PTK2
PTK2초점접착키나아제(FAK)라고도 알려진 PTK2 단백질 티로신키나제2(PTK2)는 인간에서 PTK2 유전자에 의해 암호화된 단백질이다.[4]PTK2는 세포접착(세포가 서로, 그리고 주변 환경에 달라붙는 방법)과 확산 과정(세포가 움직이는 방법)에 관여하는 초점접착 관련 단백질 키나아제다.[5]FAK가 막혔을 때 이동성 저하로 유방암 세포가 전이성이 떨어지는 것으로 나타났다.[6]
함수
PTK2 유전자는 세포외 매트릭스 성분에 부착되는 세포들 사이에서 형성되는 초점 접착제에 집중된 세포설 단백질 티로신 키나제를 암호화하고 있다.인코딩된 단백질은 PYK2를 포함한 FAK 단백질 타이로신 키나제 하위 계열의 구성원이지만 다른 하위 계열의 키나제들과 상당한 순서가 유사하지 않다.그것은 또한 큰 FERM 도메인을 포함한다.[7][8]
특정 유형의 혈구를 제외하고 대부분의 세포는 FAK를 표현한다.세포이동의 중요한 초기 단계를 담당하는 FAK tyrosine kinase 활동이 활성화될 수 있다.FAK 활동은 세포외 매트릭스와의 세포 접점의 회전을 촉진하는 세포내 신호 전달 경로를 유도하여 세포이동을 촉진한다.FAK는 개발 중에 필요하며 FAK의 손실로 인해 치사율이 발생한다.FAK가 세포이동에 절대적으로 필요한 것은 아니며, 종양억제기 p53의 조절 등 세포에서 다른 역할을 할 수도 있다는 역설로 보인다.이 유전자에 대해 4개의 서로 다른 ISO 양식을 인코딩하는 적어도 4개의 대본 변형이 발견되었지만, 그들 중 2개의 성질에 대한 전체 길이 성질이 결정되었다.[9]
FAK는 세포간 초점접착역학 참여자로 모집된 125kD의 단백질로 운동성과 세포생존의 역할을 한다.FAK는 원래 온유전자 단백질 타이로신키나아제 v-src의 기질로 식별된 보존성이 높은 비수용 타이로신키나아제다.[10]이 세포질 키나제는 세포 이동, 미토겐 반응, 세포 생존을 포함한 다양한 세포 역할에 관여되어 왔다.FAK는 일반적으로 초점 접착제로 알려진 구조물에 위치하는데, 이것은 세포질외 매트릭스(ECM)를 세포질 세포질 세포질골격과 연결하는 다단백질 구조다.초점 접착제의 추가 구성 요소로는 액틴, 필라민, 빈슐린, 탈린, 팍실린, 텐신[11], RSU-1 등이 있다.
규정
FAK는 통합 결합, 성장 인자 자극 및 미생성 신경펩타이드의 작용에 반응하여 인산염화된다.[12][13]Integin 수용체는 ECM 결합에 따라 군집하는 이단성 투과성 투과성 당단백질이며, FAK 인산화 및 초점 접착제로 모집을 유도한다.[14][15]또한 FAK 관련 비키나아제(FRNK)로 알려진 내생 억제제의 표현에 의해 FAK 활성도가 감쇠될 수 있다.이것은 FAK의 카르복실-단자 비촉매 영역으로만 구성된 잘린 단백질이다.[16]
세포사멸에서의 역할
인간 내피세포에서 초기 세포 사멸 신호 시 FAK는 Asp-772에서 캐스파아제 3으로 분해되어 약 90 kDa와 130 kDa의 FAK 파편 2개를 생성한다.[17]더 작은 FAK 파편은 "킬러 FAT"라고 불리며 죽음의 신호와 관련된 영역이 된다.[17]FAK는 세포 반올림, 초점 접촉의 상실 및 표백과 같은 세포막 형성에 중요한 기여자로,[18] 코르티칼 액틴 링을 수축시키고 염색질 응축과 핵분열이 뒤따른다.[19]FAK의 과도한 압박은 세포사멸의 억제와 전이성 종양의 유병률 증가로 이어진다.[18]
구조
초점 접착 키나아제는 4개의 정의된 영역 또는 3차 구조 영역을 가지고 있다.이러한 도메인 중 두 개의 N-단자 FERM 도메인과 키나세 도메인은 자동 수신 상호작용을 형성한다.이 상호작용(두 영역[20] 사이의 소수성 상호작용의 결과라고 생각됨)은 키나세 영역의 활성화를 방지하여 FAK의 신호 기능을 방지한다.이 자동 억제 상호작용의 해제는 초점 접착제 내에서 발생하지만 세포질에서는 발생하지 않는 것으로 나타났으며, 따라서 초점 접착을 통해 전달되는 기계적 힘의 결과로 초점 접착 단백질과의 상호작용이 필요한 것으로 생각된다.
C-terminus
150 59개의 아미노산으로 구성된 카르복시 말단부, 즉 영역(FAT)을 대상으로 하는 초점접착은 FAK를 초점접착으로 표적을 하는 역할을 하는 것으로 나타났다.[21]이 영역은 네 개의 알파 나선형으로 뭉쳐져 있다.N단자 나선은 신호 전달에 관여하는 인광성 타이로신(Y925)을 함유하고 있다.나선 사이의 두 개의 소수성 패치 - 하나는 첫 번째 나선과 네 번째 나선에 의해 형성되고 다른 하나는 두 번째 나선과 세 번째 나선에 의해 형성된 - 팍실린의 짧은 나선 영역을 결합하는 것으로 나타났다.[22]
엔터미너스
이 구간은 확장이 필요하다.덧대면 도움이 된다.(2019년 2월) |
아미노-단자 영역의 기능은 명확하지 않지만, 시험관내 베타-1 통합 소단위와의 상호작용을 보여 왔으며, ECM-통합 클러스터로부터의 신호 전도에 관여하는 것으로 생각된다.[23]그러나, 한 연구는 이러한 상호작용의 중요성에 의문을 제기했고 베타-3 통합 하위 장치의 세포질 영역과의 상호작용이 중요하다고 제안했다.[24]
FAK의 아미노-단자 영역은 적혈구에서 처음 식별된 4.1 영역과 상당한 시퀀스 유사성을 공유한다.이 4.1 대역 영역은 글리코포린 C, 액틴, 분광 등을 포함한 투과 단백질의 세포질 영역에 결합된다.[25]이는 FAK의 아미노 말단 부위가 시토스켈레톤을 고정하는 역할을 할 수 있음을 시사하는 것으로, 이 역할의 정확한 성질은 아직 명확히 밝혀지지 않았다.
촉매/조절 영역
아미노와 카복시 영역 사이에는 촉매 영역이 있다.이 키나제 영역 내의 활성화 루프의 인산화효소는 FAK의 키나제 활동에 중요하다.[26]
임상적 유의성
FAK mRNA 수치는 정맥 난소종양의 약 37%와 침습성 유방암의 약 26%에서 상승하며, 그 외 여러 악성종양에서 상승한다.[27]
마약 타겟으로
FAK 억제제
Because of the involvement of FAK in many cancers, drugs that inhibit FAK are being sought and evaluated,[28] e.g. in 2012: PF-573,228 (PF-228), PF-562,271 (PF-271), NVP-226, Y15 (1,2,4,5-benzenetetraamine tetrahydrochloride), and PND-1186,[28]
2013년까지 GSK2256098과 PF-573,228은 적어도 1단계 시험을 완료했다.[28]
2014년 임상시험에서 추가적인 FAK 억제제는 [27]VS-6062(PF 562,271), VS-6063(PF-04554878 디팩티닙), VS-4718(PND-1186)이었다(모두 ATP 경쟁적 키나제 억제제).VS-6063은 종양 관련 INK4a/Arf 및 p53 돌연변이에 따라 반응이 어떻게 달라지는지 확인하기 위해 KRAS 돌연변이 비소세포폐암(Trial ID: NCT01951690) 환자들을 대상으로 2단계 임상시험을 진행 중이었다.[27]
2015년 VS-6063의 중피종 임상시험이 '성능 저하'[29]로 조기 종료됐다.
상호작용
PTK2는 다음과 상호 작용하는 것으로 나타났다.
- BCAR1,[30][31][32][33][34][35]
- BMX,[36]
- CD61,[37][38]
- CRK,[31][39]
- DCC,[40]
- FIN,[41][42]
- GIT1,[43][44][45]
- GRB7,[46]
- Grb2,[32][39][41][47][48]
- IRS1,[49]
- ITGB5,[37]
- JAC2,[50][51]
- MAPK8IP3,[52]
- NCK1,[53][54]
- NCK2,[54]
- NEDD9,[55]
- 네오원,[40]
- P53,[56]
- PIK3R1,[57]
- PTEN,[58][59]
- PXN,[35][60][61][62][63]
[64][65][66][67][68] - RB1CC1,[69]
- STAT1,[70]
- Src,[31][39][41][49][71][72]
- 씨크,[38][73]
- TGFB1I1,[61][74][75]
- TLN1,[60][76]
- TSC2,[77]
- YAP1.[78]
참고 항목
참조
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추가 읽기
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