Romblon State University
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Odiongan, Romblon
Tel. No.
--- (042) 567-5588
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
RESEARCH TERMINAL REPORT
PROJECT TITLE
: Design, Development and Performance Evaluation of
Fruits and Vegetable Scrap Shredder
PROPONENTS
: Engr. Alfredo F. Fortu Jr.
Engr. Mark Anthony Castillano
IMPLEMENTING COLLEGE
: College of Engineering and Technology
DURATION
: 4 months
I.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Waste generation and subsequent accumulation generated by unabated increase in human
populations is one of the major problems confronting future generations. This is aggravated by
improper waste disposal that often causes greater problems in terms of environmental pollution
and disease occurrence not only to human beings but also to animals. Converting solid waste into
organic fertilizer will not only increase farm household income but also become a stable source
of organic fertilizer for rehabilitating highly nutrient depleted agricultural soils and reduce
environmental pollution generated by improper waste disposal. This study was conducted to
design, develop and evaluate the performance of a shredder. Specifically, it sought to design and
develop fruits and vegetable scrap shredder and determine the input capacity, shredding
efficiency and power consumption rate of the shredder.
The design principle of the shredder is based on the Philippine Agricultural Engineering
Standard (PAES 244) but the design specification is modified to meet the requirements for
shredding fruit and vegetable scrap. Results showed that among the three commodities, fruit
scrap has the highest moisture content (71 %) and input capacity (333.33 kghr -1). The shredding
efficiency of vegetable, fruits and root crops is 100 percent because there was no unshredded
scrap material and partially shredded material. During shredding operation, the voltage and
current was recorded and results showed that the root crops has the highest power consumption
rate (P 0.45/hr). This means that the maximum power consumption rate if we used the machine
for eight hours is P3.6.
The developed shredder is a cost-effective machine based on the power consumption rate.
Shredded scrap materials are ready to be used as organic fertilizer. The shredder can help in
waste management of the local government unit and can produce organic fertilizer at minimum
processing cost.
II.
INTRODUCTION
Waste generation and subsequent accumulation generated by unabating increase in
human populations is one of the major problems confronting future generations. This is
aggravated by improper waste disposal that often causes greater problems in terms of
environmental pollution and disease occurrence not only to human beings but also to animals.
In Romblon especially in the municipality of Odiongan, substantial amount of
agricultural waste are generated daily especially during market days. The practice is they just
collect the biodegradables and place it in a Materials Recovery Facility. This causes further
deterioration of waste and emission of bad odor.
Fruits and Vegetables Scrap are rich in nutrients and can be used as organic fertilizer for
vegetable production. To hasten the decomposition of the agricultural waste, they need to be
reduced into smaller particles. This reason prompted the researchers to design and develop the
fruits and vegetable shredder to facilitate the decomposition of agricultural waste and eventually
help in the production of organic fertilizer.
Fruits and vegetables compromise a large and dynamic sub-sector within Philippine
agriculture. It accounts for 31% of agricultural output (by value); in the past three decades it has
been growing at a rate of 2.8% per year, compared to just 1.8% for agriculture as whole. Many of
the vaunted high value crops, such as those identified in the governments official programs,
are fruits and vegetables. In common with rest of agriculture, development of fruits and
vegetables sub-sector is highly dependent on technological change (Weinberger and Lumpkin,
2007).
Waste generation and subsequent accumulation generated by unabated increase in human
populations is one of the major problems confronting future generations. This is aggravated by
improper waste disposal that often causes greater problems in terms of environmental pollution
and disease occurrence not only to human beings but also to animals. Converting solid waste into
organic fertilizer will not only increase farm household income but also become a stable source
of organic fertilizer for rehabilitating highly nutrient depleted agricultural soils and reduce
environmental pollution generated by improper waste disposal (Dela Cruz, Aganon, Patricio,
Romero, Lindain and Galindez, 2004).
CTI is developing a package of tool to process perishable fruits and vegetables into
shreds that can be dried and ground into shelf-stable flour, prioritizing cassava, sweet potatoes
and bread fruit as staple foods that have the potential to greatly improve food security in the
3
regions where they are born. CTIs manually operated shredder produce small shreds that are
optimally shape for quick drying. The shredder was developed after a decade of research and
development by engineers at the University of Saint Thomas (UST). The shredder can be
operated by hand, but is also capable of being motorized.
Biomass shredder reduce biomass into small pieces for handling purpose, enhancing size
reduction, and subsequently create a suitable feed for the production of fuel from the biomass.
Biomass waste shredding not only aids in the transformation of waste into valuable renewable
energy, but improves recycling efficiency and lowers landfill volumes. Biomass shredding
equipment especially facilitates the processing of untreated biomass, a critical step in the
production of renewable energy from waste.
To hasten the decomposition of organic materials for organic fertilizer purposes, plants
substrates have to be shredded into smaller sizes. Hence, a plant shredded is necessary ( Sinon,
Martinez jr and Abadiano,2013).
This study was conducted to design, develop and evaluate the performance of a shredder
at Romblon State University, Odiongan, Romblon during the school year 2015 2016.
Specifically, it sought to:
1. Design and develop fruits and vegetable scrap shredder
2. Determine the input capacity, shredding efficiency and power consumption rate of the
shredder.
III.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Fabrication
Fabrication of fruits and vegetable scrap shredder was conducted at Brgy. Amatong,
Odiongan, Romblon under the Pakyaw Labor and Materials Scheme.
Raw Materials Preparation
Agricultural waste materials (e.g. fruits and vegetable scrap) were collected from
Odiongan Public Market and underwent shredding process until the desired size of organic waste
is reached.
Moisture Content Determination
The moisture content of the shredded materials was determined by calculating the loss in
weight of the material using oven drying method at 105oC overnight (AOAC, 1993)
Percent moisture content of each sample was calculated on a wet basis using the equation
below.
% MC db
Wf
Wi
100
Where:
%MCdb = Moisture content dry basis, %
Wi = initial weight of sample, g
Wf = final weight of sample, g
Input Capacity
5
Ci=
Wi
To
Where:
Ci = input capacity, kg/h
Wi = weight of input biomass material, kg
To = operating time, h
Unshredded Biomass Material
a.) Amount
W us+W ps
x
Tc
b.) Percent (Ubm)
W us+W ps
x 100
Wi
where:
Ubm = percent unshredded biomass materials, %
Wus = weight of the unshredded biomass materials, kg
Wps = weight of the partially shredded biomass materials, kg
Tc = duration of sample collecting in output chute, h
Wi = weight of total input biomass material, kg
Shredding efficiency
Effs = 100 - Ubm
where:
Effs = shredding efficiency, %
6
Ubm = percent unshredded biomass materials, %
Power Consumption Rate
This was done by getting the current and voltage during shredding operation.
IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The design principle of the shredder is based on the Philippine Agricultural Engineering
Standard (PAES 244) but the design specification is modified to meet the requirements for
shredding fruit and vegetable scrap (Figure 1 and 2). The power requirement of the fruit and
vegetable scrap shredder is much lesser compared to biomass shredder because of the soft
physiological structure and high moisture content of fruits and vegetables. Fabrication was done
based on the design specification and locally available materials. The shredder is developed to
hasten the decomposition of fruits and vegetables through size reduction process.
Hopper
part of the biomass shredder where the biomass materials to be cut are loaded. The total length of
the hopper is 23 inches with an opening at one end of 3x6 in.
Prime mover
electric motor or internal combustion engine used to drive the biomass shredder. In this study, we
used 1 hp electric motor.
Orientation of blade assembly
The blades and shaft assembly rotates with respect to the horizontal axis.
Blade action
Machine that is composed of shredding chamber only.
Main shaft
7
Blades are connected and arranged to an open cylinder main shaft
Shredding chamber
Hopper
Outlet chute
Prime mover
Figure 1. Exploded View of the Shredder
Shredding guide
Rotating blades
Counter blades
Prime mover
Figure 1. Internal Parts of the Shredder
Table 1 presents the summary of experimental data. Methods of Test specified in the
Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards (PAES 245:2010) was used throughout the study.
Ten kilograms per trial of each commodity was used in the performance evaluation of the
shredder. Results showed that among the three commodities, fruit scrap has the highest moisture
content (71 %) and input capacity (333.33 kghr -1). Oven drying method was used to get the
moisture content of the scrap. The high moisture content of fruits (e.g. melon, mango) affects its
input capacity because of its soft physical structure. The shredding efficiency of vegetable, fruits
and root crops is 100 percent because there was no unshredded scrap material and partially
shredded material. Partially shredded materials are those scrap whose size is more than one
fourth (1/4) of its original size after one shredding process. After one shredding process the
particle size of the scrap is ready to be mixed as organic fertilizer (see appendices:figure 7 and
8). During shredding operation, the voltage and current was recorded and results showed that the
root crops has the highest power consumption rate (P 0.45/hr). This means that the maximum
power consumption rate if we used the machine for eight hours is P3.6. In eight hours of
operation we can shred more than hundred kilogram of fruits and vegetable scrap.
10
Table 1. Summary of Experimental Data
Commodity
(Scrap)
Moisture
Content (%wet
basis)
50
Input Capacity
(kghr-1)
Shredding
Efficiency (%)
125
100
Power
Consumption
Rate (/hr)
0.36
60
131.58
100
0.32
52
129.87
100
0.34
70
333.33
100
0.23
71
250
100
0.28
69.5
303.03
100
0.27
Root crops 1
51.5
232.56
100
0.45
50.5
322.58
100
0.41
53
200
100
0.42
Vegetables 1
Fruits
Based on the multiple comparisons, there is no significant difference on the power
consumption rate of three commodities (vegetable, fruit, root crops) using tukey analysis at 5%
level of significance. In input capacity, fruit and root crops are not significantly different with
vegetable scrap while fruit and root crops is significantly different with each other. The moisture
content of vegetable and root crops has significant difference while fruit has no significant
difference with vegetable and root crops at 5% significance level.
11
Multiple Comparisons
Tukey HSD
Dependent Variable
powerconsumtionrate
(I) Item
1.00
2.00
3.00
inputcapacity
1.00
2.00
3.00
moisturecontent
1.00
2.00
3.00
(J) Item
2.00
3.00
1.00
3.00
1.00
2.00
2.00
3.00
1.00
3.00
1.00
2.00
2.00
3.00
1.00
3.00
1.00
2.00
Mean
Difference
(I-J)
Std. Error
.07723*
.01911
-.08464*
.01911
-.07723*
.01911
-.16187*
.01911
.08464*
.01911
.16187*
.01911
-166.63819* 35.97064
-122.89657* 35.97064
166.63819* 35.97064
43.74162
35.97064
122.89657* 35.97064
-43.74162
35.97064
-16.16667*
2.58915
2.33333
2.58915
16.16667*
2.58915
18.50000*
2.58915
-2.33333
2.58915
-18.50000*
2.58915
Sig.
.016
.011
.016
.000
.011
.000
.009
.033
.009
.487
.033
.487
.002
.659
.002
.001
.659
.001
95% Confidence Interval
Lower Bound Upper Bound
.0186
.1359
-.1433
-.0260
-.1359
-.0186
-.2205
-.1032
.0260
.1433
.1032
.2205
-277.0060
-56.2704
-233.2644
-12.5288
56.2704
277.0060
-66.6262
154.1094
12.5288
233.2644
-154.1094
66.6262
-24.1109
-8.2224
-5.6109
10.2776
8.2224
24.1109
10.5558
26.4442
-10.2776
5.6109
-26.4442
-10.5558
*. The mean difference is significant at the .05 level.
V. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Conclusions
1. The developed shredder is a cost-effective machine based on the power consumption rate.
2. Shredded scrap materials are ready to be used as organic fertilizer.
3. The shredder can help in waste management of the local government unit and can
produce organic fertilizer at minimum processing cost.
Recommendations
12
1. Modify the blades of the shredder from horizontally assembled to vertically assembled. It
will facilitate easy discharge of the shredded scrap due to additional gravitational force.
2. Shredded fruit and vegetable scrap should be used as organic fertilizer.
3. Conduct laboratory analysis of the nutrient content of the shredded scrap
VII. PERCEIVED IMPACT OF THE RESULTS
1. Better Waste Management
2. Production of Organic Fertilizer
VII. REFERENCES
AGANON C.P.et.al. Unpublished Study. 2004
DELA CRUZ E. N., et.al. Production of Organic Fertilizer from Solid Waste and its
Utilization in Intensive Organic Based Vegetable Production and for
Sustaining Soil Health and Productivity. 2006
Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standard 245:2010 (PAES published 2010)
ICS65.060.01
The CLSU Ecological Solid Waste Management Project. Unpublished Terminal Report
2004. RM-CARES,CLSU.
http://www.pids.gov.ph
www.vecoplan.de/en_01 shredders.htm
VIII. APPENDICES
13
Table 2. Moisture Content Determination
Initial Weight
(g)
Final Weight
(g)
Moisture Content (%wet basis)
20
10
50
20
60
20
9.6
52
20
70
20
5.8
71
20
6.1
69.5
20
9.7
51.5
20
9.9
50.5
20
9.4
53
Commodity
Vegetables
Fruits
Rootcrops
Table 3. Determination of Input Capacity
Weight of input biomass material
(kg)
Operating time
(hr)
Input Capacity
(kg/hr)
10
0.08
125
10
0.076
131.5789474
10
0.077
129.8701299
10
0.03
333.3333333
10
0.04
250
10
0.033
303.030303
10
0.043
232.5581395
10
0.031
322.5806452
10
0.05
200
Commodity
Vegetables
Fruits
Rootcrops
Table 4. Determination of Shredding Efficiency
Commodit
total input
unshredde
partially
unshredded
Shredding Eff.
14
biomass
(kg)
d biomass
(kg)
shredded
biomass (kg)
biomass (%)
10
100
10
100
10
100
10
100
10
100
10
100
10
100
10
100
10
100
y
Vegetables
1
Fruits
1
Rootcrops
1
(%)
Table 5. Determination of Power Consumption Rate
Power
consumption
rate
(Pesos/hr)
Voltage
Curren
t
Operating
time (hr)
Power
(kW)
Existing
rate (P)
(Pesos/hr)
190
8.4
0.038
1.596
0.363888
191
8.45
0.033
1.61395
0.3195621
191.5
8.5
0.035
0.3418275
187.8
8.34
0.025
1.62775
1.56625
2
0.2349378
188
8.38
0.03
1.57544
0.2835792
188.2
8.4
0.029
1.58088
0.27507312
195.5
8.9
0.043
1.73995
0.4489071
194.1
8.7
0.04
1.68867
0.4052808
195
8.86
0.041
1.7277
0.4250142
Commodity
Vegetables
1
Fruits
1
Rootcrops
1
15
Figure 3. Weighing of fruit scrap
Figure 4. Weighing of Vegetable Scrap
16
Figure 5. Weighing of Root crops
Figure 6. Shredding of fruit scrap
17
Figure 7. Shredding of vegetable scrap
Figure 8. Shredding of root crop scrap
18
Figure 9. Shredded Fruit Scrap
Figure 10. Shredded Vegetable Scrap
19
Figure 11. Data Gathering on Power Consumption Rate
Figure 12. Internal parts of fruit and vegetable scrap shredder
20
Figure 13. External parts of fruit and vegetable scrap shredder
SUMMARIZE
/TABLES=ShreddingEfficiency powerconsumtionrate inputcapacity
moisturecontent BY Commodity
/FORMAT=VALIDLIST NOCASENUM TOTAL LIMIT=100
/TITLE='Case Summaries'
/MISSING=VARIABLE
/CELLS=COUNT .
Summarize
[DataSet0]
21
a
Case Processing Summary
Included
N
Percent
ShreddingEfficiency *
Commodity
powerconsumtionrate
* Commodity
inputcapacity *
Commodity
moisturecontent *
Commodity
Cases
Excluded
N
Percent
Total
N
Percent
100.0%
.0%
100.0%
100.0%
.0%
100.0%
100.0%
.0%
100.0%
100.0%
.0%
100.0%
a. Limited to first 100 cases.
Case Summariesa
Commodity
fruit
rootcrop
vegetable
Total
1
2
3
Total
1
2
3
Total
1
2
3
Total
N
Shredding
Efficiency
100.00
100.00
100.00
3
100.00
100.00
100.00
3
100.00
100.00
100.00
3
9
powercons
umtionrate
.23
.28
.28
3
.45
.41
.43
3
.36
.32
.34
3
9
inputcapacity
333.33
250.00
303.03
3
232.56
322.58
200.00
3
125.00
131.58
129.87
3
9
moisturec
ontent
70.00
71.00
69.50
3
51.50
50.50
53.00
3
50.00
60.00
52.00
3
9
a. Limited to first 100 cases.
22
ONEWAY
ShreddingEfficiency powerconsumtionrate inputcapacity moisturecontent BY
Item
/MISSING ANALYSIS
/POSTHOC = TUKEY ALPHA(.05).
Oneway
[DataSet0]
ANOVA
ShreddingEfficiency
powerconsumtionrate
inputcapacity
moisturecontent
Between Groups
Within Groups
Total
Between Groups
Within Groups
Total
Between Groups
Within Groups
Total
Between Groups
Within Groups
Total
Sum of
Squares
.000
.000
.000
.039
.003
.043
44785.181
11644.983
56430.164
609.056
60.333
669.389
df
2
6
8
2
6
8
2
6
8
2
6
8
Mean Square
.000
.000
Sig.
.
.020
.001
35.900
.000
22392.590
1940.831
11.538
.009
304.528
10.056
30.285
.001
23
Post Hoc Tests
Multiple Comparisons
Tukey HSD
Dependent Variable
powerconsumtionrate
(I) Item
1.00
2.00
3.00
inputcapacity
1.00
2.00
3.00
moisturecontent
1.00
2.00
3.00
(J) Item
2.00
3.00
1.00
3.00
1.00
2.00
2.00
3.00
1.00
3.00
1.00
2.00
2.00
3.00
1.00
3.00
1.00
2.00
Mean
Difference
(I-J)
Std. Error
.07723*
.01911
-.08464*
.01911
-.07723*
.01911
-.16187*
.01911
.08464*
.01911
.16187*
.01911
-166.63819* 35.97064
-122.89657* 35.97064
166.63819* 35.97064
43.74162
35.97064
122.89657* 35.97064
-43.74162
35.97064
-16.16667*
2.58915
2.33333
2.58915
16.16667*
2.58915
18.50000*
2.58915
-2.33333
2.58915
-18.50000*
2.58915
Sig.
.016
.011
.016
.000
.011
.000
.009
.033
.009
.487
.033
.487
.002
.659
.002
.001
.659
.001
95% Confidence Interval
Lower Bound Upper Bound
.0186
.1359
-.1433
-.0260
-.1359
-.0186
-.2205
-.1032
.0260
.1433
.1032
.2205
-277.0060
-56.2704
-233.2644
-12.5288
56.2704
277.0060
-66.6262
154.1094
12.5288
233.2644
-154.1094
66.6262
-24.1109
-8.2224
-5.6109
10.2776
8.2224
24.1109
10.5558
26.4442
-10.2776
5.6109
-26.4442
-10.5558
*. The mean difference is significant at the .05 level.
Homogeneous Subsets
pow erconsumtionrate
a
Tukey HSD
Item
2.00
1.00
3.00
Sig.
N
3
3
3
Subset for alpha = .05
1
2
3
.2645
.3418
.4264
1.000
1.000
1.000
Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed.
a. Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 3.000.
24
inputcapacity
a
Tukey HSD
Item
1.00
3.00
2.00
Sig.
N
3
3
3
Subset for alpha = .05
1
2
128.8164
251.7129
295.4545
1.000
.487
Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed.
a. Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 3.000.
moisturecontent
a
Tukey HSD
Item
3.00
1.00
2.00
Sig.
N
3
3
3
Subset for alpha = .05
1
2
51.6667
54.0000
70.1667
.659
1.000
Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed.
a. Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 3.000.
Figure 14. Analysis of Variance
25
