Uttar Pradesh

Uttar Pradesh (Hindi: Uttara Pradēśa, pronounced [ˈʊtːəɾᵊ pɾəˈdeːʃᵊ]

UTT-ər prə-DESH; abbr. UP) is a state in northern India. With over Uttar Pradesh
241 million inhabitants, it is the most populated state in India as well State
as the most populous country subdivision in the world – more
populous than all but four other countries outside of India (China,
United States, Indonesia, and Pakistan)[13] – and accounting for 16.5
percent of the population of India or around 3 percent of the total
world population. The state is bordered by Rajasthan to the west,
Haryana, Himachal Pradesh and Delhi to the northwest, Uttarakhand
and Nepal to the north, Bihar to the east, Madhya Pradesh,
Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand to the south. It is the fourth-largest Indian
state by area covering 243,286 km2 (93,933 sq mi), accounting for
7.3 percent of the total area of India. Lucknow serves as the state
Taj Mahal
capital, with Prayagraj being the judicial capital. It is divided into 18
divisions and 75 districts.

Uttar Pradesh was established in 1950 after India had become a

republic. It is a successor to the United Provinces, established in 1935
by renaming the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, in turn Sarnath IIT Varanasi
established in 1902 from the North-Western Provinces and the Oudh
Province. Though long known for sugar production, the state's
economy is now dominated by the services industry. The service
sector comprises travel and tourism, hotel industry, real estate,
insurance and financial consultancies. The economy of Uttar Pradesh
is the third-largest state economy in India, with ₹18.63 lakh crore Dudhwa National Park Fatehpur Sikri
(US$220 billion) in gross domestic product and a per capita GSDP of
₹68,810 (US$810).[9] The High Court of the state is located in
Prayagraj. The state contributes 80 seats to the lower house Lok
Sabha and 31 seats and the upper house Rajya Sabha.

On 9 November 2000, a new state, Uttaranchal (now Uttarakhand),

was created from Uttar Pradesh's western Himalayan hill region. The
two major rivers of the state, the Ganges and its tributary Yamuna,
meet at the Triveni Sangam in Prayagraj, a Hindu pilgrimage site. Agra Fort
Other notable rivers are Gomti and Sarayu. The forest cover in the
state is 6.1 percent of the state's geographical area. The cultivable
area is 82 percent of the total geographical area, and the net area
sown is 68.5 percent of the cultivable area.[14]

Inhabitants of the state are called Awadhi, Bagheli, Bhojpuri,

Brajwasi, Bundeli, or Kannauji, depending upon their region of
origin. Hinduism is practised by more than three-fourths of the Emblem of Uttar Pradesh
population, followed by Islam. Hindi is the most widely spoken Etymology: Northern Province
language and is also the official language of the state, along with Motto: Satyameva Jayate (Truth alone triumphs)
Urdu. Uttar Pradesh was home to most of the mainstream political
entities that existed in ancient and medieval India including the
Maurya Empire, Harsha Empire, Gupta Empire, Pala Empire, Delhi
Sultanate and Mughal Empire as well as many other empires. At the
time of the Indian independence movement in the early 20th century,
there were three major princely states in Uttar Pradesh – Ramgadi,
Rampur and Benares and served as a focal point for the 1857
rebellion against British rule. The state houses several holy Hindu
temples and pilgrimage centres. Along with several historical, natural
and religious tourist destinations, including Agra, Aligarh, Ayodhya,
Bareilly, Gorakhpur, Kanpur, Kushinagar, Lucknow, Mathura,
Meerut, Prayagraj, Varanasi, and Vrindavan, Uttar Pradesh is also
home to three World Heritage sites.

History

Prehistory
Modern human hunter-gatherers have been in Uttar Pradesh[15][16][17]
since between around[18] 85,000 and 72,000 years ago. There have
also been prehistorical finds in the state from the Middle and Upper Location of Uttar Pradesh in India
Paleolithic dated to 21,000–31,000 years old[19] and Coordinates: 26.85°N 80.91°E
Mesolithic/Microlithic hunter-gatherer settlement, near Pratapgarh, Country India
from around 10550–9550 BCE. Villages with domesticated cattle, Region North India
sheep, and goats and evidence of agriculture began as early as 6000 Before was United Provinces
BCE, and gradually developed between c. 4000 and 1500 BCE (1937–1950)
beginning with the Indus Valley Civilisation and Harappa culture to Formation 24 January 1950[1]
the Vedic period and extending into the Iron Age.[20][21][22]
Capital Lucknow
and largest city
Ancient and classical period Largest metro Lucknow
Districts 75 (18 divisions)[2][3]
Out of the sixteen
Government
mahajanapadas (lit. 'great
• Body Government of Uttar
realms') or oligarchic Pradesh
republics that existed in • Governor Anandiben Patel[4][5]
ancient India, seven fell • Chief minister Yogi Adityanath (BJP)
entirely within the present- • Deputy chief Keshav Prasad Maurya
day boundaries of the minister (BJP)
The Dhamekh Stupa in Sarnath is Brajesh Pathak (BJP)
where Gautama Buddha first taught
state.[23] The kingdom of
the Dharma, and where the Buddhist Kosala, in the State Legislature Bicameral
Sangha came into existence through Mahajanapada era, was also • Council Uttar Pradesh
the enlightenment of Kondanna. located within the regional Legislative Council (100
seats)
boundaries of modern-day
• Assembly Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh.[24] Legislative Assembly
According to Hinduism, the divine King Rama of the Ramayana epic (403 seats)
reigned in Ayodhya, the capital of Kosala.[25] Krishna, another divine National Parliament Parliament of India
king of Hindu legend, who plays a key role in the Mahabharata epic • Rajya Sabha 31 seats
and is revered as the eighth reincarnation (Avatar) of the Hindu god • Lok Sabha 80 seats
Vishnu, is said to have been born in the city of Mathura.[24] The High Court Allahabad High Court
aftermath of the Kurukshetra War is believed to have taken place in Area
the area between the Upper Doab and Delhi, (in what was Kuru • Total 243,286 km2
Mahajanapada), during the reign of the Pandava King Yudhishthira. (93,933 sq mi)
• Rank 4th
The kingdom of the Kurus corresponds to the Black and Red Ware
and Painted Gray Ware culture and the beginning of the Iron Age in Dimensions
northwest India, around 1000 BCE.[24] • Length 650 km (400 mi)
• Width 240 km (150 mi)
Elevation[6] 300 m (1,000 ft)
Control over Gangetic plains region was of vital importance to the Highest elevation 957 m (3,140 ft)
power and stability of all of India's major empires, including the (Sivalik Hills[7])
Lowest elevation 60 m (200 ft)
Maurya (320–200 BCE), Kushan (100–250 CE), Gupta (350–600),
(Easter side)
and Gurjara-Pratihara (650–1036) empires.[26] Following the Huns'
invasions that broke the Gupta empire, the Ganges-Yamuna Doab saw Population (2021)
the rise of Kannauj.[27] During the reign of Harshavardhana (590– • Total 241,066,874
• Rank 1st
647), the Kannauj empire reached its zenith.[27] It spanned from
• Density 1,001/km2
Punjab in the north and Gujarat in the west to Bengal in the east and
(2,590/sq mi)
Odisha in the south.[24] It included parts of central India, north of the • Urban 22.27%
Narmada River and it encompassed the entire Indo-Gangetic • Rural 77.73%
Plain.[28] Many communities in various parts of India claim descent
Language
from the migrants of Kannauj.[29] Soon after Harshavardhana's death, • Official Hindi[8]
his empire disintegrated into many kingdoms, which were invaded
• Additional official Urdu
and ruled by the Gurjara-Pratihara empire, which challenged Bengal's • Official script Devanagari script
Pala Empire for control of the region.[28] Kannauj was several times
GDP[9]
invaded by the South Indian Rashtrakuta dynasty, from the 8th
• Total (2022–2023) ₹24.39 lakh crore
century to the 10th century.[30][31] After the fall of the Pala empire, (US$290 billion)
the Chero dynasty ruled from the 12th century to the 18th century.[32] • Rank 2nd
• Per capita ₹105,000 (US$1,200)
(28th)
Delhi Sultanate
Time zone UTC+05:30 (IST)
Uttar Pradesh was partially or entirely ruled by the Delhi Sultanate
for 320 years (1206–1526). Five dynasties ruled over the Delhi ISO 3166 code IN-UP
Sultanate sequentially: the Mamluk dynasty (1206–90), the Khalji Vehicle registration UP
dynasty (1290–1320), the Tughlaq dynasty (1320–1414), the Sayyid HDI (2018) 0.600 Medium[10]
dynasty (1414–51), and the Lodi dynasty (1451–1526).[33][34] (35th)
Literacy (2011) 67.68%[11] (29th)
The first Sultan of Delhi, Qutb ud-Din Aibak, conquered some parts Sex ratio (2021) 1015 ♀/1000 ♂[12]
of Uttar Pradesh, including Meerut, Aligarh, and Etawah. His (19th)
successor, Iltutmish, expanded the Sultanate's rule over Uttar Pradesh Website up.gov.in (http://up.gov.i
by defeating the King of Kannauj. During the reign of Sultan Balban, n)
the Mamluk dynasty faced numerous rebellions in the state, but he Symbols of Uttar Pradesh
was able to suppress them and establish his authority. Alauddin
Khilji, extended his conquests to various regions in the state,
including Varanasi and Prayagraj. Apart from the rulers, the Delhi
Sultanate era also saw the growth of Sufism in Uttar Pradesh. Sufi
saints, such as Nizamuddin Auliya and Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki, Emblem of Uttar Pradesh
lived during this period and their teachings had a significant impact
on the people of the region. Sultanat era in the state also witnessed Foundation day Uttar Pradesh Day
Bird Sarus crane
the construction of mosques and tombs, including the Atala Masjid in
Flower Palash
Jaunpur, the Jama Masjid in Fatehpur Sikri, and the Ghiyath al-Din
Mammal Barasingha
Tughluq's Tomb in Tughlaqabad.[35][36]
Tree Ashoka
State highway mark
Medieval and early modern period
In the 16th century, Babur, a Timurid descendant of Timur and
Genghis Khan from Fergana Valley (modern-day Uzbekistan), swept
across the Khyber Pass and founded the Mughal Empire, covering
India, along with modern-day Afghanistan, Pakistan and
Bangladesh.[37] The Mughals were descended from Persianised
State highway of Uttar Pradesh
Central Asian Turks (with significant Mongol admixture). In the UP SH1 – UP SH99
Mughal era, Uttar Pradesh became the heartland of the empire.[29]
List of Indian state symbols
Mughal emperors Babur and Humayun ruled from Delhi.[38][39] In
1540 an Afghan, Sher Shah Suri, took over the reins of Uttar Pradesh after defeating the Mughal King Humanyun.[40] Sher
Shah and his son Islam Shah ruled Uttar Pradesh from their capital at Gwalior.[41] After the death of Islam Shah Suri, his
prime minister Hemu became the de facto ruler of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, and the western parts of Bengal.
He was bestowed the title of Hemchandra Vikramaditya (title of Vikramāditya adopted from Vedic period) at his formal
coronation took place at Purana Qila in Delhi on 7 October 1556. A month later, Hemu died in the Second Battle of
Panipat, and Uttar Pradesh came under Emperor Akbar's rule.[42] Akbar ruled from Agra and Fatehpur Sikri.[43]

In the 18th century, after the fall of Mughal authority, the power vacuum was filled by the Maratha Empire, in the mid-
18th century, the Maratha army invaded the Uttar Pradesh region, which resulted in Rohillas losing control of Rohilkhand
to the Maratha forces led by Raghunath Rao and Malha Rao Holkar. The conflict between Rohillas and Marathas came to
an end on 18 December 1788 with the arrest of Ghulam Qadir, the grandson of Najeeb-ud-Daula, who was defeated by the
Maratha general Mahadaji Scindia. In 1803–04, following the Second Anglo-Maratha War, when the British East India
Company defeated the Maratha Empire, much of the region came under British suzerainty.[44]

British India era

Starting from Bengal in the second half of the 18th century, a series of
Timeline of reorganisation and
battles for north Indian lands finally gave the British East India
name changes of UP[45]
Company accession over the state's territories.[46] Ajmer and Jaipur
kingdoms were also included in this northern territory, which was 1807 Ceded and Conquered
named the "North-Western Provinces" (of Agra). Although UP later Provinces
became the fifth-largest state of India, NWPA was one of the smallest 14 Presidency of Agra
states of the British Indian empire.[47] Its capital shifted twice between November
Agra and Allahabad.[48] 1834
1 January North-Western Provinces
Due to dissatisfaction with British rule, a serious rebellion erupted in 1836
various parts of North India, which became known as the Indian
3 April 1858 Oudh taken under British control,
Rebellion of 1857; Bengal regiment's sepoy stationed at Meerut
Delhi taken away from NWP and
cantonment, Mangal Pandey, is widely considered as its starting
merged into Punjab
point.[49] After the revolt failed, the British divided the most rebellious
regions by reorganising their administrative boundaries, splitting the 1 April 1871 Ajmer, Merwara & Kekri made
Delhi region from 'NWFP of Agra' and merging it with Punjab separate commissioner-ship
Province, while the Ajmer–Marwar region was merged with Rajputana 15 February Oudh added to North-Western
and Oudh was incorporated into the state. The new state was called the 1877 Provinces
North Western Provinces of Agra and Oudh, which in 1902 was 22 March Renamed United Provinces of
renamed as the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh.[50] It was 1902 Agra and Oudh
commonly referred to as the United Provinces or its acronym UP.[51][52]
3 January Renamed United Provinces of
In 1920, the capital of the province was shifted from Allahabad to 1921 British India

Lucknow.[53] The high court continued to be at Allahabad, but a bench 1 April 1937 Renamed United Provinces
was established at Lucknow.[54] Allahabad continues to be an important 1 April 1946 Self rule granted
administrative base of today's Uttar Pradesh and has several 15 August Part of independent India
administrative headquarters.[55] Uttar Pradesh continued to be central to 1947
Indian politics and was especially important in modern Indian history as
24 January Renamed Uttar Pradesh
a hotbed of the Indian independence movement. The state hosted
1950
modern educational institutions such as the Aligarh Muslim University,
Banaras Hindu University and Darul Uloom Deoband. Nationally 9 November Uttaranchal state, now known as
known figures such as Ram Prasad Bismil and Chandra Shekhar Azad 2000 Uttarakhand, created from part
were among the leaders of the movement in Uttar Pradesh, and Motilal of Uttar Pradesh
Nehru, Jawaharlal Nehru, Madan Mohan Malaviya and Govind Ballabh
Pant were important national leaders of the Indian National Congress. The All India Kisan Sabha was formed at the
Lucknow session of the Congress on 11 April 1936, with the famous nationalist Sahajanand Saraswati elected as its first
president,[56] to address the longstanding grievances of the peasantry and mobilise them against the zamindari landlords
attacks on their occupancy rights, thus sparking the Farmers movements in India.[57] During the Quit India Movement of
1942, Ballia district overthrew the colonial authority and installed an independent administration under Chittu Pandey.
Ballia became known as "Baghi Ballia" (Rebel Ballia) for this significant role in India's independence movement.[58]
Post-independence
After India's independence, the United Provinces were renamed "Uttar Pradesh" (lit. 'northern province'), preserving UP as
the abbreviation of the state's name,[59][60] with the change coming into effect on 24 January 1950.[1] The new state was
formed after the merger of several princely states and territories, including the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, and
the Delhi territory. The state has provided nine of India's prime ministers which is more than any other state and is the
source of the largest number of seats in the Lok Sabha. Despite its political influence since ancient times, its poor record in
economic development and administration, poor governance, organised crime and corruption have kept it among India's
backward states. The state has been affected by repeated episodes of caste-related and communal violence.[61] In
December 1992 the disputed Babri Mosque located in Ayodhya was demolished by Hindu activists, leading to widespread
violence across India.[62] In 2000, northern districts of the state were separated to form the state of Uttarakhand.[63]

Geography
Uttar Pradesh, with a total area of 240,928 square kilometres (93,023 sq mi), is
India's fourth-largest state in terms of land area and is roughly of same size as
United Kingdom. It is situated on the northern spout of India and shares an
international boundary with Nepal. The Himalayas border the state on the
north,[64] but the plains that cover most of the state are distinctly different
from those high mountains.[65] The larger Gangetic Plain region is in the
north; it includes the Ganges-Yamuna Doab, the Ghaghra plains, the Ganges
plains and the Terai.[66] The smaller Vindhya Range and plateau region are in
the south.[67] It is characterised by hard rock strata and a varied topography of
hills, plains, valleys and plateaus. The Bhabhar tract gives place to the terai A part of the Gangetic Plain
area which is covered with tall elephant grass and thick forests interspersed
with marshes and swamps.[68][69] The sluggish rivers of the bhabhar deepen in
this area, their course running through a tangled mass of thick undergrowth. The terai runs parallel to the bhabhar in a thin
strip. The entire alluvial plain is divided into three sub-regions.[70] The first in the eastern tract consisting of 14 districts
which are subject to periodical floods and droughts and have been classified as scarcity areas. These districts have the
highest density of population which gives the lowest per capita land. The other two regions, the central and the western,
are comparatively better with a well-developed irrigation system.[71] They suffer from waterlogging and large-scale user
tracts.[72] In addition, the area is fairly arid. The state has more than 32 large and small rivers; of them, the Ganga,
Yamuna, Saraswati, Sarayu, Betwa, and Ghaghara are larger and of religious importance in Hinduism.[73]

Cultivation is intensive in the state.[74] Uttar Pradesh falls under three agro-climatic zones viz. Middle Gangetic Plains
region (Zone–IV), Upper Gangetic Plains region (Zone–V) and Central Plateau and Hills region (Zone–VIII).[75] The
valley areas have fertile and rich soil. There is intensive cultivation on terraced hill slopes, but irrigation facilities are
deficient.[76] The Siwalik Range which forms the southern foothills of the Himalayas, slopes down into a boulder bed
called 'bhabhar'.[77] The transitional belt running along the entire length of the state is called the terai and bhabhar area. It
has rich forests, cutting across it are innumerable streams which swell into raging torrents during the monsoon.[78]

Climate
Uttar Pradesh has a humid subtropical climate and experiences four
seasons.[79] The winter in January and February is followed by summer
between March and May and the monsoon season between June and
September.[80] Summers are extreme with temperatures fluctuating anywhere
between 0–50 °C (32–122 °F) in parts of the state coupled with dry hot winds
Monsoon clouds over Indirapuram called the Loo.[81] The Gangetic plain varies from semiarid to sub-humid.[80]
The mean annual rainfall ranges from 650 mm (26 inches) in the southwest
corner of the state to 1,000 mm (39 inches) in the eastern and south eastern
parts of the state.[82] Primarily a summer phenomenon, the Bay of Bengal branch of the Indian monsoon is the major
bearer of rain in most parts of state. After summer it is the southwest monsoon which brings most of the rain here, while in
winters rain due to the western disturbances and north-east monsoon also contribute small quantities towards the overall
precipitation of the state.[79][83]

Climate data for Uttar Pradesh

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Mean daily
29.9 31.9 35.4 37.7 36.9 31.7 28.4 27.4 29.4 31.4 30.1 28.9 31.6
maximum
(85.8) (89.4) (95.7) (99.9) (98.4) (89.1) (83.1) (81.3) (84.9) (88.5) (86.2) (84.0) (88.9)
°C (°F)

Mean daily
11.0 12.1 15.8 19.9 22.4 22.9 22.2 21.6 20.8 18.5 14.4 11.5 17.8
minimum °C
(51.8) (53.8) (60.4) (67.8) (72.3) (73.2) (72.0) (70.9) (69.4) (65.3) (57.9) (52.7) (64.0)
(°F)

Average
0 3 2 11 40 138 163 129 155 68 28 4 741
precipitation
(0) (0.1) (0.1) (0.4) (1.6) (5.4) (6.4) (5.1) (6.1) (2.7) (1.1) (0.2) (29.2)
mm (inches)

Average
precipitation 0.1 0.3 0.3 1.1 3.3 10.9 17.0 16.2 10.9 5.0 2.4 0.3 67.8
days

Mean
monthly
291.4 282.8 300.7 303.0 316.2 186.0 120.9 111.6 177.0 248.44 270.0 288.3 2,896.34
sunshine
hours

Source: [84]

The rain in Uttar Pradesh can vary from an annual average of 170 cm (67 inches) in hilly areas to 84 cm (33 inches) in
Western Uttar Pradesh.[79] Given the concentration of most of this rainfall in the four months of the monsoon, excess rain
can lead to floods and shortage to droughts. As such, these two phenomena, floods and droughts, commonly recur in the
state. The climate of the Vindhya Range and plateau is subtropical with a mean annual rainfall between 1,000 and
1,200 mm (39 and 47 inches), most of which comes during the monsoon.[80] Typical summer months are from March to
June, with maximum temperatures ranging from 30–38 °C (86–100 °F). There is a low relative humidity of around 20%
and dust-laden winds blow throughout the season. In summer, hot winds called loo blow all across Uttar Pradesh.[79]

Flora and fauna

Uttar Pradesh has an abundance of natural resources.[87] In 2011, the recorded forest
State symbols of Uttar
area in the state was 16,583 km2 (6,403 sq mi) which is about 6.9% of the state's Pradesh[85][86]
geographical area.[88] In spite of rapid deforestation and poaching of wildlife, a Swamp deer
diverse flora and fauna continue to exist in the state. Uttar Pradesh is a habitat for State
(Rucervus
animal
4.2% of all species of Algae recorded in India, 6.4% of Fungi, 6.0% of Lichens, duvaucelii)
2.9% of Bryophytes, 3.3% of Pteridophytes, 8.7% of Gymnosperms, 8.1% of Sarus crane
State
Angiosperms.[89] Several species of trees, large and small mammals, reptiles, and bird
(Antigone
insects are found in the belt of temperate upper mountainous forests. Medicinal antigone)
plants are found in the wild[90] and are also grown in plantations. The Terai–Duar Ashoka
State
(Saraca
savanna and grasslands support cattle. Moist deciduous trees grow in the upper tree
asoca)
Gangetic plain, especially along its riverbanks. This plain supports a wide variety of
Palash
plants and animals. The Ganges and its tributaries are the habitat of large and small State
(Butea
reptiles, amphibians, fresh-water fish, and crabs. Scrubland trees such as the Babool flower
monosperma)
(Vachellia nilotica) and animals such as the Chinkara (Gazella bennettii) are found
State
in the arid Vindhyas.[91][92] Tropical dry deciduous forests are found in all parts of Kathak
dance
the plains. Since much sunlight reaches the ground, shrubs and grasses are also
abundant.[93] Large tracts of these forests have been cleared for cultivation. Tropical State
Field hockey
thorny forests, consisting of widely scattered thorny trees, mainly babool are mostly sport
found in the southwestern parts of the state.[94]
Uttar Pradesh is known for its extensive avifauna.[95] The most common birds which are found in the state are doves,
peafowl, junglefowl, black partridges, house sparrows, songbirds, blue jays, parakeets, quails, bulbuls, comb ducks,
kingfishers, woodpeckers, snipes, and parrots. Bird sanctuaries in the state include Bakhira Sanctuary, National Chambal
Sanctuary, Chandra Prabha Wildlife Sanctuary, Hastinapur Wildlife Sanctuary, Kaimoor Wildlife Sanctuary, and Okhla
Sanctuary.[96][97][98][99][100][101]

Other animals in the state include reptiles such as lizards, cobras, kraits, and gharials. Among the wide variety of fishes,
the most common ones are mahaseer and trout. Some animal species have gone extinct in recent years, while others, like
the lion from the Gangetic Plain, the rhinoceros from the Terai region, Ganges river dolphin primarily found in the Ganges
have become endangered.[102] Many species are vulnerable to poaching despite regulation by the government.[103]

A hybrid nasturtium
(Tropaeolum majus) showing
Anandabodhi tree (Ficus nectar spur, found mainly in
religiosa) in Jetavana Hardoi district An endangered Ganges river
Monastery, Sravasti dolphin (Platanista
gangetica) lives in the
Ganges river

View of the Terai region

The threatened Gharial

(Gavialis gangeticus) is a
large fish-eating crocodilian
found in the Ganges River

Divisions, districts and cities

Uttar Pradesh is divided into 75 districts under these 18 divisions:[104]

1. Saharanpur
2. Moradabad
3. Bareilly
4. Meerut
5. Aligarh
6. Agra
7. Devipatan
8. Basti Divisions of Uttar Pradesh
9. Gorakhpur

10. Kanpur
11. Lucknow
12. Ayodhya
 13. Azamgarh
14. Jhansi
15. Chitrakoot
16. Prayagraj
17. Varanasi
18. Mirzapur

The following is a list of top districts from state of Uttar Pradesh by population, ranked in respect of all India.[105]

Rank (in India) District Population Growth Rate (%) Sex Ratio (Females per 1000 Males) Literacy Rate (%)

13 Prayagraj 5,954,391 20.63 901 72.32

26 Moradabad 4,772,006 25.22 906 56.77

27 Ghaziabad 4,681,645 42.27 881 78.07

30 Azamgarh 4,613,913 17.11 1019 70.93

31 Lucknow 4,589,838 25.82 917 77.29

32 Kanpur Nagar 4,581,268 9.92 862 79.65

41 Agra 4,418,797 22.05 868 71.58

50 Bareilly 4,448,359 22.93% 887 58.5

Each district is governed by a District Magistrate, who is an Indian Administrative Service (IAS) officer appointed
Government of Uttar Pradesh and reports to Divisional Commissioner of the division in which his district falls.[106] The
Divisional Commissioner is an IAS officer of high seniority. Each district is divided into subdivisions, governed by a Sub-
Divisional Magistrate, and again into Blocks. Blocks consists of panchayats (village councils) and town
municipalities.[107] These blocks consists of urban units viz. census towns and rural units called gram panchayat.[106]

Uttar Pradesh has more metropolitan cities than any other state in India.[108][109] The absolute urban population of the
state is 44.4 million, which constitutes 11.8% of the total urban population of India, the second-highest of any state.[110]
According to the 2011 census, there are 15 urban agglomerations with a population greater than 500,000.[111] Uttar
Pradesh has a complex system of municipalities. Nagar Nigam (Municipal Corporation) are urban local bodies in large
cities such as Lucknow, Kanpur, Varanasi and cities having population more than 4 million.[112] These governed by a
mayor and councilors elected from wards. Nagar Palika Parishad or Municipal Council, serves medium-sized towns like
Bela Pratapgarh, Jalaun, or Bisalpur and are governed by a chairperson and councilors.[113] Nagar Panchayat which
operate in smaller towns and semi-urban areas like Badlapur, Jaunpur, Bikapur, or Chilkana Sultanpur, are governed by a
chairman and councilors.[113] There are 14 Municipal Corporations,[114][115] while Noida and Greater Noida in Gautam
Budha Nagar district are specially administered by statutory authorities under the Uttar Pradesh Industrial Development
Act, 1976.[116][117]

In 2011, state's cabinet ministers headed by the then Chief Minister Mayawati announced the separation of Uttar Pradesh
into four different states of Purvanchal, Bundelkhand, Avadh Pradesh and Paschim Pradesh with twenty-eight, seven,
twenty-three and seventeen districts, respectively, later the proposal was turned down when the Akhilesh Yadav–lead
Samajwadi Party came to power in the 2012 election.[118]

Demographics
Uttar Pradesh has a very large population and a high population growth rate. From 1991 to 2001 its population increased
by over 26 per cent.[121] It is the most populous state in India, with 199,581,477 people on 1 March 2011.[122] The state
contributes to 16.2 per cent of India's population. As of 2021, the estimated population of the state is around 240 million
people.[123] The population density is 828 people per square kilometre, making it one of the most densely populated states
in the country.[124] It has the largest scheduled caste population whereas scheduled tribes are less than 1 per cent of the
total population.[125][126]
 The sex ratio in 2011, at 912
women to 1000 men, was lower
than the national figure of
943.[11] The low sex ratio in
Uttar Pradesh, is a result of
various factors, such as sex-
selective abortion, female
infanticide, and discrimination
against girls and women.[127][128]
The state's 2001–2011 decennial
Religion in Uttar Pradesh (2011)[119] growth rate (including Languages of Uttar Pradesh from 2011 census[120]

Hinduism (79.73%) Uttrakhand) was 20.1 per cent, Hindi (80.16%)

Islam (19.26%) higher than the national rate of Bhojpuri (10.93%)
17.64 per cent.[129][130] It has a
Sikhism (0.32%) Urdu (5.42%)
large number of people living
Christianity (0.18%) Awadhi (1.9%)
below the poverty line.[131] As
Buddhism (0.1%) per a World Bank document Punjabi (0.3%)
Jainism (0.11%) released in 2016, the pace of Bengali (0.1%)
Other (0.01%) poverty reduction in the state has Others (1.19%)
Not stated (0.29%) been slower than the rest of the
country.[132] Estimates released
by the Reserve Bank of India for the year 2011–12 revealed that the state had
59 million (59819,000) people below the poverty line, the most for any state in India.[131][133] The central and eastern
districts in particular have very high levels of poverty. The state is also experiencing widening consumption inequality. As
per the report of the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation released in 2020, the state per capita income is
below ₹80,000 (US$950) per annum.[134]

As per 2011 census, Uttar Pradesh, the most populous state in India, is home to the highest numbers of both Hindus and
Muslims.[135] The literacy rate of the state at the 2011 census was 67.7 per cent, which was below the national average of
74 per cent.[136][137] The literacy rate for men is 79 per cent and for women 59 per cent. In 2001 the literacy rate in the
state stood at 56 per cent overall, 67 per cent for men and 43 per cent for women.[138] A report based on a National
Statistical Office (NSO) survey[a] revealed that Uttar Pradesh's literacy rate is 73 per cent, less than the national average of
77.7 per cent. According to the report, in the rural region, the literacy rate among men is 80.5 per cent and women is 60.4
per cent, while in urban areas, the literacy rate among men is 86.8 per cent and women is 74.9 per cent.[139]

Hindi is the primary official language and is spoken by the majority of the population.[8] Bhojpuri is the second most
spoken language of the state,[140] it is spoken by almost 11 per cent of the population. Most people speak regional
languages classified as dialects of Hindi in the census. These include Awadhi spoken in Awadh in central Uttar Pradesh,
Bhojpuri spoken in Purvanchal in eastern Uttar Pradesh, and Braj Bhasha spoken in the Braj region in Western Uttar
Pradesh. These languages have also been recognised by the state government for official use in their respective regions.
Urdu is given the status of a second official language, spoken by 5.4 per cent of the population.[8][141] English is used as a
means of communication for education, commerce, and governance. It is commonly spoken and employed as a language
of instruction in educational institutions, as well as for conducting business transactions and managing administrative
affairs. Other notable languages spoken in the state include Punjabi (0.3 per cent) and Bengali (0.1 per cent).[141]

Governance and administration

The state is governed by a parliamentary system of representative democracy. Uttar Pradesh is one of the seven states in
India, where the state legislature is bicameral, comprising two houses: the Vidhan Sabha (Legislative Assembly) and the
Vidhan Parishad (Legislative Council).[142][143] The Legislative Assembly consists of 404 members who are elected for
 five-year terms. The Legislative Council is a permanent body of 100 members
with one-third (33 members) retiring every two years. The state sends the
largest number of legislators to the national Parliament.[144] The state
contributes 80 seats to Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Indian Parliament,
and 31 seats to Rajya Sabha, the upper house.[145][146]
Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly
(Vidhan Sabha), the lower house of the
The Government of Uttar Pradesh is a democratically elected body in India
bicameral legislature
with the governor as its constitutional head and is appointed by the president
of India for a five-year term.[147] The leader of the party or coalition with a
majority in the Legislative Assembly is appointed as the chief minister by the governor, and the council of ministers is
appointed by the governor on the advice of the chief minister. The governor remains a ceremonial head of the state, while
the chief minister and his council are responsible for day-to-day government functions. The Council of Ministers consists
of Cabinet Ministers and Ministers of State (MoS). The Secretariat headed by the Chief Secretary assists the council of
ministers. The Chief Secretary is also the administrative head of the government. Each government department is headed
by a minister, who is assisted by an Additional Chief Secretary or a Principal Secretary, who is usually an officer of Indian
Administrative Service (IAS), the Additional Chief Secretary/Principal Secretary serves as the administrative head of the
department they are assigned to. Each department also has officers of the rank of Secretary, Special Secretary, Joint
Secretary etc. assisting the Minister and the Additional Chief Secretary/Principal Secretary.[148][149]

For administration, the state is divided into 18 divisions and 75 districts. Divisional Commissioner, an IAS officer is the
head of administration on the divisional level.[148][150][151] The administration in each district is headed by a District
Magistrate, who is also an IAS officer, and is assisted by several officers belonging to state services.[148][152] District
Magistrate being the head of the district administration, is responsible for maintaining law and order and providing public
services in the district. At the block level, the Block Development Officer (BDO) is responsible for the overall
development of the block. The Uttar Pradesh Police is headed by an IPS officer of the rank of Director general of police. A
Superintendent of Police, an IPS officer assisted by the officers of the Uttar Pradesh Police Service, is entrusted with the
responsibility of maintaining law and order and related issues in each district. The Divisional Forest Officer, an officer
belonging to the Indian Forest Service manages the forests, environment, and wildlife of the district, assisted by the
officers of Provincial Forest Service and Uttar Pradesh Forest Subordinate Service.[153]

The judiciary in the state consists of the Allahabad High Court in Prayagraj,
the Lucknow Bench of Allahabad High Court, district courts and session
courts in each district or Sessions Division, and lower courts at the tehsil
level.[148][154] The president of India appoints the chief justice of the High
Court of the Uttar Pradesh judiciary on the advice of the Chief Justice of the
Supreme Court of India as well as the governor of Uttar Pradesh.[148][155]
Subordinate Judicial Service, categorised into two divisions viz. Uttar Pradesh
civil judicial services and Uttar Pradesh higher judicial service are another
vital part of the judiciary of Uttar Pradesh.[148][156] While the Uttar Pradesh
civil judicial services comprise the Civil Judges (Junior Division)/Judicial Allahabad High Court
Magistrates and civil judges (Senior Division)/Chief Judicial Magistrate, the
Uttar Pradesh higher judicial service comprises civil and sessions judges.[148]
The Subordinate judicial service (viz. The district court of Etawah and the district court of Kanpur Dehat) of the judiciary
at Uttar Pradesh is controlled by the District Judge.[148][156][157]

Politics in Uttar Pradesh has been dominated by four political parties – the Samajwadi Party, the Bahujan Samaj Party, the
Bharatiya Janata Party, and the Indian National Congress. The political landscape of the state is often characterized by
intense competition and polarization, leading to caste-based tensions and communal conflicts.[158] Critics often suggest
that despite Uttar Pradesh's significant political legacy of producing eight Prime Ministers, the state continues to struggle
with issues that hinder its overall advancement.[159]
Crime and accidents
According to the National Human Rights Commission of India (NHRC), Uttar Pradesh tops the list of states of encounter
killings and custodial deaths.[160] In 2014, the state recorded 365 judicial deaths out of a total 1,530 deaths recorded in the
country.[161] NHRC further said, of the over 30,000 murders registered in the country in 2016, Uttar Pradesh had 4,889
cases.[162] A data from Minister of Home Affairs (MHA) avers, Bareilly recorded the highest number of custodial death at
25, followed by Agra (21), Allahabad (19) and Varanasi (9). National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) data from 2011
says, the state has the highest number of crimes among any state in India, but due to its high population, the actual per
capita crime rate is low.[163] The state also continues to top the list of states with maximum communal violence incidents.
An analysis of Ministers of State of Home Affairs states (2014), 23 per cent of all incidents of communal violence in India
took place in the state.[164][165] According to a research assembled by State Bank of India, Uttar Pradesh failed to improve
its Human Development Index (HDI) ranking over a period of 27 years (1990–2017).[166] Based on sub-national human
development index data for Indian states from 1990 to 2017, the report also stated that the value of human development
index has steadily increased over time from 0.39 in 1990 to 0.59 in 2017.[167][168][169] The Uttar Pradesh Police, governed
by the Department of Home and Confidential, is the largest police force in the world.[170][171][172]

Uttar Pradesh also reported the highest number of deaths – 41,746 – due to road accidents till December 2022, according
to "Road Accidents in India" report of Union Ministry of Road Transport and Highways.[173][174] The UP Transport
Department report also indicates that the primary cause of road accident fatalities was over-speeding, which accounted for
40 per cent of deaths. Drunken driving contributed to 10 per cent of fatalities, while 12 per cent of deaths were due to
driving on the wrong side. Additionally, 10 per cent of accident deaths were caused by the use of mobile phones, and 5 per
cent resulted from running red lights. The remaining 23 per cent of deaths were attributed to factors such as losing control
of the vehicle, drowsiness, poor road visibility, and engineering defects.[175]

Between 2006 and 2010, the state has been hit with three terrorist attacks, including explosions in a landmark holy place, a
court and a temple. The 2006 Varanasi bombings were a series of bombings that occurred across the Hindu holy city of
Varanasi on 7 March 2006. At least 28 people were killed and as many as 101 others were injured.[176][177] In the
afternoon of 23 November 2007, within a span of 25 minutes, six consecutive serial blasts occurred in the Lucknow,
Varanasi, and Faizabad courts, in which 28 people were killed.[178][179][180] Another blast occurred on 7 December 2010,
the blast occurred at Sheetla Ghat in Varanasi in which more than 38 people were killed.[181][182] In February 2016, a
series of bomb blasts occurred at the Jhakarkati Bus Station in Kanpur, killing 2 people and injuring more than 30.[183]

Economy
In terms of net state domestic Net State Domestic Product at
product (NSDP), Uttar Pradesh is Factor Cost at Current Prices
the fourth-largest economy in India, (2011–12 Base)
with an estimated gross state figures in crores of Indian rupees
domestic product of
₹14.89 lakh crore Net State Domestic
Year
(US$180 billion),[185] contributing Product[184]
8.4% of India's gross domestic 2011–12 532,218
product.[186] According to the
2015–16 1,137,808
Sown saplings of common sunflowers;
report generated by India Brand
located in the rich fertile Indo-Gangetic Equity Foundation (IBEF), in 2016–17 1,288,700
Plain, agriculture is the largest 2014–15, Uttar Pradesh has 2017–18 1,446,000[185] (est.)
employment generator in the state. accounted for 19% share in the
country's total food grain
output.[187] About 70% of India's sugar comes from Uttar Pradesh. Sugarcane
is the most important cash crop as the state is country's largest producer of sugar.[187] As per the report generated by
Indian Sugar Mills Association (ISMA), total sugarcane production in India was estimated to be 28.3 million tonnes in the
fiscal ending September 2015 which includes 10.47 million tonnes from Maharashtra and 7.35 million tonnes from Uttar
Pradesh.[188]
With 359 manufacturing clusters, cement is the top sector of SMEs in Uttar Pradesh.[189] The Uttar Pradesh Financial
Corporation (UPFC) was established in 1954 under the SFCs Act of 1951 mainly to develop small- and medium-scale
industries in the state.[190] The UPFC also provides working capital to existing units with a soundtrack record and to new
units under a single window scheme.[191] In July 2012, due to financial constraints and directions from the state
government, lending activities were suspended except for State Government Schemes.[192] The state has reported total
private investment worth over Rs. 25,081 crores during the years of 2012 and 2016.[193] According to a 2015 report by the
World Bank on the Ease of Doing Business in India, Uttar Pradesh was ranked among the top 10 states and was the first
among the northern states.[194]

According to the Uttar Pradesh Budget Documents (2019–20), Uttar Pradesh's debt burden is 29.8 per cent of the
GSDP.[195] The state's total financial debt stood at ₹2.09 lakh crore (US$25 billion) in 2011.[196] Uttar Pradesh has not
been able to witness double-digit economic growth despite consistent attempts over the years.[195] The GSDP is estimated
to have grown 7 per cent in 2017–18 and 6.5 per cent in 2018–19 which is about 10 per cent of India's GDP. According to
a survey conducted by the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE), Uttar Pradesh's unemployment rate increased
11.4 percentage points, rising to 21.5 per cent in April 2020.[197] Uttar Pradesh has the largest number of net migrants
migrating out of the state.[198] The 2011 census data on migration shows that nearly 14.4 million (14.7%) people had
migrated out of Uttar Pradesh.[199] Marriage was cited as the predominant reason for migration among females. Among
males, the most important reason for migration was work and employment.[200] Uttar Pradesh continues to have regional
disparities, particularly with the western districts of the state showing higher development indicators such as per capita
district development product (PCDDP) and gross district development product (GDDP) compared to other regions.[201]
Due to inadequate infrastructure and a dense population, Eastern Uttar Pradesh (Purvanchal) faces notable socio-economic
disparities.[202] For 2021–22 the GDDP for Purvanchal it is ₹5.37 lakh crore, while for Western Uttar Pradesh it is ₹9.44
lakh crore. For the Bundelkhand and Central Uttar Pradesh regions, the GDDP remained ₹99,029.34 crore and ₹3.36 lakh
crore, respectively. As of 2021–22, the per capita annual income in eastern districts is about one-fourth of the national
average at ₹12,741 while the state's average stood at ₹17,349.[203]

In 2009–10, the tertiary sector of the economy (service industries) was the
largest contributor to the gross domestic product of the state, contributing 44.8
per cent of the state domestic product compared to 44 per cent from the
primary sector (agriculture, forestry, and tourism) and 11.2 per cent from the
secondary sector (industrial and manufacturing).[205][206] Noida, Meerut, and
Agra rank as the top 3 districts with the highest per capita income, whereas
Lucknow and Kanpur rank 7th and 9th in per capita income.[207] During the
11th five-year plan (2007–2012), the average gross state domestic product
(GSDP) growth rate was 7.3 per cent, lower than 15.5 per cent, the average for
all states of the country.[208][209] The state's per capita GSDP was ₹29,417
IT Parks in Noida, which are known for
(US$350), lower than the national per capita GSDP of ₹60,972 (US$720).[210] their infrastructure and services, as well
Labor efficiency is higher at an index of 26 than the national average of 25. as high-end housing complexes.[204]
Textiles and sugar refining, both long-standing industries in Uttar Pradesh,
employ a significant proportion of the state's total factory labour. The economy
also benefits from the state's tourism industry.[211]

Transportation
The state has the largest railway network in the country but in relative terms has only sixth-highest railway density despite
its plain topography and largest population. As of 2015, there were 9,077 km (5,640 mi) of rail in the state.[212][213] The
railway network in the state is controlled by two divisions of the Indian Railways viz. North Central Railway and North
Eastern Railway. Allahabad is the headquarters of the North Central Railway[214] and Gorakhpur is the headquarters of the
North Eastern Railway.[215][216] Lucknow and Moradabad serve as divisional Headquarters of the Northern Railway
Division. Lucknow Swarna Shatabdi Express, the second fastest Shatabdi Express train, connects the Indian capital of
New Delhi to Lucknow while Kanpur Shatabdi Express, connects New Delhi to Kanpur Central. This was the first train in
India to get the new German LHB coaches.[217] The railway stations of Prayagraj Junction, Agra Cantonment, Lucknow
 Charbagh, Gorakhpur Junction, Kanpur Central, Mathura Junction and
Varanasi Junction are included in the Indian Railways list of 50 world-class
railway stations.[218] The Lucknow Metro, along with the Kanpur Metro
(Orange line), are rapid transit systems that serve Lucknow and Kanpur,
respectively.

The state has a large, multimodal transportation system with the largest road
network in the country.[219] It has 42 national highways, with a total length of
4,942 km (3,071 miles) comprising 8.9 per cent of the total national highways
length in India.[220] The Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation
A section of Delhi–Noida Direct Flyway
(UPSRTC) was established in 1972 to provide transportation in the state with
connecting services to adjoining states.[221] The UPSRTC's current fleet
consists of 11,238 buses operating on 2,762 routes across a total distance of 768,065 km (477,253 mi) throughout the state,
generating an average daily income of ₹16 crore (US$1.9 million).[222] Despite its extensive operation, many of UPSRTC
buses are now outdated and unreliable, raising concerns about their condition and the impact on passenger safety.[223] All
cities are connected to state highways, and all district headquarters are being connected with four lane roads which carry
traffic between major centres within the state. One of them is Agra–Lucknow Expressway, which is a 302 km (188 miles)
controlled-access highway constructed by UPEIDA.[224] Uttar Pradesh has the highest road density in India – 1,027 km
(638 miles) per 1,000 km2 (390 square miles) – and the largest surfaced urban-road network in the country – 50,721 km
(31,517 miles).[225]

By passenger traffic in India, Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport in Lucknow and Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport
in Varanasi, are the major international airports and the main gateway to the state.[226] Another international airport has
been built at Kushinagar. However, since its inauguration, Kushinagar International Airport has not yet seen any outbound
flights to international destinations.[227][228] Uttar Pradesh has six domestic airports located at Agra, Allahabad, Bareilly,
Ghaziabad, Gorakhpur and Kanpur.[229][230] Under the collaboration with civilian aviation authority, these domestic
airports are primarily used by the Indian Air Force for operational flexibility, especially during emergencies or natural
disasters. The Noida International Airport is proposed to be built near Jewar in Gautam Buddha Nagar,
district.[231][232][233]

Sports
Traditional sports, now played mostly as a pastime, include wrestling,
swimming, kabaddi, and track-sports or water-sports played according to local
traditional rules and without modern equipment. Some sports are designed to
display martial skills such as using a sword or 'Pata' (stick).[234] Due to a lack
of organised patronage and requisite facilities, these sports survive mostly as
Force India racing at Buddh International
individuals' hobbies or local competitive events. Among modern sports, field
Circuit
hockey is popular and Uttar Pradesh has produced top-level players in India,
such as Nitin Kumar. and Lalit Kumar Upadhyay.[235]

Recently, cricket has become more popular than field hockey.[236] Uttar Pradesh won its first Ranji Trophy tournament in
February 2006, beating Bengal in the final.[237] Shaheed Vijay Singh Pathik Sports Complex is a newly built international
cricket stadium with a capacity of around 20,000 spectators.[238] Wrestling has deep roots in Uttar Pradesh, with many
akharas (traditional wrestling schools) spread across the state.[239]

The Uttar Pradesh football team (UPFS) serves as the governing body for football in Uttar Pradesh. It holds authority over
the Uttar Pradesh football team and is officially affiliated with the All India Football Federation.[240] The UPFS
participates in sending state teams to compete in all National Football Championships organised by the All India Football
Federation.[241] Additionally, the UPFS oversees two Mandal Football Associations: the Aligarh Football Association and
the Kanpur Football Association.[242] The Uttar Pradesh Badminton Association is a sports body affiliated to Badminton
Association of India responsible for overseeing players representing Uttar Pradesh at the national level.[243]
The Buddh International Circuit hosted India's inaugural F1 Grand Prix race on 30 October 2011.[244] Races were only
held three times before being cancelled due to falling attendance and lack of government support. The government of
Uttar Pradesh considered Formula One to be entertainment and not a sport, and thus imposed taxes on the event and
participants.[245]

Education
Uttar Pradesh has a prolonged tradition of education, although historically it
was primarily confined to the elite class and religious schools.[246] Sanskrit-
based learning formed the major part of education from the Vedic to the Gupta
periods. As cultures travelled through the region they brought their bodies of
knowledge with them, adding Pali, Persian and Arabic scholarship to the
community. These formed the core of Hindu-Buddhist-Muslim education until
the rise of British colonialism. The present schools-to-university system of Central Drug Research Institute, an
education owes its inception and development in the state (as in the rest of the autonomous multidisciplinary research
institute
country) to foreign Christian missionaries and the British colonial
administration.[247] Schools in the state are either managed by the government
or by private trusts. Hindi is used as a medium of instruction in most of the schools except those affiliated to the CBSE or
the council for ICSE boards.[248] Under the 10+2+3 plan, after completing secondary school, students typically enroll for
two years in a junior college, also known as pre-university, or in schools with a higher secondary facility affiliated with the
Uttar Pradesh Board of High School and Intermediate Education (commonly referred to as U.P. Board) or a central board.
Students choose from one of three streams, namely liberal arts, commerce, or science. Upon completing the required
coursework, students may enrol in general or professional degree programs. In a study done by Child Rights and You
(CRY) and the Centre for Budgets, Governance, and Accountability (CBGA), Uttar Pradesh spent ₹9,167 per pupil, which
is below the national average of ₹12,768.[249] The pupil/teacher ratio is 39:1,[b] lower than the national average of
23:1.[250] According to the National Bureau of Economic Research, the state reported the second-highest teacher
absenteeism (31 percent) in rural public schools among 19 surveyed states.[251] According to an answer given by the
Union Education Minister in 2020 in the Lok Sabha, about 17.1 percent of all elementary teacher posts in government
schools in Uttar Pradesh are vacant. In terms of absolute numbers, the figure stands at 210,000.[252] In February 2024, the
Uttar Pradesh government informed legislative assembly that, 85,152 posts of headmasters and assistant teachers are
vacant in the state.[253]

Uttar Pradesh has more than 45 universities,[254] including six central

universities, twenty eight state universities, eight deemed universities, two IITs
in Varanasi and Kanpur, AIIMS Gorakhpur and AIIMS Rae Bareli, an IIM in
Lucknow[255][256] Founded in 1845, La Martinière Girls' College in Lucknow,
stands as one of the oldest schools in India.[257] Located in Amethi, Rajiv
Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology (RGIPT), provides education and
training in STEM fields, particularly emphasizing the petroleum industry. With
deemed university status, the RGIPT awards degrees in its own right. King
La Martiniere, Lucknow
George's Medical University (KGMU), located in Lucknow, is an institution
for medical education, research, and healthcare services. The Integral
University, a state level institution, was established by the Uttar Pradesh
Government to provide education in different technical, applied science, and other disciplines.[258] The Central Institute of
Higher Tibetan Studies was founded as an autonomous organisation by the national ministry of culture. Jagadguru
Rambhadracharya Handicapped University is the only university established exclusively for the disabled in the world.[259]

As of 2023, the state has 573 public libraries.[260][261] Established in 1875, Maulana Azad Library is one of the oldest and
is the largest university library in Asia. Rampur Raza Library is a repository of Indo-Islamic cultural heritage established
in the last decades of the 18th century.[261] It was established in 1774 by nawab Faizullah Khan and now an autonomous
body under the Ministry of Culture.[262] Thornhill Mayne Memorial also known as Allahabad Public Library, has an
approximate collection of 125,000 books, 40 types of magazines, and 28 different newspapers in Hindi, English, Urdu and
Bangla and it also contains 21 Arabic manuscripts.[263] A large number of Indian scholars are educated at different
universities in Uttar Pradesh. Notable scholars who were born, worked or studied in the geographic area of the state
include Harivansh Rai Bachchan, Motilal Nehru, Harish Chandra and Indira Gandhi.[264]

Tourism
Uttar Pradesh ranks first in domestic tourist arrivals among all states of
India.[265][266] Some 44,000 foreign tourists arrived in the state in 2021, and
almost 110 million domestic tourists.[267] The Taj Mahal attracts some 7
million people a year, earning almost ₹78 crore (US$9.2 million) in ticket
sales in 2018–19.[268] The state is home to three World Heritage Sites: the Taj
Mahal,[269] Agra Fort,[270] and the nearby Fatehpur Sikri.[271]

Religious tourism plays a significant role in the state's economy. Varanasi is a

major religious hub and one of the seven sacred cities (Sapta Puri) in
Kumbh Mela at Sangam, Allahabad, 2013
Hinduism and Jainism.[272][273][274] Vrindavan is considered to be a holy place
for Vaishnavism.[275][276] Sravasti generally considered as revered sites in
Buddhism, believed to be where the Buddha taught many of his Suttas (sermons).[277] Owing to the belief as to the
birthplace of Rama, Ayodhya (Awadh) has been regarded as one of the seven most important pilgrimage sites.[278][279][280]
Millions gather at Prayagraj to take part in the Magh Mela festival on the banks of the Ganges.[281] This festival is
organised on a larger scale every 12th year and is called the Kumbh Mela, where over 10 million Hindu pilgrims
congregate in one of the largest gatherings of people in the world.[282]

Buddhist attractions in Uttar Pradesh include stupas and monasteries. The historically important towns of Sarnath where
Gautama Buddha gave his first sermon after his enlightenment and died at Kushinagar; both of which are important
pilgrimage sites for Buddhists.[283] Also at Sarnath are the Pillars of Ashoka and the Lion Capital of Ashoka, both
important archaeological artefacts with national significance. At a distance of 80 km (50 miles) from Varanasi, Ghazipur is
famous not only for its Ghats on the Ganges but also for the tomb of Lord Cornwallis, the 18th-century Governor of East
India Company ruled Bengal Presidency. The tomb is maintained by the Archaeological Survey of India.[284] Jhansi Fort,
located in the city of Jhansi, is closely associated with the "First War of Indian Independence", also known as the "Great
Rebellion" or the Indian Rebellion of 1857.[285] The fort is constructed in accordance with medieval Indian military
architecture, featuring thick walls, bastions, and various structures within its complex. The architecture reflects a blend of
Hindu and Islamic styles.[286]

Healthcare
Uttar Pradesh has a mix of public as well as private healthcare infrastructure. Public
healthcare in Uttar Pradesh is provided through a grid of primary health centers,
community health centers, district hospitals, and medical colleges. Although an
extensive network of public and private sector healthcare providers has been built,
the available health infrastructure is inadequate to meet the demand for health
services in the state.[287] In 15 years to 2012–13, the population increased by more
than 25 per cent. The public health centres, which are the frontline of the
government's health care system, decreased by 8 per cent.[288] Smaller sub-centres,
the first point of public contact, increased by no more than 2 per cent over the 25 District Hospital, Kanpur Dehat
years to 2015, a period when the population grew by more than 51 per cent. [288]

The state is also facing challenges such as a shortage of healthcare professionals,

increasing cost of healthcare, a lack of essential medicines and equipment, the mushrooming of private healthcare and a
lack of planning.[289] The number of doctors registered with State Medical Councils or the Medical Council of India in
Uttar Pradesh was 77,549.[290] As of 2019, the number of government hospital in rural and urban areas of Uttar Pradesh
stood at 4,442 with 39,104 beds and 193 with 37,156 beds respectively. The average population served per government
hospital stands at 47,782 individuals.[291] As of December 2023, Out-of-pocket expenditures in Uttar Pradesh is
₹60,883 crore (US$7.2 billion), highest in India.[292]

A newborn in Uttar Pradesh is expected to live four years fewer than in the neighbouring state of Bihar, five years fewer
than in Haryana and seven years fewer than in Himachal Pradesh. The state contributed to the largest share of almost all
communicable and noncommunicable disease deaths, including 48 per cent of all typhoid deaths (2014); 17 per cent of
cancer deaths and 18 per cent of tuberculosis deaths (2015).[288] Its maternal mortality ratio is higher than the national
average at 285 maternal deaths for every 100,000 live births (2021), with 64.2 per cent of pregnant women unable to
access minimum ante-natal care.[293][294][295] Around 42 per cent of pregnant women, more than 1.5 million, deliver
babies at home. About two-thirds (61 per cent) of childbirths at home in the state are unsafe.[296] It has the highest child
mortality indicators,[297] from the neonatal mortality rate to the under-five mortality rate of 64 children who die per 1,000
live births before five years of age, 35 die within a month of birth, and 50 do not complete a year of life.[298]

Culture

Language and literature

Several texts and hymns of the Vedic literature were composed in Uttar
Pradesh. Renowned Indian writers who have resided in Uttar Pradesh were
Kabir, Ravidas, and Tulsidas, who wrote much of his Ram Charit Manas in
Varanasi. The festival of Guru Purnima is dedicated to Sage Vyasa, and also
known as Vyasa Purnima as it is the day which is believed to be his birthday
and also the day he divided the Vedas.[299]

Hindi became the language of state administration with the Uttar Pradesh
Official Language Act of 1951.[300] A 1989 amendment to the act added Urdu,
The battle of Kurukshetra, folio from the as an additional language of the state.[301] Linguistically, the state spreads
Mahabharata
across the Central, East-Central, and Eastern zones of the Indo Aryan
languages. The major Hindi languages of the state are Awadhi, Bagheli,
Bundeli, Braj Bhasha, Kannauji, and Hindustani.[302] Bhojpuri, an Eastern Indo Aryan language, is also spoken in the
state.[303]

Music and dance

With each district of Uttar Pradesh having its unique music and tradition, traditional folk music in Uttar Pradesh has been
categorised in three different ways including music transmitted orally, music with unknown composers and music
performed by custom. During the medieval period, two distinct types of music began to emerge in Uttar Pradesh. One was
the courtly music, which received support from cities like Agra, Fatehpur Sikri, Lucknow, Jaunpur, Varanasi, and Banda.
The other was the religious music stemming from the Bhakti Cult, which thrived in places like Mathura, Vrindavan, and
Ayodhya.[304] The popular folk music of Uttar Pradesh includes sohar, which is sung to celebrate the birth of a child.
Evolved into the form of semi-classical singing, Kajari sung during the rainy season, and its singing style is closely
associated the Benares gharana.[305] Ghazal, Thumri and Qawwali which is a form of Sufi poetry is popular in the Awadh
region, Rasiya (especially popular in Braj), which celebrate the divine love of Radha and Krishna. Khayal is a form of
semi-classical singing which comes from the courts of Awadh. Other forms of music are Biraha, Chaiti, Chowtal, Alha,
and Sawani.[304]

Kathak, a classical dance form, owes its origin to the state of Uttar Pradesh.[306] Ramlila is one of the oldest dramatic folk
dances; it depicts the life of the Hindu deity Rama and is performed during festivals such as Vijayadashami.[307] Nautanki
is a traditional form of folk theatre that originated in Uttar Pradesh. It typically portrays a variety of themes ranging from
historical and mythological tales to social and political commentary.[308] In the gharana dance form, both the Lucknow
and the Benares gharanas are situated in the state.[309] Charkula is popular dance of the Braj region.[310]
Fairs and festivals
Chhath Puja is the biggest festival of eastern Uttar Pradesh.[311] The Kumbh
Mela, organised in the month of Maagha (February—March), is a major
festival held every twelve years in rotation at Prayagraj on the river
Ganges.[312] Lathmar Holi is a local celebration of the Hindu festival of Holi.
It takes place well before the actual Holi in the town of Barsana near
Mathura.[313] Taj Mahotsav, held annually at Agra, is a colourful display of the
culture of the Braj area.[314] Ganga Mahotsav, a festival of Kartik Purnima, is
celebrated fifteen days after Diwali.[315] Uttar Pradeshi thali with naan, sultani dal,
raita, and shahi paneer

Cuisine
Mughlai cuisine is a style of cooking developed in the Indian subcontinent by the imperial kitchens of the Mughal Empire.
It represents the cooking styles used in North India, especially Uttar Pradesh, and has been strongly influenced by Central
Asian cuisine. Awadhi cuisine from the city of Lucknow consists of both vegetarian and non-vegetarian dishes. It has been
greatly influenced by Mughlai cuisine.[316]

Bhojpuri cuisine is a style of food preparation common in the districts located near the Bihar border. Bhojpuri foods are
mostly mild and tend to be less hot in terms of spices used. The cuisine consists of both vegetable and meat dishes.[317]

See also
India portal

List of people from Uttar Pradesh

Outline of India
UP Gaurav Samman

Explanatory notes
a. National Sample Survey from July 2017 to June 2018 provides state-wise details of literacy rates among
persons aged seven and above.
b. One teacher for every 39 students

References
1. "United Province, UP was notified in Union gazette on January 24, 1950" (https://www.newindianexpress.co
m/nation/2017/may/02/uttar-pradesh-introduces-new-transfer-policy-1600219.html). The New Indian
Express. 2 May 2017. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170508200722/http://www.newindianexpres
s.com/nation/2017/may/02/uttar-pradesh-introduces-new-transfer-policy-1600219.html) from the original on
8 May 2017. Retrieved 4 May 2017.
2. "Uttar Pradesh District" (http://up.gov.in/upmap.aspx). up.gov.in. Government of Uttar Pradesh. Archived (ht
tps://web.archive.org/web/20170415123851/http://up.gov.in/upmap.aspx) from the original on 15 April 2017.
Retrieved 12 April 2017.
3. "List of districts in Uttar Pradesh" (http://www.archive.india.gov.in/knowindia/districts/andhra1.php?stateid=
UP). archive.india.gov.in. Government of India. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170426231823/htt
p://www.archive.india.gov.in/knowindia/districts/andhra1.php?stateid=UP) from the original on 26 April
2017. Retrieved 12 April 2017.
4. PTI (20 July 2019). "Anandiben Patel made UP governor, Lal ji Tandon to replace her in Madhya Pradesh"
(https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/anandiben-patel-made-up-governor-lal-ji-tandon-to-replace-her-in-mad
hya-pradesh-1571562-2019-07-20). India Today. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190720111904/h
ttps://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/anandiben-patel-made-up-governor-lal-ji-tandon-to-replace-her-in-madh
ya-pradesh-1571562-2019-07-20) from the original on 20 July 2019. Retrieved 20 July 2019.
 5. "The Governor of Uttar Pradesh" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170503081924/http://uplegisassembly.gov.
in/ENGLISH/governor_current.htm). uplegisassembly.gov.in. Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly. Archived
from the original (http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/governor_current.htm) on 3 May 2017. Retrieved
12 April 2017.
6. "Uttar Pradesh | History, Government, Map, & Population | Britannica" (https://www.britannica.com/place/Utt
ar-Pradesh). Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200401072447/https://www.
britannica.com/place/Uttar-Pradesh) from the original on 1 April 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2023.
7. "List of Highest Mountain Peaks State-wise" (https://wordpandit.com/list-highest-mountain-peaks-state-wis
e/). Wordpandit. 29 July 2017. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230324212911/https://wordpandit.c
om/list-highest-mountain-peaks-state-wise/) from the original on 24 March 2023. Retrieved 24 March 2023.
8. "Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 52nd report (July 2014 to June 2015)" (https://web.arc
hive.org/web/20161115133948/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf) (PDF).
Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India. pp. 49–53.
Archived from the original (http://www.nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf) (PDF) on 15
November 2016. Retrieved 16 February 2016.
9. "Handbook of Statistics of Indian States 2021–22" (https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Publications/PDFs/0HBS
19112022_FLFE4F2F9158294692B030A251E00555F8.PDF) (PDF). Reserve Bank of India. pp. 37–42.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220129151430/https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Publications/PDFs/0
HSIS241121FL7A6B5C0ECBC64B0ABF0A097B1AD40C83.PDF) (PDF) from the original on 29 January
2022. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
10. "Sub-national HDI – Area Database" (https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/). Global Data Lab.
Institute for Management Research, Radboud University. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/201809231
20638/https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/) from the original on 23 September 2018. Retrieved
25 September 2018.
11. "Census 2011 (Final Data) – Demographic details, Literate Population (Total, Rural & Urban)" (https://web.a
rchive.org/web/20180127163347/http://planningcommission.gov.in/data/datatable/data_2312/DatabookDec
2014%20307.pdf) (PDF). planningcommission.gov.in. Planning Commission, Government of India. Archived
from the original (http://planningcommission.gov.in/data/datatable/data_2312/DatabookDec2014%20307.pd
f) (PDF) on 27 January 2018. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
12. "Sex ratio of State and Union Territories of India as per National Health survey (2019–2021)" (https://main.
mohfw.gov.in/basicpage-14). Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, India. Archived (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20230108164803/https://main.mohfw.gov.in/basicpage-14) from the original on 8 January 2023.
Retrieved 8 January 2023.
13. Kopf, Dan; Varathan, Preeti (11 October 2017). "If Uttar Pradesh were a country" (https://qz.com/india/1094
942/if-uttar-pradesh-were-a-country-where-would-it-rank-by-size-wealth-and-other-measures/). Quartz
India. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190622011953/https://qz.com/india/1094942/if-uttar-pradesh
-were-a-country-where-would-it-rank-by-size-wealth-and-other-measures/) from the original on 22 June
2019. Retrieved 20 May 2019.
14. "Agriculture" (https://niti.gov.in/planningcommission.gov.in/docs/plans/stateplan/upsdr/vol-2/Chap_b1.pdf)
(PDF). niti.gov.in. NITI Aayog. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211007073805/https://niti.gov.in/pla
nningcommission.gov.in/docs/plans/stateplan/upsdr/vol-2/Chap_b1.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 7
October 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
15. Virendra N. Misra, Peter Bellwood (1985). Recent Advances in Indo-Pacific Prehistory: proceedings of the
international symposium held at Poona (https://books.google.com/books?id=gMoJj-0Z94UC&pg=PA69).
BRILL. p. 69. ISBN 9004075127. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180303134041/https://books.goo
gle.com/books?id=gMoJj-0Z94UC&pg=PA69) from the original on 3 March 2018. Retrieved 23 July 2012.
16. Bridget Allchin, Frank Raymond Allchin (1982). The Rise of Civilization in India and Pakistan (https://books.
google.com/books?id=r4s-YsP6vcIC&pg=PA58). Cambridge University Press. p. 58. ISBN 052128550X.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170325035117/https://books.google.com/books?id=r4s-YsP6vcIC
&pg=PA58) from the original on 25 March 2017. Retrieved 23 July 2012.
17. Hasmukhlal Dhirajlal Sankalia; Shantaram Bhalchandra Deo; Madhukar Keshav Dhavalikar (1985). Studies
in Indian Archaeology: Professor H.D. Sankalia Felicitation Volume (https://books.google.com/books?id=35
DP1Z-2dnYC&pg=PA96). Popular Prakashan. p. 96. ISBN 978-0861320882. Archived (https://web.archive.
org/web/20170324205017/https://books.google.com/books?id=35DP1Z-2dnYC&pg=PA96) from the original
on 24 March 2017.
18. Confidence limits for the age are 85 (±11) and 72 (±8) thousand years ago.
19. Gibling, Sinha; Sinha, Roy; Roy, Tandon; Tandon, Jain; Jain, M (2008). "Quaternary fluvial and eolian
deposits on the Belan river, India: paleoclimatic setting of Paleolithic to Neolithic archeological sites over
the past 85,000 years". Quaternary Science Reviews. 27 (3–4): 391. Bibcode:2008QSRv...27..391G (http
s://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008QSRv...27..391G). doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.11.001 (https://doi.org/
10.1016%2Fj.quascirev.2007.11.001). ISSN 0277-3791 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0277-3791).
S2CID 129392697 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129392697).
20. Kenneth A. R. Kennedy (2000). God-apes and Fossil Men (https://books.google.com/books?id=W6zQHNav
WlsC&pg=PA263). University of Michigan Press. p. 263. ISBN 0472110136. Archived (https://web.archive.o
rg/web/20170324214237/https://books.google.com/books?id=W6zQHNavWlsC&pg=PA263) from the
original on 24 March 2017. Retrieved 23 July 2012.
21. Bridget Allchin, Frank Raymond Allchin (1982). The Rise of Civilization in India and Pakistan (https://books.
google.com/books?id=r4s-YsP6vcIC&pg=PA119). Cambridge University Press. p. 119. ISBN 052128550X.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180303134041/https://books.google.com/books?id=r4s-YsP6vcIC
&pg=PA119) from the original on 3 March 2018. Retrieved 23 July 2012.
22. Misra, V N (November 2001). "Prehistoric human colonization of India" (http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/articl
e/jbsc/026/04/0491-0531). Journal of Biosciences. 26 (4 Supp). Indian Academy of Sciences: 491–531.
doi:10.1007/bf02704749 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf02704749). PMID 11779962 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nl
m.nih.gov/11779962). S2CID 26248907 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26248907). Archived (htt
ps://web.archive.org/web/20171007171203/http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/article/jbsc/026/04/0491-0531)
from the original on 7 October 2017. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
23. "Uttar Pradesh – History" (https://www.britannica.com/place/Uttar-Pradesh). Encyclopædia Britannica.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200401072447/https://www.britannica.com/place/Uttar-Pradesh)
from the original on 1 April 2020. Retrieved 12 January 2020. "A systematic history of India and the area of
Uttar Pradesh dates to the end of the 7th century BCE, when 16 mahajanapadas (great states) in northern
India were contending for supremacy. Of those, seven fell entirely within the present-day boundaries of
Uttar Pradesh."
24. Sailendra Nath Sen (1999). Ancient Indian History And Civilization (https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk
4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA105). New Age International. pp. 105–106. ISBN 978-8122411980. Archived (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20130528155843/http://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA105) from
the original on 28 May 2013. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
25. William Buck (2000). Ramayana (https://books.google.com/books?id=vvuIp2kqIkMC). Motilal Banarsidass.
ISBN 978-8120817203. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130604213755/http://books.google.com/b
ooks?id=vvuIp2kqIkMC) from the original on 4 June 2013. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
26. Richard White (2010). The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region,
1650–1815 (https://books.google.com/books?id=fHLfiOZVzmMC). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-
1107005624. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130528145049/http://books.google.com/books?id=fH
LfiOZVzmMC) from the original on 28 May 2013. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
27. Marshall Cavendish Corporation (2007). World and Its Peoples: Eastern and Southern Asia (https://books.g
oogle.com/books?id=V1pQkwIXTG0C&pg=PA331). Marshall Cavendish. pp. 331–335. ISBN 978-
0761476313. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130605122741/http://books.google.com/books?id=V
1pQkwIXTG0C&pg=PA331) from the original on 5 June 2013. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
28. Pran Nath Chopra (2003). A Comprehensive History of Ancient India (https://books.google.com/books?id=g
E7udqBkACwC&pg=PA196). Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 196. ISBN 978-8120725034. Archived (https://
web.archive.org/web/20130528140148/http://books.google.com/books?id=gE7udqBkACwC&pg=PA196)
from the original on 28 May 2013. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
29. John Stewart Bowman (2000). Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture (https://archive.org/det
ails/columbiachronolo00john). Columbia University Press. p. 273 (https://archive.org/details/columbiachron
olo00john/page/273). ISBN 978-0231110044. Retrieved 2 August 2012.
30. The History of India by Kenneth Pletcher p. 102
31. The City in South Asia by James Heitzman p. 37
32. Singh, Pradyuman (19 January 2021). Bihar General Knowledge Digest (https://books.google.com/books?i
d=399UDwAAQBAJ&q=chero+dynasty&pg=PT71). Prabhat Prakashan. ISBN 978-9352667697.
33. * Srivastava, Ashirvadi Lal (1929). The Sultanate of Delhi 711–1526 A D (https://archive.org/stream/sultanat
eofdelhi001929mbp#page/n5/mode/2up). Shiva Lal Agarwala & Company. Archived (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20160408110410/https://archive.org/stream/sultanateofdelhi001929mbp#page/n5/mode/2up) from
the original on 8 April 2016. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
34. Islam; Bosworth (1998). History of Civilizations of Central Asia (https://books.google.com/books?id=18eABe
okpjEC&pg=PA269). UNESCO. pp. 269–291. ISBN 978-9231034671. Archived (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20240328162944/https://books.google.com/books?id=18eABeokpjEC&pg=PA269#v=onepage&q&f=fals
e) from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
35. "Atala Masjid" (https://jaunpur.nic.in/tourist-place/atala-masjid/). District Jaunpur, Government of Uttar
Pradesh. 20 June 2017. Retrieved 6 May 2024.
36. Datta, Rangan (22 July 2022). "The tomb of Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq" (https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolk
ata/places/exploring-the-tomb-of-ghiyasuddin-tughlaq-near-tughlaqabad-fort-in-south-delhi/cid/1875958).
Telegraph India. Retrieved 6 May 2024.
37. "The Islamic World to 1600: Rise of the Great Islamic Empires (The Mughal Empire)" (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20110927121217/http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/empires/mughals/). Archived
from the original (https://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/empires/mughals/) on 27 September
2011.
38. Annemarie Schimmel (2004). The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture (https://archive.or
g/details/empireofgreatmug00anne). Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1861891853. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
39. Babur (Emperor of Hindustan); Dilip Hiro (2006). Babur Nama: Journal of Emperor Babur (https://books.goo
gle.com/books?id=VW2HJL689wgC). Penguin Books India. ISBN 978-0144001491. Archived (https://web.a
rchive.org/web/20130528160214/http://books.google.com/books?id=VW2HJL689wgC) from the original on
28 May 2013. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
40. Carlos Ramirez-Faria (2007). Concise Encyclopedia of World History (https://books.google.com/books?id=
gGKsS-9h4BYC&pg=PA171). Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 171. ISBN 978-8126907755. Archived (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20130528155918/http://books.google.com/books?id=gGKsS-9h4BYC&pg=PA171) from
the original on 28 May 2013. Retrieved 2 August 2012.
41. Stronge, Susan (2012). Mughal Hindustan is renowned for its opulence (https://books.google.com/books?id
=PVrSYgEACAAJ&q=hindustan+by+mughal). London: The Arts of the Sikh Kingdoms. p. 255.
ISBN 9788174366962. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170216115741/https://books.google.com/b
ooks?id=PVrSYgEACAAJ&dq=hindustan+by+mughal) from the original on 16 February 2017. Retrieved
23 July 2012.
42. Ashvini Agrawal (1983). Studies in Mughal History (https://books.google.com/books?id=AZdCrUxFAHEC&p
g=PA30). Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 30–46. ISBN 978-8120823266. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20
130528153902/http://books.google.com/books?id=AZdCrUxFAHEC&pg=PA30) from the original on 28 May
2013. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
43. Fergus Nicoll, Shah Jahan: The Rise and Fall of the Mughal Emperor (2009)
44. Mayaram, Shail (2003). Against history, against state: counterperspectives from the margins Cultures of
history. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0231127318.
45. "Uttar Pradesh Day: How the state was born 67 years back" (http://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/uttar-
pradesh-day-how-the-state-was-born-67-years-back/story-Y2JhCTBIo2UuQYvQSTBNgN.html). 3 May
2017. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170503114407/http://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/utta
r-pradesh-day-how-the-state-was-born-67-years-back/story-Y2JhCTBIo2UuQYvQSTBNgN.html) from the
original on 3 May 2017. Retrieved 3 May 2017.
46. Gyanesh Kudaisya (1994). Region, nation, "heartland": Uttar Pradesh in India's body-politic. LIT Verlag
Münster. pp. 126–376. ISBN 978-3825820978.
47. K. Sivaramakrishnan (1999). Modern Forests: Statemaking and Environmental Change in Colonial Eastern
India (https://books.google.com/books?id=TM7oYBG4M04C&pg=PA240). Stanford University Press.
pp. 240–276. ISBN 978-0804745567. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130528135332/http://books.
google.com/books?id=TM7oYBG4M04C&pg=PA240) from the original on 28 May 2013. Retrieved 26 July
2012.
48. Ashutosh Joshi (2008). Town Planning Regeneration of Cities (https://books.google.com/books?id=UFaGM
E0XDBkC&q=Naini&pg=PA151). New India Publishing. p. 237. ISBN 978-8189422820. Archived (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20180303134041/https://books.google.com/books?id=UFaGME0XDBkC&pg=PA151&dq
=Naini&hl=en&sa=X&ei=CN7OUsznI8yTrgeDwYDgCw&ved=0CDEQ6AEwATgU#v=onepage&q=Allahaba
d%20capital&f=false) from the original on 3 March 2018.
49. Rudrangshu Mukherjee (2005). Mangal Pandey: brave martyr or accidental hero? (https://books.google.co
m/books?id=-SluAAAAMAAJ). Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0143032564. Archived (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20130605164801/http://books.google.com/books?id=-SluAAAAMAAJ) from the original on 5 June 2013.
Retrieved 1 October 2012.
50. United Provinces of Agra and Oudh (India); D.L. Drake-Brockman (1934). District Gazetteers of the United
Provinces of Agra and Oudh: supp.D.Pilibhit District (https://books.google.com/books?id=VUNuAAAAMAA
J). Supdt., Government Press, United Provinces. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130528131217/h
ttp://books.google.com/books?id=VUNuAAAAMAAJ) from the original on 28 May 2013. Retrieved
1 October 2012.
51. Dilip K. Chakrabarti (1997). Colonial Indology: sociopolitics of the ancient Indian past (https://books.google.
com/books?id=ADZuAAAAMAAJ). Michigan: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 257. ISBN 978-
8121507509. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130528140749/http://books.google.com/books?id=A
DZuAAAAMAAJ) from the original on 28 May 2013. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
52. Bernard S. Cohn (1996). Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge: The British in India (https://books.googl
e.com/books?id=uIalYaenrTkC). Princeton University Press. p. 189. ISBN 978-0691000435. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20130528150524/http://books.google.com/books?id=uIalYaenrTkC) from the
original on 28 May 2013. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
53. Clare M. Wilkinson-Weber (1999). Embroidering Lives: Women's Work and Skill in the Lucknow Embroidery
Industry (https://books.google.com/books?id=ChwRC6hQttoC&pg=PA18). SUNY Press. p. 18. ISBN 978-
0791440872. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20240328164501/https://books.google.com/books?id=
ChwRC6hQttoC&pg=PA18#v=onepage&q&f=false) from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 24 May
2020.
54. Mathur, Prakash Narain. "A History of the Lucknow Bench Of The Allahabad High Court" (https://www.allah
abadhighcourt.in/event/AHistoryLucknowBenchPNMathur.pdf) (PDF). Allahabad High Court. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20210224172749/http://www.allahabadhighcourt.in/event/AHistoryLucknowBenchP
NMathur.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
55. K. Balasankaran Nair (2004). Law of Contempt of Court in India (https://books.google.com/books?id=gujNY
PcNETMC). Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 320. ISBN 978-8126903597. Archived (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20130528143730/http://books.google.com/books?id=gujNYPcNETMC) from the original on 28 May 2013.
Retrieved 26 July 2012.
56. Śekhara, Bandyopādhyāya (2004). From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India. Orient Longman.
p. 407. ISBN 978-8125025962.
57. Bandyopādhyāya, Śekhara (2004). From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India. Orient Longman.
p. 406. ISBN 978-8125025962.
58. Bankim Chandra Chatterji (2006). Anandamath (https://books.google.com/books?id=7Gmjn63ogDUC).
Orient Paperbacks. p. 168. ISBN 978-8122201307. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2013052813014
4/http://books.google.com/books?id=7Gmjn63ogDUC) from the original on 28 May 2013. Retrieved 26 July
2012.
59. "Uttar Pradesh – States and Union Territories" (http://www.archive.india.gov.in/knowindia/state_uts.php?id=
28). Know India: National Portal of India. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150715014814/http://ww
w.archive.india.gov.in/knowindia/state_uts.php?id=28) from the original on 15 July 2015. Retrieved 14 July
2015.
60. "Uttar Pradesh" (http://www.whatisindia.com/issues/uttarpra/uttar_general.html). What is India. 22 August
2007. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20161012021112/http://www.whatisindia.com/issues/uttarpra/u
ttar_general.html) from the original on 12 October 2016. Retrieved 8 October 2016.
61. "Communal violence" (http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/uttar-pradesh-tops-home-mi
nistry-list-on-communal-violence-114080601639_1.html). Business Standard. Ananda Publishers. Kotak
Mahindra Bank. 6 August 2014. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140826115034/http://www.busines
s-standard.com/article/current-affairs/uttar-pradesh-tops-home-ministry-list-on-communal-violence-1140806
01639_1.html) from the original on 26 August 2014. Retrieved 25 August 2014.
62. communal violence, in uttar pradesh. "Communal conflicts in state" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140112
232933/http://www.tehelka.com/what-led-to-the-muzaffarnagar-communal-riots/). Tehalka. Archived from
the original (http://www.tehelka.com/what-led-to-the-muzaffarnagar-communal-riots/) on 12 January 2014.
Retrieved 12 January 2014.
63. J. C. Aggarwal; S. P. Agrawal (1995). Uttarakhand: Past, Present, and Future (https://books.google.com/bo
oks?id=alRh51xE_v0C&pg=PA391). Concept Publishing Company of India. p. 391. ISBN 978-8170225720.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170324171535/https://books.google.com/books?id=alRh51xE_v0
C&pg=PA391) from the original on 24 March 2017.
64. "Most critical factors" (https://web.archive.org/web/20121215063439/http://upenvis.nic.in/Database/Land_8
30.aspx). Uttar Pradesh climate department. Archived from the original (http://upenvis.nic.in/Database/Land
_830.aspx) on 15 December 2012. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
65. "Uttar Pradesh Geography" (http://www.uponline.in/About/Profile/Geography/index.html). Uttar Pradesh
State Profile. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120723070728/http://www.uponline.in/About/Profile/g
eography/index.html) from the original on 23 July 2012. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
66. "The larger Gangetic Plain" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131226202743/http://www.gecafs.org/publicatio
ns/Publications/IGP_Paper.pdf) (PDF). Gecafs. Archived from the original (http://www.gecafs.org/publicatio
ns/Publications/IGP_Paper.pdf) (PDF) on 26 December 2013. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
67. "Gangetic Plains and Vindhya Hills and plateau" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120406104938/http://zeene
ws.india.com/state-elections-2012/up/profile.html/2). Zee news. Archived from the original (http://zeenews.i
ndia.com/state-elections-2012/up/profile.html/2) on 6 April 2012. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
68. Anwar, Shakeel (16 August 2018). "List of major canals and dams in Uttar Pradesh" (https://www.jagranjos
h.com/general-knowledge/list-of-major-canals-and-dams-in-uttar-pradesh-1534427496-1). Dainik Jagran.
Jagran Prakashan Limited. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200622130821/https://www.jagranjosh.
com/general-knowledge/list-of-major-canals-and-dams-in-uttar-pradesh-1534427496-1) from the original on
22 June 2020. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
69. "Indo–African Journal for Resource Management" (https://web.archive.org/web/20220401145006/https://the
haider.com/4.2.1.pdf) (PDF). Indo–African Journal for Resource Management and Planning. Archived from
the original (http://thehaider.com/4.2.1.pdf) (PDF) on 1 April 2022. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
70. Anwar, Shakeel. "The Great Plains of India" (https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/the-great-plain
s-of-india-1448281967-1). Jagran Josh. Dainik Jagran. Jagran Prakashan Private Limited. Archived (https://
web.archive.org/web/20171121224151/http://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/the-great-plains-of-in
dia-1448281967-1) from the original on 21 November 2017. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
71. Clift, Charles (1977). "Progress of Irrigation in Uttar Pradesh: East-West Differences" (https://www.jstor.org/
stable/4365953). Economic and Political Weekly. 12 (39). JSTOR: A83 – A90. JSTOR 4365953 (https://ww
w.jstor.org/stable/4365953). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211030043546/https://www.jstor.org/st
able/4365953) from the original on 30 October 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
72. R P Meena. Uttar Pradesh Current Affairs Yearbook 2020 (https://books.google.com/books?id=I2fQDwAAQ
BAJ&pg=PT6). New Era Publication. p. 6. GGKEY:XTXLJ8SQZFE. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2
0240328164948/https://books.google.com/books?id=I2fQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT6#v=onepage&q&f=false)
from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
73. "Rivers of Uttar Pradesh" (http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/topiclist/Rivers-of-Uttar-Pradesh). The
Economic Times. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130507013021/http://economictimes.indiatimes.
com/topiclist/Rivers-of-Uttar-Pradesh) from the original on 7 May 2013. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
74. "The Glossary of Meteorology" (https://web.archive.org/web/20121005143046/http://amsglossary.allenpres
s.com/glossary/preface2). Allen Press Inc. Archived from the original (http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glo
ssary/preface2) on 5 October 2012. Retrieved 23 July 2012.
75. "Agriculture Mechanization Guide for Uttar Pradesh" (https://www.farmech.dac.gov.in/FarmerGuide/UP/inde
x1.html#:~:text=The%20total%20geographical%20area%20of,68.5%25%20of%20cultivable%20area).).
Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210516065713/http
s://www.farmech.dac.gov.in/FarmerGuide/UP/index1.html#:~:text=The%20total%20geographical%20area%
20of,68.5%25%20of%20cultivable%20area).) from the original on 16 May 2021. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
76. "Potential Creation and Utilisation" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120213084300/http://irrigation.up.nic.in/a
boutus_irrigation_potential.htm). Irrigation department U.P. Archived from the original (https://irrigation.up.ni
c.in/aboutus_irrigation_potential.htm) on 13 February 2012. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
77. "Purports to define every important meteorological term likely to be found in the literature today" (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20120712214139/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/preface1). Allen Press, Inc.
Archived from the original (http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/preface1) on 12 July 2012.
Retrieved 22 July 2012.
78. Vir Singh (1998). Mountain Ecosystems: A Scenario of Unsustainability (https://books.google.com/books?id
=SX7ML4-0oGQC&pg=PA102). Indus Publishing. pp. 102–264. ISBN 978-8173870811. Archived (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20130528155028/http://books.google.com/books?id=SX7ML4-0oGQC&pg=PA102)
from the original on 28 May 2013. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
79. Upkar Prakashan – Editorial Board (2008). Uttar Pradesh General Knowledge (https://books.google.com/bo
oks?id=_ce8FpJzR-4C&pg=PA26). Upkar Prakashan. pp. 26–. ISBN 978-8174824080. Archived (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20130605095943/http://books.google.com/books?id=_ce8FpJzR-4C&pg=PA26) from the
original on 5 June 2013. Retrieved 9 March 2011.
80. "Climate change impacts" (https://web.archive.org/web/20121115211430/http://upenvis.nic.in/Database/Cli
mate_861.aspx). Uttar Pradesh climate department. Archived from the original (http://upenvis.nic.in/Databa
se/Climate_861.aspx) on 15 November 2012. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
81. S.V.S. Rana (2007), Essentials of Ecology and Environmental Science (https://books.google.com/books?id
=IAPKG4LEBbQC), Prentice Hall of India, ISBN 978-81-203-3300-0
82. Government of Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow, Irrigation Department Uttar Pradesh. "Average rainfall pattern of
Uttar Pradesh" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120824174636/http://idup.gov.in/wps/portal/!ut/p/c0/04_SB8
K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP0os3ifUEcnYzdTEwMLVy8TA89gU38XT-8AIwM3A_2CbEdFAHA_W1g!).
Irrigation Department Uttar Pradesh. Archived from the original (http://idup.gov.in/wps/portal/!ut/p/c0/04_SB
8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP0os3ifUEcnYzdTEwMLVy8TA89gU38XT-8AIwM3A_2CbEdFAHA_W1g!) on 24
August 2012. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
83. Sethi, Nitin (13 February 2007). "Met dept blames it on 'western disturbance' " (https://timesofindia.indiatime
s.com/india/Met-dept-blames-it-on-western-disturbance/articleshow/1600979.cms). The Times of India.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110811031649/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-02-
13/india/27887812_1_met-dept-disturbance-rains) from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 9 March
2011.
84. "Local Weather Report" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120501134209/http://125.21.185.44/citywx/city_we
ather1.php?id=42369). Local Weather Report and Forecast Department. 21 May 2012. Archived from the
original (http://125.21.185.44/citywx/city_weather1.php?id=42369) on 1 May 2012. Retrieved 18 July 2012.
85. "State Animal, Bird, Tree and Flower" (http://www.pannatigerreserve.in/kids/state.htm). Panna Tiger
Reserve. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20141013002319/http://www.pannatigerreserve.in/kids/stat
e.htm) from the original on 13 October 2014. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
86. "Music & Dance" (http://uptourism.gov.in/pages/top/experience/top-experience-music-and-dance).
uptourism.gov.in. Uttar Pradesh Tourism. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170123210405/http://ww
w.uptourism.gov.in/pages/top/experience/top-experience-music-and-dance) from the original on 23 January
2017. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
87. "Uttar Pradesh Forest Corporation" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130120145111/http://www.upforestcorp
oration.in/Default.aspx). Forest department uttar pradesh. Archived from the original on 20 January 2013.
Retrieved 23 July 2012.
88. "Forest and tree resources in states and union territories: Uttar Pradesh" (https://web.archive.org/web/2013
1107201030/http://www.fsi.org.in/cover_2011/uttarapradesh.pdf) (PDF). India state of forest report 2009.
Forest Survey of India, Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India. Archived from the original
(http://www.fsi.org.in/cover_2011/uttarapradesh.pdf) (PDF) on 7 November 2013. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
89. "Floral and Faunal Diversity of Uttar Pradesh" (http://www.upsbdb.org/diversity-of-up.php). Uttar Pradesh
State Biodiversity Board. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190705034421/http://upsbdb.org/diversit
y-of-up.php) from the original on 5 July 2019. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
90. "Aegyptica" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090506192204/http://bsienvis.nic.in/medi.htm). Bsienvis.nic.in.
Archived from the original (http://bsienvis.nic.in/medi.htm#Balanites) on 6 May 2009. Retrieved
21 September 2009.
91. "Bird Sanctuary" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120704191031/http://www.up-tourism.com/destination/wild
_life/wild_life.htm). U.P tourism. Archived from the original (http://www.up-tourism.com/destination/wild_life/
wild_life.htm) on 4 July 2012. Retrieved 23 July 2012.
92. "Sanctuary Park in U.P" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120718025605/http://www.up-tourism.com/destinati
on/wild_life/places_of_interest.htm). U.P tourism. Archived from the original (http://www.up-tourism.com/des
tination/wild_life/places_of_interest.htm#Suhelva) on 18 July 2012. Retrieved 23 July 2012.
93. "Few patches of natural forest" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120520140217/http://upgov.nic.in/upwealth.
aspx). State government of Uttar Pradesh. Archived from the original (http://upgov.nic.in/upwealth.aspx) on
20 May 2012. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
94. The Forests and biodiversity, in UP are important in many ways. "Miscellaneous Statistics" (https://web.arch
ive.org/web/20121115214704/http://upenvis.nic.in/Database/Forest_838.aspx). Ministry of Environment and
Forests. Archived from the original (http://upenvis.nic.in/Database/Forest_838.aspx) on 15 November 2012.
Retrieved 22 July 2012.
95. "Conservation of the Avifauna" (https://www.webcitation.org/69LhYrtqy?url=http://ww.orientalbirdclub.org/pu
blications/forktail/14pdfs/Javed-Dudwa.pdf) (PDF). Dudhwa National Park. Archived from the original (http://
ww.orientalbirdclub.org/publications/forktail/14pdfs/Javed-Dudwa.pdf) (PDF) on 22 July 2012. Retrieved
20 July 2012.
96. "Bakhira Bird Sanctuary" (http://upforest.gov.in/StaticPages/bakhirabird_Home.aspx). upforest.gov.in. UP
Forest and Wildlife Department. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170204170352/http://upforest.gov.
in/StaticPages/bakhirabird_Home.aspx) from the original on 4 February 2017. Retrieved 4 February 2017.
97. "National Chambal Gharial Wildlife Sanctuary" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170101110955/http://www.na
tionalchambalsanctuary.in/). National Chambal Sanctuary. Archived from the original (http://nationalchambal
sanctuary.in/) on 1 January 2017. Retrieved 4 February 2017.
98. "Chandra Prabha Wildlife Sanctuary And Picnic Spots" (http://www.uptourism.gov.in/pages/top/explore/top-
explore-chandra-prabha). uptourism.gov.in. Uttar Pradesh Tourism. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2
0170204170953/http://www.uptourism.gov.in/pages/top/explore/top-explore-chandra-prabha) from the
original on 4 February 2017. Retrieved 4 February 2017.
99. "Hastinapur Wild Life Sanctuary" (http://upforest.gov.in/STATICpages/hastinapurwild_Home.aspx).
upforest.gov.in. P Forest and Wildlife Department. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170204170724/
http://upforest.gov.in/STATICpages/hastinapurwild_Home.aspx) from the original on 4 February 2017.
Retrieved 4 February 2017.
100. "Kaimoor Wild Life Sanctuary" (http://upforest.gov.in/StaticPages/kaimoorwildlife_Home.aspx).
upforest.gov.in. Forest and Wildlife Department Uttar Pradesh. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170
204171033/http://upforest.gov.in/StaticPages/kaimoorwildlife_Home.aspx) from the original on 4 February
2017. Retrieved 4 February 2017.
101. "Inside Okhla Bird Sanctuary" (http://upforest.gov.in/STATICpages/okhlabird_Home.aspx). upforest.gov.in.
UP Forest and Wildlife Department. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170204171135/http://upforest.
gov.in/STATICpages/okhlabird_Home.aspx) from the original on 4 February 2017. Retrieved 4 February
2017.
102. S. K. Agarwal (1998). Environment Biotechnology (https://books.google.com/books?id=0UeDTX6HEK8C&p
g=PA61). APH Publishing. p. 61. ISBN 978-8131302941. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/201305230
73400/http://books.google.com/books?id=0UeDTX6HEK8C&pg=PA61) from the original on 23 May 2013.
Retrieved 25 July 2012.
103. "Processing of manuscripts of Fauna" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130505093620/http://zsi.gov.in/right_
menu/Annual%20Meeting/Annual%20Meeting%202011-12/HQ/Fauna.pdf) (PDF). Indian Government.
Archived from the original (http://zsi.gov.in/right_menu/Annual%20Meeting/Annual%20Meeting%202011-1
2/HQ/Fauna.pdf) (PDF) on 5 May 2013. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
104. "State division of Uttar Pradesh" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120510202421/http://india.gov.in/knowindi
a/districts/andhra1.php?stateid=UP). Government of India. Archived from the original (http://india.gov.in/kno
windia/districts/andhra1.php?stateid=UP) on 10 May 2012. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
105. "Indian Districts by population" (http://www.census2011.co.in/district.php). 2011 Census of India. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/20110611224943/http://www.census2011.co.in/district.php) from the original
on 11 June 2011. Retrieved 5 October 2012.
106. "Panchayati Raj Act, 1947" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170712165910/http://panchayatiraj.up.nic.in/Act
s%20And%20Rules%20Pdfs/Panchayat%20Raj%20Act_1947_ch4.38-50.pdf) (PDF). Department of
Panchayati Raj, Government of Uttar Pradesh. 1947. Archived from the original (https://panchayatiraj.up.ni
c.in/Acts%20And%20Rules%20Pdfs/Panchayat%20Raj%20Act_1947_ch4.38-50.pdf) (PDF) on 12 July
2017. Retrieved 16 August 2017.
107. "Panchayati Raj Act, 1947 – Chapter 6 – The Nyaya Panchayat" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023
420/http://panchayatiraj.up.nic.in/Acts%20And%20Rules%20Pdfs/Panchayat%20Raj%20Act_1947_ch6.57-
70.pdf) (PDF). Department of Panchayati Raj, Government of Uttar Pradesh. 1947. Archived from the
original (https://panchayatiraj.up.nic.in/Acts%20And%20Rules%20Pdfs/Panchayat%20Raj%20Act_1947_c
h6.57-70.pdf) (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 13 September 2017.
108. "Panels to draft development plans for 13 cities" (http://www.indianexpress.com/news/panels-to-draft-devel
opment-plans-for-13-cities/674326/). The Indian Express. 30 August 2010. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
109. "The area and density of metropolitan cities" (https://web.archive.org/web/20121015142027/http://urbanindi
a.nic.in/theministry/subordinateoff/tcpo/AREA_POP/CHAPTER-4.PDF) (PDF). The Ministry of Urban
Development. Archived from the original (http://urbanindia.nic.in/theministry/subordinateoff/tcpo/AREA_PO
P/CHAPTER-4.PDF) (PDF) on 15 October 2012. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
110. "Provisional population totals, Census of India 2011" (http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/dat
a_files/india/Rural_Urban_2011.pdf) (PDF). Census of India 2011. p. 19. Archived (https://web.archive.org/
web/20120226224319/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/india/Rural_Urban_201
1.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 26 February 2012. Retrieved 14 March 2012.
111. "Provisional population totals paper 1 of 2011 : Uttar Pradesh" (http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/
prov_data_products_up.html). Census of India 2011. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/201204271034
12/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_up.html) from the original on 27 April
2012. Retrieved 23 July 2012.
112. "Seventy-fourth Constitutional Amendment" (https://cag.gov.in/uploads/download_audit_report/2021/5%20C
HAPTER%20I-063076629450a19.40071813.pdf) (PDF). Retrieved 21 April 2025.
113. "THE UTTAR PRADESH MUNICIPALITIES ACT, 1916" (https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/
16228/1/Municipality_1916.pdf) (PDF). Retrieved 21 April 2025.
114. "Uttar Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act, 1959" (http://www.janaagraha.org/asics/report/Uttar-Pradesh-Utt
arakhand-Municipal-Corporation-Act-1959.pdf) (PDF). 1959. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/201708
16233237/http://www.janaagraha.org/asics/report/Uttar-Pradesh-Uttarakhand-Municipal-Corporation-Act-19
59.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 16 August 2017. Retrieved 16 August 2017.
115. "Uttar Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act, 1959" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120324141206/http://sec.u
p.nic.in/acts_rules/MUNICIPAL%20CORPORATION_1959_eng/Municipal_Corp_Act_1959_chap1.pdf)
(PDF). Uttar Pradesh State Election Commission. 1959. Archived from the original (https://sec.up.nic.in/acts
_rules/MUNICIPAL%20CORPORATION_1959_eng/Municipal_Corp_Act_1959_chap1.pdf) (PDF) on 24
March 2012. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
116. "U.P. Industrial Development Act – 1976 (U.P. Act Number 6, of 1976)" (https://web.archive.org/web/201708
12211441/http://www.noidaauthorityonline.com/UPIndAreaDevp.pdf) (PDF). Noida Authority Online. 1976.
Archived from the original (http://www.noidaauthorityonline.com/UPIndAreaDevp.pdf) (PDF) on 12 August
2017. Retrieved 13 August 2017.
117. "U.P. Industrial Development Act – 1976 (U.P. Act Number 6, of 1976)" (http://www.greaternoida.com/files/at
tachments/inddevact.pdf) (PDF). Greater Noida Authority. 1976. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/201
50511075823/http://www.greaternoida.com/files/attachments/inddevact.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 11
May 2015. Retrieved 13 August 2017.
118. Khan, Atiq (16 November 2011). "Maya splits U.P. poll scene wide open" (http://www.thehindu.com/todays-
paper/article2631472.ece). The Hindu. Lucknow. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140112191630/ht
tp://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/article2631472.ece) from the original on 12 January 2014. Retrieved
15 June 2013.
119. Number, Religion. "U.P religions by numbers" (https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/religious-communiti
es-census-2011-what-the-numbers-say/article7582284.ece). The Hindu. No. 26 August 2015. N. Ravi. The
Hindu Group. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20181115030444/https://www.thehindu.com/news/nati
onal/religious-communities-census-2011-what-the-numbers-say/article7582284.ece) from the original on 15
November 2018. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
120. "Table C-16: Language by States and Union Territories – Uttar Pradesh" (http://censusindia.gov.in/2011Cen
sus/Language_MTs.html). censusindia.gov.in. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210224155157/http
s://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html) from the original on 24 February 2021.
Retrieved 24 February 2021.
121. "The density of population in U.P." (https://web.archive.org/web/20121215062041/http://upenvis.nic.in/Data
base/Overview_847.aspx) Environment and Related Issues Department U.P. Archived from the original (htt
p://upenvis.nic.in/Database/Overview_847.aspx) on 15 December 2012. Retrieved 23 July 2012.
122. "Provisional population totals" (http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/UP/7-pop-12-2
2.pdf) (PDF). Census of India 2011. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130207004512/http://www.cen
susindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/UP/7-pop-12-22.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 7
February 2013. Retrieved 23 July 2012.
123. Rampal, Nikhil (16 November 2022). "World population grew by a billion in past 12 yrs & 5% came from just
UP & Bihar, data shows" (https://theprint.in/india/world-population-hits-8-billion-india-highest-contributor-sur
pass-china-2023/1218281/). ThePrint. Printline Media Pvt. Ltd. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230
501221830/https://theprint.in/india/world-population-hits-8-billion-india-highest-contributor-surpass-china-20
23/1218281/) from the original on 1 May 2023. Retrieved 1 May 2023.
124. "Statistics of Uttar Pradesh" (http://www.up.gov.in/upstateglance.aspx). up.gov.in. Government of Uttar
Pradesh. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170412224507/http://www.up.gov.in/upstateglance.aspx)
from the original on 12 April 2017. Retrieved 12 April 2017.
125. "Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes" (https://censusindia.gov.in/Census_And_You/scheduled_castes_a
nd_sceduled_tribes.aspx). Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived (https://
web.archive.org/web/20200427154205/http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_And_You/scheduled_castes_and_
sceduled_tribes.aspx) from the original on 27 April 2020. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
126. Kaul, Sudesh. "Indigenous Peoples Policy Framework" (http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/467821
468035383950/pdf/IPP7630P14786400Box385405B00PUBLIC0.pdf) (PDF). World Bank. Archived (https://
web.archive.org/web/20200612181146/http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/467821468035383950/
pdf/IPP7630P14786400Box385405B00PUBLIC0.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 12 June 2020. Retrieved
12 June 2020.
127. Ara, Ismat (16 July 2021). "Higher Female Foeticide, Targeted Harassment: UP's Population Control Bill
May Be Dangerous" (https://thewire.in/rights/rising-female-foeticide-targeted-harassment-ups-population-co
ntrol-bill-may-be-dangerous). The Wire (India). Foundation for Independent Journalism (FIJ). Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20230501221117/https://thewire.in/rights/rising-female-foeticide-targeted-harassm
ent-ups-population-control-bill-may-be-dangerous) from the original on 1 May 2023. Retrieved 1 May 2023.
128. Rao, Menaka (16 February 2017). "How one Uttar Pradesh district is using technology to prevent sex-
selective abortions" (https://scroll.in/pulse/828350/how-one-uttar-pradesh-district-is-using-technology-to-pre
vent-female-foeticide). Scroll.in. Scroll Media Incorporation. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2023050
1221117/https://scroll.in/pulse/828350/how-one-uttar-pradesh-district-is-using-technology-to-prevent-female
-foeticide) from the original on 1 May 2023. Retrieved 1 May 2023.
129. "Decennil growth of population by census" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090410021912/http://www.cwc.ni
c.in/Water_Data_Pocket_Book_2006/t9.01final.pdf) (PDF). Census of India (2011). Archived from the
original (http://www.cwc.nic.in/Water_Data_Pocket_Book_2006/t9.01final.pdf) (PDF) on 10 April 2009.
Retrieved 5 October 2011.
130. "Decennial growth rate and density for 2011 at a glance for Uttar Pradesh and the districts: provisional
population totals paper 1 of 2011" (http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_u
p.html). Census of India(2011). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20111007014159/http://censusindia.g
ov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_up.html) from the original on 7 October 2011. Retrieved
5 October 2011.
131. "The state with large no. of peoples living below poverty line" (http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=
49731). Government of India. Press Information Bureau. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/201302080
74013/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=49731) from the original on 8 February 2013. Retrieved
5 October 2012.
132. "Uttar Pradesh Poverty, Growth & Inequality" (http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/18772146799564
7501/pdf/105884-BRI-P157572-ADD-SERIES-India-state-briefs-PUBLIC-UttarPradesh-Proverty.pdf) (PDF).
World Bank. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20171116021320/http://documents.worldbank.org/curat
ed/en/187721467995647501/pdf/105884-BRI-P157572-ADD-SERIES-India-state-briefs-PUBLIC-UttarPrad
esh-Proverty.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 16 November 2017. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
133. "Press Note on Poverty Estimates, 2011–12" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140628120737/http://planning
commission.nic.in/news/pre_pov2307.pdf) (PDF). Planning Commission. Government of India. p. 7.
Archived from the original (http://planningcommission.nic.in/news/pre_pov2307.pdf) (PDF) on 28 June
2014. Retrieved 11 August 2014.
134. Singh, Hemant (7 April 2020). "Per Capita Income of Indian States 2019–20" (https://www.jagranjosh.com/g
eneral-knowledge/per-capita-income-of-indian-states-1468997157-1). Dainik Jagran. Jagran Josh. Jagran
Prakashan Limited. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190826043616/https://www.jagranjosh.com/ge
neral-knowledge/per-capita-income-of-indian-states-1468997157-1) from the original on 26 August 2019.
Retrieved 23 May 2020.
135. "Muslim population grew faster: Census" (http://www.deccanherald.com/content/497347/muslim-population-
grew-faster-census.html). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150827035701/http://www.deccanheral
d.com/content/497347/muslim-population-grew-faster-census.html) from the original on 27 August 2015.
136. "Uttar Pradesh Profile" (http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/stock/profiles/en/IND00
9_Uttar%20Pradesh.pdf) (PDF). Census of India 2011. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130208074
636/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/stock/profiles/en/IND009_Uttar%20Prades
h.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 8 February 2013. Retrieved 16 October 2010.
137. "A comparison of the literacy rates" (http://censusmp.gov.in/censusmp/All-PDF/6Literacy21.12.pdf) (PDF).
censusmp.gov.in. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120417110338/http://censusmp.gov.in/censusm
p/All-PDF/6Literacy21.12.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 17 April 2012. Retrieved 16 October 2010.
138. "Literacy rate in Uttar Pradesh" (http://www.census2011.co.in/census/state/uttar+pradesh.html). Census of
India 2011. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110430133506/http://www.census2011.co.in/census/st
ate/uttar+pradesh.html) from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 16 October 2010.
139. "UP literacy rate poor than national average: Report" (https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/up-literac
y-rate-poor-than-national-average-report/story-04cd30glcG2IchqkB0TLaJ.html). Hindustan Times. HT
Media Ltd. 8 September 2020. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203635/https://www.hindust
antimes.com/education/up-literacy-rate-poor-than-national-average-report/story-04cd30glcG2IchqkB0TLaJ.
html) from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 20 June 2021.
140. Experts, Disha (1 July 2020). Amazing Uttar Pradesh – General Knowledge for UPPSC, UPSSSC & other
Competitive Exams (https://books.google.com/books?id=4D44EAAAQBAJ&dq=bhojpuri+second+language
+uttar+pradesh&pg=PA117). Disha Publications. ISBN 978-93-90486-72-4. Archived (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20230427232733/https://books.google.com/books?id=4D44EAAAQBAJ&dq=bhojpuri+second+langu
age+uttar+pradesh&pg=PA117) from the original on 27 April 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2022.
141. "Language – India, States and Union Territories" (http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_250620
18_NEW.pdf) (PDF). Census of India 2011. Office of the Registrar General. pp. 13–14. Archived (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20181114073412/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf)
(PDF) from the original on 14 November 2018. Retrieved 21 November 2018.
142. "Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Parishad structure" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160417175655/http://legislativeb
odiesinindia.nic.in/UttarPradesh-LC.htm). Legislative Bodies of India. Government of India. Archived from
the original (http://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/UttarPradesh-LC.htm) on 17 April 2016. Retrieved
19 September 2017.
143. "Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Sabha structure" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160417175232/http://legislativebodi
esinindia.nic.in/UTTAR%20PRADESH.htm). Legislative Bodies of India. Government of India. Archived
from the original (http://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/UTTAR%20PRADESH.htm) on 17 April 2016.
Retrieved 19 September 2017.
144. Four other states seen as a barometer of support for the federal government. "Legislative elections in Uttar
Pradesh" (http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia/2012/02/2012286478579763.html). Al Jazeera. Archived (htt
ps://web.archive.org/web/20120210194222/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia/2012/02/20122864785797
63.html) from the original on 10 February 2012. Retrieved 8 February 2012.
145. Grover, Verinder (1989). Legislative Council in State Legislatures (https://books.google.com/books?id=fRqr
O0Hx0Y0C&pg=PA37). Deep & Deep Publications. pp. 37–255. ISBN 978-8171001934. Archived (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20130528132659/http://books.google.com/books?id=fRqrO0Hx0Y0C&pg=PA37) from
the original on 28 May 2013. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
146. "Composition of Rajya Sabha" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160305020442/http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsne
w/rsat_work/chapter-2.pdf) (PDF). Rajya Sabha. New Delhi: Rajya Sabha Secretariat. pp. 24–25. Archived
from the original (http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/rsat_work/chapter-2.pdf) (PDF) on 5 March 2016. Retrieved
15 February 2012.
147. "Role of The Governor" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170407230227/http://www.upgovernor.gov.in/upgov
ernor.gov.in/roleofgov.htm). upgovernor.gov.in. Raj Bhavan Uttar Pradesh. Archived from the original (http://
upgovernor.gov.in/upgovernor.gov.in/roleofgov.htm) on 7 April 2017. Retrieved 17 March 2017.
148. "Constitutional Setup" (http://up.gov.in/upconstitution.aspx). Government of Uttar Pradesh. Archived (https://
web.archive.org/web/20170831000649/http://up.gov.in/upconstitution.aspx) from the original on 31 August
2017. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
149. Laxmikanth, M. (2014). Governance in India (2nd ed.). Noida: McGraw Hill Education. pp. 4.3 – 4.5.
ISBN 978-9339204785.
150. Maheshwari, S.R. (2000). Indian Administration (6th ed.). New Delhi: Orient Blackswan Private Ltd.
pp. 563–572. ISBN 978-8125019886.
151. Singh, G.P. (1993). Revenue administration in India: A case study of Bihar. Delhi: Mittal Publications.
pp. 26–129. ISBN 978-8170993810.
152. "Contact Details of Commissioners and District Magistrates of U.P." (http://uphome.gov.in/DM-UP-Contact.h
tm) Department of Home and Confidential, Government of Uttar Pradesh. Archived (https://web.archive.org/
web/20170816061300/http://uphome.gov.in/DM-UP-Contact.htm) from the original on 16 August 2017.
Retrieved 15 August 2017.
153. "LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS" (https://forest.uk.gov.in/uploads/fbd/1637060091.pdf) (PDF). Government of
Uttarakhand. Retrieved 8 July 2024.
154. "Uttar Pradesh judiciary" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120904072538/http://www.mapsofindia.com/uttar-p
radesh/local-government/judiciary.html). Maps of India. Archived from the original (http://www.mapsofindia.c
om/uttar-pradesh/local-government/judiciary.html) on 4 September 2012. Retrieved 19 September 2012.
155. "The Uttar Pradesh Judicial Service Rules, 2001" (https://www.allahabadhighcourt.in/rules/TheUttarPradesh
JudicialServiceRules2001.pdf) (PDF). Allahabad High Court. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/201910
24015107/http://allahabadhighcourt.in/rules/TheUttarPradeshJudicialServiceRules2001.pdf) (PDF) from the
original on 24 October 2019. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
156. Bind, Basini Prasad. "The History and Role of Subordinate Civil Judiciary in Uttar Pradesh" (https://www.all
ahabadhighcourt.in/event/TheHistoryRoleSubordinateJudiciaryBBPrasad.pdf) (PDF). Allahabad High Court.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130508214410/http://www.allahabadhighcourt.in/event/TheHistory
RoleSubordinateJudiciaryBBPrasad.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 8 May 2013. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
157. "Subordinate Civil Judiciary in Uttar Pradesh" (https://www.allahabadhighcourt.in/event/TheHistoryRoleSub
ordinateJudiciaryBBPrasad.pdf) (PDF). Allahabad High Court. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130
508214410/http://www.allahabadhighcourt.in/event/TheHistoryRoleSubordinateJudiciaryBBPrasad.pdf)
(PDF) from the original on 8 May 2013. Retrieved 19 September 2012.
158. Salam, Ziya Us (20 October 2020). "Casteism and social apartheid the norm in Uttar Pradesh" (https://frontl
ine.thehindu.com/cover-story/social-apartheid-is-the-norm/article32882917.ece). The Frontline. The Hindu.
Retrieved 1 November 2024.
159. "UP: the nerve center of politics" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120524062808/http://zeenews.india.com/st
ate-elections-2012/up/issues.html). Zee news. Archived from the original (http://zeenews.india.com/state-el
ections-2012/up/issues.html) on 24 May 2012. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
160. Sarda, Kanu (19 August 2018). "In Custody: Six died daily in four months" (https://www.newindianexpress.c
om/thesundaystandard/2018/aug/19/in-custody-six-died-daily-in-four-months-1859555.html). The New
Indian Express. Express Publications (Madurai) Limited D. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200607
174117/https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2018/aug/19/in-custody-six-died-daily-in-fo
ur-months-1859555.html) from the original on 7 June 2020. Retrieved 7 June 2020.
161. Sandhu, Kamaljit Kaur (14 May 2018). "More bad news for Yogi Adityanath as data show UP tops crime
chart" (https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/more-bad-news-for-yogi-adityanath-as-data-show-up-tops-crime
-chart-1189660-2018-03-14). India Today. Living Media India Limited. Archived (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20190828232341/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/more-bad-news-for-yogi-adityanath-as-data-show-
up-tops-crime-chart-1189660-2018-03-14) from the original on 28 August 2019. Retrieved 20 May 2020.
162. Rao, Phalguni. "NHRC registered 1,782 fake encounter cases between 2000–2017; Uttar Pradesh alone
accounts for 44.55%" (https://www.firstpost.com/india/nhrc-registered-1782-fake-encounter-cases-between-
2000-2017-uttar-pradesh-alone-accounts-for-44-55-4332125.html). Firstpost. Network 18. Archived (https://
web.archive.org/web/20200607175917/https://www.firstpost.com/india/nhrc-registered-1782-fake-encounter
-cases-between-2000-2017-uttar-pradesh-alone-accounts-for-44-55-4332125.html) from the original on 7
June 2020. Retrieved 7 June 2020.
163. Pervez Iqbal Siddiqui (30 October 2011). "UP tops in crime, low on 'criminality' " (https://timesofindia.indiati
mes.com/city/lucknow/UP-tops-in-crime-low-on-criminality/articleshow/10537316.cms). The Times of India.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131226121729/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-
30/lucknow/30338628_1_crime-incidents-population-kidnapping-and-abduction-cases) from the original on
26 December 2013. Retrieved 14 September 2013.
164. "Uttar Pradesh tops the list of communal violence hit states in 2017: Govt" (https://economictimes.indiatime
s.com/news/politics-and-nation/uttar-pradesh-tops-the-list-of-communal-violence-hit-states-in-2017-govt/arti
cleshow/63300833.cms?from=mdr). The Economic Times. Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. 14 March 2018.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210225120204/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics
-and-nation/uttar-pradesh-tops-the-list-of-communal-violence-hit-states-in-2017-govt/articleshow/63300833.
cms?from=mdr) from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2020.
165. Sharma, Neeta (14 March 2018). "Communal Violence Goes Up In Country, Uttar Pradesh Still Tops List" (h
ttps://www.ndtv.com/india-news/communal-violence-goes-up-in-country-uttar-pradesh-still-tops-list-182391
7). NDTV. New Delhi Television Limited. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190812005415/https://ww
w.ndtv.com/india-news/communal-violence-goes-up-in-country-uttar-pradesh-still-tops-list-1823917) from
the original on 12 August 2019. Retrieved 20 May 2020.
166. "Human Development Index Across Indian States: Is the Glass Still Half Empty?" (https://sbi.co.in/documen
ts/13958/14472/Ecowrap_20190308.pdf) (PDF). State Bank of India. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/
20200406004223/https://sbi.co.in/documents/13958/14472/Ecowrap_20190308.pdf) (PDF) from the original
on 6 April 2020. Retrieved 20 May 2020.
167. Chauhan, Saurabh. "UP fails to improve human development index ranking in 27 years" (https://www.hindu
stantimes.com/lucknow/up-fails-to-improve-human-development-index-ranking-in-27-years/story-RJM0f3tD
9hiQ3mAE62VVaL.html). Hindustan Times. HT Media Ltd. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200126
140936/https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/up-fails-to-improve-human-development-index-ranking-in-
27-years/story-RJM0f3tD9hiQ3mAE62VVaL.html) from the original on 26 January 2020. Retrieved 20 May
2020.
168. "Uttar Pradesh Human Development Report" (http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/india_uttar_pradesh_200
7.pdf) (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. December 2008. Archived (https://web.archive.org/
web/20170709020534/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/india_uttar_pradesh_2007.pdf) (PDF) from the
original on 9 July 2017. Retrieved 13 September 2017.
169. "India Human Development Report report raps Gujarat, praises UP and Bihar" (https://timesofindia.indiatim
es.com/india/India-Human-Development-Report-raps-Gujarat-praises-UP-and-Bihar/articleshow/10446060.
cms). The Times of India. 22 October 2011. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131226114722/http://a
rticles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-22/india/30310270_1_poor-states-bjp-ruled-states-social-inclusi
on) from the original on 26 December 2013. Retrieved 13 September 2017.
170. Shafi, Alam. "The strength of Armed Police in Uttar Pradesh" (https://web.archive.org/web/2011111008572
6/http://ncrb.nic.in/CII2010/cii-2010/Chapter%2017.pdf) (PDF). National Crime Records Bureau. Archived
from the original (http://ncrb.nic.in/CII2010/cii-2010/Chapter%2017.pdf) (PDF) on 10 November 2011.
Retrieved 23 July 2012.
171. "General Information" (https://uppolice.gov.in/pages/en/topmenu/about-us/en-general-information). Uttar
Pradesh Police. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170906042425/https://uppolice.gov.in/pages/en/to
pmenu/about-us/en-general-information) from the original on 6 September 2017. Retrieved 6 September
2017.
172. "Highlight of criminal statistics" (https://web.archive.org/web/20121120103625/http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_Ne
w/upload/statistical_year_book_2011/SECTOR-6-MISCELLANEOUS%20SECTOR/CH-37-CRIME%20STA
TISTICS/CRIME%20STATISTICS-WRITEUP.pdf) (PDF). Ministry of statistics and program implementation.
Archived from the original (http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_New/upload/statistical_year_book_2011/SECTOR-6-M
ISCELLANEOUS%20SECTOR/CH-37-CRIME%20STATISTICS/CRIME%20STATISTICS-WRITEUP.pdf)
(PDF) on 20 November 2012. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
173. "UP sees 6.5% rise in road accidents, 4% in fatalities this yr, says govt data" (https://indianexpress.com/arti
cle/india/up-road-accidents-up-6-5-this-yr-fatalities-rise-4-9051922/#:~:text=The%20report%20shows%20th
at%20a,injured%20and%2021%2C227%20people%20died.). Express News Service. The Indian Express.
3 December 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2024.
174. Chauhan, Arvind (7 January 2017). "At 23,219, UP reports highest number of road, rail accident" (https://tim
esofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agra/at-23219-up-reports-highest-number-of-road-rail-accident-deaths/articles
how/56394327.cms). The Times of India. Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. The Times Group. Archived (https://
web.archive.org/web/20200618182651/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agra/at-23219-up-reports-hi
ghest-number-of-road-rail-accident-deaths/articleshow/56394327.cms) from the original on 18 June 2020.
Retrieved 7 June 2020.
175. "An accident reported every two hours in UP: Fatal accidents in the state" (http://www.hindustantimes.com/l
ucknow/an-accident-reported-every-two-hours-in-up-fatal-accidents-in-the-state/story-qfPeclssrDuZGulc7E
TNUJ.html). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170505113620/http://www.hindustantimes.com/luckno
w/an-accident-reported-every-two-hours-in-up-fatal-accidents-in-the-state/story-qfPeclssrDuZGulc7ETNUJ.
html) from the original on 5 May 2017.
176. "A powerful bomb placed in" (http://zeenews.india.com/news/uttar-pradesh/delhi-blast-raid-at-huji-militant-s-
house-in-up_730458.html). Zee news. 20 July 2012. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2012012923504
3/http://zeenews.india.com/news/uttar-pradesh/delhi-blast-raid-at-huji-militant-s-house-in-up_730458.html)
from the original on 29 January 2012. Retrieved 20 July 2012.
177. "Sankat Mochan Hanuman temple blast" (http://in.rediff.com/news/2006/mar/07up.htm). 'Rediff.com.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160809032928/http://in.rediff.com/news/2006/mar/07up.htm) from
the original on 9 August 2016. Retrieved 14 July 2012.
178. "Varanasi blast" (http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/varanasi-blast-18-month-old-killed-25-injured-71186).
NDTV. 7 December 2010. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20121212033140/http://www.ndtv.com/arti
cle/india/varanasi-blast-18-month-old-killed-25-injured-71186) from the original on 12 December 2012.
Retrieved 15 July 2012.
179. Swami, Praveen (25 November 2007). "Uttar Pradesh bombings mark new phase" (https://web.archive.org/
web/20120126061742/http://www.hindu.com/2007/11/25/stories/2007112555861000.htm). The Hindu.
Archived from the original (http://www.hindu.com/2007/11/25/stories/2007112555861000.htm) on 26
January 2012. Retrieved 20 July 2012.
180. Swami, Praveen (26 December 2007). "Wiretap warning on Uttar Pradesh bombings went in vain" (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20080304213229/http://www.hindu.com/2007/12/26/stories/2007122653691200.htm).
The Hindu. Archived from the original (http://hindu.com/2007/12/26/stories/2007122653691200.htm) on 4
March 2008. Retrieved 20 July 2012.
181. "Massive terror attacks" (http://www.thesundayindian.com/en/story/massive-terror-attacks-in-india-in-the-las
t-20-years/14/26333/). The Sunday Indian. 25 November 2011. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2013
0606090350/http://www.thesundayindian.com/en/story/massive-terror-attacks-in-india-in-the-last-20-years/1
4/26333/) from the original on 6 June 2013. Retrieved 20 July 2012.
182. "Chronology of recent terror attacks" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110717155321/http://in.news.yahoo.co
m/chronology-recent-terror-attacks-india-153913362.html). Yahoo. Archived from the original (http://in.new
s.yahoo.com/chronology-recent-terror-attacks-india-153913362.html) on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 13 July
2011.
183. "Freak blast sets panic alarm ringing" (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kanpur/freak-blast-sets-panic
-alarm-ringing/articleshow/4230409.cms). The Times of India. Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. The Times
Group. 5 March 2009. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230502183426/https://timesofindia.indiatime
s.com/city/kanpur/freak-blast-sets-panic-alarm-ringing/articleshow/4230409.cms) from the original on 2 May
2023. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
184. "Gross State Domestic Product by Economic Activity (crore Rs) Uttar Pradesh" (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20180112042957/http://updes.up.nic.in/STATE%20ACC%20STATISTICS/State%20Domestic%20Produc
t/GSDP%20at%20current%202014-15.pdf) (PDF). Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Government of
Uttar Pradesh. Archived from the original (https://updes.up.nic.in/STATE%20ACC%20STATISTICS/State%2
0Domestic%20Product/GSDP%20at%20current%202014-15.pdf) (PDF) on 12 January 2018. Retrieved
11 January 2018.
185. Khullar, Vatsal (20 February 2018). "Uttar Pradesh Budget Analysis 2018–19" (https://web.archive.org/web/
20180221100915/http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/State%20Budget%202018-19/Uttar%20Pradesh%
20Budget%20Analysis%202018-19.pdf) (PDF). PRS Legislative Research. Archived from the original (htt
p://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/State%20Budget%202018-19/Uttar%20Pradesh%20Budget%20Analys
is%202018-19.pdf) (PDF) on 21 February 2018. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
186. "TABLE 27: GROSS STATE DOMESTIC PRODUCT" (https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Publications/PDFs/27
T_15112023E301A02422494F73BFAFD6CDD84EEEAE.PDF) (PDF). Retrieved 12 April 2024.
187. "Uttar Pradesh: A Rainbow Land" (https://www.ibef.org/download/Uttar%20Pradesh-November-2015.pdf)
(PDF). ibef.org. India Brand Equity Foundation. 2015. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/201809212300
48/https://www.ibef.org/download/Uttar%20Pradesh-November-2015.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 21
September 2018. Retrieved 13 May 2019.
188. "Indian sugar mills association" (http://www.indiansugar.com/NewsDetails.aspx?nid=4584).
indiansugar.com. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160826083928/http://www.indiansugar.com/New
sDetails.aspx?nid=4584) from the original on 26 August 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
189. Goyal, Malini (9 June 2013). "SMEs employ close to 40% of India's workforce, but contribute only 17% to
GDP" (http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/emerging-businesses/sme-policy-trends/smes-employ-cl
ose-to-40-of-indias-workforce-but-contribute-only-17-to-gdp/articleshow/20496337.cms?curpg=2). The
Economic Times. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20161231062949/http://economictimes.indiatimes.
com/news/emerging-businesses/sme-policy-trends/smes-employ-close-to-40-of-indias-workforce-but-contri
bute-only-17-to-gdp/articleshow/20496337.cms?curpg=2) from the original on 31 December 2016.
Retrieved 20 June 2013.
190. "Details of financing & limits of accommodation" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120530154018/http://www.ij
est.info/docs/IJEST10-02-07-13.pdf) (PDF). UPFC India. Archived from the original on 30 May 2012.
Retrieved 22 July 2012.
191. "A statement of the categories of documents that are held by the Corporation" (https://web.archive.org/web/
20121116014458/http://www.upfcindia.com/rti/manual-vi.pdf) (PDF). Uttar Pradesh Financial Corporation.
Archived from the original (http://www.upfcindia.com/rti/manual-vi.pdf) (PDF) on 16 November 2012.
Retrieved 9 July 2012.
192. "The budget allocated to each of its agency" (https://web.archive.org/web/20121116014535/http://www.upfc
india.com/rti/manual-xi.pdf) (PDF). UPFC India. Archived from the original (http://www.upfcindia.com/rti/man
ual-xi.pdf) (PDF) on 16 November 2012. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
193. Rawat, Virendra Singh (27 March 2016). "Private investment under Akhilesh government more than
doubles" (http://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/private-investment-under-akhilesh-government-
more-than-doubles-116032700361_1.html). Business Standard India. Archived (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20160820114551/http://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/private-investment-under-akhilesh-go
vernment-more-than-doubles-116032700361_1.html) from the original on 20 August 2016. Retrieved
8 August 2016.
194. "10. Uttar Pradesh – World Bank Survey: India's top 10 states on the ease of doing business ranking – The
Economic Times" (http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/slideshows/economy/world-bank-survey-indias-top-
10-states-on-the-ease-of-doing-business-ranking/10-uttar-pradesh/slideshow/48970813.cms). Archived (htt
ps://web.archive.org/web/20160623140228/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/slideshows/economy/worl
d-bank-survey-indias-top-10-states-on-the-ease-of-doing-business-ranking/10-uttar-pradesh/slideshow/489
70813.cms) from the original on 23 June 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
195. Raghuvanshi, Umesh (23 October 2019). "Finance commission asks Uttar Pradesh to bring down its debt
burden" (https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/finance-commission-asks-up-to-bring-down-its-debt-b
urden/story-ySZwu16DTAU6bsnzfbEBHP.html). Hindustan Times. HT Media Ltd. Archived (https://web.arch
ive.org/web/20200518022214/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/finance-commission-asks-up-to-
bring-down-its-debt-burden/story-ySZwu16DTAU6bsnzfbEBHP.html) from the original on 18 May 2020.
Retrieved 24 May 2020.
196. "State slipping into debt burden" (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/state-slipping-into-debt-burd
en/articleshow/8840055.cms). The Times of India. 14 June 2011. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/201
30506234001/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-14/pune/29656552_1_debt-burden-white-
paper-finance-minister) from the original on 6 May 2013. Retrieved 14 June 2011.
197. "Unemployment in Uttar Pradesh increased 11.4 pct points, rose to 21.5% in Apr 2020: CMIE Survey" (http
s://www.livemint.com/news/india/unemployment-in-uttar-pradesh-increased-11-4-pct-points-rose-to-21-5-in-
apr-2020-cmie-survey-11588316047392.html). Mint. HT Media. 1 May 2020. Archived (https://web.archive.
org/web/20200605165040/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/unemployment-in-uttar-pradesh-increased-
11-4-pct-points-rose-to-21-5-in-apr-2020-cmie-survey-11588316047392.html) from the original on 5 June
2020. Retrieved 5 June 2020.
198. Jha, Abhishek; Kawoosa, Vijdan Mohammad (26 July 2019). "What the 2011 census data on migration tells
us" (https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/migration-from-up-bihar-disproportionately-high/story-K3W
Aio8TrrvBhd22VbAPLN.html). Hindustan Times. HT Media. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2020081
4073603/https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/migration-from-up-bihar-disproportionately-high/story-
K3WAio8TrrvBhd22VbAPLN.html) from the original on 14 August 2020. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
199. Edwin, Tina (30 July 2019). "Migrants seem to prefer neighbouring States for livelihood" (https://www.thehin
dubusinessline.com/news/migrants-seem-to-prefer-neighbouring-states-for-livelihood/article28762755.ece).
Business Line. The Hindu Group. Kasturi and Sons Limited. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2020102
5025600/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/migrants-seem-to-prefer-neighbouring-states-for-liveli
hood/article28762755.ece) from the original on 25 October 2020. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
200. "Census of India 2001 – Data Highlights" (https://censusindia.gov.in/Data_Products/Data_Highlights/Data_
Highlights_link/data_highlights_D1D2D3.pdf) (PDF). Government of India. Archived (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20201101020548/https://censusindia.gov.in/Data_Products/Data_Highlights/Data_Highlights_link/dat
a_highlights_D1D2D3.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
201. Singh, Mahendra (21 October 2013). "Eastern UP, not Bundelkhand, most backward: Govt data" (https://tim
esofindia.indiatimes.com/india/eastern-up-not-bundelkhand-most-backward-govt-data/articleshow/2445383
4.cms). The Times of India. Retrieved 10 July 2024.
202. Tiwari, Anil Kumar; Pandey, Ravindra K.; Sharma, Vishwambhar Nath (31 December 2021). "A study of
disparities in the socio-economic development of eastern Uttar Pradesh, India" (https://ngji.in/index.php/ngj
i/article/view/299#:~:text=Eastern%20Uttar%20Pradesh%2C%20an%20economically,disparity%20in%20so
cio%2Deconomic%20development.). National Geographical Journal of India. 67 (4): 438–446.
doi:10.48008/ngji.1789 (https://doi.org/10.48008%2Fngji.1789). ISSN 0027-9374 (https://search.worldcat.or
g/issn/0027-9374). Retrieved 10 July 2024.
203. Raghuvanshi, Umesh (7 September 2023). "Regional disparities persist, west U.P. far ahead of east" (http
s://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/uttar-pradesh-s-regional-disparities-western-districts-lead
-in-development-indicators-eastern-districts-lag-behind-101694030468889.html). Hindustan Times.
Retrieved 10 July 2024.
204. IT park, Infrastructure and (4 January 2016). "Noida-Greater Noida's world class infrastructure to be
highlighted in UP Pravasi Diwas" (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/Noida-Greater-Noidas-worl
d-class-infrastructure-to-be-highlighted-in-UP-Pravasi-Diwas/articleshow/50433022.cms). The Times of
India. Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170131081352/http://timesofin
dia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/Noida-Greater-Noidas-world-class-infrastructure-to-be-highlighted-in-UP-Prav
asi-Diwas/articleshow/50433022.cms) from the original on 31 January 2017. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
205. "Investment climate of a state" (http://www.ibef.org/download/Uttar_Pradesh_060710.pdf) (PDF). IBEF
organization. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130510142802/http://www.ibef.org/download/Uttar_P
radesh_060710.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 10 May 2013. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
206. "Service sector over the present crisis" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130507005546/http://articles.econo
mictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-03-14/news/28471008_1_service-sector-gdp-growth-enterprises). The
Economic Times. 14 March 2009. Archived from the original (http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2
009-03-14/news/28471008_1_service-sector-gdp-growth-enterprises) on 7 May 2013. Retrieved 14 March
2009.
207. "Statistical Diary of Uttar Pradesh" (https://updes.up.nic.in/updes/data/sdiaryenglish/files/diary%20eng%202
021_merged.pdf) (PDF). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20231004145340/https://updes.up.nic.in/up
des/data/sdiaryenglish/files/diary%20eng%202021_merged.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 4 October 2023.
Retrieved 2 October 2023.
208. "Only 5 states exceed 11th Plan growth targets: Govt: Ruled by CNBC TV18 News" (http://www.moneycont
rol.com/news/economy/only-5-states-exceed-11th-plan-growth-targets-govt_584266.html). CNBC TV18-
MoneyControl Post. 13 May 2011. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130605114827/http://www.mon
eycontrol.com/news/economy/only-5-states-exceed-11th-plan-growth-targets-govt_584266.html) from the
original on 5 June 2013.
209. "RBI releases Study on State Finances 2009–10" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100225162108/http://ww
w.rbi.org.in/scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=22105). Reserve Bank of India (RBI). Archived from
the original (http://rbi.org.in/scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=22105) on 25 February 2010.
Retrieved 22 February 2010.
210. Ministry of statistics and Program Implementation (https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023256/http://mos
pi.nic.in/Mospi_New/upload/State_wise_SDP_2004-05_14mar12.pdf) (PDF) (Report). Ministry of statistics
and Program Implementation Govt. Of India. Archived from the original (http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_New/uplo
ad/State_wise_SDP_2004-05_14mar12.pdf) (PDF) on 4 March 2016.
211. "Small scale industries and other small trades" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090410141303/http://indiabu
dget.nic.in/ub2004-05(I)/eb/sbe84.pdf) (PDF). Ministry of Small Scale Industries. Archived from the original
(http://indiabudget.nic.in/ub2004-05(I)/eb/sbe84.pdf) (PDF) on 10 April 2009. Retrieved 17 January 2008.
212. "total railway route length uttar pradesh" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120814075641/http://lko.railnet.go
v.in/). Northern Railways Lucknow Division. Archived from the original (http://lko.railnet.gov.in/) on 14
August 2012. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
213. "The Network" (https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/stat_econ/IRSP_2015-16/Yea
r_Book_Eng/9.pdf) (PDF). Ministry of Railways. Retrieved 28 June 2024.
214. "North Central Railway-The Allahabad Division" (http://www.ncr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang
=0&id=0,1,396,403). Indian Railways Portal CMS Team. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2014031806
2507/http://ncr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,396,403) from the original on 18
March 2014. Retrieved 22 February 2011.
215. "the Portal of Indian Railways" (http://www.ner.indianrailways.gov.in/). Indian Railways. Archived (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20110411221732/http://www.ner.indianrailways.gov.in/) from the original on 11 April
2011. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
216. "Equipment arrives for integrated security system" (http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/North-Eastern-R
ailway). The Times of India. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130514093655/http://timesofindia.indi
atimes.com/topic/North-Eastern-Railway) from the original on 14 May 2013. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
217. "Lucknow New Delhi Shatabdi Express" (http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Lucknow-New-Delhi-Shata
bdi-Express). The Times of India. 2 July 2012. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120926075420/htt
p://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Lucknow-New-Delhi-Shatabdi-Express) from the original on 26
September 2012. Retrieved 28 July 2012.
218. "Introducing the Railway Budget 2011–12" (http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorat
e/finance_budget/RailBudget_11-12/RailBudget_2011-12.pdf) (PDF). Indian Railways. Archived (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20160512215003/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/finan
ce_budget/RailBudget_11-12/RailBudget_2011-12.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 12 May 2016. Retrieved
22 July 2012.
219. Investment Promotion & Infrastructure Development Cell. "Road" (https://web.archive.org/web/2011101417
0737/http://dipp.nic.in/English/Investor/Investers_Gudlines/roads.pdf) (PDF). Department of Industrial
Policy and Promotion. Archived from the original (http://dipp.nic.in/English/Investor/Investers_Gudlines/road
s.pdf) (PDF) on 14 October 2011. Retrieved 7 January 2012.
220. "Basic Road Statistics, 2018 - 19" (https://morth.nic.in/sites/default/files/Basic%20Road%20Statistics%20i
n%20India-2018-19.pdf) (PDF). Ministry of Road Transport and Highways of India. Retrieved 28 June 2024.
221. "Road network" (http://www.ibef.org/download/uttar_pradesh_190111.pdf) (PDF). India Brand Equity
Foundation. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120907052302/http://www.ibef.org/download/uttar_pra
desh_190111.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 7 September 2012. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
222. "UPSRTC to replace 45% of its existing fleet with e-buses" (https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-
news/upsrtc-to-replace-45-of-its-existing-fleet-with-ebuses-101719244472805.html). Hindustan Times. 24
June 2024. Retrieved 24 August 2024.
223. Dash, Deepak (26 March 2019). "UPSRTC has set a new record by registering the highest profit among all
state transport undertakings" (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/up-creates-record-registering-highes
t-profit-among-all-state-transport-undertakings/articleshow/68586093.cms). Times of India. The Times
Group. Retrieved 24 August 2024.
224. "Welcome :: U.P. Expressways Industrial Development Authority" (https://web.archive.org/web/2016071213
1932/http://www.upeida.in/project_8.htm). upeida.in. Archived from the original (http://www.upeida.in/project
_8.htm) on 12 July 2016. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
225. "Pervasive road network of Uttar Pradesh" (https://web.archive.org/web/20121222090850/http://planningco
mmission.nic.in/plans/stateplan/upsdr/vol-2/Chap_b8.pdf) (PDF). Planning commission, Government of
India. Archived from the original (http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/stateplan/upsdr/vol-2/Chap_b8.pdf)
(PDF) on 22 December 2012. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
226. "contributing to economic growth and prosperity of the nation" (https://web.archive.org/web/2012062909173
5/http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/varanasi_generalinfo.jsp). Airports Authority of India. Archived from the
original (http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/varanasi_generalinfo.jsp) on 29 June 2012. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
227. Kumar, Mayank (30 November 2023). "The over-promise of Uttar Pradesh's Kushinagar International
Airport" (https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/the-over-promise-of-uttar-pradeshs-kushinag
ar-international-airport/article67591556.ece). The Hindu. Retrieved 5 April 2024.
228. "Kushinagar international airport to get ready for take-off" (http://www.business-standard.com/article/compa
nies/kushinagar-international-airport-to-get-ready-for-take-off-113010700012_1.html). Virendra Singh
Rawat. 7 January 2013. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140521031503/http://www.business-stand
ard.com/article/companies/kushinagar-international-airport-to-get-ready-for-take-off-113010700012_1.html)
from the original on 21 May 2014.
229. "DFCCIL" (https://dfccil.com/Home/DynemicPages?MenuId=76). dfccil.com. Archived (https://web.archive.o
rg/web/20200701102211/https://dfccil.com/Home/DynemicPages?MenuId=76) from the original on 1 July
2020. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
230. "UP gets its 8th airport" (https://www.livemint.com/news/india/up-gets-its-8th-airport-check-flight-routes-fare
-and-other-details-11615267509248.html). mint. 9 March 2021. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2021
0424073306/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/up-gets-its-8th-airport-check-flight-routes-fare-and-other-
details-11615267509248.html) from the original on 24 April 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
231. "UP to seek DGCA nod for Taj airport" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150402155751/http://www.hindustant
imes.com/india-news/lucknow/up-to-seek-dgca-nod-for-taj-airport/article1-1080013.aspx). Hindustan Times.
21 June 2013. Archived from the original (http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/lucknow/up-to-seek-d
gca-nod-for-taj-airport/article1-1080013.aspx) on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 29 July 2015.
232. "Hindustan Times e-Paper" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140608140626/http://paper.hindustantimes.com/
epaper/viewer.aspx). Hindustan Times. Archived from the original (http://paper.hindustantimes.com/epaper/
viewer.aspx) on 8 June 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2015.
233. Mishra, Mihir (24 June 2017). "Jewar to be second airport in Delhi NCR" (https://economictimes.indiatimes.
com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/jewar-to-be-second-airport-in-delhi-ncr/articleshow/59296768.
cms). The Economic Times. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180811133947/https://economictimes.
indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/jewar-to-be-second-airport-in-delhi-ncr/articleshow/
59296768.cms) from the original on 11 August 2018. Retrieved 11 August 2018.
234. Rao, Mohan (2005). From Population Control To Reproductive Health: Malthusian Arithmetic (https://books.
google.com/books?id=9p1cojMJUtkC&pg=PA244). Sage Publications. pp. 244–246. ISBN 978-
0761932697. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130604230402/http://books.google.com/books?id=9
p1cojMJUtkC&pg=PA244) from the original on 4 June 2013. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
235. "Hapless victim of a TV sting, this hockey player is now a rising star" (http://www.indianexpress.com/news/h
apless-victim-of-a-tv-sting-this-hockey-player-is-now-a-rising-star/938634/). The Indian Express. 19 April
2012. Retrieved 29 June 2012.
236. "Uttar Pradesh: Sports" (https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/uttar-pradesh-sports-1371707833-
1). Jagran Josh. Jagran Prakashan Limited. 29 July 2013. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211029
170917/https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/uttar-pradesh-sports-1371707833-1) from the
original on 29 October 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
237. "Uttar Pradesh win Ranji Trophy" (http://www.rediff.com/cricket/report/ranji-up/20060202.htm). Rediff.com.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20121019103708/http://www.rediff.com/cricket/report/ranji-up/200602
02.htm) from the original on 19 October 2012. Retrieved 2 February 2006.
238. "UP to get one more cricket stadium by 2011" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130524011021/http://zeenew
s.india.com/sports/cricket/up-to-get-one-more-cricket-stadium-by-2011_25512.html). First Published:PTI,
Friday, 27 November 2009, 21:26. Archived from the original (http://zeenews.india.com/sports/cricket/up-to-
get-one-more-cricket-stadium-by-2011_25512.html) on 24 May 2013. Retrieved 2 February 2006.
239. Singh, Prithviraj (24 October 2021). "Akhara body caught in successor row after UP mahant's 'murder', 1
group claims leader is elected" (https://theprint.in/india/akhara-body-caught-in-successor-row-after-up-mah
ants-murder-1-group-claims-leader-is-elected/755933/). ThePrint. Retrieved 6 May 2024.
240. "District Football Association Kanpur – Uttar Pradesh Football Sangh" (https://uttarpradeshfootballsangh.co
m/kanpur-football-association/). Uttar Pradesh Football Sangh. Retrieved 5 April 2024.
241. "Arunachal Pradesh to host Final Rounds of 77th National Football Championship for Santosh Trophy" (http
s://www.the-aiff.com/article/arunachal-pradesh-to-host-final-rounds-of-77th-national-football-championship-f
or-santosh-trophy). Official Website of All India Football Federation. 6 September 2023. Retrieved 5 April
2024.
242. "About Us – Uttar Pradesh Football Sangh" (https://uttarpradeshfootballsangh.com/about-us/). Uttar
Pradesh Football Sangh. Retrieved 5 April 2024.
243. "Up Players Dominate In Badminton C'ship" (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/up-players-do
minate-in-badminton-cship/articleshow/101177761.cms). The Times of India. 22 June 2023. Retrieved
5 April 2024.
244. "The Buddh International Circuit (BIC), which played host to India's first Formula One Grand Prix" (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20111222055639/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/buddh-circuit-wins-global-award/203294-5-
24.html). CNN-IBN. 18 November 2011. Archived from the original (http://ibnlive.in.com/news/buddh-circuit-
wins-global-award/203294-5-24.html) on 22 December 2011. Retrieved 14 July 2012.
245. "Why India's Formula 1 Grand Prix is under threat" (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-24659690). BBC
News. 24 October 2013. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131027223718/http://www.bbc.co.uk/new
s/business-24659690) from the original on 27 October 2013.
246. "Islamic religious schools" (https://archive.today/20130103081247/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.co
m/keyword/madrassas). The Times of India. Archived from the original (http://articles.timesofindia.indiatime
s.com/keyword/madrassas) on 3 January 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2003.
247. "British colonial administration system in state education system" (https://web.archive.org/web/2003042119
5013/http://upeducation.net/). State Education Board. Archived from the original on 21 April 2003. Retrieved
25 April 2003.
248. "Uttar Pradesh Facts & Figures" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110403071219/http://www.upeducation.net/
facts/). Uttar Pradesh education department. Archived from the original on 3 April 2011. Retrieved
16 October 2010.
249. Jain, Isha (12 May 2017). "At Rs 9, 167, UP spends least on per child school education, reveals study" (http
s://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/at-rs-9-167-up-spends-least-on-per-child-school-education-
reveals-study/articleshow/58646292.cms). The Times of India. Retrieved 9 July 2024.
250. Balani, Khushboo (7 January 2017). "Uttar Pradesh has India's largest population of children, but least
teachers per student" (https://scroll.in/article/825966/uttar-pradesh-has-indias-largest-population-of-children
-but-least-teachers-per-student). Scroll.in. Retrieved 9 July 2024.
251. "The Fiscal Cost Of Weak Governance: Evidence From Teacher Absence In India" (https://www.nber.org/sy
stem/files/working_papers/w20299/w20299.pdf#page=31) (PDF). Retrieved 9 July 2024.
252. "17% of teaching posts in govt schools vacant" (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/17-of-teaching-pos
ts-in-govt-schools-vacant/articleshow/78212162.cms). The Times of India. 20 September 2020. Retrieved
9 July 2024.
253. "85,152 posts of headmasters and assistant teachers are vacant in Uttar Pradesh, says state government"
(https://www.deccanherald.com/india/uttar-pradesh/85152-posts-of-headmasters-and-assistant-teachers-ar
e-vacant-in-uttar-pradesh-says-state-government-2881920). Deccan Herald. 6 February 2024. Retrieved
9 July 2024.
254. "List of universities" (http://www.educationinfoindia.com/Universities/U-up.htm). Education info India.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170411015723/http://www.educationinfoindia.com/Universities/U-u
p.htm) from the original on 11 April 2017. Retrieved 13 September 2017.
255. "List of Universities in Uttar Pradesh" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120621081900/http://www.upeducatio
n.net/universities/). Education department of U.P. Archived from the original on 21 June 2012. Retrieved
27 June 2012.
256. "Official Website of IIM Lucknow" (http://www.iiml.ac.in/). IIM Lucknow. Archived (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20120413144029/http://www.iiml.ac.in/) from the original on 13 April 2012. Retrieved 11 April 2012.
257. "India's Best Schools, 2014" (http://www.rediff.com/getahead/report/career-indias-best-schools-of-2014/201
40922.htm). Rediff.com. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150722053415/http://www.rediff.com/geta
head/report/career-indias-best-schools-of-2014/20140922.htm) from the original on 22 July 2015.
258. "The Integral University Lucknow state level institution" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120107225558/htt
p://www.upeducation.net/universities/Integral_University/). Government of Uttar Pradesh. Archived from the
original on 7 January 2012. Retrieved 28 June 2012.
259. Ragini, Dikshit (10 July 2007). "चित्रकू ट: दुनिया का प्रथम विकलांग विश्वविद्यालय" [Chitrakuta: The world's first
handicapped university] (in Hindi). Jansatta Express.
260. "No. of public libraries in different States and Union Territories" (http://rrrlf.nic.in/Docs/pdf/PUBLIC_LIBRAR
Y_DATA.pdf) (PDF). Ministry of Culture, Government of India. Retrieved 8 July 2024.
261. "Public Library network" (https://www.library.up.gov.in/Pages/public_library_network/en). Government of
Uttar Pradesh. Retrieved 8 July 2024.
262. "Top libraries of UP" (https://www.library.up.gov.in/home/toplibrary/en). Government of Uttar Pradesh.
Retrieved 8 July 2024.
263. "Public library witnesses 37% increase in readers" (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/Public
-library-witnesses-37-increase-in-readers/articleshow/43224473.cms). The Times of India. 23 September
2014. Retrieved 8 July 2024.
264. "List of Famous Freedom Fighters from Uttar Pradesh" (https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/list-
of-famous-freedom-fighters-from-uttar-pradesh-1536056996-1). Jagranjosh.com. 4 September 2018.
Retrieved 6 May 2024.
265. Upkar Prakashan – Editorial Board (2010). Uttar Pradesh General Knowledge (https://books.google.com/bo
oks?id=_ce8FpJzR-4C&pg=PA46). Upkar Prakashan. pp. 46–287. ISBN 978-8174824080. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20130528155016/http://books.google.com/books?id=_ce8FpJzR-4C&pg=PA46)
from the original on 28 May 2013. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
266. Siddiqui, Masood H.; Tripathi, Shalini N. (2011). "Performance of Tourist Centres in Uttar Pradesh: An
Evaluation Using Data Envelopment Analysis" (http://asci.org.in/journal/Vol.40(2010-11)/40_1_Masood%20
H%20Siddiqui.pdf) (PDF). ASCI Journal of Management. 40 (1). Administrative Staff College of India.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160804081245/http://asci.org.in/journal/Vol.40(2010-11)/40_1_Ma
sood%20H%20Siddiqui.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 4 August 2016. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
267. "Uttar Pradesh" (https://www.ibef.org/states/uttar-pradesh). India Brand Equity Foundation. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20230122094328/https://www.ibef.org/states/uttar-pradesh) from the original on 22
January 2023. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
268. Sharma, Aman (10 July 2019). "Tourists up at Taj Mahal and Red Fort but Qutub Minar loses its No.2 Spot"
(https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/tourists-up-at-taj-mahal-and-red-fort-but-qut
ub-minar-loses-its-no-2-spot/articleshow/70152555.cms). The Economic Times. The Times Group. Bennett,
Coleman & Co. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200318151817/https://economictimes.indiatimes.c
om/news/politics-and-nation/tourists-up-at-taj-mahal-and-red-fort-but-qutub-minar-loses-its-no-2-spot/article
show/70152555.cms) from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
269. "Taj Mahal" (https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/252). UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived (https://web.arc
hive.org/web/20160827000214/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/252) from the original on 27 August 2016.
Retrieved 22 January 2023.
270. "Agra Fort" (https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/251). UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived (https://web.arc
hive.org/web/20100717221242/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/251/) from the original on 17 July 2010.
Retrieved 22 January 2023.
271. "Fatehpur Sikri" (https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/255). UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20110514052508/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/255) from the original on 14 May 2011.
Retrieved 22 January 2023.
272. Fouberg, Erin H.; Moseley, William G. (2018). Understanding World Geography. New York: John Wiley &
Sons. p. 173. ISBN 9781119473169. OCLC 1066742384 (https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1066742384).
273. Eck, Diana (2013) [1981]. Banaras, the City of Light. Alfred Knopf Inc, [Columbia University Press]. p. 324.
274. Parry, Jonathan P. (2000) [1994]. Death in Banaras (https://books.google.com/books?id=r10f4uwzcosC).
Lewis Henry Morgan Lectures. Cambridge University Press. p. 1. ISBN 9780521466257.
275. Hawley, John Stratton (2020). Krishna's Playground: Vrindavan in the 21st Century. Oxford: Oxford
University Press. ISBN 978-0190123987.
276. Gopal, Madan (1990). K.S. Gautam (ed.). India through the ages (https://archive.org/details/indiathroughag
es00mada). Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. p. 176 (htt
ps://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/176).
277. "Ministry of Tourism presents its latest webinar on "In the Footsteps of the Buddha" under Dekho Apna
Desh Webinar Series" (https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1653937). Press Information
Bureau. 7 February 2019. Retrieved 6 May 2024.
278. Paramasivan, Vasudha (2009). "Yah Ayodhya Vah Ayodhya: Earthly and Cosmic Journeys in the Anand-
lahari". In Heidi R. M. Pauwels (ed.). Patronage and Popularisation, Pilgrimage and Procession. Otto
Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 101–116. ISBN 978-3-447-05723-3.
279. "District Ayodhya – Government of Uttar Pradesh: City Of Lord Rama: India" (https://ayodhya.nic.in/).
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201108190706/https://ayodhya.nic.in/) from the original on 8
November 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2021.
280. "About District" (https://ayodhya.nic.in/about-district/). District Ayodhya – Government of Uttar Pradesh.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20191109061219/https://ayodhya.nic.in/about-district/) from the
original on 9 November 2019. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
281. MacLean, Kama (2008). Pilgrimage and Power: The Kumbh Mela in Allahabad, 1765–1954 (https://books.g
oogle.com/books?id=MALacgnsroMC). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195338942. Archived (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20130527022328/http://books.google.com/books?id=MALacgnsroMC) from the original
on 27 May 2013. Retrieved 25 July 2012.
282. "Hindus gather for the Kumbh Mela at the Ganges in India and Maha Shivaratri in Allahabad" (https://www.t
elegraph.co.uk/news/picturegalleries/worldnews/7222387/pictures-Hindus-gather-for-the-Kumbh-Mela-in-In
dia-and-Maha-Shivaratri-in-Nepal.html). The Daily Telegraph. London. 12 February 2010. Archived (https://
web.archive.org/web/20110127012405/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/picturegalleries/worldnews/722238
7/pictures-Hindus-gather-for-the-Kumbh-Mela-in-India-and-Maha-Shivaratri-in-Nepal.html) from the original
on 27 January 2011. Retrieved 25 January 2011.
283. "Sarnath General Information" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120508235741/http://varanasi.nic.in/tourist/to
urist7.html). Tourism department of Varanasi. Archived from the original (http://varanasi.nic.in/tourist/tourist
7.html) on 8 May 2012. Retrieved 8 July 2012.
284. Joon, Sanjeev. Complete Guide for SSC (https://books.google.com/books?id=E9YfW2709psC&pg=RA2-PA
93). Tata McGraw-Hill Education. p. 255. ISBN 978-0070706453. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/201
30528151112/http://books.google.com/books?id=E9YfW2709psC&pg=RA2-PA93) from the original on 28
May 2013. Retrieved 25 July 2012.
285. "Jhansi Fort" (https://jhansi.nic.in/forts/). Government of Uttar Pradesh. Archived (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20230323181613/https://jhansi.nic.in/forts/) from the original on 23 March 2023. Retrieved 29 November
2023.
286. "Ticketed Monuments – Uttar Pradesh jhansi Fort" (https://asi.nic.in/jhansi-fort/). Archaeological Survey of
India. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20231205043357/https://asi.nic.in/jhansi-fort/) from the original
on 5 December 2023. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
287. Anand, Manjaree (1 July 2014). "Health status and health care services in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar: A
comparative study" (https://doi.org/10.4103%2F0019-557X.138624). Indian Journal of Public Health. 58 (3):
174–9. doi:10.4103/0019-557X.138624 (https://doi.org/10.4103%2F0019-557X.138624). ISSN 0019-557X
(https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0019-557X). PMID 25116823 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25116823).
288. "Annual Health Survey 2012–13 Fact Sheet – Uttar Pradesh" (http://www.censusindia.gov.in/vital_statistics/
AHSBulletins/AHS_Factsheets_2012-13/FACTSHEET-UTTAR_PRADESH.pdf) (PDF). Office of the
Registrar General and Census Commissioner. Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 2013.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20171113214808/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/vital_statistics/AHSB
ulletins/AHS_Factsheets_2012-13/FACTSHEET-UTTAR_PRADESH.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 13
November 2017. Retrieved 13 September 2017.
289. Perappadan, Bindu Shajan (11 May 2019). "India facing critical shortage of healthcare providers: WHO" (htt
ps://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/india-facing-critical-shortage-of-healthcare-providers-who/article270
96738.ece). The Hindu. The Hindu Group. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200617151333/https://
www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/india-facing-critical-shortage-of-healthcare-providers-who/article2709673
8.ece) from the original on 17 June 2020. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
290. "Doctors Registered" (https://sansad.in/getFile/loksabhaquestions/annex/171/AU3334.pdf?source=pqals)
(PDF). The Ministry Of Health And Family Welfare. Retrieved 30 July 2024.
291. "State/UT wise Number of Government Hospitals" (https://sansad.in/getFile/loksabhaquestions/annex/171/
AU3295.pdf?source=pqals) (PDF). Directorate General of State Health Services. Retrieved 30 July 2024.
292. "Out Of Pocket Expenditure Data" (https://sansad.in/getFile/annex/262/AU263.pdf?source=pqars) (PDF).
Department Of Health And Family Welfare. Retrieved 31 July 2024.
293. "Maternal & Adolescent Healthcare" (https://main.mohfw.gov.in/sites/default/files/03Chapter.pdf) (PDF).
Ministry of Health & Family Welfare (MoHFW). Retrieved 30 July 2024.
294. "Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) (Per 100000 Live Births)" (https://web.archive.org/web/20200115010734/h
ttp://niti.gov.in/content/maternal-mortality-ratio-mmr-100000-live-births). NITI Aayog. Archived from the
original (https://niti.gov.in/content/maternal-mortality-ratio-mmr-100000-live-births) on 15 January 2020.
Retrieved 24 May 2020.
295. Rao, Menaka (8 February 2017). "Uttar Pradesh has a free ambulance service for pregnant women but
substandard hospitals" (https://scroll.in/pulse/827874/uttar-pradesh-has-a-free-ambulance-service-for-preg
nant-women-but-substandard-hospitals). Scroll.in. Scroll Media Inc, US. Archived (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20200928064649/https://scroll.in/pulse/827874/uttar-pradesh-has-a-free-ambulance-service-for-pregnan
t-women-but-substandard-hospitals) from the original on 28 September 2020. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
296. "State of Urban Health in Uttar Pradesh – Urban Health Resource Center" (http://www.uhrc.in/downloads/R
eports/up.pdf) (PDF). Urban Health Resource Centre. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government
of India. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170722150012/http://www.uhrc.in/downloads/Reports/up.
pdf) (PDF) from the original on 22 July 2017. Retrieved 14 August 2017.
297. "Estimates of mortality indicators" (https://www.censusindia.gov.in/vital_statistics/SRS_Report_2017/11.%2
0Chap%204-Estimates%20of%20Mortality%20Indicators-2017.pdf) (PDF). Census of India. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20191114040231/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/vital_statistics/SRS_Report_2017/
11.%20Chap%204-Estimates%20of%20Mortality%20Indicators-2017.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 14
November 2019. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
298. "Rural Health Statistics 2014–15" (http://wcd.nic.in/sites/default/files/RHS_1.pdf) (PDF). Ministry of Health
and Family Welfare, Government of India. 2015. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170829050157/ht
tp://wcd.nic.in/sites/default/files/RHS_1.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 29 August 2017. Retrieved
13 September 2017.
299. Awakening Indians to India (https://books.google.com/books?id=AIU4LzftaPAC&pg=PA167). Chinmaya
Mission. 2008. p. 167. ISBN 978-8175974340. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130528135339/htt
p://books.google.com/books?id=AIU4LzftaPAC&pg=PA167&dq=%22Guru+Purnima%22+-inpublisher%3Aic
on&cd=8#v=onepage&q=%22Guru%20Purnima%22%20-inpublisher%3Aicon&f=false) from the original on
28 May 2013. Retrieved 5 August 2012.
300. "Uttar Pradesh Legislature" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090619093010/http://www.uplegassembly.nic.in/
UPLL.HTML). U.P assembly. Archived from the original (http://uplegassembly.nic.in/UPLL.HTML) on 19
June 2009. Retrieved 21 September 2009.
301. "The Uttar Pradesh Official Language (Amendment) Act, 1989" (https://web.archive.org/web/201907070955
31/http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/uttar_pradesh/1989/1989UP28.pdf) (PDF). Archived from the original on 7
July 2019. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
302. "Ethnologue report for language code: bfy" (http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=bfy).
Ethnologue. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20090416015135/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_lan
guage.asp?code=bfy) from the original on 16 April 2009. Retrieved 21 September 2009.
303. Frawley, William (May 2003). International Encyclopedia of Linguistics: 4-Volume Set (https://books.google.
com/books?id=sl_dDVctycgC&dq=Bhojpuri+eastern+indo+aryan+language&pg=PA481). Oxford University
Press. ISBN 978-0-19-513977-8. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230427232735/https://books.goo
gle.com/books?id=sl_dDVctycgC&dq=Bhojpuri+eastern+indo+aryan+language&pg=PA481) from the
original on 27 April 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2022.
304. "Visit the land of the Taj for some Hindustani music & dance" (https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazi
nes/travel/visit-the-land-of-the-taj-for-some-hindustani-music-dance/articleshow/51288777.cms?from=mdr).
The Economic Times. 10 March 2016. Retrieved 6 May 2024.
305. "List of Folk Music of Uttar Pradesh" (https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/list-of-folk-music-of-ut
tar-pradesh-1531391804-1). Jagranjosh.com. 12 July 2018. Retrieved 6 May 2024.
306. Walker, Margaret E. (2016). India's Kathak Dance in Historical Perspective (https://books.google.com/book
s?id=nC83DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA100). Routledge. pp. 100–102. ISBN 978-1-317-11737-7.
307. Schechner, Richard; Hess, Linda (1977). "The Ramlila of Ramnagar [India]". The Drama Review. 21 (3).
The MIT Press: 51–82. doi:10.2307/1145152 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1145152). JSTOR 1145152 (http
s://www.jstor.org/stable/1145152).
308. Goyal, Shikha (3 January 2022). "List of Folk Dances of Different States in India" (https://www.jagranjosh.co
m/general-knowledge/lists-of-states-and-folk-dances-of-india-1466770456-1). Jagranjosh.com. Retrieved
6 May 2024.
309. "Kathak: The cultural gem of Uttar Pradesh" (https://www.thestatesman.com/travel/kathak-cultural-gem-utta
r-pradesh-1503037669.html). The Statesman. 10 January 2022. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/202
30122175009/https://www.thestatesman.com/travel/kathak-cultural-gem-uttar-pradesh-1503037669.html)
from the original on 22 January 2023. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
310. "Charkula Dance" (https://web.archive.org/web/20200126222148/http://charkula.com/dance_charkula.asp).
Charkula. Archived from the original (http://www.charkula.com/dance_charkula.asp) on 26 January 2020.
Retrieved 27 January 2023.
311. "Chhath puja and the centrality of the Purvanchal community in Delhi politics" (https://www.hindustantimes.
com/analysis/chhath-puja-and-the-centrality-of-the-purvanchal-community-in-delhi-politics-1016345689924
24.html). Hindustan Times. 18 October 2021. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230101210315/http
s://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/chhath-puja-and-the-centrality-of-the-purvanchal-community-in-delhi-
politics-101634568992424.html) from the original on 1 January 2023. Retrieved 6 September 2022.
312. Maclean, Kama (2003). "Making the Colonial State Work for You: The Modern Beginnings of the Ancient
Kumbh Mela in Allahabad". The Journal of Asian Studies. 62 (3): 873–905. doi:10.2307/3591863 (https://do
i.org/10.2307%2F3591863). JSTOR 3591863 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/3591863). S2CID 162404242 (ht
tps://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162404242).
313. "What is Lathmar Holi? Why is it celebrated?" (http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/why-is-lathmar-holi-celebrat
ed-in-barsana-and-nandgaon/1/624875.html). India Today. 21 March 2016. Archived (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20171105044957/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/why-is-lathmar-holi-celebrated-in-barsana-and-na
ndgaon/1/624875.html) from the original on 5 November 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
314. "The Braj Holi: Legend in real life" (https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/the-braj-holi-legend-in-re
al-life/story-KolfzC30FW5KEZtKs5v9gN.html). Hindustan Times. 19 March 2011. Archived (https://web.arch
ive.org/web/20110322041343/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/lifestyle/The-Braj-Holi-Legend-in-
real-life/Article1-675341.aspx) from the original on 22 March 2011. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
315. "The glorious traditions and mythological legacy" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120629052417/http://www.
up-tourism.com/destination/varanasi/fair_festival.htm). Department of tourism U.P. Archived from the
original (http://www.up-tourism.com/destination/varanasi/fair_festival.htm) on 29 June 2012. Retrieved
18 July 2012.
316. "How is Awadhi Cuisine different from Mughlai Cuisine" (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food-n
ews/how-is-awadhi-cuisine-different-from-mughlai-cuisine/photostory/88918225.cms). The Times of India.
16 January 2022. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230122175602/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.co
m/life-style/food-news/how-is-awadhi-cuisine-different-from-mughlai-cuisine/photostory/88918225.cms)
from the original on 22 January 2023. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
317. "Bhojpuri: सवाद के सरताज ह फु टेहरी, रउआ सभे खइले जरूर होखब!" (https://hindi.news18.com/news/bhojpuri-news/f
ootehari-litti-chokha-is-desi-food-of-purvanchal-is-very-tasty-3598250.html). News18 हिंदी (in Hindi). 24 May
2021. Retrieved 8 July 2024.

External links

Government
 Official website (http://www.up.gov.in/)
Official tourism site (https://www.uptourism.gov.in/en) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/202301270656
29/https://uptourism.gov.in/en) 27 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine

General information (https://e-district.info/)

Uttar Pradesh (http://ucblibraries.summon.serialssolutions.com/#!/search?ho=t&l=en&q=Uttar%20Pradesh)

web resources provided by GovPubs at the University of Colorado Boulder Libraries
Uttar Pradesh (https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/620898) at the Encyclopædia Britannica
Wikimedia Atlas of Uttar Pradesh
Geographic data related to Uttar Pradesh (https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/1942587) at
OpenStreetMap

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uttar_Pradesh&oldid=1292211768"