unbelief and going away with unbelief.
62a. Suƒt signifies any property that is forbidden, not lawful to be gained (LL). It is
also applied to a bribe (R).
64a. The Muslims as a community were mostly poor people who accepted the truth.
Moreover, they had left their property at Makkah. The Madßnah Muslims were an agri-
cultural community and naturally not rich. The Jews on the other hand carried on busi-
ness and their usurious transactions had made them very rich, hence they taunted the
Muslims, saying that Allåh’s hand was fettered. Compare also 3:181 and see 3:181a.
The words — both His hands are spread out — indicate that He will enrich the Muslims
materially as well as spiritually.
268 Ch. 5: THE FOOD [Al-Må’idah
SECTION 10: Christian Deviation from the Truth
67 O Messenger, deliver that which
has been revealed to thee from thy
Lord; and if thou do (it) not, thou
64b. It is clear from this that the Jews had a hand in the battles which the Quraish
waged against Islåm; in fact they gave them promises of help from within if they
attacked Madßnah; perhaps they also financed these wars. The casting of enmity among
them may relate to the enmity between the Jews and the Christians, because both are
again and again referred to in this chapter.
66a. If they had observed the Torah and the Gospel which contained clear prophe-
cies of the Prophet’s advent, they would have believed in the revelation of the Qur’ån as
well. The eating from above is in reference to spiritual blessings and eating from
beneath their feet signifies the earthly provisions; i.e., they would have had abundance
of both. The attitude of liberality adopted by Islåm towards even its most implacable
foes is remarkable. Notwithstanding their strong enmity to Islåm, a party of the Jews and
the Christians is described as keeping to the moderate course.
Part 6] CHRISTIAN DEVIATION FROM THE TRUTH 269
hast not delivered His message. And
Allåh will protect thee from men.
Surely Allåh guides not the disbe-
lieving people.a
68 Say: O People of the Book, you
follow no good till you observe the
Torah and the Gospel and that which
is revealed to you from your Lord.a
And surely that which has been
revealed to thee from thy Lord will
make many of them increase in inor-
dinacy and disbelief; so grieve not
for the disbelieving people.
69 Surely those who believe and
those who are Jews and the Sabians
and the Christians — whoever
believes in Allåh and the Last Day
and does good — they shall have no
fear nor shall they grieve.
70 Certainly We made a covenant
with the Children of Israel and We
sent to them messengers. Whenever a
messenger came to them with that
which their souls desired not, some
67a. In Makkah the Prophet’s only enemies were the Quraish. His flight to Madßnah
increased the difficulties tenfold. The Jews were a powerful nation, and a little plain
speaking had made them the most dreadful enemies. Similar was the case of the
Christians. The other tribes of Arabia had also, by this time, been successfully excited
by the Quraish to side with them. The promise is therefore given that the Prophet will
remain under Divine protection as against the innumerable dangers that threatened him
from all quarters and the numerous plots against his life. But there is also a reference
here to the Prophet’s spiritual protection. Commenting on this verse, R says: “The
‘i©mat, or protection, of the prophets is God’s protection of them, in the first place, by
characterizing them with purity of essense (i.e. creating them pure from every sin in
their very nature), then by granting them bodily as well as spiritual excellence, then by
granting them help and keeping them firm (in trials), then by sending down tranquillity
upon them and by the protection of their hearts (against evil)”. RM also gives a similar
explanation and says that their protection means their protection from sins from among
all people.
68a. This is a very severe condemnation of the contention of the Jews and the
Christians. They had not preserved the Torah and the Gospel in their purity, and what-
ever remained of the original teachings of the prophets they did not act upon it, nor did
they care for the prophecies which their own Books contained.
270 Ch. 5: THE FOOD [Al-Må’idah
71a. Although they had been repeatedly warned of the afflictions which would
befall them, they still thought that, being a favoured nation, they would not suffer pun-
ishment for their evil deeds. They had been subjected to great sufferings at the hands of
Nebuchadnezzar and the Babylonian rulers who followed him, large numbers having
been slain and the rest taken prisoners. And again they suffered at the hands of Titus.
See v. 78 where this affliction is spoken of as coming after David and Jesus.
71b. Allåh’s turning mercifully to them signifies the advent of Jesus, and their
becoming blind and deaf a second time refers to their rejection of him.
72a. “Thou shalt worship the Lord thy God, and Him only shalt thou serve”
(Matt. 4:10).
73a. The well-known Christian doctrine of the Trinity is here plainly referred to. It
should be noted that the name of Mary is never mentioned in connection with the doc-
trine of the Trinity. But as the Christians, especially the Roman Catholics, invested
Mary with Divine character, as being the mother of God, the Qur’ån often mentions her
along with Jesus as being an ordinary mortal.
73b. If the Jews were punished on account of their rejecting the prophets, the
Christians are here told that punishment is also in store for them for their going to the
Part 6] CHRISTIAN NEARNESS TO ISLÅM 271
74 Will they not then turn to Allåh
and ask His forgiveness? And Allåh
is Forgiving, Merciful.
75 The Messiah, son of Mary, was
only a messenger; messengers before
him had indeed passed away. And his
mother was a truthful woman. They
both used to eat food.a See how We
make the messages clear to them! then
behold, how they are turned away!
76 Say: Do you serve besides Allåh
that which controls for you neither
harm nor good? And Allåh — He is
the Hearing, the Knowing.
77 Say: O People of the Book,
exaggerate not in the matter of your
religion unjustly, and follow not the
low desires of people who went
astray before and led many astray,
and went astray from the right path.a
SECTION 11: Christian Nearness to Islåm
other extreme in raising a mortal to the dignity of Godhead. The doctrine of the
Atonement has slowly and gradually made the Christian world forget God altogether,
and material advancement and the acquisition of worldly power has become their only
concern. They first sought to subjugate the whole world, and, having done that, they are
now seeking to overpower each other. Their mutual hatred and enmity as a punishment
for their violation of the covenant of God has been already clearly spoken of in v. 14,
and again in v. 64, as also in an earlier revelation: “And on that day We shall let some of
them surge against others” (18:99).
75a. Feeling hungry and partaking of food shows that both Jesus and his mother were
ordinary mortals. Every living thing needs food; it is only the Supreme Being Who has no
need of it. As Jesus is clearly spoken of as eating food while alive, he could not remain
alive without food, and this verse thus negatives the allegation that Jesus is still alive.
77a. The ghuluww or exaggeration spoken of here refers to the Christian doctrine
raising a mortal to the dignity of Godhead. The Christians are here told that in making
this doctrine the basis of their religion they have only followed an erroneous doctrine
preached by a people before them. Recent criticism has shown that the Christians have
272 Ch. 5: THE FOOD [Al-Må’idah
Jesus, son of Mary. This was because
they disobeyed and exceeded the
limits.a
79 They forbade not one another
the hateful things they did. Evil
indeed was what they did.
80 Thou seest many of them
befriending those who disbelieve.
Certainly evil is that which their
souls send before for them, so that
Allåh is displeased with them, and in
chastisement will they abide.
81 And if they believed in Allåh
and the Prophet a and that which is
revealed to him, they would not take
them for friends, but most of them
are transgressors.
82 Thou wilt certainly find the
most violent of people in enmity
against the believers to be the Jews
and the idolators; and thou wilt find
the nearest in friendship to the
believers to be those who say, We
are Christians. That is because there
only followed previous idolatrous nations in ascribing a son to God. This subject has been
fully discussed in The Sources of Christianity by the late Khwåja Kamål-ud-Dßn.
78a. After Moses, David and Jesus, who represent the highest achievement of
Israelite prophethood in temporal and spiritual glory, spoke of the advent of the Holy
Prophet in unmistakable terms. The curse is used here in its original sense of being
removed further off from Divine mercy. Both prophets had warned the Jews that their
transgressions called for Divine punishment which should soon overtake them if they
did not mend their ways. The time of both was followed by a great affliction overtaking
the Jews, in the respective depredations of the Babylonian kings and the destruction
wrought by Titus.
81a. By al-Nabß or the Prophet in the Qur’ån is always meant the Holy Prophet
Mu√ammad, and he is often spoken of and addressed as al-Nabß or al-Ras∂l, the Prophet
or the Messenger. In fact, he is referred to as the Prophet or that Prophet in earlier
prophecy as well (John 1:21, 25). The Jews professed belief in the Unity of God, yet
they made a common cause with the idolatrous Quraish to uproot Islåm which was a
religion of pure monotheism.
Part 7] CHRISTIAN NEARNESS TO ISLÅM 273
Part 7
82a. The Christians were nearer to Islåm than the Jews, not only because the
Muslims accepted Jesus Christ as a prophet of God, but because there were still among
them many people who feared and worshipped God — there were priests and monks
among them as the verse says. It is a fact that the Christian attitude towards Islåm was
never so inimical as the Jewish. The Negus, Emperor of Abyssinia, accepted Islåm when
he came to know of it through the Muslim emigrants in that country. Heraclius was
favourably disposed towards it; even the Christian deputation of Najrån towards the end
of the Prophet’s life was so impressed with the Prophet’s arguments that it decided not to
have a mubåhalah with him. But the words here are more of a prophetical nature, and it is
a fact that in the early history of Islåm, the Christians in Egypt, in North Africa, in Syria,
in Persia and other countries, accepted Islåm in very large numbers, so that many of those
communities became Muslims entirely or predominantly. At present, too, when Islåm is
being presented to the West, the Christians are receiving the message with an open heart.
83a. This refers to the Christians who believed. An important personage belonging to
this class was the Negus of Abyssinia, in whose dominions the Muslims found shelter in the
early days of the Prophet’s mission, when compelled to flee from Makkah on account of the
severe persecutions of the Quraish. Even there they were followed by a deputation of the
persecutors, who, in order to excite the religious hatred of the Christian monarch against the
homeless Muslims, represented to the Negus that the fugitives not only denounced the idols
of the Arabs but also spoke disparagingly of Jesus Christ. Whereupon, the Muslims being
called upon to answer the charge, their leader read out the portion of the chapter “Mary”
dealing with Jesus Christ, and the words so impressed the Negus that he wept, and said that
Jesus Christ was not one whit more than the Qur’ån described him to be. That he subse-
quently became a true convert to Islåm is clearly shown by a funeral service having been
held for him by the Holy Prophet when news of his death reached Madßnah (B. 23:4).
274 Ch. 5: THE FOOD [Al-Må’idah
SECTION 12: A Warning – Besetting Sins of Previous People
87a. These words not only denounce such self-denying practices as those adopted
by the Christian monks, spoken of in the last section, but also the act of depriving one-
self of Divine blessings by falling into evil and slothful habits. Thus, while the Muslims
are told on the one hand not to follow the self-imposed restrictions of the Christians,
they are at the same time warned that they can enjoy Divine blessings only so long as
they strive arduously for them.
89a. It is wrong to suppose that this verse sanctions the expiation of all kinds of oaths.
Reading it along with the previous verses shows that the oaths referred to are in relation to
vows, etc., by which one forbids oneself what is otherwise lawful. The injunction at the
end of this verse, keep your oaths, also shows that oaths cannot be violated generally, and
therefore expiation is only allowed in the case of oaths by which a man deprives himself of
some lawful thing or of an occasion of virtue, as in 2:226. It is further evident that the
Book which lays stress upon the faithful performance of all kinds of engagements could
not allow the violating of agreements which had been confirmed with oaths.
Part 7] A WARNING – BESETTING SINS OF PREVIOUS PEOPLE 275
89b. The phrase i√fa˚∂ aimåna-kum bears two interpretations. It means keep your
oaths, i.e. be true to your oaths when you take them; and it also means guard your oaths,
i.e. do not take oaths unless there is an urgent need.
90a. See v. 3, and 3b, 3c.
90b. This verse totally prohibits all intoxicants and games of chance; and besides,
by classing them with sacrifices to stones set up for idols and dividing by arrows,
subjects them to the prohibition of v. 3. It is related that when this verse was revealed a
crier proclaimed in the streets of Madßnah that wine was prohibited, and in response to
this every jar of wine in a Muslim house was emptied, so that wine flowed in the streets
(B. 46:20). Never in the history of the world was such a deep-rooted evil as drink so
suddenly yet so completely eradicated.
91a. Only one very clear reason is here given why intoxicants and games of chance
are forbidden. Elsewhere it is clearly stated that in intoxicants and games of chance there
is a great sin (2:219).
93a. The verse speaks of those who died before the prohibition came. But even if it
be taken to refer to all believers, it would not justify doing what is unlawful, because
one who believes, does good deeds, and keeps his duty will not approach any prohibited
276 Ch. 5: THE FOOD [Al-Må’idah
believe and do good deeds, then keep
their duty and believe, then keep
their duty and do good (to others).
And Allåh loves the doers of good.
SECTION 13: Inviolability of the Ka‘bah
thing. In thrice mentioning belief and regard for duty, the reference is to the threefold
duty of man, viz., to Allåh, to himself, and to others. Or, by the repetition of believing is
meant carrying out belief into practice.
95a. The prohibition to kill game when on pilgrimage, mentioned in vv. 94– 96, is a
token of respect for the security of the Ka‘bah (see v. 97), in addition to being a measure
necessary for the safety of life in such a large gathering.
96a. Ba√r is used here in an extensive sense, and by the game of the sea is meant
all water game, whether sea, river, pond, or lake.
96b. The Δa‘åm (lit. food) of the sea is here distinguished from its game, and means
what is found, the sea or the river having thrown it (on dry land) (B. 72:12), or what is
Part 7] INVIOLABILITY OF THE KA‘BAH 277
left by the water having receded from it, for the catching of which no struggle is needed
(Rz). According to I‘Ab, Δa‘åm means what dies of itself in water — (it is allowed)
unless it stinks (B. 72:12).
97a. Ka‘bah, from ka‘ba, meaning it swelled or became prominent, is so called
because of its prominence, or it is a prophetical name showing that it shall forever have
eminence in the world. Al-Bait al-Ïaråm (The Sacred or Inviolable House) is also one
of its names, and among the Arabs it was known as Bait Allåh, or the House of Allåh.
The building proper is 55 feet by 50 feet, but the whole courtyard in which it stands
measures 530 feet by 500 feet.
97b. This is a prophetic announcement that the Ka‘bah will forever remain a sup-
port or stay for men, where pilgrims will flock from all parts of the world. The reference
to this prophecy is elucidated in the concluding words: “That is that you may know that
Allåh knows whatever is in the heavens and whatever is in the earth”; that is, the fulfil-
ment of this prophecy in all future ages will be a sign of the great knowledge of Allåh,
Who pronounced it at a time when the Ka‘bah was hardly known beyond the environs of
Arabia; see 3:97a.
278 Ch. 5: THE FOOD [Al-Må’idah
SECTION 14: Some Directions for Muslims
101a. As Islåm discouraged rigorous practices, such as monastic life, it also prohib-
ited questions relating to details on many points which would require this or that practice
to be made obligatory, and much was left to individual will or the circumstances of the
time and place. The exercise of judgment occupies a very important place in Islåm and
this gives ample scope to different nations and communities to frame laws for themselves
to meet new and changed situations. The Ïadßth shows that the Prophet also discouraged
questions on details in which a Muslim could choose a way for himself (B. 3:28, 29).
102a. It does not refer to a particular people. The history of previous nations shows
that the statement is generally true.
103a. The liberation of certain animals in honour of idols was a practice among the
Arabs, and as Islåm uprooted every vestige of idolatry, this practice is condemned here.
Ba√ßrah (from ba√ara, meaning he cut or slit) means a she-camel having her ear slit.
When a she-camel (according to some also a ewe or a she-goat) had brought forth five
(or seven, or ten) young ones, the last of these, if a male, was slaughtered, but if a
female, her ear was slit. According to others it was the mother; she being also exempted
from slaughter and from carrying burdens (LL).
Så’ibah (from såba, which means it ran of itself ) signifies any beast left to pasture
without attention. According to some, it was the mother of a baçrah, or a she-camel
which, having brought forth females at ten successive births, was set at liberty to pasture
where she would, and was not ridden nor was her milk taken (LL).
Wa©ßlah (from wa©ala, i.e. he connected or joined) means a she-goat which brought
forth twins, a male and a female; when the male was brought forth alone it was slaugh-
tered to the idols, the female alone being kept; but in the case of the male and the female
being born twins, the male was considered to be joined to the female, and was not there-
fore sacrificed to the gods (Rz).
Ïåmß (from √amå-hu, i.e. be prohibited or interdicted it or protected or guarded it)
means a stallion-camel that has prohibited or interdicted his back (to be used for bear-
Part 7] SOME DIRECTIONS FOR MUSLIMS 279
ing a rider or any burden); that is left at liberty and not made any use of; whose
offspring in the second degree of descent has been fertile (LL).
106a. The following story is related in connection with this verse. Two brothers,
both Christians, Tamßm Dårß, and ‘Adß, were entrusted by their dying Muslim compan-
ion Budail, in Syria, with certain property to be made over to his relatives on their return
to Madßnah. The two brothers, however, stole a cup of silver, making over the remaining
property; the relatives found a complete list disclosing the existence of the stolen cup
of silver as being part of the original property, and thus the evidence of the Christian
brothers was shown to be false.
This story abundantly proves that so late as the revelation of this chapter, Muslim
and Christian relations were still friendly. It further demonstrates that the evidence of
the followers of an alien religion is admissible according to the Holy Qur’ån.
106b. “The testimony of Allåh” stands for the testimony which Allåh has enjoined
to be borne uprightly.
280 Ch. 5: THE FOOD [Al-Må’idah
107 If it be discovered that they are
guilty of a sin, two others shall stand
up in their place from among those
against whom the first two have been
guilty of a sin; so they shall swear by
Allåh: Certainly our testimony is
truer than the testimony of those two,
and we have not exceeded the limit,
for then surely we should be unjust.
108 Thus it is more probable that
they will give true testimonya or fear
that other oaths will be taken after
their oaths. And keep your duty to
Allåh and hearken. And Allåh guides
not the transgressing people.
SECTION 15: Christian Love of this Life
a thing like the form of a bird by My
permission, then thou didst breathe
into it and it became a bird by My
permission; and thou didst heal the
blind and the leprous by My permis-
sion; and when thou didst raise the
dead by My permission;a and when I
withheld the Children of Israel from
thee when thou camest to them with
clear arguments — but those of them
who disbelieved said: This is nothing
but clear enchantment.
111 And when I revealed to the
disciples, saying, Believe in Me and
My messenger, they said: We believe
and bear witness that we submit.
112 When the disciples said:
O Jesus, son of Mary, is thy Lord
able to send down food to us from
heaven? a He said: Keep your duty to
Allåh if you are believers.
113 They said: We desire to eat of
it, and that our hearts should be at
rest, and that we may know that thou
hast indeed spoken truth to us, and
that we may be witnesses thereof.
114 Jesus, son of Mary, said: O
Allåh, our Lord, send down to us food
from heaven which should be to us an
ever-recurring happinessa to the first
110a. For being strengthened with the Holy Spirit, see 2:87a; for speaking in the
cradle and in old age, as also for the significance of kahl, see 3:46a; for the miracles
spoken of here, see 3:49a, 49b, 49c; for the withholding of the Israelites, see 3:54b, 55a.
112a. Må’idah is from måda, which has two meanings: (1) it became in a state of
motion, and (2) he conferred a benefit or favour on him. According to R, måda-nß means
he gave me food, and må’idah means both, a table with food on it, and food. It also
means knowledge, because knowledge is the nutriment for hearts, as food is the nutri-
ment for bodies (R). A table without food is not called må’idah (LL).
114a. The word ‘Íd used here means a festival, the literal significance being an
ever-recurring happiness or source of enjoyment.
282 Ch. 5: THE FOOD [Al-Må’idah
SECTION 16: False Doctrines introduced after Jesus’ Death
114b. This passage seems to refer to the well-known prayer for daily bread, which
Jesus appears to have included in the famous Lord’s prayer on account of the earthly
inclinations of his disciples. The food of earth has no doubt been granted in abundance to
the Christians, but this has deprived them of the heavenly food. Compare the Muslim’s
prayer in the opening chapter which craves not for bread but for the right path. The form
of the prayer, that it should be an ever-recurring happiness, shows clearly that the prayer
was not for a table laden with provisions, as is generally supposed. As to its being sent
down from heaven, it should be borne in mind that, in the language of the Holy Qur’ån,
everything is with God and is sent down to men. Compare 15:21: “And there is not a
thing but with Us are the treasures of it, and We send it not down but in a known measure.”
115a. This prophecy is being fulfilled before our eyes. The terrible calamities
which the two World Wars have brought to humanity, and especially to the Christian
nations, are unprecedented in human history — a chastisement with which I will not
chastise anyone among the nations. And what is this punishment due to? The calamities
which have befallen the world today, are due to the mad race for bread and for the
wealth of this world. The neglect of the higher values of life and running blindly after
material comforts has already brought to the world a ruin which it has never witnessed
before, and nobody knows what catastrophe is yet in store for it.
116a. From this description of Mary being taken for a god by the Christians, some
Christian critics of the Qur’ån conclude that the doctrine of the Trinity according to the
Qur’ån consists of three persons — God, Jesus and Mary. But this is an absolutely
unwarranted conclusion. Mary is no doubt spoken of as being taken for an object of wor-
ship by the Christians; but the doctrine of the Trinity is not mentioned here, while the
Divinity of Mary is not mentioned where the Trinity is spoken of. The doctrine and prac-
tice of Mariolatry, as it is called by Protestant controversialists, is too well-known. In the
catechism of the Roman Church the following doctrines are to be found: “That she is
truly the mother of God, and the second Eve, by whose means we have received blessing
and life; that she is the mother of Pity and very specially our advocate; that her images
are of the utmost utility” (Ency. Br. 11th ed., vol. 17, p. 813). It is also stated that her
intercessions are directly appealed to in the Litany. And further, that there were certain
Part 7] FALSE DOCTRINES INTRODUCED AFTER JESUS’ DEATH 283
say: Glory be to Thee! it was not for
me to say what I had no right to
(say). If I had said it, Thou wouldst
indeed have known it. Thou knowest
what is in my mind, and I know not
what is in Thy mind. Surely Thou art
the great Knower of the unseen.
117 I said to them naught save as
Thou didst command me: Serve
Allåh, my Lord and your Lord; and I
was a witness of them so long as I
was among them, but when Thou
didst cause me to die Thou wast the
Watcher over them. And Thou art
Witness of all things.a
women in Thrace, Scythia, and Arabia who were in the habit of worshipping the virgin as
a goddess, the offer of a cake being one of the features of their worship. “From the time
of the council of Ephesus (held in 431 A.D.),” says the same writer, “to exhibit figures of
the virgin and child became the approved expression of orthodoxy ... Of the growth of the
Marian cultus, alike in the east and in the west, after the decision at Ephesus it would be
impossible to trace the history ... Justinian in one of his laws bespeaks her advocacy for
the Empire, and he inscribes the high altar in the new church of St. Sophia with her name.
Narses looks to her directions on the field of battle. The Emperor Heraclius bears her
image on his banner. John of Damascus speaks of her as the Sovereign lady to whom the
whole creation has been made subject by her son. Peter Damian recognizes her as the
most exalted of all creatures and apostrophizes her as deified and endowed with all power
in heaven and in earth, yet not forgetful of our race.” The Christian world had in fact felt
“the need for a mediator to deal with the very mediator”, and thus Mary was raised to the
throne of Divinity along with Jesus. The recent proclamation of the Pope relating to the
bodily assumption of Mary supports this conclusion, and will raise a new question for the
Christian world whether Trinity really consists of God, Jesus and Mary?
117a. This verse is a conclusive proof that Jesus died a natural death, and is not
now alive in heaven. Here Jesus says that so long as he was among his followers he was
a witness of their condition, and he did not find them holding the belief in his Divinity.
The logical conclusion of this statement is that the false doctrine of his Divinity was
introduced into the Christian faith after his death, after “Thou didst cause me to die”;
see further 3:55a.
A saying of the Holy Prophet is recorded in which the Holy Prophet speaks concern-
ing himself in the very words which are here put into the mouth of Jesus. He said that he
would be shown on the day of Resurrection some men who had gone against his teach-
ings, and “I would say what the righteous servant said: I was a witness of them so long
as I was among them, but when Thou didst cause me to die, Thou wast the Watcher over
them” (B. 60:8).
This saying shows clearly that as it was after the death of the Holy Prophet that his
followers perverted his teachings, so it was after the death of Jesus that his followers
perverted his teachings.
284 Ch. 5: THE FOOD [Al-Må’idah
Compare John 17:3: “And this is life eternal, that they might know Thee, the only
true God, and Jesus Christ whom Thou hast sent”; and John 17:12; “While I was with
them in the world, I kept them in Thy name”.
118a. The words taghfir la-hum (protect or forgive them) refer to their final protec-
tion which will be granted to the Christian nations through acceptance of Islåm. If the
forgiveness of sins was meant, the Divine attributes referred to would have been those
speaking of forgiveness and mercy, as al-Ghaf ∂r, al-Ra√ßm, i.e. Forgiving, Merciful.
Instead of that the attributes referred to are al-‘Azßz al-Ïakßm, or the Mighty, the Wise,
which generally indicate that some great purpose would be achieved and a transforma-
tion would be brought about. Thus Sudß, one of the earliest commentators says,
commenting on the words taghfir la-hum: “If Thou protect them and thus bring them
over from Christianity to the guidance of Islåm” (IJ).