ET Explains: High temp hits flights to Leh. Why?

Leh, typically known for its cold climate, is now grappling with an unusual heatwave that has significantly disrupted air travel. IndiGo recently cancelled flights to and from Leh due to high temperatures affecting runway operations, highlighting the challenges of operating in extreme heat and high altitudes.

What’s happening in Leh?
According to an IndiGo spokesperson, "IndiGo flight operations to and from Leh have been impacted due to the prevailing high outside air temperature in Leh, which is beyond the airline's control." The Kushok Bakula Rimpochee Airport in Leh, located at 10,682 feet above sea level, has a maximum operational temperature limit of 32°C for Boeing 737 aircraft.

Why is temperature such a concern?
High-altitude airports like Leh’s face unique challenges in hot weather. The air density at high altitudes is naturally lower, and increased temperatures reduce it even further. A pilot with Air India explained, "In high-altitude environments, the already lower air density is compounded by rising temperatures, making the air even thinner. This thinner air means that aircraft require greater speed to generate sufficient lift, which in turn necessitates longer runways for a safe takeoff. Additionally, the reduced air density impacts engine performance, as jet engines depend on air intake for optimal thrust. Consequently, planes may need to operate at reduced loads or even face cancellations if the runway is not long enough to accommodate the increased requirements." This scenario poses significant operational challenges, as aircraft struggle to perform efficiently under such conditions.

In Leh, where the runway measures 2,754 meters, airlines must often impose weight restrictions or cancel flights when temperatures exceed certain thresholds to ensure safety. The reduced engine efficiency and lift in high temperatures complicate flight operations, as noted by a SpiceJet pilot.

The impact of climate change
The heatwave in Leh is indicative of broader climate change effects on the region. Experts point out that Ladakh has seen a noticeable increase in average temperatures over the past few decades, with significant glacier melt impacting local water systems and infrastructure. "Ladakh is experiencing more warm days and increased rainfall, which affects glaciers and local ecosystems," an expert commented.

What does this mean for the future?
This situation underscores the need for advancements in aircraft technology and infrastructure to manage extreme weather conditions. Future aircraft may require improved engines, cooling systems, and materials to operate effectively in high temperatures. Airlines may also need to adjust flight schedules to avoid peak heat periods, as suggested by industry specialists.

Tourism and economic implications
Frequent flight cancellations can disrupt tourism in Leh, leading to economic losses for the region. There may be increased pressure to develop alternative transportation options and enhance infrastructure to mitigate these disruptions, according to local economic analysts.

Weather patterns and airport operations
Besides heatwaves, other weather patterns such as strong winds, fog, and snow can also impact flight operations. Leh’s airport may face congestion during peak tourist seasons, further complicating flight schedules and operations, aviation experts explained.

The path forward
Addressing these challenges will require a coordinated effort from airlines, airports, meteorological agencies, and governments. Investing in research, technology, and infrastructure is crucial to adapt to the changing climate and ensure safe and efficient air travel under extreme conditions.

The current heatwave in Leh highlights the escalating impacts of climate change. Effective adaptation strategies will be essential in managing the aviation challenges posed by such extreme weather events.