POPULATION AND ENVIRONMENT :
ISSUES AND CHALLENGES FOR
BANGLADESH
-
POPULATION AND ENVIRONMENT
DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN BANGLADESH
Highly densely populated country of the world
Expected population by 2050: 173 million
High birth and death rate, led to stable
population till 18th century- stationery
19th century- ↑ population as mortality ↓
20th century- Density of population ↑
As a result of ↑ population growth
POPULATION AND ENVIRONMENT
DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN
BANGLADESH
3 stages of population:
↑ birth rate ↑ death rate
↑ birth rate ↓ death rate
↓ birth rate ↓ death rate
Size of population:
1700- 17 million
1931- 35.6 million
1974- 71.5 million
1991- 111.5 million
2001- 129.3 million
POPULATION AND ENVIRONMENT
DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN
BANGLADESH
Growth rate:
Till
1770: 0.2%
1770: - 1.20% (21% died in famine)
1850-1950: below 1%
1961-1991: Over 2% (↑ fertility and ↓ mortality
caused population
growth)
In 2000: 1.42% because of sharp ↓ fertility I
n the 80s and 90s
POPULATION AND ENVIRONMENT
DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN
BANGLADESH
Age-sex composition:
Sex ratio
1901--- 111.3 ( under-enumeration of women and high
female mortality )
1911--- 104.5
1951--- 109.7 (increased for some reasons)
1996--- 105 ( reduced mortality and intll. migration)
Urban sex ratio is higher rural.
Urban sex ratio decreased over years for active female
participation in labor force.
POPULATION AND ENVIRONMENT
DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN
BANGLADESH
Age composition:
Young population (0-14) is proportionately high
1974: 48% (↓ infant and child mortality
highest ever rise in history)
1996: 40.7% (↓ young population because of ↓
fertility)
POPULATION AND ENVIRONMENT
DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN
BANGLADESH
Age composition:
Old population (60+) increased from 4.4% to 8% in 1996
Population aged 15-59 remain stable at 51.4% in 1996
Dependency ratio:
1911------- 88
1961------- 105 and remained stable since then
POPULATION AND ENVIRONMENT
DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN
BANGLADESH
Regional distribution:
Dhaka division has highest concentration(30%), followed by
Chittagong and Rajshahi
Growth of urban population :
Low level of urbanization until 1951 due to absence of
industrialization and modernization under colonial powers
Rapid urbanization after independence
Dhaka turned to a mega city
POPULATION AND ENVIRONMENT
DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN
BANGLADESH
Population processes:
Fertility :
Crude birth rate (CBR):
1961----- 47
1998----- 19.9
Rural CBR 21.4%, urban CBR 14%
Total fertility rate (TFR):
1971----- 6.02
1998----- 3.3
Expected TFR ( by 2005): 2.2
POPULATION AND ENVIRONMENT
DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN
BANGLADESH
Mortality:
Rate of mortality going down faster than fertility rates
CDR in 1901 was 44.4
In 1998 was 4.8
Why has mortality declined ?
Control of epidemics
Improved health care services
Control of disease
Health awareness
Rise in living standard
POPULATION AND ENVIRONMENT
DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN
BANGLADESH
Life expectancy:
1974----- 46.2 yrs
1998----- 60.8 yrs
Infant mortality rate (IMR) per 1000 live births:
1911----- 205 1981----- 112
1950----- 160 1991----- 92
1974------ 153 1998----- 57
POPULATION AND ENVIRONMENT
DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN
BANGLADESH
Maternal mortality rate (MMR):
1986 -- 6.48
1990 -- 4.78
1998 -- 3.0
Migration by direction (in the year 1998):
Rural rural 12.05
Rural urban 9.23
Urban rural 0.79
Urban urban 32.05
POPULATION AND ENVIRONMENT
DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN
BANGLADESH
However rural- urban migration is increasing due to exploitative
agrarian relations and no adequate means of livelihood
Population projection: by the year 2020:
Population-------------------------169.5 million
Life expectancy------------------ 67 yrs
% urban population–------------ 40
Women in reproductive age --- 48 million
CPR--------------------------------- 70% (53.4% in 2002)
POPULATION AND ENVIRONMENT
DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN
BANGLADESH
Think yourself:
What would be implications of the
demographic changes and population
projections for the socio- economic
development of Bangladesh?
What are your recommendations?
