Uttar Pradesh 1

Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh
उत्तर प्रदेश
‫شیدرپ رتا‬
Land of Ganga and Yamuna

—  state  —

Seal

Lucknow
Location of Uttar Pradesh in India

Coordinates 26.85°N 80.91°E

Country  India

Region Awadh, Baghelkhand, Braj, Bundelkhand, Purvanchal, RohilKhand, Indo-Gangetic Plain

District(s) 711

Uttar Pradesh 14 November 18342

Capital Lucknow

Largest metro Kanpur

Governor Banwari Lal Joshi

Chief Minister Kumari Mayawati

Legislature (seats) Bicameral (404 + 108=512)

Parliamentary constituency 80 (year 2004)

High Court Allahabad High Court

District Courts of India

Population [1]
190,891,000  (1st)
• Density [1]
• 792 /km2 (2051 /sq mi)
Uttar Pradesh 2

Sex ratio 111.4 ♂/♀

Literacy 57.37%
• Male • 70.22%
• Female • 42.97%

Official languages Hindi, Urdu

Time zone IST (UTC+5:30)

Area 243286 km2 (93933 sq mi)

Climate Cfa (Köppen)

Temperature •      31 °C (88 °F)
• Summer •      46 °C (115 °F)
• Winter •      6 °C (43 °F)

Governing body Government of India, Government of Uttar Pradesh

ISO 3166-2 IN-UP

Portal: Uttar Pradesh

Website [2]
www.upgov.nic.in

Uttar Pradesh (Hindi: उत्तर प्रदेश, Urdu: ‫)شیدرپ رتا‬, pronounced Hindustani pronunciation: [ˈʊtːər prəˈdeːʃ]  ( listen),
"Northern Province"), often referred to as U.P., is a state located in the northern part of India. With a population of
over 190 million people,[1] it is India's most populous state, as well as the world's most populous sub-national entity.
Were it a nation in its own right, Uttar Pradesh would be the world's sixth most populous country. Uttar Pradesh is
the second largest state-economy in India contributing 8.17% to India's total GDP Between 2004 and 2009.
With an area of 93933 sq mi (243290 km2), Uttar Pradesh covers a large part of the highly fertile and densely
populated upper Gangetic plain. It shares an international border with Nepal to the north along with the Indian state
of Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh to the north-west, Haryana, Delhi and Rajasthan on the west, Madhya Pradesh on
the south, Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand on the south east and Bihar on the east. The administrative and legislative
capital of Uttar Pradesh is Lucknow and the financial and industrial capital is Kanpur. The state's high court is based
at Allahabad with a bench in state capital Lucknow. It is home to many historical cities, including Allahabad,
Varanasi and Agra. Kanpur is its largest city; other big cities are Gorakhpur, Meerut, Agra, Aligarh, Bareilly,
Ghaziabad and Noida.
Uttar Pradesh has an important place in the culture of India; it is considered to be the birthplace of Hinduism, has
been the ancient seat of Hindu religion, learning and culture, and has many important sites of Hindu pilgrimage. The
State also has several sites important to Buddhism: the Chaukhandi Stupa marks the spot where Buddha met his first
disciples, while the Dhamek Stupa in Sarnath commemorates Buddha's first sermon. Also the town of Kushinagar is
where Gautama Buddha died.
Throughout its history, the region of Uttar Pradesh was sometimes divided between smaller kingdoms and at other
times formed an important part of larger empires that arose on its east or west, including the Magadha, Nanda,
Mauryan, Sunga, Kushan, Gurjara, Gupta, Pala and Mughal empires.
The Indo-Gangetic plain, that spans most of the state, is also the birth place of the Indo-Islamic syncretic culture of
the medieval period. It holds much of the heritage of the Mughal Empire, including the world famous mausoleum
Taj Mahal built by Shah Jehan, the magnificent tomb of Mughal Emperor Akbar the Great in Agra and Akbar's
capital-palace in Fatehpur Sikri. It was a centre of nationalism during the British colonial period and has continued to
play a prominent role in Indian political and cultural movements. The state has a rich heritage of traditional crafts
and cottage industries of various types that employ highly skilled craftsmen and artisans.
Uttar Pradesh 3

Hindus constitute 80% of the population in the state. Islam is practised by about 18% of the population while the
remaining 2% include Atheists, Sikhs, Jains, Buddhists and Christians, and also the tribal population.

History

Evolution of the State

The area has undergone several name changes and territorial demarcations since the early 19th century, i.e., after the
British East India Company had established its supremacy in the Gangetic plains. In 1833 the then Bengal
Presidency of the Company was divided into two parts, one of which became Presidency of Agra; in 1836 the Agra
area was named North-Western Provinces and placed under a Lieutenant Governor by the Company. In 1877, the
two provinces of Agra and Oudh (Oudh was occupied by the Company, in 1858), were placed under one Colonial
administrator of the British Crown; he was called Lieutenant Governor of the North-Western Provinces and Chief
Commissioner of Oudh. In 1902 the name was changed to United Provinces of Agra and Oudh with Lieutenant
Governor of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh as administrator; in 1921 Lieutenant Governorship was elevated
to Governorship and the name of the province was changed to United Provinces of British India. In 1935, the name
was shortened to United Provinces. On independence from the British colonial rule in 1947, the princely states of
Rampur, Banares and Tehri-Garwal were merged into the United Provinces. In 1950, the name of United Provinces
was changed to Uttar Pradesh. In 1999 a separate Himalayan state, Uttaranchal, (now named Uttarakhand), was
carved out of Uttar Pradesh.

Prehistory, legends and ancient period

Archeological finds in Uttar Pradesh confirm presence of Stone Age homo sapiens hunter-gatherers in Chhatarpalia,
Mahugarh, Parisdhia, Lalitpur, Nihi and Gopipur,[3] [4] [5] [6] between 85±11 and 72±8 kyr (thousand years ago)
before present (BP); Middle Paleolithic and later the Upper Paleolithic artifacts dated at 21–31 kyr BP;[7]
Mesolithic/Microlithic hunter-gatherer's settlement, near Pratapgarh, around 10550–9550 CE;[8] villages,
domesticated cattle, sheep or goats and evidence of plants and agriculture as early as 6000 CE – although, most dates
range between c. 4000 and 1500 CE – thus initiating a sequence which extends into the Iron Age,[9] [10] [11]
beginning from Indus Valley Civilization and Harappa Culture finds in the Saharanpur division through the Vedic
period.
The ancient Mahajanapada era kingdom of Kosala in Ayodhya – where,
according to Hindu legend, the divine king Rama of the Ramayana epic
reigned – was located here. Krishna – another divine king of Hindu legend,
who plays a key role in the Mahabharata epic and is revered as the eighth
reincarnation (Avatara) of Hindu god Vishnu – was born in the city of
Mathura. The aftermath of Mahabharata war is believed to have taken place
in the area between the Doab region of Western Uttar Pradesh and Delhi, (in
what was Kuru Mahajanapada), during the reign of the Pandava king
Yudhishtira. The kingdom of the Kurus[12] corresponds to the Black and Red
Ware and Painted Gray Ware culture and the beginning of the Iron Age in
Northwestern India, around 1000 BCE. The revered Swaminarayan –
mentioned in the Brahma Purana and Vishwaksena Samhita as the
Ancient cities of Indian Subcontinent.
manifestation of God – was born in the village of Chhapaiya.

Most of the empire building invasions of North India, from the east as well as the west, passed through the vast
swathe of Gangetic plains of what today is Uttar Pradesh. Control over this region was of vital importance to the
power and stability of all of India's major empires, including the Mauryan (320–200 BCE), Kushan (100–250 CE)
and Gupta (350–600 CE) Rajput (650–1036 CE) empires.
Uttar Pradesh 4

Following the Hun invasions that broke Guptas' empire,

the Ganga-Yamuna Doab saw the rise of Kannauj.
During the reign of Harshavardhana (590–647 CE), the
Kannauj empire was at its zenith; spanning from
Punjab and Gujarat to Bengal and Orissa – and parts of
central India, north of the Narmada River – it
encompassed the entire Indo-Gangetic plain. A patron
of Buddhism and the University at Nalanda, Harsha
organized theological debates and also patronised art
and literature. A noted author on his own merit, he
wrote three Sanskrit plays. Many communities in
various parts of India boast of being descendants of
migrants from Kannauj, reflecting its glory in the
past.[13] Soon after Harshavardhana's death, his empire
disintegrated into many kingdoms, to be invaded and
ruled mostly by Rajputs, who also challenged Bengal's
mighty Pala Empire's control of the region.

Mathura in Uttar Pradesh served as the capital of the Kushan Empire.

Medieval
The fall of the post-Harshavardhana Rajput kings of
north India came when the Turko-Afghan Muslim
rulers moved into present day Uttar Pradesh. Much of
the state formed part of the various Indo-Islamic
empires (Sultanates) after 1000 CE and was ruled from
their capital, Delhi.

Later, in Mughal times, U.P. became the heartland of

their vast empire; they called the place 'Hindustan',
which is used to this day as the name for India in
several languages. Agra and Fatehpur Sikri were the
capital cities of Akbar, the great Mughal Emperor of
India. At their zenith, during the rule of Aurangzeb, the
Mughal Empire covered almost the entire Indian Agra and Fatehpur Sikri in Uttar Pradesh were the capital cities of
subcontinent (including present day Afghanistan, Akbar the Great.
Pakistan and Bangladesh), which was ruled at different
times from Delhi, Agra and Allahabad.

When the Mughal Empire disintegrated, their last territory remained confined to the Doab region of Hindustan and
Delhi. Other areas of Hindustan (U.P.) were now ruled by different rulers: Oudh was ruled by the Nawabs of Oudh,
Rohilkhand by Afghans, Bundelkhand by the Marathas and Benaras by its own king, while Nepal controlled
Kumaon-Garhwal as a part of Greater Nepal. The state's capital city of Lucknow was established by the Muslim
Nawabs of Oudh in the 18th century.
Uttar Pradesh 5

Modern-colonial
Starting from Bengal in the later half of the 18th century, a series of battles for North Indian lands finally gave the
British East India Company accession over this state's territories – including the territories of Bundelkhand, Kumaon
and Benaras rulers – and the last Mughal territories of Doab and Delhi. When the Company included Ajmer and
Jaipur kingdoms in this northern territory, they named it the "North-Western Provinces" (of Agra). Today, the area
may seem large compared to several of the Republic of India's present 'mini-states' – no more than the size of earlier
'divisions' of the British era – but at the time it was one of the smallest British provinces. Its capital shifted twice
between Agra and Allahabad.
Due to dissatisfaction with British rule, a serious rebellion erupted in various
parts of North India; Meerut cantonment's sepoy, Mangal Pandey, is widely
credited as its starting point. It came to be known as the Indian Rebellion of
1857. After the revolt failed the British, in an attempt to divide the most
rebellious regions, split the Delhi region from ‘NWFP of Agra’ and merged it
with Punjab, while the Ajmer- Marwar region was merged with Rajputana
and Oudh was incorporated into the state. The new state was called the 'North
Western Provinces of Agra and Oudh', which in 1902 was renamed as the
United Provinces of Agra and Oudh. It was commonly referred to as the
United Provinces or its acronym UP.

Mangal Pandey

In 1920, the capital of the province was shifted from Allahabad to

Lucknow. The high court continued to be at Allahabad, but a bench
was established at Lucknow. Allahabad continues to be an important
administrative base of today's Uttar Pradesh and has several
administrative headquarters.
Uttar Pradesh continued to be central to Indian politics and was
especially important in modern Indian history as a hotbed of both the
Indian Independence Movement and the Pakistan Movement.
Nationally known figures such as Jawaharlal Nehru were among the
United Provinces of Agra and Oudh in 1903
leaders of the movement in UP. The All India Kisan Sabha (AIKS) was
formed at the Lucknow session of the Indian National Congress on 11
April 1936 with the legendary nationalist Swami Sahajanand Saraswati elected as its first President,[14] in order to
address the long standing grievances of the peasantry and mobilise them against the zamindari landlords' attacks on
their occupancy rights, thus sparking the Farmers' movement in India.[15] [16]

Post-independence
After independence, the state was renamed Uttar Pradesh ("northern province") by its first chief minister, Govind
Ballabh Pant. Pant was well acquainted with and close to Jawaharlal Nehru (the first Prime Minister of free India)
and was also popular in the Congress Party. He established such a good reputation in Lucknow that Nehru called him
to Delhi, the capital and seat of Central Government of the country, to make him Home Minister of India in 27
December 1954. He was succeeded by Dr. Sampoornanand, a classicist Sanskrit scholar. Following a political crisis
Uttar Pradesh 6

in Uttar Pradesh, initiated by Kamlapati Tripathi and C.B.Gupta, Sampurnanand was asked to resign as CM in 1960
and sent to Rajasthan as the Governor of Rajasthan, paving the way for Gupta and Tripathi to become Chief
Ministers.
Sucheta Kripalani served as India's first woman chief minister from October 1963 until March 1967, when a
two-month long strike by state employees caused her to step down. After her, Chandra Bhanu Gupta assumed the
office of Chief Minister with Laxmi Raman Acharya as Finance Minister, but the government lasted for only two
years due to the confusion and chaos which ended only with the defection of Charan Singh from the Congress with a
small set of legislators. He set up a party called the Jana Congress, which formed the first non-Congress government
in U.P. and ruled for over a year.
Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna was chief minister for Congress Party government for part of the 1970s. He was
dismissed by the Central Government headed by Indira Gandhi, along with several other non-Congress chief
ministers, shortly after the imposition of the widely unpopular Emergency, when Narain Dutt Tewari – later chief
minister of Uttarakhand – became chief minister. The Congress Party lost heavily in 1977 elections, following the
lifting of the Emergency, but romped back to power in 1980, when Mrs. Gandhi handpicked the man who would
later become her son's principal opposition, V.P. Singh, to become Chief Minister.

Creation of the state of Uttarakhand

On 9 November 2000, the Himalayan portion of the state, comprising the Garhwal and Kumaon divisions and
Haridwar district, was formed into a new state, now called Uttarakhand, meaning the 'Northern Segment' state.

Geography
Uttar Pradesh shares an international border with Nepal and is bounded by the Indian states of Uttarakhand,
Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Delhi, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Bihar. The state can be
divided into two distinct hypsographical regions.
The larger Gangetic Plain region is in the north: it includes the Ganga-Yamuna Doab, the Ghaghra plains, the Ganga
plains and the Terai. It has highly fertile alluvial soils and flat topography (slope 2 m/km) broken by numerous
ponds, lakes and rivers.
The smaller Vindhya Hills and Plateau region is in the south: it is characterised by hard rock strata and varied
topography of hills, plains, valleys and plateau; limited availability of water makes the region relatively arid.

Flora and fauna

Uttar Pradesh has 12.8% land under forest cover now. In spite of alarming deforestation and poaching of wild life, a
diverse flora and fauna exists. Several species of trees, large and small mammals, reptiles and insects are found in
the belt of temperate upper mountainous forests; medicinal plants are also found wild here, or are now grown on
plantations. Terai-Duar savanna and grasslands support cattle. Moist deciduous trees grow in the upper Gangetic
plain, including its riverbanks. In fact, this vast plain is so fertile and life supporting that any thing, which can live or
grow anywhere, will do so here. Ganges and its tributaries are the habitat of a variety of large and small reptiles,
amphibians, fresh-water fish and crabs. Mostly scrubs, trees like babool and animals like chinkara are found in the
arid Vindhyas.[17] [18] The state’s important plants and animals include the following:
Trees: pine, rhododendrons, silver fir, deodar, saal, oak, teak, sheesham, mango, neem, banyan, peepal, imli, jamun,
mahua, semal, gular and dhak.
Medicinal plants: hingan,[19] Dhak,[20] rauwolfia, sepentina, hexandrum, podophyllum.
Large vertebrates: elephant, tiger, bear, neelgai, wild pig, deer, wolf, jackal, fox, languor, porcupine.
Birds: peacock, gray quail, pigeon, swallow, maina, Indian parakeet, crow and duck.
Uttar Pradesh 7

Reptiles: crocodile, gharial, goh, snakes, chameleon and other lizards.

Fish: Rohu, catla, khusa, parhan, patra, moi, korouch and singhi.
According to Hindu legend, Lord Rama’s warrior devotee Hanuman had brought life saving Sanjivani herbs from a
mountain of this, or possibly the breakaway Uttarakhand, region.

Climate
The climate of Uttar Pradesh is predominantly subtropical, but weather conditions change significantly with location
and seasons:
Temperature: Depending on the elevation, the average temperatures vary from 12.5–17.5 °C (55–64 °F) in January
to 27.5–32.5 °C (82–91 °F) in May and June. The highest temperature recorded in the State was 49.9 °C (121.8 °F)
at Gonda on 8 May 1958.
Rainfall: Rainfall in the State ranges from 1000–2000 mm (39–79 in) in the east to 600–1000 mm (24–39 in) in the
west. About 90% of the rainfall occurs during the southwest Monsoon, lasting from about June to September. With
most of the rainfall concentrated during this four-month period, floods are a recurring problem and cause heavy
damage to crops, life, and property, particularly in the eastern part of the state, where the Himalayan-origin rivers
flow with a very low north-south gradient.
Snowfall: In the Himalayan region of the State, annual snowfall averaging 3 to 5 metres (10 to 15 feet) is common
between December and March.
Droughts: Periodic failure of monsoons results in drought conditions and crop failure.

Constituent regions
The state comprises several distinct regions:
• The Doab region which runs along UP’s western
border from north to south; this region is further
divided into three zones:
• The Upper Doab in the north-west,
• The Middle Doab in the west,
• including the Braj-bhumi in the trans-Yamuna
area,
• The Lower Doab in the south-centre,
• The Rohilkhand region in the north;
• The Awadh(or Oudh), the historic country of Regions of Uttar Pradesh
Kosalas in the centre;
• The northern parts of Bundelkhand in the south;
• The northern parts of Bagelkhand in the south-east; and
• The south-eastern part of the Bhojpur country in the east, commonly called Purvanchal ("Eastern Province").
Uttar Pradesh 8

Administrative divisions and districts (as in 2010)

The state of Uttar Pradesh consists of seventy two districts, which are grouped into eighteen divisions:-
Agra Division, Aligarh Division, Allahabad Division, Azamgarh Division, Bareilly Division, Basti Division,
Chitrakoot Division, Devipatan Division, Faizabad Division, Gorakhpur Division, Jhansi Division, Kanpur Division,
Lucknow Division, Meerut Division, Mirzapur Division, Moradabad Division, Saharanpur Division and Varanasi
Division.
The largest district in terms of area is Lakhimpur Kheri. The largest district in terms of population is Allahabad,
followed by Kanpur Nagar (Census 2001).The largest city(URBAN Area) is Kanpur Nagar.

Major cities
Municipal Corporations
• Agra
• Aligarh
• Allahabad
• Bareilly
• Ghaziabad
• Gorakhpur
• Jhansi
• Kanpur
• Lucknow
• Meerut
• Moradabad
• Saharanpur
• Varanasi
Special Status
• Noida
Other Big Urban Centres
• Mathura
• Muzaffarnagar
• Shahjahanpur
• Firozabad
• Etawah
• Budaun
• Rampur
• Faizabad
• Farrukhabad

Demographics
Uttar Pradesh is the most populous state in India with a population of over 190 million people as of 1 July 2008. If it
were a separate country, Uttar Pradesh would be the world's fifth most populous nation, next only to China, India,
the United States of America and Indonesia. As of the 2001 census of India, about 80% of Uttar Pradesh population
is Hindu, while Muslims make up around 18% of the population. The remaining population consists of Sikhs,
Buddhists, Christians and Jains.[23]
Uttar Pradesh 9

The population of Uttar Pradesh is divided into numerous castes and sub-castes. Historically, Hindu society is
divided into four sub-divisions or varnas, the Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras, with a further fifth group
which was considered to be outside the caste system, and are now known as Dalit.
The peripheral regions of Uttar Pradesh, are home to a number of tribal communities such as Agaria, Baiga, Bhar,
Bhoksa, Bind, Chero, Gond, Kol and Korwa. Five of these tribal communities have been recoginised by the
Government of India as disadvantaged scheduled tribes, viz. Tharus, Boksas, Bhotias, Jaunswaris and Rajis.[24]

Politics
The State Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) has 403 electoral
constituencies. In the Uttar Pradesh Elections, 2007,
Mayawati's Bahujan Samaj Party achieved unexpected
majority status, leading to her emergence as the chief
minister of Uttar Pradesh. This is the first time, since
1991 victory of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) with a
majority, that a single party has gained absolute
majority; the last two decades having been mostly
dominated by various coalitions among the Samajwadi
Party, Bharatiya Janata Party, and the Bahujan Samaj
Party. One characteristic of the BSP win in 2007 was
the amalgamation of Brahmin votes into this Dalit
dominated party,[25] as opposed to the decades-old The results of the UP assembly elections since 1989

trend of deep-rooted electoral divisions in the state

between Dalits, Upper Castes, Muslims and different OBC groups, which tend to vote in blocks. Mayawati, having
won 206 seats, took the oath of secrecy for the post of UP's next CM on 13 May 2007. She became Chief Minister
for the fourth time. Along with her 19 cabinet rank ministers, 21 Ministers of State holding Independent Charge were
also sworn in by the Governor T. V. Rajeswar. Some of the prominent names of her cabinet colleagues are:
Awadhpal Singh, Babu Singh Kushwaha, Badshah Singh, Nasimuddin Siddiqui, Rakesh Dhar Tripathi, Ratanlal
Ahirwar and Sudhir Goyal. Former Chief Minister Mulayam Singh Yadav's Samajwadi Party stood second in State
with 97 seats.

Political leadership
The state has a record of providing national leadership; eight of India's fourteen Prime Minister's were from Uttar
Pradesh. They are: Jawaharlal Nehru, Lal Bahadur Shastri, Indira Gandhi, Rajiv Gandhi, Choudhary Charan Singh,
Vishwanath Pratap Singh, Chandra Shekhar and Atal Behari Vajpayee, who represented a UP constituency, though
he was born in Gwalior.
The contemporary political scene is also interesting in the national context. Heirs-apparent to the Nehru-Gandhi
family have adopted U.P. as their home state. Congress President Sonia Gandhi represents Rae Bareli and her son
Rahul Gandhi Amethi, Sultanpur. Indira Gandhi's younger daughter-in-law Maneka Gandhi is a seven time BJP
Parliamentarian from Aonla, while her son Varun Gandhi has also made his debut as a BJP politician and is a
member of Lok Sabha from Pilibhit. Other prominent politicians include BJP leader and past Human Resources
Development minister Dr. Murli Manohar Joshi, SP leader and ex-Chief Minister Mulayam Singh Yadav, BSP
leader and now fourth time Chief Minister Mayawati, BJP President and ex-Chief Minister Rajnath Singh, former
BJP Chief Minister Kalyan Singh , Rashtriya Lok Dal chief Ajit Singh and ex-Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh and
later of Uttarakhand, Narayan Dutt Tiwari, Ex-Minister for State for Environment & Forest, & also Minister for
Education [Vir Sen, Khurja & Hapur],MADHU PRAKASH SRIVASTAVA Advocate& s.p. leader jalaun' Mukhtar
Uttar Pradesh 10

Abbas Naqvi Ex Information & Broadcasting Minister, Govt. of India, Zafar Ali Naqvi Minister of Education, UP
Govt. etc.
At the lowest tier of political pyramid the state has a large number of village councils, known as Panchayats, which
are similar to those found in other states in India.

Education
The region of Uttar Pradesh had a long tradition of learning, although it
had remained mostly confined to the elite class and the religious
establishment. Sanskrit-based education comprising the learning of
Vedic-to-Gupta periods, coupled with the later Pali corpus of
knowledge and a vast store of ancient-to-medieval learning in
Persian/Arabic languages, had formed the core of
Hindu-Buddhist-Muslim education, until the rise of British power. The
present schools-to-university system of education owes its inception
PK Kelkar Library, IIT Kanpur, designed by
and development here, as in the rest of the country, to foreign Christian
Achyut Kanvinde
missionaries and the British colonial administration.

Aligarh Muslim University is a residential academic institution.

Modelled on the British University of Cambridge, it was established by
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan in 1875 – then named as Mohammedan
Anglo-Oriental College – and in 1920 it was granted the status of a
Central University by an Act of Indian Parliament. Located in the city
of Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India, it was among the first institutions of
higher learning set up during the British Raj.

Banaras Hindu University is a Central University located in

Varanasi.[26] It evolved out of the Central Hindu College of Varanasi, IIM Lucknow

set up by Annie Besant – a colourful British lady of Irish descent –

who joined hands with Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya in April 1911
for a common Hindu University at Varanasi. Eventually, the Banaras
Hindu University started functioning from 1 October 1917, with the
Central Hindu College as its first constituent college. Most of the
money for the university came from Hindu princes and its present
1350-acre (5.5 km2) campus was built on land donated by the Kashi
Naresh. Regarded as the one among the largest residential universities
in Asia,[27] it has more than 128 independent teaching departments;
La Martinière College
several of its colleges – including science, linguistics, law, engineering
(IT-BHU) and medicine (IMS-BHU) – are ranked amongst the best in
India.[28] The university's total enrollment stands at just over 15000, including the students from abroad. It will be
the only university in India that will host one of the IITs in its premises, the IT-BHU, from academic session
2010.[29]

The school of Management Sciences (SMS), Varanasi is an autonomous educational institution approved by All
India Council for Technical Education (AICTE), Ministry of HRD , Govt of India. It was established in 1995, by
SMS Society, A philonthrphic non profit organization registered under Societies Registration Act 1860.
Uttar Pradesh 11

The Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur – set up in 1960 in the

industrial city of Kanpur and now known as IIT-Kanpur or 'IITK' – is
one of the famous internationally respected Indian Institutes of
Technology; it is primarily focused on teaching of undergraduates in
engineering and related sciences and technologies and research in these
fields. The Indian Institute of Management Lucknow is among premier
management schools in India. There are many other reputed schools in
the State's capital Lucknow, including the famous St. Francis' College,
Lucknow .Others schools like Loreto Convent, St Agnes' Loreto High
Tata Consultancy Services campus, Lucknow
School, La Martinière College, CMS are also there.

Uttar Pradesh Government is constantly working on promoting education in the state. The Government has given
permission to many new Universities in the state. Among them is Noida University.

Economy
Uttar Pradesh is the second largest state-economy in India contributing
8.17% to India's total GDP. Between 2004 and 2009, Uttar Pradesh
grew at 6.29% and is now quite close to the miracle growth norm
(which is 7% by international norm).[30] Most of the part of this growth
was contributed in period of 2007-09 after Mayawati took the charge
of Uttar Pradesh. She decided to promote the Lucknow region as
another IT destination after Noida. Some IT giants like TCS have
already started their campus in Lucknow since 2008-09.

The major economic activity in the state is agriculture; in 1991, 73% of A shopping mall situated on the Fatehabad Road
the population in the state was engaged in agriculture and 46% of the in Agra, U.P.
state income was accounted for by agriculture. UP has retained its
preeminent position in the country as a food-surplus state.
Uttar Pradesh is home to largest number of Small Scale industrial units in the country, with 12% of over 2.3 million
units.[31] But, industrial output has been adversely affected by erratic power supply from the UP State Electricity
Board and remains far below its full production capacity. Unavailability of adequate raw materials at competitive
prices is another negative factor. Also, like in most parts of India, traders and middlemen make most of the profits
while the labour class lives at subsistence level. Nevertheless, labour efficiency is higher in UP at 26 than the
national average of 25.[31]
Kanpur is the largest economic hub of Uttar Pradesh with a solid GDP of 20 billion $ followed by Lucknow that is
why it is assigned the status of Economic capital of Uttar Pradesh. With a GDP of 20 billion $ Kanpur stands in Top
10 Indian cities the only city of Uttar Pradesh. Following are some of the important industrial hubs in the state:
Kanpur is the largest shoe-manufacturing centre in the country.
NOIDA and Lucknow are among the top IT (Information Technology) destinations of the country.
Meerut, a manufacturing centre of sports goods, sharp tools like scissors and also of gold ornaments, is regularly
listed among the top tax-paying cities in the country.[32]
Mirzapur and Bhadohi are manufacturing centres and worldwide exporters of carpets and cotton durries.
Moradabad, a famous production centre of traditional 'Moradabadi' metalware, has emerged now as a major producer
and exporter of stainless steel utensils also.
Uttar Pradesh 12

Aligarh is a manufacturing hub of brass, zinc, aluminium, iron door fittings and is also famous for its padlocks.
These items are exported all over the world.
Agra was visited by more than 8 million domestic and 825,000 foreign tourists in 2006, followed by Varanasi,
Lucknow, Allahabad, Vrindaban and Mathura.
Economy is gearing itself to cater to contemporary Western tastes and
life style in upper class Uttar Pradeshis; elegant shopping malls are
coming up in big cities to satisfy their needs. The economy also
benefits from the State's thriving tourism industry.

Tourism
Uttar Pradesh attracts a large number of visitors, both national and
international; with more than 71 million domestic tourists (in 2003) Picture shows the Sector-18 junction, with
SabMall in the background, in NOIDA, U.P.
and almost 25% of the All-India foreign tourists visiting Uttar Pradesh,
it is one of the top tourist destinations in India.[31] There are two
regions in the state where a majority of the tourists go, viz. the Agra circuit and the Hindu pilgrimage circuit.
The city of Agra, gives access to three World Heritage Sites: Taj Mahal, Agra Fort and the nearby Fatehpur Sikri.
Taj Mahal is a mausoleum built by Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his beloved wife, Mumtaz Mahal. It
is cited as "the jewel of Muslim art in India and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the world's heritage".
Agra Fort is about 2.5 km northwest of its much more famous sister monument, the Taj Mahal. The fort can be more
accurately described as a walled palatial city. Fatehpur Sikri was the world famous 16th century capital city near
Agra, built by the Mughal emperor Akbar the Great, whose mausoleum in Agra is also worth a visit. Dayal Bagh in
Agra is a modern day temple and popular tourist sight. Its lifelike sculptures in marble are unique in India. Agra's
dubious modern attractions include Asia's largest Spa as well as Asia's first and only 6D theatre.
The pilgrimage circuit includes the holiest of the Hindu holy cities on the banks of sacred rivers Ganga and the
Yamuna: Varanasi (also considered world's oldest city), Ayodhya (birth place of Lord Rama), Mathura (birth place
of Lord Krishna), Vrindavan (the village where Lord Krishna spent his childhood), and Allahabad (the confluence or
'holy-sangam' of the sacred Ganga-Yamuna rivers).
Varanasi is widely considered to be one of the oldest cities in the world. It is famous for its ghats (bathing steps
along the river), full of pilgrims year round who come to bathe in the sacred Ganges River.
Mathura is world-famous for its colourful celebrations of the Holi festival, which attracts many tourists also – thanks
partly to the hype, which the Indian film industry has given to this highly entertaining socio-religious festival.
Thousands gather at Allahabad to take part in the Magh Mela festival, which is held on the banks of the Ganges. This
festival is organised on a larger scale every 12th year and is called the Kumbha Mela, where over 10 million Hindu
pilgrims congregate — One of proclaimed the largest gathering of human beings in the world.
The historically important towns of Sarnath and Kushinagar are located not far from Varanasi. Gautama Buddha
gave his first sermon at Sarnath after his enlightenment and died at Kushinagar; both are important pilgrimage sites
for Buddhists. Also at Sarnath are the Pillars of Ashoka and the Lion Capital of Ashoka, both important
archaeological artifacts with national significance. At a distance of 80 km from Varanasi, Ghazipur is famous not
only for its Ganga Ghats but also for the Tomb of British potentate Lord Cornwallis, maintained by the
Archeological Survey of India.
Lucknow, the capital of Uttar Pradesh, has several beautiful historical monuments such as Bara Imambara and
Chhota Imambara. It has also preserved the damaged complex of the Oudh-period British Resident's quarters, which
are being restored.
Some of the main natuaral protected areas in Uttar Prdesh are:-
Uttar Pradesh 13

• Dudhwa National Park is one of the best tiger reserves in the country.
• Pilibhit Tiger Reserve – home to the Tiger Reserve.
• Katarniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary – the most concentrated sanctuary in India with a large population of tigers as
well as leopards – situated in Bahraich and bordering Nepal is also worth a visit.
Some areas require a special permit for non-Indians to visit.

JK temple, a beautiful temple Kumbh Mela, is the largest Taj Mahal Varanasi is a holy city for
built by J.K.Trust in the gathering anywhere in the Hinduism and Buddhism
industrial city of Kanpur world.

Madan Mohan The Tomb of Salim Chisti Itmad-Ud-Daulah's Tomb at Agra Amar Singh Gate
temple in Brindavan. at Agra Fort

The Buland Darwaza Tomb of Akbar the Great Gateway to Bara Imambara
five-storey
Panch Mahal
at Fatehpur
Sikri

The Chhota Imambara The Dhamekh Stupa is located Kushinagar is a town where Kakrala is town where Sufi
in Sarnath where Gautama Gautama Buddha died Hazrat Shah Sharafat
Buddha first taught the Dharma Miyan was Born.
Uttar Pradesh 14

Transportation
The state has a large network of multimodal transportation system:
Airways: The state has four major airports and 23 airstrips. Cities that
have nationally well connected. Domestic airports are
Lucknow,GorakhpurAgra, Kanpur Allahabad and Varanasi. Lucknow
is the largest and most important airport of the state. Also, Lucknow
and Varanasi are two International Airports situated in state. Bareilly's
Trishul Air-base will soon serve also as a domestic airport.

Railways: Almost all the major as well as smaller cities of the state are Kanpur Central (CNB) is the largest railway
linked through railways. It has largest railway network in the country; station of North Central Railways

with a total length of 8,546 km (as on 2006) and the sixth largest
railway density.
Roadways: The state has largest road network in the country, after
Maharashtra. It boasts of 31 National Highways (NH), with a total
length of 4,942 km (8.5% of total NH length in India). It has seventh
highest road density in India, (1,027 km per 1000 km,2 as on 2002 )
and largest surfaced urban road network in the country (50,721 km, as
on 2002). Cities of Kanpur, Lucknow, Bareilly, Allahabad, Varanasi,
Jhansi, Gorakhpur, Agra and Ghazipur are connected to a number of
National Highways. With an existing expressway between Lucknow
Expressway
and Kanpur, new expressways are coming up between Agra and Noida
and between Noida and Ballia (near Ghazipur). The State
Government’s road transport company Uttar Pradesh State Road
Transport Corporation (UPSRTC) serves nationalized routes in the
state for intrastate and interstate transport.

Waterways: A long stretch of the river Ganges – from Allahabad (Uttar

Pradesh) to Haldia (West Bengal) – has been declared as National
Waterway (NW)-I and 600 km of the total NW-I lies in Uttar Pradesh.
Although, the state has a large and diversified transportation network,
its condition and functioning need substantial improvement.
The 2nd Yamuna Bridge

Culture

Architecture
Architectural legacies of the past millennia of Uttar Pradesh survive to varying extent. The oldest of them fall within
the purview of archeology or mythology; religious places in the State – identifiable in the narratives of Puranas and
other sacred literature of Indian religions – have architectural edifices that are very old and have been built over
repeatedly in course of time.
Medieval kings and emperors have left imposing monuments: forts, palaces, temples, mosques and mausoleums,
whose external and internal grandeur recalls the opulence of those times. British colonial architecture is still seen in
many cities' judicial buildings, hospitals, banks, post offices, police stations, and railway stations.
there are three industries they are cotton metal and leather
Uttar Pradesh 15

Art and craft

Uttar Pradesh is famous for its rich heritage of art and craft. Most famous centres are the following:
Bareilly boasts for its Zari work, (a type of fabric decoration), Surma (Kohl) and intricate ear-rings or ear-pendants
called 'Jhumka'.
Firozabad, the city of bangles, is also a hub for crafting many glass accessories. The glass artifacts produced in its
factories are of high value and are exported all over the country and around the world.
Kannauj is well known for oriental perfumes, scents and rose water and also for traditional tobacco products.
Kanpur is internationally known for its leather craft; shoes and other leather items are made here for the Indian
market and exported to foreign countries as well.Kanpur is also known as Leather City of the World.
Khurja is famous for its ceramics pottery; in fact, the entire state is famous for its pottery not only in India but also
around the world.
Lucknow, the capital, boasts of its cloth work and embroidery (chikan) work on silk and cotton garments.
Allahabad is Known for his National Institute of Art & craft College.
Bhadohi is known for carpets and also known as dollar-city; beside this, it is one of the highest revenue generating
districts of UP.
Moradabad is well known for its metal-ware, especially brass artifacts.
Pilibhit is known for its wooden footwear (locally called Paduka or Khadaon) and also for flutes made of wooden
pipes. Flutes are exported to Europe, America and other countries.
Saharanpur is known all over India and abroad for its wood-carving items produced there.
Varanasi is famous for its Banarasi saris and silk. A banarasi sari is an essential part of any marriage in the state.

Language and literature

Uttar Pradesh is often referred to as the 'Hindi heartland of India'.[33] While the languages of state administration are
Hindi,[34] established by the Uttar Pradesh Official Language Act, 1951, and Urdu, established by the Amendment to
the same in 1989, the native languages of the state are considered as dialects of Hindi, both by the common populace
as well as the State and Central Governmental authorities. Linguistically, the state spreads across the Central,
East-Central and Eastern zones of the Indo-Aryan languages, the major native languages of the state being, Awadhi,
Bundeli, Braj Bhasha, Kannauji and the vernacular form of Khari boli, which also forms the basis for the
standardised Hindi and Urdu registers. Bagheli is spoken on the southwestern fringes of the state.[35] The state
government promotes the native dialects in cultural festivals[36] – education in the dialects, however, is negligible.
Moreover, the literature of the two main literary dialects of the medieval era, Braj Bhasha and Awadhi, is considered
to be subsumed under Hindi literature. While once these two dialects were the main literary vehicles in the region,
any progress in literature in them or any of the other native languages is negligible.
Uttar Pradesh 16

Dance and music

The state is home to a very ancient tradition in dance
and music. During the eras of Guptas and Harsh
Vardhan, Uttar Pradesh was a major centre for musical
innovation. Swami Haridas was a great saint-musician
who championed Hindustani classical music. Tansen,
the great musician in Mughal Emperor Akbar's court,
was a disciple of Swami Haridas. The ragas sung by
Tansen were believed to be so powerful that they could
bring rain, or light a fire, when recited.

Kathak, a classical dance form, involving gracefully

coordinated movements of feet and arms along with the
entire body, grew and flourished in Uttar Pradesh.
Kathak is a famous dance form, indigenous to Uttar Pradesh.
Wajid Ali Shah, the last Nawab of Awadh, was a great
patron and a passionate champion of Kathak. Today,
the state is home to two prominent schools of this dance form, namely, Lucknow Gharana and Banaras Gharana.

In modern times, Uttar Pradesh has given to the world music legends like Anup Jalota, Baba Sehgal, Girija Devi,
Gopal Shankar Misra, Hari Prasad Chaurasia, Kishan Maharaj, Naushad Ali, Pandit Ravi Shankar, Shubha Mudgal,
Siddheshwari Devi, Talat Mehmood, and Ustad Bismillah Khan. The legendary Ghazal singer Begum Akhtar was
also a native of Uttar Pradesh; "Ae Mohabbat Tere anjaam pe rona aaya" is said to be one of her best musical
performances of all times. Uttar Pradesh is also the birthplace of British pop legend Sir Cliff Richard. The
Bhatkhande Music Institute University at Lucknow is named after the great musician Pandit Vishnu Narayan
Bhatkhande.
The region's folk heritage includes songs called rasiya (known and especially popular in Braj), which celebrate the
divine love of Radha and Shri Krishna. These songs are accompanied by large drums known as bumb and are
performed at many festivals. Other folk dances or folk theater forms include:
• Khayal
• Naqal – (mimicry)
• Nautanki
• Qawwali
• Raslila
• Swang
• Ramlila, which includes enacting the entire Ramayana.
Lokrang Sanskritik Samiti – an organisation of Jogia Janubi Patti, Fazilanagar, Kushinagar – is doing research work
in the field of Folk-songs, Folk-artists and Folk-cultures. In the month of May, every year the Samiti organises its
function "Lokrang". More than 150 artists and writers participate in this programme.

Cuisine
Uttar Pradesh has a rich tradition of sumptuous vegetarian and non-vegetarian food preparations and of sweetmeats,
seen at their best on formal occasions.
A formal vegetarian meal of Uttar Pradesh consists of chapatis, rotis (flatbread) and/or puris (deep fried puffed
flatbreads), daal (thick lentil soup), rice (boiled white rice), vegetable curries (one or more of dry/fried and
semi-liquid curries each), curd, pickles, papad (thin spicy crackers) and a variety of sweets ( gulab jamuns ,rasmalai
,rabri,jalebi ,laddoos of varying varieties ,pethas ,kheer ,gujhiys and many others). It is normally served in metal
dishes and traditionally eaten without the use of cutlery, sitting on the bare floor. When a large gathering is to be
Uttar Pradesh 17

feasted in a traditional manner, food may also be served on disposable, flat platters (called 'pattal'), which are made
by intertwining broad leaves of certain trees.Samosas and pakoras are among the favourite snacks.
A non-vegetarian meal consists of many varieties of meat- or rice-preparations that have evolved in the region, and
are now nationally and internationally known as the Moghlai cuisine; some of these are: kebab, kofta, korma, keema,
pulao, biryani, parathas (plain or stuffed), halwa, firni etc. In addition, a selection from the above vegetarian dishes
may be present among the food spread. Traditionally, food is served in metal-ware or ceramic crockery, eaten
directly with bare hands or (sometimes) with spoons, sitting on the ground covered with a flooring material like
cloth-sheet or carpet.

Dress
The people of Uttar Pradesh wear a variety of native- and Western-style dress. Traditional styles of dress include
colourful draped garments, such as sari for women and dhoti or lungi for men, and stitched clothes, such as salwar
kameez for women and kurta-pyjama for men. European-style trousers and shirts are also common among the
educated men.
Dress material is chosen as per the need of the weather; hence, fabrics made of cotton and cotton-synthetic blends are
common in summer and warm clothing, made of wool or synthetic-wool, is needed in winter, when a sweater, jacket
and/or a coat may be worn, specially during peak winter.

Festivals
Religious practices are as much an integral part of everyday life, and a very public affair, as they are in the rest of
India. Therefore, not surprisingly, many festivals are religious in origin, although several of them are celebrated
irrespective of caste and creed.
Among the most important Hindu festivals are Diwali, Holi and Dashehra, which are also observed with equal
fervour by Jains and Sikhs.Ten days of Ramlila takes place during the period of navratri and on the 10th day, epithet
of Raavan is burnt with great fervour. Durga puja is also observed in many parts of the state during navratri. Bāra
Wafāṭ, Eid, Bakreed and Birthdate of Imam Ali ibn Abitalib are recognized official Muslim religious festivals.
Moharram, though the day of Ashura is official holiday but Shiites consider it as a day of mourning and not a festival
as some people believe. Mahavir Jayanti is celebrated by Jains, Buddha Jayanti by Buddhists, Guru Nanak Jayanti by
Sikhs and Christmas by the Christians.[37] Other festivals include Ram navami, Chhath puja, Krishna-janmashtami,
Mahashivratri,etc.

Media
Uttar Pradesh is well integrated into the national media network:
Radio broadcasts: Broadcasting was started in India in 1936 by All India Radio (abbreviated as AIR), now officially
known as Akashvani.[38] Today, it is the sister service of Doordarshan, the national television broadcaster; both are a
division of Prasar Bharati (Broadcasting Corporation of India), an autonomous corporation of the Ministry of
Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. Broadcasts in several languages are being aired in the State
from a number of transmission stations by Akashwani.
Television: Telecasting had begun in India in 1959, with test educational telecasting in New Delhi. Doordarshan
started black-and-white small-screen programming in the mid 1970s and 1982 saw colour version of TV.[39] Several
private TV Channels, functioning now at national level, have become a vibrant and very effective part of the media.
Satellite-telecasting has revolutionized their reach. Telecasts of important cricket matches draw enormous viewers;
even street-side TV-sets attract crowds of cricket fans.
Newspapers and magazines etc. A number of periodicals are published in Hindi, English and Urdu. Growth of
journalism had its roots as much in the initiative of resident Britons as in the Indian freedom movement and the need
Uttar Pradesh 18

for dissemination of other news and messages of socio-religious reforms. The Pioneer was founded in Allahabad in
1865 by George Allen, an Englishman.[40] It was brought out three times a week from 1865 to 1869 and daily
thereafter. In 1866, a supplement, the Pioneer Mail, consisting mostly of advertisements, was added to the
publication. Also from Allahabad, a nationalist newspaper The National Herald had started publication, under the
patronage of the Nehrus and M.C. Rau as its editor, during the British period. In 1909, Madan Mohan Malviya,
started The Leader, from Allahabad, with C. Y. Chintamani, as its editor from 1909 to 1934.[41] Sidque, a famous
Urdu weekly, was started in that period by the highly respected intellectual Moulana Abdul Maajid Daryabadi for
reforming the Indo-Islamic society. Presently, all major national level dailies are publishing their ‘City Editions’
from several major cities of the state. The State's own ‘native’ publications – dailies/ weeklies/ monthlies – are
numerous, and mostly in Hindi and Urdu languages. Some Hindi language dailies, e.g. Amar Ujala and Dainik
Jagran, have a wide circulation, with their local editions being published from several important cities. National
Herald now publishes an Urdu version also. At still lower level, locally published newspapers and literary weeklies
and monthlies are extremely large in number.
Audio-visual production: In spite of its large size, Bollywood level Production of films for the silver screen, or of
informative short documentary films of high standard, has not grown in Uttar Pradesh. However, writers and artists
from the State have continued to contribute – as song and story writers, music composers and lyricists, actors,
directors and producers and earn name and fame in centres of the Indian film industry.

Sports
Presently, common sports of Uttar Pradesh are of two distinct genre:
the traditional sports and the modern sports of mainly European origin.
Traditional sports, now played mostly as a past time, include
wrestling, swimming, kabaddi and track- or water-sports played
according to local traditional rules and without use of modern gears;
some times, display of martial skills using a sword or ‘Pata’ (stick) etc.
form the basis of sports. Due to lack of organized patronage and
requisite facilities, these sports are surviving mostly as individuals'
hobbies or local competitive events, e.g. in interested schools.
Green Park Stadium, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh. In
Modern sports – the indoor, field and track games – are popular, background river Ganges can be seen.

especially among the educated class, but the State has yet to attain
all-round national standing in most of them. Field hockey is very popular and Uttar Pradesh has produced some of
the finest players in India. Dhyan Chand, the legendary field hockey player of India and a hero of many Olympic
Games was born on 29 August 1905, in Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh. Adolf Hitler, the Chancellor of Germany, was so
impressed by Dhyan Chand's performance in the Berlin Olympic hockey finals that he offered to elevate 'Lance
Naik' Dhyan Chand to the rank of a Colonel if he migrated to Germany; Chand had declined the offer.

Cricket has become more popular than field hockey. Though not renowned for it cricket team, U.P. won its first
Ranji Trophy tournament in February 2006, beating Bengal in the final. It can also boast of its 3 or 4 players
normally finding a place in the national side. Green Park Stadium in Kanpur is one of the oldest cricket venues in
India and has witnessed some of India's most famous victories.
Uttar Pradesh 19

Regions of Uttar Pradesh

• Upper Doab
• Middle Doab
• Lower Doab
• Rohilkhand
• Awadh
• Purvanchal
• Bundelkhand
• Baghelkhand

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External links
• Uttar Pradesh (http://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Asia/India/Uttar_Pradesh//) at the Open Directory Project
• Official website of the Government of Uttar Pradesh (http://www.upgov.nic.in/)
• Official Website of Uttar Pradesh Tourism (http://www.up-tourism.com/)
• PIN Code Search of All Districts/Post Offices of Uttar Pradesh (http://pincode.net.in/UTTAR_PRADESH)
Article Sources and Contributors 21

Article Sources and Contributors

Uttar Pradesh  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=389030718  Contributors: (jarbarf), *drew, 10 000 thundering typhoons, A3RO, AAA!, Aaroncrick, Aashishk29, Ab 18,
Abecedare, Abhay352, Abhishek203, Abhisinghal, Abundela76, Acred99, Acsenray, AgarwalSumeet, Ahoerstemeier, Ahuitzotl, Ajay50111, Akshaymarwah, Akshayrastogi, Akv, Al Silonov,
Aleenf1, Alexander.somma, Alltimemail, Alokmishra, Altes, Amanaqeel, AmarChandra, Amolakh, Andycjp, Anic420, AnkurIndia, Anshoopandey, Anthon.Eff, Anujkhandelwal, Anupam,
Anwar saadat, Arjun024, Arunsingh77, Arvindn, Aryavarta, Ash manit, Ashuvashu, Ashwinr, AssistantX, Astuishin, Auric, Avataran, BD2412, Bakasuprman, Balwinderdeep, Basawala, Beland,
Bentley4, Best Friend, Bhadani, Bigbenboa, Bikehorn, Billinghurst, Bkell, Bobblewik, Bobo192, Borisblue, Bovlb, Brijwasi, Bundelkhandi, Caid Raspa, CambridgeBayWeather, Capricorn42,
CarTick, Chancemill, Charles Matthews, CharlotteWebb, Chris the speller, Chrism, Citterio, Clarince63, Colonies Chris, Conical Johnson, Contribut, Coolguyhunksmart, Corriebertus, D6, DAJF,
DARTH SIDIOUS 2, Dabbler, Danianjan, Darbyji, Dashinghappy 9583, David Kernow, David Woodward, DeadEyeArrow, Deepak D'Souza, Delirium, Deville, Dewan357, DigiBullet,
Dilipawasthi, Dinesh smita, Dinkarsingh, Dn9ahx, Docu, DrMKVaish, DragonflySixtyseven, Dralwik, E. Ripley, E.mubeen, E235, Earl Andrew, Ebizur, Edgar181, Ekabhishek, Ekwity, El C,
Elfguy, Elockid, Elpincha, Emops, Energyworm, Enthusiast10, Erianna, Eumolpo, Everyking, Faizhaider, Fconaway, Fertejol, Filmbuzz, Foreignshore, Fortdj33, Freepsbane, Fuhghettaboutit,
Fundamental metric tensor, Fusillijerry86, GDibyendu, Gaius Cornelius, Gaurav.pal, Gaurav.upadhyaya, Gene Nygaard, Generalboss3, Geniac, Glenn, Gman124, Goethean, Golbez, Good
Olfactory, Gppande, Gprince007, Green Giant, Ground Zero, Gunnar Hendrich, Gurjeshwar, Gzornenplatz, Halmstad, Hariax, Harrypotter, Hellosandimas, Hemanshu, Holy Ganga, Hometech,
Hornplease, Hottentot, Howard the Duck, Humaliwalay, Huon, Imc, ImpuMozhi, India Gate, Iqbalhussian29, Iridescent, Itai, J04n, JaGa, Jagged 85, Jahangard, Jankit, Japanese Searobin, Jason
M, Jauhienij, Jeepday, JeffreyN, Jimwest88, Jishacj, Jj frap, Jklamo, John K, Johnh, Jonathan.s.kt, Jovianeye, Jugni, Jugnu, JustAGal, Ka Faraq Gatri, KarlFrei, Kartik2008, Katimawan2005,
Kbdank71, Kbh3rd, Keith Edkins, Khoikhoi, King Zebu, Kiril Simeonovski, Kkm010, KnowledgeHegemony, Koavf, KuwarOnline, Kwamikagami, LRBurdak, Lalalazi, Lalbal, Lalit Jagannath,
Lalit82in, Lallsons, Lambiam, Lamjus, LeQuantum, Leachi123, Leaveme2, LeeHunter, Leonidas666, Leszek Jańczuk, Light48, LilHelpa, LisaCarrol, Loansbreak, Lockesdonkey, Lollywood,
Lord Emsworth, Lostintherush, Luchga, Lucio Mas, Luuva, MER-C, Maddyr, Magicalsaumy, Mahlawat, Makks2010, Manish dohre, Maquahuitl, Marijuanarchy, Martarius, Masculinity,
Materialscientist, Mattisse, Maurice Carbonaro, Maver1ck, Mbxp, Melesse, Mellery, Miden, Miguel Andrade, Miguel.v, Mlaffs, Mohdusman82, Moonwiki, Morwen, Mr Tan, MrRadioGuy,
Mugunth Kumar, Muhends, Mukerjee, Mwanner, Myasuda, NCKariyawasam, NHSavage, Nat Krause, Nawab incredible, NawlinWiki, Neer kum, Neer pkr, Nichalp, Nick, Nikhils1989,
Nirvana888, Niteowlneils, Nitink garg, Nixeagle, Notashamed, Notedgrant, Nshuks7, Nyttend, Ocaasi, Okaywhatever, Omicronpersei8, OneGuy, Pahari Sahib, Patel orai, Patrick, Pavel
Vozenilek, Paxse, Pkm iet, Pks gzp, Planemad, Pollodiablowiki, Pratty3132, Pratul, Qaismujeeb, Qvfqub, R'n'B, Raag87, Rabbi4455, Ragib, Rahulpat, Raj712, Ram2002230, Rama's Arrow, Ran,
Rana A.R, RandomP, Ranveig, Rboatright, Rdsmith4, Rebecca, Rejectwater, Riana, Rich Farmbrough, Rick Block, Rjwilmsi, Rohit klar, Roisterer, Roland zh, Ronz, Roshansrivastava, RossF18,
Rpatel2005, S3000, Safemariner, Saffronsavior, Sajal.jain, Sameergoyal, Sanjasx, SanjayMohan, Sanjoykdas, Saravask, Sarayuparin, Sarosh8, Satyadasa, Saudiqbal, Schzmo, SeanMack,
Secleinteer, Semposition2, Sexie, Shabu naqvi, Shaileshsiddhart, Shalabhmaheshwary, Shamailaijaz, ShelfSkewed, Shell Kinney, Shobhit102, Shomat, Shubhadeep, Shyam, Signalhead, Silent
awaken, Simplyj, Singhwasking, Skapur, Skollur, Sl, SlaveToTheWage, Slysplace, Smsarmad, Sobreira, Soman, SpacemanSpiff, Spundun, Srikeit, Srimaanchanakya, Srini81, Stallions2010,
StudentWarz, Stwalkerster, Sudeepgarg, Sundar, Suneet87, Super cyclist, Sushant gupta, Sushildwi, Swapnilnarendra, Syed Atif Nazir, Synapopyse, Taamu, Tabletop, Tajik, Taketa, Tarunuee,
Template namespace initialisation script, Terissn, Tharkee, Themfromspace, ThevikasIN, Thumperward, TimProof, Tinkletinkle123, Tinton5, Tom Radulovich, Tonsitem, Trakesht, Tuncrypt,
Ummit, Urprakhar, User123 india, Utcursch, VIBHU806, VK35, Varungarde, Vedran12, Vegaswikian, Victor74, Vikas duhan, Vikramkr, Vjdchauhan, Vroomtrapit, WALTHAM2, Waerth,
Webmaster1234567, Wik, Wiki Wikardo, Wiki dr mahmad, Willking1979, Woohookitty, Xn4, Yash chauhan2, Yekrats, YellowMonkey, Youonlylivetwice, Yusuf Ali Tyagi, Zack wadghiri,
Zareef, ZenerV, 846 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

file:Upgovt-logo.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Upgovt-logo.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Uploader: Faizhaider
file:Uttar Pradesh locator map.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Uttar_Pradesh_locator_map.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Original uploader was
Faizhaider at en.wikipedia
file:India Uttar Pradesh locator map.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:India_Uttar_Pradesh_locator_map.svg  License: unknown  Contributors: Planemad
file:Red pog.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Red_pog.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:Andux
File:Flag of India.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_India.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:SKopp
File:Portal-puzzle.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Portal-puzzle.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:Eubulides
File:Speaker Icon.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Speaker_Icon.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Blast, G.Hagedorn, Mobius, 2 anonymous edits
File:EpicIndiaCities.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:EpicIndiaCities.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5  Contributors: Jijithnr, 2 anonymous
edits
File:Kushanmap.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kushanmap.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5  Contributors: User:PHGCOM
File:Mogulreich Akbar.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mogulreich_Akbar.png  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: User:Jungpionier
File:Mangal pandey gimp.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mangal_pandey_gimp.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:IndianCow
Image:United Provinces 1903.gif  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:United_Provinces_1903.gif  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Roland zh, Taichi
File:UP region map.gif  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:UP_region_map.gif  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Faizhaider
File:UP elections.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:UP_elections.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Fundamental metric tensor, Roland zh
File:IITKLibrary.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:IITKLibrary.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0  Contributors: User:AmarChandra
File:IIMLucknow.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:IIMLucknow.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Original uploader was Flyinggenius1965 at en.wikipedia
File:La Martiniere3-Lucknow.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:La_Martiniere3-Lucknow.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5  Contributors:
User:Nichalp
File:Tcs lucknow campus.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Tcs_lucknow_campus.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors:
User:Einstein90
File:AGRA TDI MALL.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:AGRA_TDI_MALL.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0  Contributors: Siddhartha
Shukla
File:Sabmall.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sabmall.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: Original uploader was Angry s0ul at en.wikipedia
Image:JKTemple.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:JKTemple.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: User:Sunshineroshan
Image:Kumbh Mela2001.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kumbh_Mela2001.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0  Contributors: User:Yosarian
Image:Taj Mahal in March 2004.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Taj_Mahal_in_March_2004.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5
 Contributors: User:Deep750, user:jaknudsen
Image:Varanasiganga.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Varanasiganga.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0  Contributors: Babasteve
Image:MadanMohanmandir.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:MadanMohanmandir.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: User:Gaura
Image:TombSalimChisti.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:TombSalimChisti.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: SK Desai
Image:Itmad.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Itmad.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Lallsons
Image:AgraFort.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:AgraFort.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: Calame, Poco a poco, Ppntori, Shakti, Shimgray, 2 anonymous edits
Image:The Panch Mahal in Fatehpur Sikri.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:The_Panch_Mahal_in_Fatehpur_Sikri.jpg  License: Creative Commons
Attribution-Sharealike 2.5  Contributors: Original uploader was Isewell at en.wikipedia
Image:NorthIndiaCircuit 100.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:NorthIndiaCircuit_100.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: SK Desai
Image:LDAkbarTombCenter.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:LDAkbarTombCenter.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Ekabhishek, LinguisticDemographer
Image:Adnanwiki.badaimambada1.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Adnanwiki.badaimambada1.JPG  License: Creative Commons Sharealike 1.0  Contributors:
shoaib husain
Image:Chhotaimambara.adnan.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Chhotaimambara.adnan.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Faizhaider, Moonwiki
Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 22

Image:Sarnath1.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sarnath1.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5  Contributors: Ekabhishek, Geofrog, Nataraja,
Olivier2, ~Pyb
Image:Kushinara1.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kushinara1.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5  Contributors: myself
Image:Ziarat Shareef.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ziarat_Shareef.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:Shujakhan15
File:Kanpur Central.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kanpur_Central.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Shashwatei, Urprakhar, 3 anonymous edits
File:DND Flyway.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:DND_Flyway.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Original uploader was Angry s0ul at en.wikipedia
File:bridge2.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bridge2.JPG  License: unknown  Contributors: Jaimehta321, Sdrtirs, Shariq81, 3 anonymous edits
File:Sharmila Sharma et Rajendra Kumar Gangani 2.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sharmila_Sharma_et_Rajendra_Kumar_Gangani_2.jpg  License: Creative
Commons Attribution 2.0  Contributors: Jean-Pierre Dalbéra from Paris, France
File:Green Park Stadium Kanpur.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Green_Park_Stadium_Kanpur.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:Faizhaider

License
Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported
http:/ / creativecommons. org/ licenses/ by-sa/ 3. 0/