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長

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Archived revision by LlywelynII (talk | contribs) as of 03:05, 7 October 2023.
See also: 长 and 튽
長 U+9577, 長
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9577
← 镶
[U+9576] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 镸 →
[U+9578]
⾧ U+2FA7, ⾧
KANGXI RADICAL LONG
← ⾦
[U+2FA6] 		Kangxi Radicals ⾨ →
[U+2FA8]
⻑ U+2ED1, ⻑
CJK RADICAL LONG ONE
← ⻐
[U+2ED0] 		CJK Radicals Supplement ⻒ →
[U+2ED2]

Translingual

Stroke order
8 strokes
Stroke order

Alternative forms

  • 镸 (when used as a radical)

Han character

See images of
Radical 168 長

長 (Kangxi radical 168, 長+0, 8 strokes, cangjie input 尸一女 (SMV), four-corner 71732, composition ⿱⿺丄三⿰𠄌⿺乀丿(GJKV) or ⿸⿱⿺丄三𠄌⿺乀丿(HT) or ⿱⿰丨三⿸⿱一𠄌⿺乀丿(HT))

  1. Kangxi radical #168, ⾧.

Derived characters

See also

References

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1328, character 7
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 41100
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1829, character 11
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4050, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+9577

Chinese

trad. 長
simp. 长

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 長
Shang Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Small seal script
Characters in the same phonetic series (長) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
張 *taŋ, *taŋs
餦 *taŋ
粻 *taŋ
漲 *taŋ, *taŋʔ, *taŋs
長 *taŋʔ, *daŋ, *daŋs
脹 *taŋs
痮 *taŋs
帳 *taŋs
賬 *taŋs
倀 *tʰaŋ, *rtaːŋs
鼚 *tʰaŋ
鋹 *tʰaŋʔ
悵 *tʰaŋs
韔 *tʰaŋs
萇 *daŋ
瓺 *daŋ, *daŋs
棖 *rdaːŋ
掁 *rdaːŋ

Pictogram (象形) – originally long hair; compare 彡.

Etymology

Three pronunciations below are cognate, all derived from the original root of 張 (*traŋ, “to make long; to stretch; to string a bow”).

Pronunciation 1 ("long") is the endopassive derivative ("be extended, be stretched"), with intransitive voicing. The lack of Tibeto-Burman cognates with the same meaning indicate that this is a Chinese innovation. Pronunciation 2 ("to grow") is the endoactive derivative. The different pronunciations are one of the few instances of contemporary grammatical tone in Mandarin.

See 張 for more.

Pronunciation 1

Lua error in Module:wuu-pron at line 195: Incorrect tone notation "3" for sh. See WT:AZH/Wu.

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 長

  1. long (of distance)
    長征／长征  ―  chángzhēng  ―  Long March
  2. length
    全長／全长  ―  quáncháng  ―  full length (of a river)
  3. long (in space); far; distant
  4. long (of time); lasting
  5. everlasting; permanent
  6. constantly; frequently
    See also: 常
  7. straight; perfectly straight
  8. upright; right; good; fine
  9. strength; advantage; merit
  10. skill; specialism
  11. to excel in
  12. a surname

Compounds

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (長):

Pronunciation 2

Lua error in Module:wuu-pron at line 195: Incorrect tone notation "2" for sh. See WT:AZH/Wu.

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 長

  1. to begin to grow; to grow; to develop
    長大／长大  ―  zhǎngdà  ―  to grow old
    我家的樹長得很健康。 [MSC, trad.]
    我家的树长得很健康。 [MSC, simp.]
    Wǒ jiā de shù zhǎng dé hěn jiànkāng. [Pinyin]
    The tree in my house is growing healthily.
  2. (of a person) to look; to appear (e.g. beautiful)
  3. (transitive) to increase; to enhance
  4. (intransitive) to increase; to go up
    See also: 漲
  5. to nourish
  6. old (of age)
    年長／年长  ―  niánzhǎng  ―  senior
  7. senior; elder
    兄長／兄长  ―  xiōngzhǎng  ―  elder brother
  8. leader; master; chief; head
  9. eldest; oldest
  10. to exalt; to honor
  11. to wield; to be in control of
Synonyms
Dialectal synonyms of 長 (“(of an organism) to grow; to develop”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 生, 長
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 長
Northeastern Mandarin Taiwan 長
Singapore 長
Jilu Mandarin Jinan 長
Jiaoliao Mandarin Yantai (Muping) 生
Central Plains Mandarin Wanrong 長
Xi'an 長
Lanyin Mandarin Ürümqi 生
Southwestern Mandarin Wuhan 長
Guilin 長
Jianghuai Mandarin Yangzhou 生
Cantonese Guangzhou 生
Hong Kong 生
Dongguan 生
Gan Lichuan 長
Pingxiang 生
Hakka Meixian 生
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 生
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 生
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 生
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 生
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 生
Jin Taiyuan 長
Eastern Min Fuzhou 生
Southern Min Xiamen 生
Quanzhou 生
Zhangzhou 生
Taipei 生 GT
Singapore (Hokkien) 生
Shantou 生
Jieyang 生
Leizhou 生
Haikou 生
Wu Suzhou 長
Ningbo 生
Wenzhou 生
Jinhua 生
Xiang Loudi 生
Note GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)

Compounds

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (長):

Pronunciation 3

Rime
Character 長
Reading # 3/3
Initial (聲) 澄 (11)
Final (韻) 陽 (105)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 直亮切
Baxter drjangH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ɖɨɐŋH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ɖiɐŋH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ȡiɑŋH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ɖɨaŋH/
Li
Rong 		/ȡiaŋH/
Wang
Li 		/ȡĭaŋH/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/ȡʱi̯aŋH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		zhàng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		zoeng6
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 長
Reading # 3/3
No. 1280
Phonetic
component 		長
Rime
group 		陽
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		仗
Old
Chinese 		/*daŋs/

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 長

  1. (archaic) length; measure of length
    See also: 丈
  2. (archaic, Min) to be left over; surplus, residue
    今旦飯長野儕。 [Eastern Min, trad.]
    今旦饭长野侪。 [Eastern Min, simp.]
    gĭng-dáng buông diông iā sâ̤ / [kiŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ (t-)nɑŋ²¹³ puɔŋ²⁴² tuɔŋ²⁴² ia³³ sɑ²⁴²] [Bàng-uâ-cê / IPA]
    There is a lot of leftover food today.

Compounds

Japanese

Kanji

長

(Second grade kyōiku kanji)

  1. long, lengthy
  2. long time
  3. growing, increasing
  4. excellent, great
  5. comfortable, relaxing
  6. elder, old, senior
  7. chief, head, leader
  8. Short for 長門国 (Nagato no kuni): Nagato Province

Readings

Compounds

Compounds

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
長
ちょう
Grade: 2
on'yomi

/tjau/ → /t͡ɕjau/ → /t͡ɕɔː/ → /t͡ɕoː/

From Middle Chinese 長 (MC trjangX) in the sense of “chief, head, leader” and 長 (MC drjang) (literally meaning “long”) for other senses. The two Middle Chinese readings were distinct but etymologically connected.

Pronunciation

Noun

長(ちょう) • (chō) ←ちやう (tyau)?

  1. chief, head, leader
    班(はん)長(ちょう)
    han chō
    the group leader
  2. strong point
    Antonym: 短 (tan)
    長(ちょう　)を伸(　の)ばす
    chō o nobasu
    enrich a strong point
  3. (music) major
    Antonym: 短 (tan)

Proper noun

長(ちょう) • (Chō) ←ちやう (Tyau)?

  1. a surname

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
長
おさ
Grade: 2
kun'yomi

/wosa/ → /osa/

From Old Japanese.

Pronunciation

Noun

長(おさ) • (osa) ←をさ (wosa)?

  1. chief, head, leader
    Synonym: 頭 (kashira)
Derived terms

Proper noun

長(おさ) • (Osa) ←をさ (Wosa)?

  1. a place name
  2. a surname

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
長
なが
Grade: 2
kun'yomi

From Old Japanese.

Stem form of classical adjective 長し (nagashi), modern 長い (nagai, “long, lengthy”).

Alternative forms

Pronunciation

Prefix

長(なが) • (naga-) 

  1. long
Derived terms
Derived terms

Proper noun

長(なが) • (Naga) 

  1. a surname

Etymology 4

Kanji in this term
長
つかさ
Grade: 2
irregular
Alternative spellings
官
司
首
宰

From Old Japanese.

Probably derived from 就か (tsuka, irrealis form of verb 就く (tsuku), “to take a position”) +‎ さ (-sa, “-ness”, suffix indicating state or degree). (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)

Pronunciation

Noun

長(つかさ) • (tsukasa) 

  1. a manager, a headman, a foreman
  2. an official
    Synonym: 役人 (yakunin)
  3. government service

Proper noun

長(つかさ) • (Tsukasa) 

  1. a surname
  2. a unisex given name

Etymology 5

Kanji in this term
長
たき
Grade: 2
irregular

⟨taki1⟩ → */takʲi/ → /taki/

Possibly a variant of take below.[3] Appears in the Ruiju Myōgishō of around 1081-1100 CE.

Alternative forms

Pronunciation

Noun

長(たき) • (taki) 

  1. height

Etymology 6

Kanji in this term
長
たけ
Grade: 2
irregular

⟨take2⟩ → */takəj/ → /take/

Cognate with 高 (taka, “height”), 高い (takai, “high”), and 長ける (takeru, “to be high”).

Alternative forms

Pronunciation

Noun

長(たけ) • (take) 

  1. height

Proper noun

長(たけ) • (Take) 

  1. a surname

Etymology 7

Kanji in this term
長
たける
Grade: 2
irregular

Nominalization of verb 長ける (takeru, “to excel at”).

Proper noun

長(たける) • (Takeru) 

  1. a surname
  2. a male or female given name

Etymology 8

Kanji in this term
長
ひさし
Grade: 2
irregular

From Old Japanese.

Nominalization of classical adjective 久し (hisashi), modern 久しい (hisashii, “long time”).

Proper noun

長(ひさし) • (Hisashi) 

  1. a surname
  2. a male or female given name

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
  3. ^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

Korean

Etymology 1

From Middle Chinese 長 (MC drjang, “long”).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 땨ᇰ (Yale: ttyàng)
Middle Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Sinjeung Yuhap, 1576 긴 (Yale: kin) 댱 (Yale: tyang)

Pronunciation

Hanja

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

長 (eumhun 길 장 (gil jang))

  1. Hanja form? of 장 (“long; lengthy”). [prefix]

Compounds

Compounds

Etymology 2

From Middle Chinese 長 (MC trjangX, “grow; elder”).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 댜ᇰ〯 (Yale: tyǎng)
Middle Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Sinjeung Yuhap, 1576 길 (Yale: kil) 댱 (Yale: tyang)

Pronunciation

  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [t͡ɕa̠(ː)ŋ]
  • Phonetic hangul: [장(ː)]
    • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

長 (eumhun 어른 장 (eoreun jang))

  1. Hanja form? of 장 (“head; chief; manager”). [noun, suffix]
  2. Hanja form? of 장 (“to grow; to develop”). [affix]

Compounds

Compounds

References

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]

Vietnamese

Han character

長: Hán Việt readings: trường (直(trực)良(lương)切(thiết))[1][2][3], trưởng (展(triển)兩(lưỡng)切(thiết))[1][2][3], tràng[3]
長: Nôm readings: tràng[1][2][4], trường[1][2][4], trưởng[1][2][4], dài[1], chường[2], trành[3], trườn[5]

Etymology 1

Chữ Hán form of trưởng (“head; leader; to grow”).

Compounds

Derived terms

Etymology 2

Chữ Hán form of trường (“long (of distance and time)”).

Compounds

Derived terms

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Nguyễn (2014).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Trần (2004).
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
  5. ^ Hồ (1976).
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