Ajuda:AFI

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Aquí teniu una clau bàsica per a la comprensió dels símbols de l'Alfabet Fonètic Internacional. Per al subconjunt de símbols del català, visiteu Ajuda:AFI per al català. D'altra banda, no s'hi inclouen diversos símbols rars, que trobareu en l'article principal de l'AFI.

Per a cada símbol AFI, es dóna un exemple en anglès sempre que sigui possible; aquí "RP" es refereix a la pronunciació rebuda. Els idiomes que s'utilitzen per il·lustrar els sons addicionals són principalment els més propensos a ser familiar per a parlants d'anglès, francès, alemany i espanyol. Per als símbols que no estan coberts per aquells, el recurs es pren als idiomes populosos de Xinès Mandarí, Hindustani, àrab i rus. Per sons encara no cobertes, s'utilitzen altres més petites, però ben coneguts idiomes, com el swahili, turc i zulu.

La columna de l'esquerra mostra els símbols d'aquesta manera: '(i) altaveu [a]'. Feu clic en la icona de l'altaveu per sentir el so; feu clic en el símbol en si mateix per a un article dedicat amb una descripció més completa i exemples de diversos idiomes. Tots els sons es parlen més d'una vegada, i els sons de les consonants es pronuncien una vegada seguides per una vocal i una vegada entre vocals.

Contingut:		A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Altres

Símbols principals

^ top B
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ a ]	Mandarin 他 tā, German Mann	Per a molts angloparlants, la primera part del ow sona en cow "vaca". Found in some dialects of English in cat or father.
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ ä ]	American English ah, Spanish casa, French patte
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ aː ]	German Aachen, French gare	Long [a].
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ ɐ ]	RP cut, German Kaiserslautern	(In transcriptions of English, [ɐ] is usually written ⟨ʌ⟩.)
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ ɑ ]	Finnish Linna, Dutch bad
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ ɑː ]	RP father, French pâte	Long [ɑ].
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ ɑ̃ ]	French Caen, sans, temps	Nasalized [ɑ].
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ ɒ ]	RP cot	Like [ɑ], but with the lips slightly rounded.
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ ʌ ]	American English cut	Like [ɔ], but without the lips being rounded. (When ⟨ʌ⟩ is used for English, it may really be [ɐ] or [ɜ].)
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ æ ]	RP cat
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ b ]	English babble
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ ɓ ]	Swahili bwana	Like a [b] said with a gulp. See implosive consonants.
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ ʙ ]		Like the brrr sound made when cold.
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ β ]	Spanish la Bamba, Kinyarwanda abana "children"	Like [b], but with the lips not quite touching.
^ top C
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ c ]	Turkish kebap "kebab", Czech stín "shadow", Greek και "and"	Between English tune (RP) and cute. Sometimes used instead for [tʃ] in languages like Hindi.
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ ç ]	German Ich	More of a y-coloration (more palatal) than [x]. Some English speakers have a similar sound in huge. To produce this sound, try whispering loudly the word "ye" as in "Hear ye!".
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ ɕ ]	Mandarin Xi'an, Polish ściana	More y-like than [ʃ]; something like English she.
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ ɔ ]	see under O
^ top D
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ d ]	English dad
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ ɗ ]	Swahili Dodoma	Like [d] said with a gulp.
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ ɖ ]	American English harder	Like [d] with the tongue curled or pulled back.
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ ð ]	English the, bathe
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ dz ]¹	English adds, Italian zero
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ dʒ ]¹	English judge
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ dʑ ]¹	polonès niedźwiedź "ós"	Like [dʒ], but with more of a y-sound.
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ dʐ ]¹	Polish dżem "jam"	Like [dʒ] with the tongue curled or pulled back.
^ top E
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ e ]	Spanish fe; French clé
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ eː ]	German Klee	Long [e]. Similar to English hey, before the y sets in.
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ ə ]	English above, Hindi ठग [ʈʰəɡ] (thug) "thief"	(Only occurs in English when not stressed.)
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ ɚ ]	American English runner
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ ɛ ]	English bet
[ ɛ̃ ]	French Agen, vin, main; Polish mięso	Nasalized [ɛ].
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ ɜ ]	RP bird (long)
[ ɝ ]	American English bird
^ top F
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ f ]	English fun
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ ɟ ]	see under J
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ ʄ ]	see under J
^ top G
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ ɡ ]	English gag	(Should look like . No different from a Latin "g")
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ ɠ ]	Swahili Uganda	Like [ɡ] said with a gulp.
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ ɢ ]		Like [ɡ], but further back, in the throat. Found in Persian and some Arabic dialects for /q/, as in Gaddafi.
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ ʒ ]	see under Z	English beige.
^ top H
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ h ]	American English house
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ ɦ ]	English ahead, when said quickly.
[ ʰ ]		The extra puff of air in English top [tʰɒp] compared to stop [stɒp], or to French or Spanish [t].
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ ħ ]	Arabic محمد Muhammad	Far down in the throat, like [h], but stronger.
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ ɥ ]	see under U
[ ɮ ]	see under L
^ top I
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ i ]	French ville, Spanish Valladolid
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ iː ]	English sea	Long [i].
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ ɪ ]	English sit
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ ɨ ]	Russian ты "you"	Often used for unstressed English roses.
^ top J
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ j ]	English yes, hallelujah, German Junge
[ ʲ ]	Russian Ленин [ˈlʲenʲɪn]	Indicates a sound is more y-like.
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ ʝ ]	Spanish cayo (some dialects)	Like [j], but stronger.
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ ɟ ]	Turkish gör "see", Czech díra "hole"	Between English dew (RP) and argue. Sometimes used instead for [dʒ] in languages like Hindi.
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ ʄ ]	Swahili jambo	Like [ɟ] said with a gulp.
^ top K
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ k ]	English kick, skip
^ top L
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ l ]	English leaf
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ ɫ ]	English wool Russian малый [ˈmɑɫɨj] "small"	"Dark" el.
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ ɬ ]	Welsh llwyd [ɬʊɪd] "grey" Zulu hlala [ɬaːla] "sit"	By touching roof of mouth with tongue and giving a giving a quick breath out. Found in Welsh placenames like Llangollen and Llanelli and Nelson Mandela's Xhosa name Rolihlahla.
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ ɭ ]		Like [l] with the tongue curled or pulled back.
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ ɺ ]		A flapped [l], like [l] and [ɾ] said together.
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ ɮ ]	Zulu dla "eat"	Rather like [l] and [ʒ], or [l] and [ð], said together.
^ top M
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ m ]	English mime
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ ɱ ]	English symphony	Like [m], but lips touch teeth as they do in [f].
[ ɯ ]	see under W
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ ʍ ]	see under W
^ top N
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ n ]	English nun
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ ŋ ]	English sing
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ ɲ ]	Spanish Peña, French champagne	Rather like English canyon.
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ ɳ ]	Hindi वरुण [ʋəruɳ] Varuna	Like [n] with the tongue curled or pulled back.
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ ɴ ]	Castilian Spanish Don Juan [doɴˈχwan]	Like [ŋ], but further back, in the throat.
^ top O
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ o ]	Spanish no, French eau
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ oː ]	German Boden, French Vosges	Long [o]. Somewhat reminiscent of English no.
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ ɔ ]	German Oldenburg, French Garonne
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ ɔː ]	RP law, French Limoges	Long [ɔ].
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ ɔ̃ ]	French Lyon, son; Polish wąż	Nasalized [ɔ].
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ ø ]	French feu, bœufs	Like [e], but with the lips rounded like [o].
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ øː ]	German Goethe, French Deûle, neutre	Long [ø].
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ ɵ ]	Swedish dum	Halfway between [o] and [ø]. Similar to [ʊ] but with the tongue slightly more down and front.
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ œ ]	French bœuf, seul, German Göttingen	Like [ɛ], but with the lips rounded like [ɔ].
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ œː ]	French œuvre, heure	Long [œ].
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ œ̃ ]	French brun, parfum	Nasalized [œ].
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ θ ]	see under other
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ ɸ ]	see under other
^ top P
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ p ]	English pip
^ top Q
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ q ]	Arabic Qur’ān	Like [k], but further back, in the throat.
^ top R
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ r ]	Spanish perro, Scots borrow	"Rolled R". (Generally used for English [ɹ] when there's no need to be precise.)
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ ɾ ]	Spanish pero, Tagalog daliri, Malay kabar, American English kitty/kiddie	"Flapped R".
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ ʀ ]	Dutch rood and German rot (some speakers)	A trill in the back of the throat. Found for /r/ in some conservative registers of French.
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ ɽ ]	Hindi साड़ी [sɑːɽiː] "sari"	Like flapped [ɾ], but with the tongue curled back.
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ ɹ ]	RP borrow
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ ɻ ]	American English borrow, butter	Like [ɹ], but with the tongue curled or pulled back, as pronounced by many English speakers.
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ ʁ ]	French Paris, German Riemann	Said back in the throat, but not trilled.
^ top S
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ s ]	English sass
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ ʃ ]	English shoe
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ ɧ ]	Swedish sju
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ ʂ ]	Mandarin 少林 (Shàolín), Russian Пушкин (Pushkin)	Acoustically similar to [ʃ], but with the tongue curled or pulled back.
^ top T
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ t ]	English tot, stop
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ ʈ ]	Hindi ठग [ʈʰəɡ] (thug) "thief"	Like [t], but with the tongue curled or pulled back.
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ ts ]²	English cats, Russian царь tsar
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ tʃ ] ²	English church
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ tɕ ]²	Mandarin 北京 ⁽ⁱ⁾ Běijīng, Polish ciebie "you"	Like [tʃ], but with more of a y-sound.
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ tʂ ]²	Mandarin zh, Polish czas	Like [tʃ] with the tongue curled or pulled back.
^ top U
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ u ]	French vous "you"
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ uː ]	French Rocquencourt, German Schumacher, close to RP food	Long [u].
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ ʊ ]	English foot, German Bundesrepublik
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ ʉ ]	Australian English food (long)	Like [ɨ], but with the lips rounded as for [u].
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ ɥ ]	French lui	Like [j] and [w] said together.
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ ɯ ]	see under W
^ top V
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ v ]	English verve
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ ʋ ]	Hindi वरुण [ʋəruɳə] "Varuna"	Between [v] and [w]. Used by some Germans and Russians for v/w, and by some speakers of British English for r.
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ ɣ ]	Arabic / Swahili ghali "expensive", Spanish suegro	Sounds rather like French [ʁ] or between [ɡ] and [h].
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ ɤ ]	Mandarin Hénán	Like [o] but without the lips rounded, something like a cross of [ʊ] and [ʌ].
[ ʌ ]	see under A
^ top W
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ w ]	English wow
[ ʷ ]	English rain [ɹʷeɪn]	Indicates a sound has lip rounding, quick.
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ ʍ ]	what (some dialects)	like [h] and [w] said together
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ ɯ ]	Turkish kayık "caïque"	Like [u], but with the lips flat; something like [ʊ].
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ ɰ ]	Spanish agua
^ top X
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ x ]	Scottish English loch, German Bach, Russian хороший [xɐˈroʂɨj] "good", Spanish joven	between [k] and [h]
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ χ ]	northern Standard Dutch Scheveningen, Castilian Spanish Don Juan [doɴˈχwan]	Like [x], but further back , in the throat. Some German and Arabic speakers have [χ] for [x].
^ top Y
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ y ]	French rue	Like [i], but with the lips rounded as for [u].
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ yː ]	German Bülow, French sûr	Long [y].
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ ʏ ]	German Eisenhüttenstadt	Like [ɪ], but with the lips rounded as for [ʊ].
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ ʎ ]	Italian tagliatelle	Like [l], but more y-like. Rather like English volume.
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ ɥ ]	see under U
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ ɤ ]	see under V
[ ɣ ]	see under V
^ top Z
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ z ]	English zoos
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ ʒ ]	English vision, French journal
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ ʑ ]	formal Russian жжёшь [ʑːoʂ] "you burn", Polish źle	More y-like than [ʒ], something like beigey.
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ ʐ ]	Mandarin 人民日报 Rénmín Rìbào "People's Daily", Russian жир "fat"	Like [ʒ] with the tongue curled or pulled back.
[ ɮ ]	see under L
^ top Altres
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ θ ]	English thigh, bath
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ ɸ ]	Japanese 富士 [ɸɯdʑi] Fuji, Māori [ˌɸaːɾeːˈnuiː] wharenui	Like [p], but with the lips not quite touching
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ ʔ ]	English uh-oh, Hawai‘i, German die Angst	The 'glottal stop', a catch in the breath. For some people, found in button [ˈbʌʔn̩], or between vowels across words: Deus ex machina [ˌdeɪəsˌʔɛksˈmɑːkɨnə]; in some nonstandard dialects, in a apple [ʌˈʔæpl̩].
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ ʕ ]	Arabic عربي ^carabī "Arabic"	A light sound deep in the throat.
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ ǀ ]	English tsk-tsk! or tut-tut!, Zulu icici "earring"	(The English click used for disapproval.) Several distinct sounds, written as digraphs, including [ kǀ ], [ ɡǀ ], [ ŋǀ ]. The Zimbabwean MP Ncube has this click in his name, as did Cetshwayo.
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ ǁ ]	English tchick! tchick!, Zulu ixoxo "frog"	(The English click used to urge on a horse.) Several distinct sounds, written as digraphs, including [ kǁ ], [ ɡǁ ], [ ŋǁ ]. Found in the name of the Xhosa.
⁽ⁱ⁾ [ ǃ ]	Zulu iqaqa "polecat"	(The English click used to imitate the trotting of a horse.) A hollow popping sound, like a cork pulled from a bottle. Several distinct sounds, written as digraphs, including [ kǃ ], [ ɡǃ ], [ ŋǃ ].

^1 ^2 Aquests símbols s'escriuen oficialment amb un llaç que uneix ells (per exemple t͡ʃ), i també de vegades s'escriuen com a caràcters individuals (per exemple ʧ) encara que aquesta última convenció ja no és oficial. Estan escrits sense lligadures aquí per garantir la correcta visualització en tots els navegadors.

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