JIMMA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (JIT)

School of Electrical & computer Engineering

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

Prepared by ID NO.

1. Hawi Hailu…………………………04587/06
2.
3.

Hosting Company: Oromia Broadcasting Network (OBN)

Duration of Internship: October 2017 – January 2018

Date of Submission:

i
Declaration
The internship program is given for higher education or university students. For ECE and
Material students it is in first semester of fifth year and for other students it is on second semester
of fourth year and four month in the company applied. The four month duration in the Oromia
Broadcasting Network Company help us to adapt or be familiar with the real world and
theoretical education that we learn in the compass. By observing things that we have seen we
write this report.

Supervisor:

Mentor:

Signature:

Date:

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 Acknowledgement

First and foremost we want to thank our almighty GOD for the safeguard to every aspect of our
life. We have highly gratitude for our council Mr. Kophisa Abe and Mr. Zerihun Leta to
motivate us to have the knowledge of how to deal with the environment and to know everything
that is going inside the company and give make an appropriate situation for us till to our last
duration.

We would like to express our deepest gratitude and thanks to Company systems office workers
Mr.sisay Dugasa, Mr.Yonas Awuguchow and Mr.ChalaTesfaye and others coworkers who their
moral support goes beyond what we can inscribe on a paper.

We would like to extend our heartfelt thanks to our intimate friends Radio Studio technicians,
TV studio technicians and others who their names doesn’t mentioned here for their kind deed
they has done to us moral encouragement and real friendly co-operation in the process of our
duration.

And we won’t forget to thank our University, Jimma Institute of Technology (JIT) for preparing
this internship program and lastly we want thank everybody who encourage us on our journey
and let it be for all OBN company workers for their brotherly aid.

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 Executive summary
The Oromia Radio and Television Organization was previously founded as ‘Oromia mass media
organization’ according to the declaration number 113/1998 and later on renamed as ‘Oromia
Radio and Television organization’ by declaration number 164/2003.The organization is growing
in all its aspects and is now becoming one among the influential media with the prospect of
becoming the leading media soon in the country. It changes his name to OBN (Oromia
Broadcasting Network) in 2010 E.C. The organization that is established in order to distribute
services of both radio and television programs on air for inside country and international
audiences through their own frequency and website Satellite systems which is broadcast 24 hour
per a day .So we had also pass a late 4 months with this organization as an internship trainer and
we have seen that they are a real coach.

We have also faced to some challenges and we have taken our own measurements to overcome
them. During the internship program we have been benefited with improving practical skills,
theoretical knowledge, interpersonal communication skills, entrepreneurship skills, team playing
and leadership skills.

Although the Organization has the core problem in controlling the transmission on the kechema
station and it is controlled by man power they have no idea if the transmission is on air or not
and if there is any problem happened.

Remote monitoring system is a method of controlling any system from another place it doesn’t
need the person to be at the place. Nowadays it is the most used system in the world.

Automated centralized remote monitoring system is referred as the best method in any
application by controlling the system in these two places or with the other stations because it is
GSM based system.

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Contents
Declaration ...................................................................................................................................... ii

Acknowledgement ......................................................................................................................... iii

Executive summary........................................................................................................................ iv

List of figures ............................................................................................................................... viii

Acronyms ........................................................................................................................................ x

CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................. 1

INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Background of OBN (OROMIA BROADCASTING NETWORK) ............................... 1

1.2 Mission of OBN ............................................................................................................... 2

1.3 Vision of OBN ................................................................................................................. 2

1.4 Values ............................................................................................................................... 2

1.5 Products or service of the organization ............................................................................ 2

1.6 The organization future plan ............................................................................................ 3

1.7 The main customer or end users of the products .............................................................. 3

CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................................................ 4

OBN OVERALL WORK FLOW SYSTEM .................................................................................. 4

2.1 How we get into the company .......................................................................................... 4

2.2 The section of the company we have been working in .................................................... 5

2.3 The procedures we followed while performing our task.................................................. 6

2.4 How good while we was performing our task.................................................................. 6

2.5 The challenges we have been faced during our internship............................................... 6

2.6 Some measures that we take to overcome the challenges ................................................ 6

CHAPTER THREE ........................................................................................................................ 7

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THECNICAL ASPECTS OF THE INTERNSHIP ........................................................................ 7

3.1 Definition of broadcasting..................................................................................................... 7

3.2 Radio broadcasting ................................................................................................................ 7

3.2.1 Studio room............................................................................................................... 7

3.2.2 Control room ............................................................................................................. 9

3.2.3 Server room ............................................................................................................. 11

3.2.4 Radio transmitter room ........................................................................................... 11

3.3 AM and FM transmitter.................................................................................................. 14

3.3.1 AM transmitter ........................................................................................................ 14

3.3.2 FM transmitter ........................................................................................................ 15

3.3.3 Advantages of FM over AM radio communication ................................................ 15

3.4 Antenna .......................................................................................................................... 16

3.4.1 Types of antenna ..................................................................................................... 17

3.5 Television broadcasting.................................................................................................. 18

3.5.1 Television ................................................................................................................ 18

3.5.2 Studio room............................................................................................................. 20

3.5.3 Program control room (PCR) .................................................................................. 21

3.5.4 Uplink room ............................................................................................................ 22

3.5.5 Master control room ................................................................................................ 23

3.5.6 Power control room................................................................................................. 24

3.6 Satellite communication ................................................................................................. 24

3.6.1 Satellite frequency band .......................................................................................... 27

3.7 Maintenance room......................................................................................................... 27

3.8 Benefits gained from the internship ............................................................................... 28

3.8.1 Improving practical skills ....................................................................................... 28

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 3.8.2 Upgrading theoretical knowledge ........................................................................... 28

3.8.3 Improving interpersonal communication skill ........................................................ 29

3.8.4 Improving team playing skills ................................................................................ 29

3.8.5 Improving leadership skill ...................................................................................... 29

3.8.6 Entrepreneurship skill ............................................................................................. 30

CHAPTER FOUR ......................................................................................................................... 32

PROJECT DESIGN AND RESULT ............................................................................................ 32

4.1 Background of the project ............................................................................................. 32

4.2 Statement of the problem ............................................................................................... 32

4.3 Objective ........................................................................................................................ 34

4.3.1 General objective .................................................................................................... 34

4.3.2 Specific objective .................................................................................................... 34

4.4 Significance of the project.............................................................................................. 34

4.5 Scope of the project ........................................................................................................ 34

4.6 Conceptual designs and practical process of the project ................................................ 35

4.7 Design approach ............................................................................................................. 35

4.8 Optimum design ............................................................................................................. 36

4.8.1 Regulated power supply.......................................................................................... 36

4.8.2 Relay switching ....................................................................................................... 43

4.8.3 Microcontroller ............................................................................................................ 45

4.8.4 Liquid crystal display (LCD) display .......................................................................... 46

4.8.5 Crystal oscillator design ............................................................................................... 47

4.8.6 GSM modem ................................................................................................................ 48

4.8.7 RF module.................................................................................................................... 49

4.9 Software development .................................................................................................... 50

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 4.9.1 programing Language .................................................................................................. 50

4.9.2 System flowchart or algorithm..................................................................................... 51

4.9.3 Proteus program ........................................................................................................... 54

4.10 Complete system design ................................................................................................. 54

CHAPTER FIVE .......................................................................................................................... 55

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND RESULT .................................................................... 55

5.1 System simulation .......................................................................................................... 55

5.2 hardware operation .............................................................................................................. 56

CHAPTER SIX ............................................................................................................................. 57

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ............................................................................ 57

6.1 Conclusion...................................................................................................................... 57

6.2 Recommendation ............................................................................................................ 57

List of figures
Fig. 2.1 the work flow of OBN ....................................................................................................... 4
Fig. 3.1 radio studio ........................................................................................................................ 9
Fig. 3.2 equalizer........................................................................................................................... 10
Fig 3.3 effective processor ............................................................................................................ 10
Fig 3.4 audio mixer ....................................................................................................................... 10
Fig 3.5 amplifier............................................................................................................................ 11
Fig. 3.6 AM radio transmitter ....................................................................................................... 12
Fig. 3.7 Amplitude modulation ..................................................................................................... 13
Fig. 3.8 frequency modulation ...................................................................................................... 14
Fig 3.9 the general flow diagram of radio broadcasting system ................................................... 18
Fig 3.10 studio .............................................................................................................................. 19

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Fig 3.11 HD studio ........................................................................................................................ 20
Fig. 3.12 Audio mixer ................................................................................................................... 22
Fig. 3.13 Video mixer ................................................................................................................... 22
Fig 3.14 satellite uplink................................................................................................................. 23
Fig. 3.15 Block diagram of TV transmitter system ...................................................................... 24
Fig 3.16 satellite transmitter and receiver ..................................................................................... 25
Fig. 3.17 Uplink block diagram .................................................................................................... 25
Fig. 3.18 Downlink block diagram ............................................................................................... 25
Fig 3.19 general flow of television broadcasting system .............................................................. 27
Fig 4.1 System block diagram ...................................................................................................... 36
Fig 4.2 power rectification circuit ................................................................................................. 37
Fig.4.3 Zener Regulator Circuit .................................................................................................... 40
Fig. 4.4 Tip 41 Buffer Transistor .................................................................................................. 41
Fig. 4.5 LM 317T in Circuit Regulation ....................................................................................... 42
Fig. 4.6 the Relay Circuit .............................................................................................................. 43
Figure 4.7 AVR microcontroller ................................................................................................... 46
Figure 4.8 LCD ............................................................................................................................. 47
Figure 4.9 GSM Modem ............................................................................................................... 48
Fig 4.10 RF Module ...................................................................................................................... 49
Fig 4.11 screen shot of program IDE ............................................................................................ 51
Fig 4.12 Flow chart of GSM and GPS module initialization ........................................................ 52
Fig 4.13 Flowchart of monitoring application .............................................................................. 53
Fig 4.14 complete circuit diagram of system ................................................................................ 54
Fig 5.1 operation of the simulation location acquisition............................................................... 55
Fig 5.2 PCB of the system developed ........................................................................................... 56

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 Acronyms

ADA –audio distributer amplifier

CD-R –CD recorder

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 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of OBN (OROMIA BROADCASTING NETWORK)
The Oromia Regional state broadcast regional programs since 1989 E.C. At the time it was
organized under the Oromia cultural and truism beareu as one department. Later the radio and
TV department was transferred to the Oromia information and public relation beareu. By the
time only forty minutes programs were transmitted on Saturday once a week. It was continued
until the beginning of 1999 E.C. On November 1999 E.C the department started to prepare and
broadcast different programs through a week. Soon during Ethio- millennium on October 1, 2000
E.C Radio station and March 16, 2001 E.C Oromia TV station was established at Adama city.

The Oromia Radio and Television organization was previously founded as Oromia mas media
organization according to the declaration number 113/1998 and later on renamed as Oromia
Radio and Television Organization by declaration number 164/2003.Organization is growing in
all its aspects and is now becoming one among the influential media with the prospect of
becoming the leading media soon in the country.

The organization launched the second HD studio and video wall fully changed from SD to HD
build video wall studio, VTR (video tape recorder) which increasing the quality of pictures as
well as minimizes the cost.

Oromia Broadcasting Network is a broadcasting organization that is established in order to

distribute services of both radio and television programs on air for inside country and
international audiences through their websites. The organization is located at Adama town in
Oromia region found 100km far from Capital Addis Ababa.

The Oromia Broadcasting Network stations are located at Adama, Chiro, Adola, Yabelo, Harar,
Shashemene, Goba, Entoto, Furi, Wonchi, Shambu, Nekemte, Gimbi, Dembidolo, Gore and
Jimma. Oromia radio network consists 10kw amplitude modulation at Adama, 100kw amplitude
modulation at Robe, 100kw Nekemte, 5kw frequency modulation at Addis Ababa & 100kw short
wave at Gejja.

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The number of media user is increasing day to day. It is a very attractive market for mobile
connection providers. Presently there are many branches in the Oromia region. The Organization
has currently installed:- 2 Satellite stations, 3 Medium wave radio transmitters, 1 Short wave
transmitter, 9 FM transmitters, 16 Terrestrial TV transmitters, 1 micro ware link transmitter.

In this report we tried to explain what we did and learned during our four month internship
period with the Oromia Broadcasting Network organization in the section of human resource
management system

1.2 Mission of OBN

To deliver current, balanced, quality and standardized information and programs that educates
and entertain through modern media to enable the people contribution in building peace ,
democracy, national, consensus and enhance development of the country.

1.3 Vision of OBN

The vision of the company is to be the most chosen and trusted media in the country and
prominent one in Africa.

1.4 Values
 Tell truth
 trusted
 participatory
 serve the public
 team spirit
 Commitment
 professional ethics
 quality service

1.5 Products or service of the organization

There are strong and well organized advertising services of different products. An editing service
of news, entertainment, educational thing and other programs are some of them. There are also
recording services of news, music, entertainments, educational programs and other issues like
political, social and cultural issues can be recorded in the organization. Training service is also

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given for the workers of the organization. The transport service is given to the organization
workers. From the time of established to now the Oromia mass-media organizations known by
giving qualities of services to our nation and nationalities.

The organization is also planned to expand its services in the near future with respect to its
quality and performance as well. Generally products or services of the organization are:

 NEWS and current affairs

 Entertainment and education program
 Promotion service
 Promotion service and air time selling also renting studio
 Transmission equipment
 Live transmission service
 Documentary production service
 Selling archive

1.6 The organization future plan

The OBN organization has the following future plan. Such as:-

 To improve the quality of news and programs.

 To reach 100% coverage across the region with both radio and television.
 To improve the capacity of journalists and technical staff.
 To improve internal working environment and developing efficient and effective system.
 To improving use of ICT.
 To improving media technology.

1.7 The main customer or end users of the products

In all sectors of activities the organization has different users over the country. The followings
are some of the end users of the organizations services and products.

 Government organization, institutes and individuals

 Non-government organization and institutes
 Private sectors and NGOs

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  Music and video industry holders and air time users

CHAPTER TWO

OBN OVERALL WORK FLOW SYSTEM

The general work flow of the OBN organization

Fig. 2.1 the work flow of OBN

2.1 How we get into the company

Oromia Broadcasting Network organization is found in Adama city around bole sub city next to
Adama science and Technology University. In the day we enter to the compound firstly we meet

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our external advisor Mr. kebede Tasew and Mr. Lemi Shiferaw and they told us organization
regulation and principle that we follow during our training session. Also they introduced us to
some of sub departments head. They set training schedule and sent with our name list to each sub
departments.

2.2 The section of the company we have been working in

The back bone of Oromia broadcasting network organization are technology department, inside
Technology department there are five sub departments which are called Television broadcasting,
Radio broadcasting, ICT, System Administrator and maintenance. And we are assigned in this
department but mostly we have seen the two sub departments of the organization these are:

 Radio broadcasting
 Television broadcasting and
 Maintenance room

When we enter to the organization for the internship our supervisor, Mr. Kopisa Abe allocated us
into these three departments; television, radio studio and maintenance room. Television and radio
transmitter sections included under TV and radio studio respectively, within four month we have
worked on each of the above sections being in six groups of fifteen members in each group. Let
us start with television studio and radio.

We have seen four rooms of television studio. The Television studio has the following four
rooms, TV studio room, Control room, UPS room and Uplink room.

In each room there are different equipment and devices each with their own function to perform.
In radio broadcasting there are three or more important things to be considered as the main focus
area. These are the studio, the control room, the server room and the transmitter room. Each
focus area has also many equipment and much processes are taking place inside each room. Each
equipment in the room has their own function and how they operate also differs.

In maintenance room any sort of mechanical or electrical devices which become out of order,
broken, burned and have some internal connection problems are fixed. Also different kind of
maintenance equipment is used in order to correct any faults.

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 2.3 The procedures we followed while performing our task
Our first task is to know the theoretical part of television and radio studios and then we go to the
transmitter and UPS rooms. At the last we see the maintenance room.

2.4 How good while we was performing our task

As we are stranger for tasks, it was good to develop our abilities .To some extent there is also
confusion in understanding the equipment’s we have seen. When we take the percentage of
goodness of our work or understanding what we are told it is almost 80% is good as much as
possible. However, there are some failures. There are also some factors that cause failures as we
are stranger for the companies.

2.5 The challenges we have been faced during our internship

At first it was not easy to adapt the work ethics of the organization because its formality is
different from the education. Because of this we face some challenges this are:-

 We were working once a week (major challenge).

 More obligations are theoretical.
 There is no special work given for us just we work under some workers.
 Most of the equipment used here are new for us.
 The rules and regulations of organization were strong for instance no mobile phone, any
flash and computer to inter in the organization.
 Being stayed in the organization without the internet connection.
 There is lack of reference and computer in the organization was the other challenge we
faced.

2.6 Some measures that we take to overcome the challenges

They were on building maintenance so the final idea that we was taken was showing smile face,
trying to understand them, try to give response for their reason, dealing with them not only with
the intended objective but also about any else. And try to make good approaches with them. The
measurement to overcome the problem was as follows:-

 We try to be punctual and achieved punctuality easily after some time.

 We try to refer the practical part on to theoretical part that we learnt in the class.

6
  Using our time in effective way and we give a chance to handle the problems that seems
challenging then it was eliminated by adaptation.

CHAPTER THREE

THECNICAL ASPECTS OF THE INTERNSHIP

3.1 Definition of broadcasting
Broadcasting is the distribution of audio and video content to a dispersed audience via any
electronic mass media communications medium but typically one to many models. Broadcasting
is usually associated with radio and television though in practice radio and television
transmissions take place using both wires and radio waves.

3.2 Radio broadcasting

Radio broadcasting is the transmission or signal distribution of sound using the electrical energy.
When the transmission station radiates the radio waves, these are propagated through space and
received by the radio receiver. The first task of radio broadcasting systems is to change sound
into electrical energy.

This electrical energy is called Audio signals. The equipment that changes this energy is called
Transducers. The second jobs of radio broadcasting system are to process or change the electrical
signal into the original signal (sound signal) at the receiver. The radio broadcasting section has
four main parts. This are:-

 Studio room
 Control room
 Server room and
 Transmission room

3.2.1 Studio room

Studio is the starting point of transmission of radio (or called station of transmitting signal
(sound)). The studio has two rooms which are studio A and B. Both studios have the following
equipment that has their own purpose.

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1. Microphone: The main function of microphone is converting sound signal to the
electrical signal. It is an instrument that converts sound waves into an electric current
usually fed into an amplifier, a recorder or a broadcast transmitter.
2. Computer: this computer is used to receive the audience SMS and the journalist read
this SMS, daily event from Websites or Google event and report for the audience. Also
comment is received.
3. Telos (Telephone line): To receive a customer call. A telos or telephone line is a single
user circuit on a telephone communication system. It is hybrid communication.
4. Warning light: warning light is used to identify weather the studio (studio A or studio
B) is on the air or not.
5. GSP clock (global position system): is a space based satellite navigation system that
provides location and time information in all-weather conditions. It also called world
clock. This clock is set by the satellite not by person.
6. Head phone: the journalist is used to hear if he/she is on air and also to hear another
technician comments for him/her.

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 Fig. 3.1 radio studio
3.2.2 Control room
Controls anything done in the studio and prepare the output of the studio for further processing.
In this room there are many devices like:

1. Equalizer: is used to select the proper audio signal. In sound recording and reproduction
equalization is the process commonly used to alter the frequency response of an audio
system using linear filters. Equalization may also be used to eliminate unwanted sounds
make certain instruments or voices more prominent, enhance particular aspects of an
instrument’s tone. Since equalizer adjust the amplitude of audio signal at particular
frequency.

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 Fig. 3.2 equalizer
2. Effective processor: is used to add different effect on the transmitted program like
background, music, wind, car sound and other sounds on drama, etc. It is used to produce
up to 101 effects. These effects for example echo, high frequency, low frequency, etc.

Fig 3.3 effective processor

3. DAD software: DAD is powerful radio automation and delivery software enabling studio
automation, radio production and play out for radio station. There are DAD1 and DAD2
4. Memory player, CD player and cassette player: is used to play and store the program
that produces at different time.
5. Audio mixer (mixer): mixer is an electronic device which combines the electrical sound
signal from microphone, instruments, telecom, CD player, DAD software, memory, etc.

With the mixer you can adjust the volume and total quality of each input source to achieve a
harmonious and pleasing blend (mix) of the entire sound source. An audio mixer is an
electronic device that channels incoming audio signals maintaining control over such effect
as volume level, placement and dynamic for music production. In professional sound mixing
an audio mixer is sometime called sound board, mixing console or mixer.

Fig 3.4 audio mixer

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 6. Amplifier: is used for amplification purpose. The amplifier receives the combined or
mixed signal from the mixer. The amplifier is the last component in the sound system
before speaker. The amplifier is an electronic device that increases the power of signal. It
provides gain.

Fig 3.5 amplifier

3.2.3 Server room
The server is the audio streaming. It broadcast an audio feed coming from an existing source and
files store on MAC (computer). Since server have the following components

 Program storage.
 Program player.
 Program recorder. Server is an entire building or station the data center.

3.2.4 Radio transmitter room

Radio transmitter room has two AM transmitters. These are 10kw and 1kw. The 10kw
transmitter is the standby one and the 1kw transmitter is used when the standby fails. Even if it is
reserve one it is always on because of this it is connected to demi load. The 10kw transmitter is
connected to the antenna and the 1kw is connected to the dummy load.

Antenna

B Pr R
Bandpass Matching
uf e F RF
Oscilla network
A filter
fer dri switc
tor
a ve m h
m r p
11
p a Dummy
a
a load
 Fig. 3.6 AM radio transmitter
1) Oscillator: produces a high frequency signal called a carrier wave usually crystal oscillator is
used. Radio frequency amplifier stages raised the power level of the carrier wave to a sufficient
level. The high power is transmitting the signal to long distance.

2) Buffer amplifier: is one that provides electrical impedance transformation from one circuit to
another. Buffer amplifier is used to amplify the received signal from oscillator.

3) Pre-driver: is again amplifying the signal that received from buffer amplifier.

4) Audio input: The audio input are microphone from studio, CD player, cassette player, telos
and etc..

5) Analog to digital converter (ADC): Audio analogue to digital converter works by repeatedly
measuring the amplitude of an incoming electrical sound wave (an electrical voltage) and
outputting these measurements as a long list of binary bytes. Digital signals are transmitted in
more efficient way than analog signal. Because of well-defined digital impulses are easier for an
electronic circuit to distinguish noise.

When analog to digital converter is done there are:

 High resolution
 Power consumption
 Multicasting or broadcasting of signal and many channels are produced.

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6) Modulation encoder: Modulation is the addition of information or the signal to an electronic
or carrier signal. Modulation can be defined as the process of combining an input signal (audio
signal) m (t) and high frequency (oscillator frequency) periodic wave form i.e. carrier at
frequency fc to produce a signal s (t) whose bandwidth is centered on fc. There are some types of
modulation techniques that done at OBN organization they are amplitude modulation and
frequency modulation.

A) Amplitude modulation: in AM a carrier wave is encoded by varying its amplitude in

according with instantaneous amplitude of the modulated signal (input signal). For example in
AM (MW, SW) radio broadcasting at the radio transmitter the modulating wave is the audio
frequency program signal to be communicated; the modulated wave that is broadcast is radio
frequency, amplitude modulated sinusoid.

Fig. 3.7 Amplitude modulation

B) Frequency modulation

Frequency can be defined as the rate change of phase of signal. In this type of modulation
information is transferred through a carrier by varying its instantaneous frequency.

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 Fig. 3.8 frequency modulation
Encoder is device, circuit, and transducer, software program that converts information from one
format or code to another for the purposes of standardization, speed, security or compressions.
Encoder is convert message, information into code.

7. RF amplifiers: is used to amplify the generated signal to the radio frequency signal. The RF
splitter is provides RF driver signal to each 48 power amplifiers separately in section three
consist of tuning and loading.

8. Band pass filter: to pass the required frequency (1035 KHz) of AM radio and rejects the other
frequency. Also removes the harmonics of frequency which are made in it.

9. Matching networking: is used to balance the impedance (resistance) of transmitter with the
impedance of antenna. Transmitter is a device that transfer a voice or data signal into modified
(modulated) higher frequency signals and feed it to antenna where it is radiated into free space as
an electromagnetic wave at radio frequency. It matches the transmitter impedance which is 75Ω
and the antenna impedance 50Ω or 52Ω.

10. RF switch: it is used to switch the load to the antenna or to dummy load.

11. Dummy load:

Receiver is a device that converts the radio frequency signal (fed it from antenna detecting the
electromagnetic wave from free space) back into voice.

3.3 AM and FM transmitter

3.3.1 AM transmitter
The amplitude modulation is being performed in a stage called the modulator. Two signals are
entering it, high frequency signal called the carrier signal and low frequency signal which is
called message signal that can be modulated. AM includes the shortwave SW and medium wave
MW.

Medium wave MW: is the part of medium frequency radio band use mainly for AM radio
broadcasting. The wavelength in this band are long enough that radio waves are not blocked by
buildings and hills and can propagated beyond the horizon following the curvature of the earth;
this is called the ground wave. Practical ground wave reception typically extends to 200-300

14
miles, with longer distance over terrain with higher ground conductivity and greatest distances
over salt water. The MW band ranges from 0.531-73 MHz

Short wave SW: is radio transmission using short wave frequency, generally 1.6-30 MHz just
above the MW broadcast. Short wave radios are used for long distance communication by means
of sky wave or skip propagation in which the radio waves are reflected or refracted back to earth
from the ionosphere allowing communication around the curve of the earth. Short wave radio is
used for broadcasting of voice and music and long distance communication to ships and air craft
or to remote areas out of reach of wired communication or other radio service.

3.3.2 FM transmitter
Information being transferred i.e. the modulating signals a signal from some low frequency
source. It is being amplified in low frequency amplifier and then led into the high frequency
oscillator where the carrier signal is being created. The carrier is high frequency voltage of
constant amplitude, whose frequency is in the absence of modulating signal equal to the
transmitter’s carrier frequency. In the oscillatory circuit of the high frequency oscillator a
capacitive diode is located. It is a diode whose capacitance depends up on the voltage between its
ends, so when being exposed to low frequency voltage, its capacitance is changing in accordance
with this voltage. Due to that frequency of the oscillator is also changing, i.e. the frequency
modulation is being obtained. The FM signal from the high frequency oscillator is being
preceded to the power amplifier that provides the necessary output power of the transmission
signal.

3.3.3 Advantages of FM over AM radio communication

The "AM band" (0.53-1.7 MHz) is much lower in frequency and signals can travel farther,
following the curve of the earth and also via skipping between the earth and the edge of the
atmosphere. Unfortunately, the lower frequencies also limit the bandwidth that each station can
use or would require fewer stations. It high cost to build it, have unwanted signal or noise. The
"FM band" (88-108 MHz) is in a frequency range that is basically line of sight from the tower
since it does not follow the curve of the earth well. There a much wider range of frequencies that
can be used.

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 3.4 Antenna
An antenna is an electrical device which converts electric power in to radio wave and vice versa.
It is used with a radio transmitter or radio receiver. In transmission a radio transmitter supplies
an electric current oscillating at radio frequency (i.e. a high frequency) to the antenna’s terminal
and the antenna radiates the energy from the current as electromagnetic waves (radio waves). In
reception, an antenna intercepts some of the power of an electromagnetic wave in order to
produce a tiny voltage at its terminals that is applied to a receiver to be amplified.

The output part is connected with the Antenna outside the transmitter room by the coaxial cable.
The Radiation type of OBN Radio Antenna is Omni directional.

It has three guy wires (supporter). On each guy wire there is arrestor. These arrestors are used for
over voltage protection in case of lightning strikes.

Each guy wires form 120 degree with each Radiator of Antenna. The length of guy wires and
radiator antenna are equal. Radial wire is used to reflect the radiated signal back to the antenna
from the ground, to reduce signal loses.

Another component which exists around the Radiator antenna is coupling unit.

It is used for Tuning and matching the length of the antenna which is found in Adama is
calculated as follows:-

speed of light
Wave length (λ) = ⁄𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦

3 ∗ 10^8𝑚/𝒔⁄
λ= 1035 𝑘𝐻𝑧

λ =289.855m

Hence Length of the antenna (L) is one fourth of the wave length.

L= λ/4 = 72.46m without base.

OBN (at Adama) uses an antenna which has a length of 74m for AM transmission.

16
 3.4.1 Types of antenna
A) Folded dipole antenna: it consist of a basic dipole with an added conductor connecting the
two ends together to make a complete loop of wire or other conductor. It is used for FM radio
transmitter. It increases in feed impedance that it provides.

B) Monopole antenna: is a class of radio antenna consisting of a straight rod shaped conductor
often mounted perpendicularly over some type of conductive surface called ground plane. The
driving signal from transmitter is applied or for receiving antennas the output signal to receiver is
taken between the lower end of the monopole and the ground plane. It is used for AM (SW,
MW) radio transmitter. It can be design as: the wave length is equal to the speed of light over the
oscillator frequency.

λ = c/𝑓𝑜𝑠 let λ=L, where λ is wave length, L is the length, c is speed of light and 𝑓𝑜𝑠 is oscillator
frequency of

1035 KHz. L=c/𝑓𝑜𝑠 =3×108m/s, 1035KHz ≈ 290m, which is very largest antenna. To design
antenna the formulas use. L= λ/2, λ/3, λ/4… but the most popular for design AM antenna is
λ/4=290/4=72.3m.

Coaxial cables transmit high frequency electrical signals through connector without interference.
HPA high power amplifier is amplifier the power of modulating signal to the radio frequency.
Horn is used for focus and also used to correct polarization.

Terrestrial Transmission: is received the signal from the satellites by the antenna (dish) to
transmit the signal to the audience properly. There are three AM transmitters which are Entoto,
Robe and Nekemte and nine FM transmitters. At terrestrial transmission there are:

i. Receiver: receiver is which received the radio frequency signal and change back to voice.

ii. Exciter in broadcasting the part which contain the oscillator, modulator, and audio processor.
The exciter is really a very small transmitter.

iii. Power amplifier is an electronic amplifier that amplifies low power audio signal (human
hearing range) to a level suitable for driving loud speakers. It is transferred to the antenna by the
feeder cable.

iv. Audience receives the audio signal by the folded dipole antenna to hear it on the radio.

17
 Fig 3.9 the general flow diagram of radio broadcasting system

3.5 Television broadcasting

3.5.1 Television
We have to explain about two types of signal when we are discussing the working of television.
The two signals are sound signal and picture signal. The picture signal get amplitude modulated
while the sound signal get frequency modulated in a television. The conversion of these signals
into electrical signals is taken place inside a television and at the output these are converted back
to the original signal. There are specific instruments are there for this conversion. The sound
signal is converted into audio signal by a microphone and these audio signals are converted back
to the sound signal by a loud speaker. The picture signal is converted into video signal by a
camera tube and these video signals are converted back to the picture signal by a picture tube.

TV broadcasting is the transmission of electromagnetic audio and video signals from its station
(studio) to the receiver. There are two types of Television studio in OBN. These are

1. Standard definition (SD) and

2. High definition (HD)

1. Standard Definition (SD)

SD (standard definition) studio, which means where audio and video has less quality, also it is
analog system. SD standard definition TV sets and video are commonly called as 480 pixels,
referring to the 480 rows of pixels from top to bottom.

18
 Fig 3.10 studio

2. High definition (HD)

HD is the term that is most often used to describe TV sets and videos that have higher resolution
compared to the SD. SD standard definition TV sets and video are commonly called as 480 pix,
referring to the 480 rows of pixels from top to bottom. HD usually contains 1080 rows from top
to bottom. A 1080pix display can be up to 2.25 times bigger than 480pix display while
maintaining the same pixel size. The general objective for HD capable screens and video is to
provide a much finer display than SD.

Summary:

1. HD contains a lot more pixels compared to SD.

2. HD creates finer images compared to SD.
3. SD gets blockier much faster with larger screens than HD.
4. HD and SD are both digital systems.
5. HD has great image quality when compared with SD.

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 Fig 3.11 HD studio
Television broadcasting system has four main rooms.

1 studio room

2 control room

3 uplink room and

4 power control room

3.5.2 Studio room

Both studio HD & SD has the following equipment’s. These are:

a) Camera: is an optical instrument for recording images which may be stored locally,
transmitted to another location. In SD there are three cameras but in HD there are five cameras.

b) Microphone: is which changes the sound signals to the electrical signals. The microphone
used in television studio is differing from radio studio. The microphone used television is neck
microphone which is located on the neck of person in the television.

c) Monitor computer: is used read news, SMS and question from it. This computer is controlled
by other person, not by journalist.

20
d) Light: this light is used to control the brightness of the studio. Key light, Background light,
Fill light and Back light. Each of them uses 800 watt.

e) Head phone (ear phone): is used for communicate with the camera man, journalist and
technician at control room.

f) Telos: is used to take telephone to the mixer.

3.5.3 Program control room (PCR)

The program control room is the place in a television studio in which the composition of the
outgoing program takes place. The components that are found in the PCR are:

Camera control unit: is responsible for powering the professional video camera, handling signals
sent over the camera fiber cable to and from the camera and can be used to control various
camera parameters such as iris remotely. It controls brightness, focus, etc.

Patch panel: is a device featuring a number of jacks for the use of connecting and routing circuit
for monitoring, interconnecting and testing circuits in a convenient, flexible manner. Patch
panels are commonly used in computer networking, recording studio radio and television.

Audio mixer: is an electronic device used to remix the sound with transmitted video. It is
connected with the vision control and with the transmitted video. It also has own plug button for
the microphone wire comes from the anchor table by the cable and Nexio which is in the vision
control. The audio different sources are telos, microphone, and technician computer. It has 12
channels and 12 feeders. The first 3 feeders are used for microphones, the next 2 used for CD
players, the sixth is used for PMD 570(equalizer) ,the seventh is for CD_R( CD burner), the
eighth is for M200( Marantz), the next two feeder for DAD 1 and DAD 2, the eleventh is for
cassette player and the last is used for Telos.

21
 Fig. 3.12 Audio mixer
Video mixer: is a device used to select between several different video source and in some cases
compositing video source together to create special effects.

Fig. 3.13 Video mixer

Vision mixer is electronic device, used for the Chroma effects. The Chroma effect is software
used to cut out one of color and insert other color to the video picture in terms of that pent or the
other color. Most of the time blue and green colors are used for studio internationally.

Router: is used as switch for both audio mixer and video mixer to select them properly and
arranged of the program.

3.5.4 Uplink room

Uplink room is one of the television studio rooms in which the embedded card, modulation and
encoder are takes place.

22
 Fig 3.14 satellite uplink

3.5.5 Master control room

Master control is the technical hub of a broadcast operation common among most over the air
television station and television networks. Master control is the final point before signal is
transmitted over the air for terrestrial television or satellite provider for broadcast operator.
Television master control rooms include banks of video monitors, satellite receiver, video tape
machines, video servers, transmission equipment and play back of television programming.
Character generator is a device or software (expression) that produces static or animated text
(such as news crawls and credit rolls) for keying into a video stream. Modern character
generators are computer based and can generate graphics as well as text.

Embedded card is combine the video and audio together that received from master control room
which is carried by serial digital interface (SDI) to the encoder. SDI is used to digital video
transmission over coaxial cable. It has higher speed for data transmission up to 270 Mbps.

23
Encoder is the process by which the data is converted into digital format for efficient
transmission. This digital is carried by asynchronous serial interface (ASI) which carrier
streaming data format.

Modulation is the addition of information (or the signal) to an electronic or optical signal carrier.
In television broadcasting system video is AM and audio is FM system. The output of
modulation is L-band (intermediate frequency) which is carried by coaxial cable.

Fig. 3.15 Block diagram of TV transmitter system

3.5.6 Power control room
This room has:

1. Automatic voltage regulation (AVR) is used to regulate the value of voltage comes from
the EEPCO it regulates by taking the average value of the power which comes from the
source.
2. Uninterrupted power supply (UPS) is electrical device used when power is off for short
time. UPS uses until the power line is connected or the generator is on. It consists of
AC/DC or DC/AC convertor and battery used to store charges for using when power off.
3. Generator: In electricity generation, a generator is a device that converts motive power
(mechanical energy) into electrical power for use in an external circuit. Sources of
mechanical energy include steam turbines, gas turbines, water turbines, and internal
combustion engines and even hand cranks.

3.6 Satellite communication

Satellite: is an object that revolves around other earth.

The main types of transmission in OBN are: These are satellite transmission and terrestrial
transmission.

1. Satellite transmission (Sat TX) is a transmission occurred by using radio frequency

through space to the satellite or from the satellite.

24
 Fig 3.16 satellite transmitter and receiver
2. Terrestrial transmission is a transmission occurred by using modulation. Like AM, FM,
microwave etc. terrestrial television transmission is normally limited to little more than a line of
sight propagation path.

Geographical location is chosen and channel is selected so that channels may be reused when
separated by an adequate distance. The terrestrial television transmission in Oromia region is 16
at different zone which each of them have 2kw transmitter. We also used two types of
modulations as radio on television. Such as AM and FM. we use FM for audio and AM for
video. That is why the television audio communication is more accurate and reliable than Radio
communication.

There are also two types of satellites like natural and artificial satellites. A satellite is deemed as
any object that orbits planet weather it is natural or artificial Oromia radio and Television
origination used by renting Nile sat L-band by using 10MHz the purpose two stations too far
away use a satellite as a relay station.

1. One earth station sends a transmission to the satellite. This is called uplink transmission.
2. The satellite transponder converts the signal and sends it downlink to the second station.
This is called downlink transmission. The uplink frequency is always higher than
downlink frequency.

Fig. 3.17 Uplink block diagram

Fig. 3.18 Downlink block diagram

25
The C-band transmission of OBN satellites are:

Uplink frequency= Local oscillator frequency (HPA) +L-band frequency.

Downlink frequency=uplink frequency - local oscillator of satellite. OBN TV transmission with

satellite /day =24Hours

Terrestrial transmission in the region 70-75% particularity transmission is clearly seen in Middle
East, Europe, North America, Australia, New Zealand, and Caribbean countries.

OBN international transmission find on C-Band: Thai com 6 @ 87.5 East, Thai com 5 @ 78.5
East, NSS 12 @ 57.0 East, Eutel sat 7 West A @ 7.3 West, Galaxy 19 @97.0 West, Intelsat
22@72.1 East5 used L- band by using 10MHz the purpose two stations too far away use a
satellite as a relay station.

Symbol rate: is the number of symbol changes made to the transmission medium per second
using a digitally modulated signal or a line code. The symbol rate is measured in baud (bd).

Symbol rate =data rate / (m × FEC), where m is modulation factor and FEC forward error
correction (or channel coding).

Forward error correction: is a technique used for controlling errors in data transmission over
unreliable or noisy communication channels.

The maximum frequencies for uplink and downlink are 6GHz and 4GHz respectively in C-band.
The uplink frequency is greater than downlink because:


 On the earth station we have to penetrate the atmosphere to reach the satellite station. So
we need a lot of power to be generated. Hence uplink is at higher frequency with higher
power.
 As the frequency is increased the amount of interference caused by the atmosphere
reduces, as higher frequency signal has more signal energy in it. So it can penetrate the
atmosphere more easily.
 Unwanted distortion like rain, fog (heavy rain) other frequency in neighborhood, etc.
cause distortion.

26
 3.6.1 Satellite frequency band
L-band (1-2 GHz): is being a relatively low frequency. It is easier to process requiring less
expensive RF equipment. The antenna does not have to be as accurate as the higher bands. It is
used for low earth orbit satellites and terrestrial wireless connections like GSM mobile phones.

C-band (4-6 GHz): satellite C-band usually transmits around 6GHz and receiver around 4GHz. It
is used large (2.4-3.7) antennas. It used for terrestrial microwave links.

KU-band (12-18 GHz): is most commonly used for satellite TV and is used for most V sat
system. It is less expensive than L-band or C-band. The main disadvantage of KU-band is rain
fade.

KA-band (26.5-40 GHz): is an extremely high frequency required great pointing accuracy and
sophisticated RF equipment. Like KU-band it is susceptible to rain fade. It is used for high
definition satellite television equipment. Like KU-band it is susceptible to rain fade. It is used for
high definition satellite television.

Fig 3.19 general flow of television broadcasting system

3.7 Maintenance room

In this room there is no found many electronics equipment as the other rooms have, which we
discussed above. In the maintenance room there is a voltmeter used to measure the amount of
voltage and current and TC tester used to measure the pins/. There also one Computer and
materials need for maintenance service.

There are two types of maintenance: which is preventive and corrective maintenance.

1. Preventive maintenance: is type of maintenance that is maintaining before damage.

Preventive maintenance divided into; daily, weekly, monthly, quarter a year, half a year
and so on.

27
 Year based on the material. For example radio transmitter maintain weekly. This type is used
to stay the material for long time by cleaning the dust, moisture etc. The materials there are
blower, screw driver and brush for cleaning etc.

2. Corrective maintenance: is type of maintenance that is maintaining after damage. This

is maintaining of damaged materials by changing a component from the electronics
device or by correcting as it is. When we are in the maintenance room we see how to
identify a problem of electronics material, first check the continuity the power cord then
fuse after that switch and SMP (is the switched mode power supply this is the recently
used rectifier).We also see the installation of the radio studio starting from the
microphone up to the transmitter and the installation of TV transmitter starting from the
studio up to the uplink. We observe also XLR cable and differentiate XLR male and
female in which they used as an output and input respectively.

3.8 Benefits gained from the internship

3.8.1 Improving practical skills
During our stay in the company we gained more benefits in terms of improving our practical
skill by doing the entire practical works in our section like having a driving test and checking
the information transmitted reached properly and in time.

Some of the technical skills I have obtained are listed below:

 Characteristics of electronic device while maintenance.

 How to adjust the electronic equipment that used for communication in mass-media
organization.
 How to control transmission of information.

3.8.2 Upgrading theoretical knowledge

The internship program has given us a chance to enhance our theoretical knowledge to a great
extent. Also we were interested with everything we have in Telecom Company. It is very
interesting because every time the system invite as to study more to reach the new one. Almost
all things were the revision of our previous knowledge and also a lot of new things we got in
addition with previous.
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 3.8.3 Improving interpersonal communication skill
This was the big thing we gained at last four months. We develop our communication skill very
well so this helps us for many things. the main things we gained by developing our
communication skills are; we got a lot of knowledge by asking our work mates as friends, we
spent a good time with them and we adapt the work area, we were happy when we were with
them, it helps us to compare the difference of being student and Worker, it helps us to think
about our future and what we would be in every direction. During the last 4 - months of the
internship program we believe we have improved our interpersonal communication skills.

Especially, when we were on field work and when some of our work partners were on another
station and when they were communicating by telephone. There were always things to discuss
and argue about and also the ability of understanding other person’s perspective and trying to
prove our point was always inevitable. We have also had a friendly relationship with all our
work partners. We had tea and lunch time, at that time we were a good communication with
them.

3.8.4 Improving team playing skills

As we mentioned above in work time mostly we were with our work partners and we spent a
good time with them. “Many Eyes see much deeper than single”. This proverb is to mean that a
team of persons come up with different ideas to find and to solve the existing problems. As a
team member we contribute a lot with them in many ideas and in our region most of the branch
office workers are young’s that gave me a good opportunity to play more with them, it does
mean not saying it is difficult to plays with others. By this reason our team playing skills are
increased highly and we become more sociable than before. Now for us it is easy to be with any
one in anywhere. Generally this internship helped me to improve our team playing skills which
helps us for our next life. That mean we already adapted now the condition; so it is easy to be as
them after graduation.

3.8.5 Improving leadership skill

During our internship program we haven’t worked as a leader, we have learned a lot of
leadership skills from the people that have been in a leading position for some time in the last
four months; we had good persons those thought us what leader would be.

29
They are good leaders and they show the good respect for the lower stage workers and also they
have a good ethics.

They are responsible for their section as well as for the company and from them we learnt a lot
of things. Generally a person who is in the position of leadership seeks optimal solution to
problems and should be smart enough to manage those individuals whom he/she is leading. The
leader must also inspire his/her workers into higher levels of teamwork all the time. By this side
the above mentioned persons are good examples for others. Our closest leader as well as our
supervisors thought us that a good leader must be strong to carry his/her workers and must be a
responsible for everyone. Not only about the health of the company but also he/she should have
to care for the health of the workers.

From them we learnt a lot of things it never been lost from our mind.

Here are some of the leadership skills we gained from the internship period;

 How to tolerate with workers

 Solving problems with colleagues by discussion
 Organizing work
 Confidence
 Problem solving ability
 Removing barriers of work
 Wise decision making
 How to evaluate and decide working methods
 Exposing corruption whatever it and be loyal to ones work and the organization

3.8.6 Entrepreneurship skill

In our internship time, we improved my entrepreneurial skills. So, we decide to become an
entrepreneur person after we graduate, because in this internship program we understand how to
become an entrepreneur.

As a successful entrepreneur we will have to work closely with people. However it is critical to
be able build great relationships with teams, customers, suppliers, shareholders, investors, and so
on.

30
Entrepreneurship skills develop through experience, do not everybody born with it by nature
entrepreneurship is a skill that can developed and expanded though practicing or experience.
From the entrepreneur skills that we gain: -

 Initiative is one that has motivation to take the initiative and to create things on your own
skills.
 Responsibility: - have to be responsible for the action that participated and understand the
meaning and importance of responsibility.
 Creativity: - should create new ideas on work and have a sense of creativity innovation,
and always be one step ahead in idea.
 Communication: - have to be able to communicate your ideas, net-work and connect with
others.
 Leadership: - need to be able to be the leader and be in the charge of a project or
company

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 CHAPTER FOUR

PROJECT DESIGN AND RESULT

4.1 Background of the project
The development of technology, in particular Electronics technology is being ameliorated
rapidly, because of that usage of electronic or electrical devices is higher by today compared to
past. Electronics devices are applied in all kind of household and industry operations. Operate
some of those domestic electrical appliances such as electrical lights, other frequently used
devices such as air conditioning, FM transmitting machine are operated daily. Operation of those
devices under rated condition (as per specification in their nameplate) guarantees their long life.
However, their life is significantly reduced if they are subjected to overloading, resulting in
unexpected failures. The proper maintenance of electrical devices can save a lot of energy and
reduce the power. In real life people have to use own switch in the domestic to control relevant
electrical devices. If technical men or women are not at home, it’s unable to control the electrical
devices. If those operations can be done by in remote way, that can take a solution for many
troubles. Remote maintaining and acknowledging is one of the most important criteria in
enhancing system efficiency while, developing user’s capabilities. Wireless technology is the
basic one behind remote controlling. With the innovation of automation, appliances or some
tasks such as operation efficiency and air conditioning are controlled according to programmed
way or other linked. In that manner, combing wireless technology with automation technology
may increase the electrical system maintaining efficiency, security and safety standards.

4.2 Statement of the problem

In conventional devices or systems which are presently used for monitoring FM Oromia
Broadcasting Network hire technicians to operate manually, the system itself not reliable,
operational efficiencies need men or technician to disconnect and reconnect the transmitter,
timely operation information will not be sent to monitoring centers in time, which cannot judge
the transmitter operation. It is sluggish and laborious. With the aid this project a definite

32
solutions is proffered which allows the OBN to have total control over the FM transmitter and
have real time information at same from remote location with little human effort and at reduced
costs as compared to conventional methods.

33
 4.3 Objective
4.3.1 General objective
The main objectives of project is to develop a new advanced hardware platform which improve
the operational efficiencies, operation delay and extra cost due to disconnect and reconnect of the
transmitter and the Oromia Broadcasting Network can operate the transmitter at remote in a
controlled manner which help to save money through better management.

4.3.2 Specific objective

 To design FM transmitter controlling System that addresses resulting unexpected failure
notification, theft protection, disconnect and reconnect remotely, location acquisition and
communicate with the monitoring center.
 To design work flow or schemes
 To develop system algorithms and simulate the program which detects possible tasks
 To identifying and selecting components, devices, instruments and equipment for the
system developed
 Assembling the components and testing then implementing.

4.4 Significance of the project

The significance of these project benefits the company service and provides precise information,
clear and accurate outage information and fast recovery, better and faster service, smart
automated processes instead of manual.

4.5 Scope of the project

The scope of this project is to design and construct smart automated system with wireless
communication features over SMS implemented at Kechema FM transmitter. Within the scope
of this project the prototype model is equipped with dedicated SIM (subscriber Identification
Module).

34
 4.6 Conceptual designs and practical process of the project
Industrial electrical device control managing concept is being introduced and improved by now
in the technical world. Operate electrical devices in remote way can be introduced as a further
development of that concept. There are different types of electrical devices controllers in the
industry with different technologies such as web pages, Bluetooth, radio signals and GSM. Radio
signal method is being used in the industry and low operating range is identified as a drawback.
Web page systems and Bluetooth systems are expensive systems available in the market.
According to project management theories, high reliable, securable, low cost, majority required.
Easy maintenance, easy operating product is considered as most suitable product to the industry.
“GSM technology is considered as the mainly used telecommunication technology and widest
coverage technology with 6.8 billion mobile subscriptions by the end of 2012. Apply GSM
technology as the remote controlling technology; product can be introduced for majority of
people. Users are allowed to operate electrical devices in their homes by their own mobile phone
and operation could be done at anywhere of the world. Transmitter and key pad is free and
receiver is low cost makes the project is low cost one and even poor people are allowed to use
this product. Feedback system aware the user about current operating state of currently operated
electrical device and higher security can be achieved by that compared to other products
available in the market. By reviewing and revising the above mentioned literatures we have
compared the advantages and disadvantages, methods used and applied to design and implement
the optimum circuit that will be described detail below.

4.7 Design approach

The Smart Automated System is an electronic unit design to take real time status of the
transmitter using output radio frequency sensing method which is then communicated to a
microcontroller, who takes the appropriate calculations and displays on an LCD. A GSM
MODEM is incorporated with the unit so as to make remote control of the FM transmitter unit
by doing either of the following:

 Unexpected failure detection and theft protection

 disconnect and reconnect remotely
 Location acquisition
 Communication with authority

35
 4.8 Optimum design

Fig 4.1 System block diagram

4.8.1 Regulated power supply

In this circuit there are two voltage levels of 5V and 12V DC respectively, using the Zener power
regulation method, consisting of a current limiting capacitor, bridge rectifier, filtering capacitors,
Zener diode, a buffer transistor and a three terminal adjustable voltage regulator. With the 5V
powering the LCD and the Microcontroller, the 12V for the Relay.

36
 Fig 4.2 power rectification circuit
Bridge Rectifier: The 2W005G bridge rectifier has a diffused junction with a low forward
voltage drop of 1V and a high current capability of 50A and an Average Rectified Output
Current of 2A. The output of rectifier voltage is given as

VIP = √2 * Vrms * k – (2 * VD )

Knowing that:

, ,

Filtering Capacitors: The filtering capacitors C4 and C5 in this circuit are used to smooth the
ripple of the rectifier output. When selecting a capacitor the important parameters are the
capacitance, working voltage and percentage ripple.

The working voltage is always given as

Where Vp = peak voltage given as

37
The capacitance value can be obtained from the current formula of the capacitor given as;

q = charge in coulomb

, ,

𝑓𝑟 , = frequency ripple

Therefore 𝑓𝑟 is twice of f or full wave rectifier.

R.M.S value of ripple voltage is given as

Where γ = ripple factor

38
VL (DC) = DC voltage of load

The voltage chosen for this project is 12V.

So the capacitor value can also be determined by the given equation below

f= 50HZ

γ = 0.482

𝑉𝑖𝑝 = 14.16V

𝐼𝑑𝑐 = 1A

The equation becomes

C = 423μf

It can be deduced that the least capacitor value needed is 423μf, to get a high value of voltage; I
require a large value of capacitance in the circuit. Thus, a capacitor with a value 1000μf was
chosen which twice the value of the needed capacitor value. This is used to provide safety in the
circuit. Therefore C4 and C5 are rated 1000μf.

Zener Regulator Design: The Zener diode is like a general-purpose signal diode. When biased in
the forward direction it behaves just like a normal signal diode, but when a reverse voltage is
applied to it, the voltage remains constant for a wide range of currents. The purpose of the Zener

39
voltage regulator is to maintain a constant voltage across a load regardless of variations in the
applied input voltage and variations in the load current. The 1N5242B Zener diode is used in the
design of this project as it meets the desired design regulations. It has the following electrical
characteristics: VZ = 12V at IZ2 tolerance of 5%.A typical Zener diode shunt regulator is shown
in the figure below. The resistor is selected so that when the input voltage is at Vin (min) and the
load current is at IL (max) that the current through the Zener diode is at least Iz(min). Then for
all other combinations of input voltage and load current the Zener diode conducts the excess
current thus maintaining a constant voltage across the load.

The Zener conducts the least current when the load current is the highest and it conducts the
most current when the load current is the lowest.

Fig.4.3 Zener Regulator Circuit

The total current drawn from the source is the same as that through the series resistor.

40
The Zener diode current is IZ = 20mA

The current through the load resistor is

Transistor TIP41: The TIP 41 NPN transistors serves as a Buffer for Voltage Regulator. The
impedance matching and current amplifying characteristics of the emitter follower provide
buffering for the Zener and draw less current from it. It is a useful adjunct to a Zener regulator.
In order to increase the current-handling ability of the regulator circuit, a common-collector
transistor is used to amplify current to the load, so that the Zener diode circuit only has to handle
the amount of current necessary to drive the base of the transistor.

Fig. 4.4 Tip 41 Buffer Transistor

41
LM317T Voltage Regulator: The choice of voltage regulator depends on the load current of the
circuit. The voltage regulator must have a capacity to carry a current twice the load current. The
LM317T, a monolithic integrated circuit is an adjustable 3-terminal positive-voltage regulator
designed to supply more than 1.5 A of load current with an output voltage adjustable over a 1.2
V to 37 V range. It employs internal current limiting, thermal shutdown, and safe area
compensation.

Fig. 4.5 LM 317T in Circuit Regulation

Since the LM317T is an adjustable regulator, the choice of output voltage is determined by the
resistance which is a potential divider across the terminal 1, where I have R1 to be 2.2KΩ and
R2 to be 1KΩ, as a 4V output is needed to power the microcontroller and the LCD. This is
calculated as follows: The LM 317T has electrical characteristics as gotten from the datasheet.
VI-VO = 5 V, IO = 0.5 A, 0°C ≤ TJ ≤ +125°C, IMAX = 1.5 A, PDMAX = 20 W
IADJ (Adjustable Pin Current) = 46μA
IΔADJ (Adjustable Pin Current Change) = 2.0A
VREF (Reference Voltage) = 1.25V
IL (MIN) (Minimum Load Current to Maintain Regulation) = 3.5A
IO (MAX) (Maximum Output Current) = 2.2A
The expression below is used to derive the desired output voltage of 4V.

42
C1 is not needed for stability; however, it does improve transient response. Since IADJ is
controlled to less than 100μA, the error associated with this term is negligible.
The rated DC output across the Zener regulator is 12V, this is used to power the 12V relay used
in the isolation of the consumer load from the power source and the voltage across the LM317T
is derived to be 4V which is used to power the microcontroller and the LCD.

4.8.2 Relay switching

A relay is an electromagnetic switch. In other words it is activated when a current is applied
to it. Normally a relay is used in a circuit as a type of switch. The relay in this circuit is used
to isolate the consumer load from the power grid when either the loaded units are exhausted
or the meter is been tampered with.

Fig. 4.6 the Relay Circuit

43
Since the relay is transistor driven, the relay is used on the collector side. The voltage impressed
on the relay is always full rated coil voltage, and in the OFF time, the voltage is completely zero
for avoidance of trouble in use. The NPN transistor is used for the switching of the relay. The BC
547 NPN transistor is selected based on current, voltage and power handling capabilities. The
transistor is driven into saturation (turned ON) when a LOGIC 1 is written on the PORT PIN
thus turning ON the relay. The relay is turned OFF by writing LOGIC 0 on the port pin. A diode
1N4007 is connected across the relay coil; this is done so as to protect the transistor from
damage due to the ‘BACK EMF’ generated in the relay's inductive coil when the transistor is
turned OFF. When the transistor is switched OFF the energy stored in the inductor is dissipated
through the diode & the internal resistance of the relay coil. This diode is also called as free-
wheeling diode. Resistor R10 is used as a Series Base Resistor to set the base current. This is
calculated thus:

44
4.8.3 Microcontroller
The Atmel ATmega328P –PU microcontroller was chosen as the microcontroller of choice. The
ATmega328P is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR enhanced RISC
architecture. It contains the pertinent hardware and software requirements to meet all design
goals, providing enough digital and analog pins to handle all sensors, LCD, while at the same
time being able to control the relay driver circuit using pulse-width modulation (PWM) outputs.
A list of specifications for the ATmega328P is given below:

 8-bit microcontroller
 Up to 20 MHz clock
 32 KB flash memory
 1 KB EEPROM
 KB SRAM(Static Random Access Memory)
 PWM channels
 analog inputs (10-bit built-in ADC)
 14 digital input/output pins
 Programmable Serial USART
 Master/slave SPI Interface
 Two-Wire (TWI) or Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C) communication
 5V DC power
 Low-power modes
 Throughputs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz allowing the system designed to optimize
power consumption versus processing speed
 DIP or SMT packages
 Power-on Reset and Programmable Brown-out Detection
 Internal Calibrated Oscillator
 Temperature Range:-40°C to 85°C
 Operating Voltage: 1.8 - 5.5V
 Low Power Consumption at 1 MHz, 1.8V, 25°C
 Write/Erase Cycles: 10,000 Flash/100,000 EEPROM

45
  Low Power Consumption ,at 1MHz, 1.8V, 25°C :Active Mode-0.2mA ,Power Down
Mode-0.1μA , Power Save Mode-0.75μA (Has Six Sleep Modes: Idle, ADC Noise
Reduction, Power-save, Power-down, Standby, and Extended Standby)
U2
30 12
PD0/RXD/PCINT16 PB0/ICP1/CLKO/PCINT0
31 13
PD1/TXD/PCINT17 PB1/OC1A/PCINT1
32 14
PD2/INT0/PCINT18 PB2/SS/OC1B/PCINT2
1 15
PD3/INT1/OC2B/PCINT19 PB3/MOSI/OC2A/PCINT3
2 16
PD4/T0/XCK/PCINT20 PB4/MISO/PCINT4
9 17
PD5/T1/OC0B/PCINT21 PB5/SCK/PCINT5
10 7
PD6/AIN0/OC0A/PCINT22 PB6/TOSC1/XTAL1/PCINT6
11 8
PD7/AIN1/PCINT23 PB7/TOSC2/XTAL2/PCINT7
20 23
AREF PC0/ADC0/PCINT8
18 24
AVCC PC1/ADC1/PCINT9
25
PC2/ADC2/PCINT10
19 26
ADC6 PC3/ADC3/PCINT11
22 27
ADC7 PC4/ADC4/SDA/PCINT12
28
PC5/ADC5/SCL/PCINT13
29
PC6/RESET/PCINT14
ATMEGA328P
Figure 4.7 AVR microcontroller

4.8.4 Liquid crystal display (LCD) display

A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly used in various devices and
circuits. The reasons being: LCDs are economical, easily programmable, have no limitation of
displaying special & even custom characters (unlike in seven segments), animations and so on.

A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. This LCD has
two registers, namely, Command and Data. The command register stores the command
instructions given to the LCD and the data register stores the data to be displayed on the LCD.
The data is the ASCII value of the character to be displayed on the LCD.

46
 Figure 4.8 LCD

4.8.5 Crystal oscillator design

The operation of the oscillator in AVR microcontroller device is controlled through two
Configuration registers and two control registers. Configuration registers, CONFIG1L and
CONFIG1H. The choice of capacitor used in the resonance of the crystal oscillator is dependent
on the following factors:
 Higher capacitance increases the stability of oscillator but also increases the start-up time.
 When operating below 3V VDD, or when using certain ceramic resonators at any
voltage, it may be necessary to use the HS mode or switch to a crystal oscillator.
 Rs may be required to avoid overdriving crystals with low drive level specification
 Always verify oscillator performance over the VDD and temperature range that is
expected for the application.

47
 Table 4.1 Value of Capacitor Used

From the table it can be seen that for a 16MHz crystal a 22pf capacitor is used across the crystal
as also used in this design connected to PIN 9 and PIN 10 of the microcontroller.
4.8.6 GSM modem
A GSM modem is a wireless modem that works with a GSM wireless network. Quad-band
intelligent GSM/GPRS modem suitable for long duration data transmission. To implement the
system a GSM modem is connected to a microcontroller which would transmits data from a FM
transmitter to cell phone and also receive commend from cell phone to FM transmitter . The
modem will send unit or pulses on a regular interval or on a request. AT commands set which
stands for attention terminal are used by system to communicate with the GSM Modem.

Figure 4.9 GSM Modem

48
4.8.7 RF module
The RF module, as the name suggests, operates at Radio Frequency. The corresponding
frequency range varies between 30 kHz & 300 GHz. In this RF system, the digital data is
represented as variations in the amplitude of carrier wave. This kind of modulation is known as
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK). Transmission through RF is better than IR (infrared) because of
many reasons. Firstly, signals through RF can travel through larger distances making it suitable
for long range applications. Also, while IR mostly operates in line-of-sight mode, RF signals can
travel even when there is an obstruction between transmitter & receiver. Next, RF transmission is
more strong and reliable than IR transmission. RF communication uses a specific frequency
unlike IR signals which are affected by other IR emitting sources. This RF module comprises of
an RF Transmitter and an RF Receiver. The transmitter/receiver (Tx/Rx) pair operates at a
frequency of 434 MHz. An RF transmitter receives serial data and transmits it wirelessly through
RF through its antenna connected at pin4. The transmission occurs at the rate of 1Kbps -
10Kbps.The transmitted data is received by an RF receiver operating at the same frequency as
that of the transmitter. The RF module is often used along with a pair of encoder/decoder. The
encoder is used for encoding parallel data for transmission feed while reception is decoded by a
decoder.

Fig 4.10 RF Module

Specifications
Working voltage: 5.0VDC +0.5V
Working current:≤5.5mA max
Working method: OOK/ASK

49
Working frequency: 315MHz-433.92MHz
Bandwidth: 2MHz Sensitivity: excel –100dBm (50Ω)
Transmitting velocity: <9.6Kbps (at 315MHz and -95dBm)

4.9 Software development

4.9.1 Programming Language
Been an embedded system, the Arduino was chosen as to be used as an ISP (In System
Programmer) because:
The Arduino boot loader allows direct programming through USB, eliminating the need of a
separate hardware programmer to implement new code. Using an external programmer is both
time consuming and the user risks damaging the IC (bending pins, electrostatic discharge) every
time the chip is removed from a socket. This would be extremely inconvenient in final design,
for the controller will be contained in a small housing in the final product and thus removing the
microcontroller every time programming is needed would not be ideal. The Arduino hardware
platform already has the power and reset circuitry setup as well as circuitry to program and
communicate with the microcontroller over USB (The serial monitor window can also be
enabled to view what the Arduino I/O ports are receiving/transmitting which is good for
troubleshooting. The Arduino programming language was chosen due to relatively shorter
learning curve and a large and active online support community which facilitates faster learning
and debugging. The language and IDE are completely free and open source, and many resources
concerning sensors, LEDs, communication tutorials are readily available on the Arduino website
with some already as examples inclusive in the IDE package. The Arduino offers libraries that
have been written for common sensors and other peripherals which will aid in the learning and
programming the devices to be used in implementing the controller. The language is both easy to
use and robust, providing all the functionality needed for interfacing with analog sensors (analog
read & analog write), I2C components, and TTL serial peripherals among others. The simplest of
these are functions to control and read the I/O pins (analog read & digital read) rather than
having to fiddle with the bus/bit masks normally used to interface with the Atmega I/O (This is a
fairly minor inconvenience). More useful are things such as being able to set I/O pins to PWM at
a certain duty cycle using a single command (analog write) or doing Serial communication.

50
 Fig 4.11 screen shot of program IDE

4.9.2 System flowchart or algorithm

The following flowcharts illustrate the overview of the system with Mobile adaptor and FM
transmitter monitoring application in Figure 3.13 and 3.14.

51
 Start

GSM module
searches signal

GSM starts to send SMS with

GSM engaged with Yes
satellites current location at every 1
min interval

No

GSM starts to send SMS

based on previous
location at every 1 min
interval

Mobile Adaptor receives

SMS and store

Remote technical
man

End

Fig 4.12 Flow chart of GSM and GPS module initialization

Figure 6.1: Flowchart of GPS Tracker52

with Mobile Adaptor
 Remote technical
man

Live History
Data Data

Browse to
file

Search and
select

Read Data View on Clear Reset Exit

Map Data

No Data Data
No View on Reset No Exit
Success Success
Map Success Success No

Success
Yes Yes
Yes Yes Yes
Shows number Plot way points Clear view Delete all SMS
of records Exit Program
on Google maps data and set to
default

Restart
Fig 4.13 Flowchart of monitoring application
Mobile
program
53
End
4.9.3 Proteus program
Proteus contains everything you need to develop; test and virtually prototype your embedded
system designs based around the Microchip Technologies ATmega328 series of
microcontrollers. The unique nature of schematic based microcontroller simulation with Proteus
facilitates rapid, flexible and parallel development of both the system hardware and the system
firmware. This design synergy allows engineers to evolve their projects more quickly,
empowering them with the flexibility to make hardware or firmware changes at will and
reducing the time to market. Proteus VSM models will fundamentally work with the exact same
HEX file as you would program the physical device with, binary files (i.e. Intel or Motorola Hex
files) produced by any assembler or compiler. Using the proteus 8.6 professional software we
have designed the circuit diagram for simulation purpose. Its simulation analysis and results will
be described detail in next chapter.

4.10 Complete system design

The final schematic of the designed system can be seen in the pictures that follow.

Fig 4.14 complete circuit diagram of system

54
 CHAPTER FIVE

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND RESULT

5.1 System simulation
We have started the simulation activity using the following systematic as shown in fig 5.1.

Fig 5.1 operation of the simulation location acquisition

As it has mentioned to be discussed the simulation result in this chapter, I am going to address
each and every analysis and results of the project as follow:
1. Unexpected failure detection: If the repeater or transmitter resulting unexpected failure
then the automated system will automatically send help message to predefined numbers
(as many numbers you store in the device) with the GPS location. Also theft protection,
55
 you can keep smart device in alert mode by sending it "Alert" command via text
message. In alert mode, if the FM transmitter is moved then Smart device will send you
help message. To cancel the alert mode, just send "Relax" command.
2. Disconnection or reconnection: To make stop the system, to do so send a command
"Stop" and Smart device will disconnect the power supplied to the FM transmitter. To
again engage send "Run" command.
3. Location acquisition: you can also track the transmitter at remote place by sending "?"
(Question mark) command to the Smart device and in return it will reply you with its
GPS location.
4. Communication with user: Smart device also communicates with broadcasting
authorities.
5.2 Hardware operation
The practical test for function of the project is started with hardware implementation on the PCB
(Printed circuit board) practically.

Fig 5.2 PCB of the system developed

56
 CHAPTER SIX

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

6.1 Conclusion
The project is an effective monitoring system for controlling electrical device. It has been
successfully designed, implemented and tested. According to project researches and designs, it is
aimed to design a circuit to control OBN FM transmitter electrical devices and get a SMS
feedback using a mobile phone. Operation of FM electrical devices as switch ON or switch OFF,
accident notification, and theft protection and location acquisition is accomplished as described
SMS acknowledgement for status i.e. if that device is burnt of not operated due to internal
technical problems of that devices or device is not there, user can be informed about that by the
system.

6.2 Recommendation
In this project we are monitoring and controlling the electrical devices from remote places by
using the mobile technology. This project can be further enhanced to the High voltage A.C
Applications by changing the ratings of the Relay. By this we can control and monitoring the
high speed induction motors as well as synchronous motors. This can be done in an
economical way as compare to current system. Moreover; it can be further developed to the
following systems to be automated:
Video Calling: In future we can add video facility to our circuit. It will be an advanced way
like video conferencing. Along with the reply as a voice we will get the visual status of
condition of the devices. Also if anybody is misusing our device we can immediately make it
off. Means for security purpose also we can use it. It will be applicable in home, offices,
industry, and our vehicle parking system, agriculture also.
Voice Operated System: A system is developed for remote monitoring and control of
devices using mobile through spoken command.
Use of Robots: In this the static circuitry will be replaced by the Robots which will be
controlled through commands given remotely by mobile. This will be major step in
automation and will have tremendous future scope of development and applications.

57
 1. REFERENCE
[1]. Teter D. (2011) ‘Radio frequency based remote industrial appliances control system’.
[2]. Al Ali (2004), ‘Java-based home automation system’, IEEE Consumer Electronics Society,
ISSN 0098-3063, page no: 498-504.
[3]. Fadhil T.Aula (2005), Using SMS in Mobile Phone for Home Appliances Controlling
Through PC Parallel Port Interfacing, University of Salahaddin, College of Engineering,
Electrical Engineering Department.
[4]. Potamitis, I.et al (2003), An integrated system for smart-home control of appliances based on
remote speech interaction.
[5]. Rory Burk. (1999) Project management Planning and control Techniques. 3rdedn. John
Willy and sons: West Sussex.
[6] Leibfried, T, “Online monitors keep transformers in service”, Computer Applications in
Power, IEEE, Volume:11 Issue: 3 , July 1998 Page(s):36 -42.
[7] Chan, W. L, So, A.T.P. and Lai, L., L.; “Interment Based Transmission Substation
Monitoring”, IEEE Transaction on Power Systems, Vol. 14, No. 1, February 1999, pp. 293-298.
[8] Par S. Tenbohlen, T. Stirl, M. Rösner,” Benefit of sensors for on-line monitoring systems for
power transformers”
[9] T. D. Poyser, "An On-Line Microprocessor Based Transformer Analysis System to Improve
the Availability and Uti'lization of Power Transformers". IEEE Trans. On Power Apparatus and
Systems, Volume PAS-102, April 1983, pp.957-962.
[10] Muhammad Ali Mazidi , Janice Gillispie Mazidi, Rolin D.Mckinlay, The 8051
Microcontroller And Embedded Systems Using Assembly And C,Second Edition, Pearson
Education, 2008, India.
[11] Constantin Daniel Oancea,” GSM Infrastructure Used for Data Transmission”, 7th
International Symposium on Advanced Topics in Electrical Engineering (ATEE), 2011 May 12-
14, Page(s): 1 – 4.
[12] O.Homa Kesav , B. Abdul Rahim, Automated Wireless Meter Reading System for
Monitoring and Controlling Power Consumption, International Journal of Recent Technology
and Engineering (IJRTE) ISSN: 2277-3878, Volume-1, Issue-2, June 2012
[13] Mr.Rahul Ganesh Sarangle, Prof.Dr.Uday Pandit Khot, Prof. Jayen Modi, GSM Based
Power Meter Reading And Control System, International Journal of Engineering Research and

58
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com Vol. 2, Issue 4, June-July 2012, pp.664-
671
[14] A. Abdollahi, M. Dehghani, and N. Zamanzadeh,"SMS-based reconfigurable automatic
meter reading system, IEEE International Conference Control Applications., Oct. 2007.pdf
[15] Md. Ashiquzzaman, Nadia Afroze, Taufiq Md. Abdullah, Design and Implementation of
Wireless Digital Energy Meter using Microcontroller, Global Journal of researches in
engineering, Electrical and electronics engineering, Stamford University Bangladesh, Dhaka,
Volume 12 Issue 2 Version 1.0 February 2012

59
2. APPENDICES
Detail program of the remote monitoring device with SMS acknowledgement

#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
#include <SoftwareSerial.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(12,11,2,3,4,5);
SoftwareSerial mySerial(9,10); // RX, TX
char m_num_my[]={"+2519........."};
char* m_num_help[]={"+2519........."};
char Rec_Data = 0;
int msg_flg = 0;
byte msg_flag_2 = 0;
byte call_flag = 0;
byte reply_flag = 0;
byte delete_flag = 0;
byte d_count = 0;
byte i = 0;
byte j = 0;
char number[15];
char message[160];
char* send_msg[]={"The location:-)",
"Thank you, relaxed now :-)",
"Dont worry, I will inform you if anything happens ;-)",
"HELP, disconnected check out :-(",
"RF... ;-(",
"RF LIVE again, Thank u :-)",
"I dont recognize this command :-/",};
byte alert = 0;
int m_x1 = 0, m_y1 = 0, m_z1 = 0, k = 0;
byte p = 0;
byte moved = 0;

60
int loop_1 = 0;
int Gpsdata; // for incoming serial data
unsigned int finish = 0; // indicate end of message
unsigned int pos_cnt = 0; // position counter
unsigned int lat_cnt = 0; // latitude data counter
unsigned int log_cnt = 0; // longitude data counter
unsigned int flg = 0; // GPS flag
unsigned int com_cnt = 0; // comma counter
char lat[20]; // latitude array
char lg[20]; // longitude array
// pin connections for RF
const int xpin = A5; // x-axis
const int ypin = A4; // y-axis
const int zpin = A3; // z-axis
void modem_initialization(void);
void Accident_send_message(void);
void send_message(void);
void clear_rx_buffer(void);
void RF(void);
void command_match(void);
void Receive_GPS_Data();
void setup()
{
delay(1000);
Serial.begin(9600);//start serial port at baud rate of 9600
mySerial.begin(9600); //Activate softserial communication port
lcd.begin(16, 2);
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print("Automated System");
delay(2000);

61
 modem_initialization();
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print("GSM Initialised");
delay(1000);
pinMode(7, OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(7, HIGH);
}
void loop()
{
RF();
gsm_read_message();//wait for message or call
if ( reply_flag == 1 ) //only if valid message received
{
command_match();
reply_flag = 0;
}
}
void RF(void)
{
int alert_x = 0, alert_y = 0, alert_z = 0, m_x = 0, m_y = 0, m_z = 0;
int X = 0 , Y = 0 , Z = 0; // variables for storing
X = analogRead(xpin);
delay(10);
Y = analogRead(ypin);
delay(10);
Z = analogRead(zpin);
delay(10);
if ( alert == 1)
{
for (k = 0; k < 5; k++)
{

62
 alert_x = alert_x + X;
alert_y = alert_y + Y;
alert_z = alert_z + Z;
}
m_x = alert_x / 5;
m_y = alert_y / 5;
m_z = alert_z / 5;
loop_1++;
if (p == 1)
{
if ((m_x1 - m_x > 5) || (m_y1 - m_y > 5) || (m_z1 - m_z > 5) || (m_x - m_x1 > 5) ||
(m_y - m_y1 > 5) || (m_z - m_z1 > 5))
{
moved++;
if (loop_1 < 12 && moved > 0)
{
moved = 0;
}
else
{
j = 3;
send_message();
alert = 0;
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print("LOCATION");
}
}
}
m_x1 = m_x;
m_y1 = m_y;
m_z1 = m_z;

63
 p = 1;

}
if (Z <= 370)
{
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print(" UNEXPECTED ");
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print(" FAILURE ");
delay(1000);
Accident_send_message();
}
}
void command_match(void)
{
if ((strcmp(message, "alert") == 0) || (strcmp(message, "ALERT") == 0))
{
j = 2;
alert = 1;
p = 0;
send_message();
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print("ALERT MODE");
}
else if ((strcmp(message, "relax") == 0) || (strcmp(message, "RELAX") == 0))
{
alert = 0;
j = 1;
send_message();

64
 lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print("RELAX MODE");
}
else if ((strcmp(message, "stop") == 0) || (strcmp(message, "STOP") == 0))
{
digitalWrite(7, LOW);
delay(50);
j = 4;
send_message();
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print("DISCONNECT FM");
}
else if ((strcmp(message, "run") == 0) || (strcmp(message, "RUN") == 0))
{
digitalWrite(7, HIGH);
delay(50);
j = 5;
send_message();
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print("RECONNECT FM");
}
else if (strcmp(message, "?") == 0)
{
j = 0;
send_message();
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print("INDICATE");

65
 }
else
{
j = 6;
send_message();
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print("FALSE COMMAND");
}
}

66