de
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Page categories
Translingual
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Symbol
[edit]de
- (international standards) ISO 639-1 language code for German.
- Coordinate term: deu
Etymology 2
[edit]Symbol
[edit]de
English
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Borrowed from Russian дэ (dɛ).
Noun
[edit]de (plural des)
- The name of the Cyrillic script letter Д / д.
Etymology 2
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]- dee (Northumberland)
Verb
[edit]de (third-person singular simple present diz, present participle dein, simple past did, past participle dyun)
- (Northumbria) Alternative form of dee (“to do”).
References
[edit]- Frank Graham, editor (1987), “DE”, in The New Geordie Dictionary, Rothbury, Northumberland: Butler Publishing, →ISBN.
- Scott Dobson, Dick Irwin “de”, in Newcastle 1970s: Durham & Tyneside Dialect Group[4], archived from the original on 2024-09-05.
- Northumberland Words, English Dialect Society, R. Oliver Heslop, 1893–4
- Bill Griffiths, editor (2004), “de”, in A Dictionary of North East Dialect, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear: Northumbria University Press, →ISBN.
Etymology 3
[edit]Article
[edit]de
- (African-American Vernacular, Bermuda, Caribbean, Jamaica) Pronunciation spelling of the.
- 1964 [1929], William Faulkner, Sartoris (The Collected Works of William Faulkner), London: Chatto & Windus, page 22:
- “He went to’ds de back, ma’am.” The negro opened the door and slid his legs, clad in army O.D. and a pair of linoleum putties, to the ground. “‘I’ll go git ’im.”’
- 2013 April 12, “Exclusive: Meet Derpuntae - Bermuda's first meme”, in The Bermuda Sun[5], archived from the original on 2022-12-12:
- So I'll prolly say de biggest threat to Bermy is de new selfish mentality like, she ank helpin no one in de end.
Etymology 4
[edit]Interjection
[edit]de
- A meaningless unstressed syllable used when singing a tune or indicating a rhythm.
- “Dum de dum, dum de dum”, he hummed as he sauntered down the road.
Etymology 5
[edit]Borrowed from French de (“of”).
Preposition
[edit]de
- (historical) Used in the titles of French nobility; of.
- 2009 November 5, Alex von Tunzelmann, “The Affair of the Necklace: nothing to get hot under the collar over”, in Alan Rusbridger, editor, The Guardian[6], London: Guardian News & Media, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-06-10:
- Conwoman Jeanne de La Motte stole a 2,800-carat diamond necklace, The Slave's Collar, by convincing the Cardinal de Rohan that Queen Marie-Antoinette wanted it.
- 2014, Alina García-Lapuerta, La Belle Créole: The Cuban Countess Who Captivated Havana, Madrid, and Paris, Chicago, I.L.: Chicago Review Press, →ISBN, page 236:
- When Prosper Mérimée had next seen Mercedes after Spain, in March 1846, he told the Countess de Montijo that Mercedes "looked less well preserved [and] limped a little."
References
[edit]- “de, prep.”, in OED Online , Oxford: Oxford University Press, launched 2000.
Anagrams
[edit]Albanian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Compare Romanian di, employed with horses or oxen for the same purpose.
Interjection
[edit]de
- Denotes intensity, often after imperatives or some adverbs.
- Fol de! ― Speak!
- Ashtu de! ― This manner! (expressing happiness or satisfaction for the work done)
- Hë të lumtë goja, de! ― May thy mouth be blessed!
- Spurs a horse to move: giddyup
Further reading
[edit]- “de”, in FGJSH: Fjalor i gjuhës shqipe (in Albanian), 2006
- “de”, in FGJSSH: Fjalor i gjuhës së sotme shqipe[7] (in Albanian), 1980
Alemannic German
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Article
[edit]de
- (definite) the
- 1879, Leonhard Steiner, Glärnisch-Fahrt. Gedicht in Zürcher Mundart, p. 10:
- [...] Fründ der Natur [...]
- 1879, Leonhard Steiner, Glärnisch-Fahrt. Gedicht in Zürcher Mundart, p. 30:
- [...]; der erst und de zweit Stock [...]
- Dichtungen in Thurgauer Mundart. Gesammelt von O. Sutermeister, published in Zürich by Verlag von Orell Füßli & Co., I. Teil, p. 5:
- [...] so luted der erst Atrag, wo bi der Umfrog vom Pfleger Heieri Guetchnecht vorbrocht würd.
- Dichtungen in Thurgauer Mundart. Gesammelt von O. Sutermeister, I. Teil, p. 13:
- [...] wo die Flüchtigkeit der Zeit den Ernst des Läbens dem Gemüeti näher bringt.
- Dichtungen in Thurgauer Mundart. Gesammelt von O. Sutermeister, I. Teil, p. 34:
- [...] i siner Eigeschaft als Fürst der Höll, der [...]
- Dichtungen in Thurgauer Mundart. Gesammelt von O. Sutermeister, I. Teil, p. 52:
- Was ihr an einem der Ärmsten und Gringste Liebes und Guets tüend,
Das will ich achte, als heied ihr mir 's tue – so spricht jo der Heiland.
- Was ihr an einem der Ärmsten und Gringste Liebes und Guets tüend,
- Dichtungen in Thurgauer Mundart. Gesammelt von O. Sutermeister, II. Teil, p. 23:
- Mach mit den ander-n acht Moß, wa d'witt; [...]
- 1879, Leonhard Steiner, Glärnisch-Fahrt. Gedicht in Zürcher Mundart, p. 10:
Declension
[edit]Zürich:
Singular | Plural | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | ||
Nominative | de der (before a vowel) |
die, d', d'- | 's (at the beginning of a sentence or verse: S') |
de, d' |
Genitive | der | |||
Dative | dem | der, de | dem | de |
Accusative | de der (before a vowel) |
de, d', d'- | 's | d', d'- |
Thurgau:
Singular | Plural | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | ||
Nominative | de (before a consonant, including h) der (before a vowel, also before h) |
die, de, d'- | das, 's | die, d'- |
Genitive | des | der | des | der |
Dative | dem | der | dem | de (before a consonant) den (before a vowel) |
Accusative | de (before a consonant) der (before a vowel) den (before a vowel, less common) |
die, de, d'- | das, 's | d'- |
Asturian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Preposition
[edit]de
Usage notes
[edit]- The preposition de contracts to d' before a word beginning with a vowel or h-: d'Asturies (“of Asturias”), d'hermanu (“of a brother”).
Derived terms
[edit]Bambara
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Particle
[edit]de
- emphatic particle (placed directly after the word it modifies)
- A ma i wele. A ye ne de wele
- He didn't call you. It was me that called
References
[edit]- 2007. The UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive. Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Department of Linguistics.
Basque
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]de inan
- The name of the Latin-script letter D/d.
Declension
[edit]indefinite | singular | plural | |
---|---|---|---|
absolutive | de | dea | deak |
ergative | dek | deak | deek |
dative | deri | deari | deei |
genitive | deren | dearen | deen |
comitative | derekin | dearekin | deekin |
causative | derengatik | dearengatik | deengatik |
benefactive | derentzat | dearentzat | deentzat |
instrumental | dez | deaz | deez |
inessive | detan | dean | deetan |
locative | detako | deko | deetako |
allative | detara | dera | deetara |
terminative | detaraino | deraino | deetaraino |
directive | detarantz | derantz | deetarantz |
destinative | detarako | derako | deetarako |
ablative | detatik | detik | deetatik |
partitive | derik | — | — |
prolative | detzat | — | — |
See also
[edit]- (Latin-script letter names) a, be, ze, de, e, efe, ge, hatxe, i, jota, ka, ele, eme, ene, eñe, o, pe, ku, erre, ese, te, u, uve, uve bikoitz, ixa, i greko, zeta
Bavarian
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]- d' (unstressed form)
Etymology
[edit]Cognate with German German die.
Article
[edit]de
- stressed nominative/accusative singular feminine of der
- stressed nominative/accusative/dative plural of der
See also
[edit]m | n | f | pl | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
stressed | unstressed | stressed | unstressed | stressed | unstressed | stressed | unstressed | ||
definite | nominative | der, da | — | das, es, des | 's | de | d' | de | d' |
accusative | en, den | 'n | |||||||
dative | em, dem | 'm | em, dem | 'm | der, da | — | |||
genitive1 | des | des | der, da | der, da | |||||
indefinite | nominative | a | — | a | — | a | — | ||
accusative | an | 'n | |||||||
dative | am | 'm | am | 'm | a, ana | 'na |
Pronoun
[edit]de
Synonyms
[edit]See also
[edit]nominative | accusative | dative | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
stressed | unstressed | stressed | unstressed | stressed | unstressed | ||
1st person singular | i | — | mi | — | mia (mir) | ma | |
2nd person singular (informal) |
du | — | di | — | dia (dir) | da | |
2nd person singular (formal) |
Sie | — | Eahna | — | Eahna | — | |
3rd person singular | m | er | a | eahm | 'n | eahm | 'n |
n | es, des | 's | des | 's | |||
f | se, de | 's | se | 's | ihr | — | |
1st person plural | mia (mir) | ma | uns | — | uns | — | |
2nd person plural | eß, ihr | — | enk, eich | — | enk, eich | — | |
3rd person plural | se | 's | eahna | — | eahna | — |
Catalan
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]de f (plural des)
- The name of the Latin-script letter D/d.
Etymology 2
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Preposition
[edit]de (before vowel or h d')
Further reading
[edit]- “de” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
Etymology 3
[edit]Verb
[edit]de
- inflection of dar:
Cebuano
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Preposition
[edit]de
- (dated) of, from (only in names with Spanish origins or in phrases with Spanish construct)
- hopia de Cebu
- Cebu's hopia or hopia of/from Cebu
- Isabel biyuda de Cortes
- Isabel widow of Cortes
Related terms
[edit]Central Franconian
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Article
[edit]de (definite, reduced)
- the
- (most dialects) feminine nominative and accusative
- (most dialects) plural nominative and accusative
- (many dialects) plural dative
- (some dialects) masculine nominative
- (some dialects) masculine accusative
- (few dialects) feminine dative
Usage notes
[edit]- (masculine): Three territories must be distinguished: 1.) Ripuarian, in which the accusative takes the form of the nominative; 2.) western Moselle Franconian, in which the nominative takes the form of the accusative; 3.) eastern Moselle Franconian, in which nominative and accusative are distinct.
- 1.) In Ripuarian, the reduced masculine article in nominative and accusative is de only in a few places, including Bonn; most dialects have der. The full form is always dä.
- 2.) In western Moselle Franconian, the form is de, but becomes den before vowels, h-, and dental consonants. The full form is dän.
- 3.) In eastern Moselle Franconian, the reduced masculine article in the nominative is de in many dialects, der in others. The full form is där. The accusative takes den (full form: dän).
- (feminine): Virtually all dialects use de as the reduced feminine article in nominative and accusative. The full form is die. In the dative, de is used in a few dialects of Ripuarian; the general form is der. The full form may be där or dä.
- (plural): Virtually all dialects use de as the reduced plural article in nominative and accusative. The full form is die. In the dative, de is used in most dialects of Ripuarian. In Moselle Franconian the form is the same as the masculine accusative (see above). The full form of the dative plural may be dä, dän, or däne.
- Westernmost Ripuarian has no case distinction whatsoever. Only the nominative forms are relevant for these dialects.
Declension
[edit]definite article | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Plural | |
Nominative | de (some dialects, also some Ripuarian dialects; reduced) der (some Ripuarian dialects; reduced) dä (Ripuarian; full) |
de (most dialects; reduced) die (most dialects; full) |
de (most dialects; reduced) die (most dialects; full) | |
Genitive | ||||
Dative | de (few dialects; reduced) dä (Ripuarian; full) där (Moselle Franconian; full) |
de (many dialects; reduced) dä (some Ripuarian dialects; full) | ||
Accusative | de (some dialects; reduced) dä (Ripuarian; full) |
de (most dialects; reduced) die (most dialects; full) |
de (most dialects; reduced) die (most dialects; full) |
Ripuarian (scientific transcription by Münich with ę [ɛ] and ꝛ [ʁ]):
Ripuarian definite article | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Plural | |
Nominative | dę | de | ət | de |
Genitive | dęs (rare) | |||
Dative | dęm | dę(ꝛ) | dęm | dę̄ |
Accusative | dę | de | ət | de |
Ripuarian demonstrative pronoun | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Plural | |
Nominative | dę̄ꝛ | dē | dat | dē |
Genitive | des | |||
Dative | dęm | dęꝛ | dęm | mf dęǹə n (fan) dęǹə |
Accusative | dę̄ (dęǹə) | dē | dat | dē |
Ripuarian → Kölsch (as actually used):
definite article | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Plural | |
Nominative | der, de, dä | die, de | dat, et, -'t | die, de |
Genitive | des | der | des | der |
Dative | dem | der | dem | den |
Accusative | den, dä | die, de | dat, et, -'t | die, de |
Quotations
[edit]- 1875, Fritz Hönig, „Geschräppels.“ Humoresken. Erster Band, p. 34:
- Ha geiht no noh'm Kobes öm Veetel op Aach,
Verzällt imm dä ganzen Hergang der Saach.
- Ha geiht no noh'm Kobes öm Veetel op Aach,
Derived terms
[edit]- em (en dem)
References
[edit]- Grammatik der ripuarisch-fränkischen Mundart von Ferdinand Münch. Verlag von Friedrich Cohen, Bonn 1904, p. 138f. & 163f.
Cimbrian
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Article
[edit]de
- (Sette Comuni) the; definite article for four declensions:
- nominative singular feminine
- accusative singular feminine
- nominative plural
- De diarn zeint bille un de puuben noch mèeront.
- The girls are silly, and the boys even more so.
- accusative plural
See also
[edit]Cimbrian definite articles | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Plural | |
Nominative | dar | de / di | 's / z | de / di |
Accusative | in | de / di | 's / z | de / di |
Dative | me | dar | me | in |
References
[edit]- “de” in Martalar, Umberto Martello, Bellotto, Alfonso (1974) Dizionario della lingua Cimbra dei Sette Communi vicentini, 1st edition, Roana, Italy: Instituto di Cultura Cimbra A. Dal Pozzo
Cornish
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Middle Cornish de, from Old Cornish doy, glossed in Vocabularium Cornicum as heri. Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *dʰǵʰyés. Cognate with Latin heri, Welsh doe, French hier, Sanskrit ह्यस् (hyas), etc.
Adverb
[edit]de (triggers soft mutation)
Antonyms
[edit]- a-vorow (“tomorrow”)
Derived terms
[edit]- de vyttin (“yesterday morning”)
- degynsywa (“to impend”)
- degynsywek (“impending”)
- dygynsete (“on the day before yesterday”)
Dalmatian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Preposition
[edit]de
Related terms
[edit]Danish
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Old Danish thē, from Old Norse þeir, from Proto-Germanic *þai.
Pronunciation
[edit]Article
[edit]de pl
- plural definite article
- de grønne huse
- the green houses
- de grønne huse
See also
[edit]Pronoun
[edit]de (as a personal pronoun, it has the forms dem in the oblique case and deres in the genitive; as a determiner, it is uninflected)
- (personal pronoun) they (third-person plural)
- (personal pronoun, nonstandard) they (gender-neutral third-person singular)
- (determiner) those
- De kager smager ikke godt.
- Those cakes taste not good.
- 2000, Mon farven har en anden lyd?: strejftog i 90'ernes musikliv og ungdomskultur i Danmark, Museum Tusculanum Press →ISBN, page 90
- De huse er meget store, både som sommerhuse og som helårshuse for de gamle hvis de flytter tilbage som pensionister uden børnene.
- Those houses are very large, both as summerhouses and all-year-houses for the old people, if they move back, being retired, without their children.
- 2015, Lynne Graham, Claire Baxter, Den lunefulde kærlighed/Min bedste ven, min elskede, Förlaget Harlequin AB →ISBN
- De borde var normalt forbeholdt VIP'erne og arrangørerne.
- Those tables were usually reserved for the VIP's and the arrangers.
See also
[edit]Number | Person | Type | Nominative | Oblique | Possessive | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
common | neuter | plural | |||||
Singular | First | – | jeg | mig | min | mit | mine |
Second | modern / informal | du | dig | din | dit | dine | |
formal | De | Dem | Deres | ||||
Third | masculine (person) | han | ham | hans | |||
feminine (person) | hun | hende | hendes | ||||
common(noun) | den | dens | |||||
neuter(noun) | det | dets | |||||
reflexive | – | sig | sin | sit | sine | ||
Plural | First | modern | vi | os | vores | ||
archaic / formal | vor | vort | vore | ||||
Second | – | I | jer | jeres | |||
Third | – | de | dem | deres | |||
reflexive | – | sig |
Dutch
[edit]Etymology
[edit]An unstressed variety of Middle Dutch die. See die for more information.
Pronunciation
[edit]Article
[edit]de
- the (definite article, masculine and feminine singular, plural)
- De man ― The man (masculine singular)
- De vrouw ― The woman (feminine singular)
- Het boek ― The book (neuter singular)
- De boeken ― The books (neuter plural)
- De oude man en de zee. ― The old man and the sea.
Usage notes
[edit]- Placed before masculine and feminine nouns in the singular and plural nouns of all genders, indicating a specific person or thing instead of a general case.
Declension
[edit]
- There is also the clitic form 's for des. The oblique cases are archaic and found in contemporary Dutch only in fixed idiomatic phrases (e.g., op den duur or des ochtends).
Derived terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]Preposition
[edit]de
- (informal, in restricted contexts, mostly with "man") per
- Ze namen drie biertjes de man. ― They took three beers per person.
- We betaalden vijftien euro de neus. ― We paid fifteen euros per person.
See also
[edit]Anagrams
[edit]Esperanto
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Latin dē, French de, Spanish de.
Pronunciation
[edit]Preposition
[edit]de
- from
- Mi ne aĉetas ion ajn de ĉi tiu vendejo!
- I don't buy anything at all from this store!
- of, possessed by
- La aŭto de Davido estas nigra.
- David's car is black.
- done, written or composed by
Fala
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Old Galician-Portuguese de, from Latin dē (“of; from”).
Preposition
[edit]de
- of
- 2000, Domingo Frades Gaspar, Vamus a falal: Notas pâ coñocel y platical en nosa fala, Editora regional da Extremadura, Chapter 1: Lengua Española:
- Español falan millós de persoas.
- Millions of people speak Spanish.
Usage notes
[edit]- When followed by the articles u/o, a, us/os, as; it contracts to du/do, da, dus/dos, das respectively.
References
[edit]- Valeš, Miroslav (2021) Diccionariu de A Fala: lagarteiru, mañegu, valverdeñu (web)[8], 2nd edition, Minde, Portugal: CIDLeS, published 2022, →ISBN
Faroese
[edit]Noun
[edit]de n (genitive singular des, plural de)
- The name of the Latin-script letter D/d.
Declension
[edit]Declension of de | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
n4 | singular | plural | ||
indefinite | definite | indefinite | definite | |
nominative | de | deið | de | deini |
accusative | de | deið | de | deini |
dative | de, dei | denum | deum | deunum |
genitive | des | desins | dea | deanna |
See also
[edit]- (Latin-script letter names) bókstavur; a / fyrra a, á, be, de, edd, e, eff, ge, há, i / fyrra i, í / fyrra í, jodd, ká, ell, emm, enn, o, ó, pe, err, ess, te, u, ú, ve, seinna i, seinna í, seinna a, ø
French
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]From Middle French de, from Old French de, from Latin dē.
Pronunciation
[edit]Preposition
[edit]de
- of (expresses belonging)
- Paris est la capitale de la France. ― Paris is the capital of France.
- 1837, Louis Viardot, chapter I, in L’Ingénieux Hidalgo Don Quichotte de la Manchefr.Wikisource, translation of El ingenioso hidalgo Don Quijote de la Mancha by Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra:
- Dans une bourgade de la Manche, dont je ne veux pas me rappeler le nom, vivait, il n’y a pas longtemps, un hidalgo ....
- In a village of La Mancha, whose name I do not want to remember, lived, not long ago, an hidalgo ....
- of (used to express property or association)
- Œuvres de Fermat ― Fermat’s Works
- Elle est la femme de mon ami. ― She is my friend’s wife.
- le voisin de Gabriel ― Gabriel's neighbor
- from (used to indicate origin)
- Elle vient de France. ― She comes from France.
- Êtes-vous de Suisse ? ― Are you from Switzerland?
- Ce fromage vient d’Espagne. ― This cheese is from Spain.
- C’est de l’ouest de la France. ― It’s from the west of France.
- Le train va de Paris à Bordeaux. ― The train goes from Paris to Bordeaux.
- of (indicates an amount)
- 5 kilos de pommes. ― 5 kilograms of apples.
- Un verre de vin ― A glass of wine
- Une portion de frites ― A portion of fries
- used attributively, often translated into English as a compound word
- Un jus de pomme ― Apple juice
- Un verre de vin ― A glass of wine
- Une boîte de nuit ― A nightclub
- Un chien de garde ― A guarddog
- Une voiture de sport ― A sportscar
- Un stade de football ― A football stadium
- from (used to indicate the start of a time or range)
- De 9:00 à 11:00 je ne serai pas libre. ― From 9 to 11 I won’t be free.
- Je travaille de huit heures à midi. ― I work from 8 o'clock to noon.
- un groupe de cinq à huit personnes ― a group of [from] five to eight people
- used after certain verbs before an infinitive, often translated into English as a gerund or an infinitive
- by (indicates the amount of change)
- Boire trois tasses par jour réduirait de 20 % les risques de contracter une maladie. ― Drinking three cups a day would reduce the risks of catching an illness by 20%.
Usage notes
[edit]Before a word beginning with a vowel sound, de elides to d’. Before the article le, it contracts with the article into du. Before the article les, it contracts with the article into des.
- Le Songe d’une nuit d’été’ ― A Midsummer Night’s Dream (literally, “The Dream of a night of summer”)
- La queue du chien ― The dog’s tail
- Index des auteurs ― Index of the authors
Article
[edit]de (indefinite)
- Used in the plural with prepositioned adjectives.
- Ce sont de bons enfants. ― They are good children.
- Il y a d’autres exemples. ― There are other examples.
- Used in negated sentences with the grammatical object.
- Elle n’a pas de mère. ― She doesn’t have a mother.
- Il ne mange pas de viande. ― He doesn’t eat meat.
- Il n’y a pas de problèmes. ― There are no problems.
Usage notes
[edit]- In negative sentences, de often replaces the indefinite (un, une and des) and partitive articles (du, de la, des). However, there are situations where the indefinite or partitive articles are retained. For example[1]:
- when the nominal element is an attributive complement to the negated verb être
- Il n’est pas un menteur. ― He isn't a liar.
- when the complement of the negated verb is followed by a contradistinctive element (not X, but Y)
- Il ne mange pas de viande. ― He doesn't eat meat.
- Il ne mange pas de la viande, mais du pain. ― He doesn't eat meat, but bread.
- when the nominal element is an attributive complement to the negated verb être
Derived terms
[edit]Etymology 2
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]de f (plural des)
- Abbreviation of dame.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- “de”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.
Anagrams
[edit]Galician
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Preposition
[edit]de
- of, from
- Veño de Lugo.
- I come from Lugo.
- of; -'s (belonging to)
- Socorro é a avoa de Clara e de Daniel.
- Socorro is Clara and Daniel's grandmother
Usage notes
[edit]The preposition de contracts to d- before articles, before third-person tonic pronouns, and before the determiners algún and outro.
Derived terms
[edit]- | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
Masculine | do | dos |
Feminine | da | das |
- | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
Masculine | del | deles |
Feminine | dela | delas |
Further reading
[edit]- “de”, in Dicionario da Real Academia Galega (in Galician), A Coruña: Royal Galician Academy, 2012–2024
- Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, Ana Isabel Boullón Agrelo (2006–2022) “de”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
- Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, editor (2006–2013), “de”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
- Rosario Álvarez Blanco, editor (2014–2024), “de”, in Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega, →ISSN
Haitian Creole
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From French deux (“two”), from Middle French deux, from Old French deus, from Latin duōs, masculine accusative plural of duo, from Proto-Italic *duō, from Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁.
Pronunciation
[edit]Numeral
[edit]de
Hungarian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]For the adverbial use, compare Polish ale.
Pronunciation
[edit]Adverb
[edit]de (not comparable)
Conjunction
[edit]de
- but
- Synonyms: viszont, azonban, ám, ugyanakkor, ellenben
- (oh) yes!, surely! (used as a positive contradiction to a negative statement)
- Synonym: de igen
- Nem voltál itt! – De ott voltam. ― You weren’t here! – Yes I was!
Derived terms
[edit]See also
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- (adverb): de in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (“The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language”, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN
- (conjunction): de in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (“The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language”, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN
- de in Nóra Ittzés, editor, A magyar nyelv nagyszótára (Nszt.), Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 2006–2031 (work in progress; published a–ez as of 2024).
Hunsrik
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]- te (Wiesemann spelling system)
Etymology
[edit]From Middle High German der, from Old High German der, ther, replacing the original masculine and feminine nominative forms from Proto-Germanic *sa, by analogy with the adjective inflection.
Pronunciation
[edit]Article
[edit]de (definite)
- inflection of där:
- unstressed nominative/accusative singular masculine
- unstressed dative singular feminine
- unstressed dative plural all genders
Declension
[edit]Further reading
[edit]Ido
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Borrowed from French de and Spanish de.
Preposition
[edit]de
- from (indicating departure, dependency, starting point, origin or derivation)
- Me kompris la frukti de la merkato.
- I bought the fruits from the market.
- of (with a noun: indicating measurement, quantity, amount, content)
- Me esis un de kin en la konkurso.
- I was one of five in the competition.
- Me prizas tre multe tasego de kafeo ye la matino.
- I really like a big cup of coffee in the morning.
- of (with an adjective: indicating measurement, dimension)
- Me havas tri boteli plena de aquo.
- I have three bottles of water.
- with a title of nobility
- Rejio de Anglia
- Queen of England
Antonyms
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]Related terms
[edit]See also
[edit]- ek (“out of, out from”)
Etymology 2
[edit]Noun
[edit]de (plural de-i)
- The name of the Latin script letter D/d.
See also
[edit]- (Latin script letter names) litero; a, be, ce, che, de, e, fe, ge, he, i, je, ke, le, me, ne, o, pe, que, re, se, she, te, u, ve, we, xe, ye, ze (Category: io:Latin letter names)
Indonesian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]- (Standard Indonesian) IPA(key): /de/ [de]
- Rhymes: -e
- Syllabification: de
Noun
[edit]dé
- The name of the Latin-script letter D/d.
Synonyms
[edit]- di (Standard Malay)
See also
[edit]- (Latin-script letter names) huruf; a, be, ce, de, e, ef, ge, ha, i, je, ka, el, em, en, o, pe, ki, er, es, te, u, ve, we, eks, ye, zet
Further reading
[edit]- “de” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.
Interlingua
[edit]Preposition
[edit]de
Irish
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]From Old Irish di (“of, from”).
Alternative forms
[edit]- d’ (used before a vowel sound)
Pronunciation
[edit]- IPA(key): /dʲɛ/, /dʲə/
- (Galway) IPA(key): /ɡə/
- (Ulster, colloquial) IPA(key): /ə/, (before ⟨a/á, o/ó, u/ú⟩) /ə.ɣ-/, (before ⟨e/é, i/í⟩) /ə.j-/[1]
Preposition
[edit]de (plus dative, triggers lenition, used only before consonant sounds)
Inflection
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]Basic form | Contracted with | Copular forms | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
an (“the sg”) | na (“the pl”) | mo (“my”) | do (“your”) | a (“his, her, their; which (present)”) | ár (“our”) | ar (“which (past)”) | (before consonant) | (present/future before vowel) | (past/conditional before vowel) | |
de (“from”) | den | de na desna* |
de mo dem* |
de do ded*, det* |
dá | dár | dar | darb | darbh | |
do (“to, for”) | don | do na dosna* |
do mo dom* |
do do dod*, dot* |
dá | dár | dar | darb | darbh | |
faoi (“under, about”) | faoin | faoi na | faoi mo | faoi do | faoina | faoinár | faoinar | faoinarb | faoinarbh | |
i (“in”) | sa, san | sna | i mo im* |
i do id*, it* |
ina | inár | inar | inarb | inarbh | |
le (“with”) | leis an | leis na | le mo lem* |
le do led*, let* |
lena | lenár | lenar | lenarb | lenarbh | |
ó (“from, since”) | ón | ó na ósna* |
ó mo óm* |
ó do ód*, ót* |
óna | ónár | ónar | ónarb | ónarbh | |
trí (“through”) | tríd an | trí na | trí mo | trí do | trína | trínár | trínar | trínarb | trínarbh | |
*Dialectal. |
See also: Category:Irish phrasal verbs formed with "de"
Etymology 2
[edit]From Old Irish de (“of/from him”).
Alternative forms
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Pronoun
[edit]de (emphatic desean)
- third-person singular masculine of de
References
[edit]- ^ Quiggin, E. C. (1906) A Dialect of Donegal, Cambridge University Press, page 73
- ^ Quiggin, E. C. (1906) A Dialect of Donegal, Cambridge University Press, page 19
Further reading
[edit]- Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “de”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
- Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 de, di”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
- de Bhaldraithe, Tomás (1959) “de”, in English-Irish Dictionary, An Gúm
- “de”, in New English-Irish Dictionary, Foras na Gaeilge, 2013-2024
Italian
[edit]Contraction
[edit]de
- Apocopic form of del
- Michael Radford è il regista de "Il postino". ― Michael Radford is the director of "Il Postino".
Usage notes
[edit]De is used where del, della, etc, would ordinarily be used, but cannot be because the article is part of the title of a film, book, etc.
See also
[edit]Anagrams
[edit]Jamaican Creole
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit](This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Particle
[edit]de
- present progressive tense marker used before verbs
- Im de kom.
- She is coming.
- Torkl de swim.
- The turtle is swimming.
- Pikni dem de nyam di fuud.
- The children are eating food.
Etymology 2
[edit]Adverb
[edit]de
- there
- uova de
- over there
See also
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- de at majstro.com
- A Learner’s Grammar of Jamaican
Japanese
[edit]Romanization
[edit]de
Jersey Dutch
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Dutch de (“the”). Cognates include Afrikaans die.
Pronunciation
[edit]Article
[edit]de
- the
- 1912, Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsche taal— en letterkunde, volumes 31-32, page 309:
- De v'lôrene zön
- The prodigal (literally "lost") son
- De v'lôrene zön
- 1912, Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsche taal— en letterkunde, volumes 31-32, page 309:
Ladin
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Preposition
[edit]de
Derived terms
[edit]Ladino
[edit]Preposition
[edit]de (Latin spelling, Hebrew spelling די)
- of
- 2019, Silvyo OVADYA, “Hanukah Alegre”, in Şalom Gazetesi[9]:
- Alhad la noche vamos a asender la primera kandela de muestras Hanukiyas.
- Sunday night we're going to light the first candle of our Hanukiyas.
- from
Lashi
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]From Proto-Lolo-Burmese [Term?], from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *daj (“do, make”). Cognates include Ao da (“do”) and Lahu te (“do”).
Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]de
- (transitive) to build
Etymology 2
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]de
References
[edit]- Hkaw Luk (2017) A grammatical sketch of Lacid[10], Chiang Mai: Payap University (master thesis)
Latin
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]From Etruscan. Etruscan names of stops were the stop followed by /eː/.[1]
Pronunciation
[edit]- (Classical Latin) IPA(key): /deː/, [d̪eː]
- (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /de/, [d̪ɛː]
Noun
[edit]dē f (indeclinable)
- The name of the letter D.
Coordinate terms
[edit]- (Latin-script letter names) littera; ā, bē, cē, dē, ē, ef, gē, hā / *acca, ī, kā, el, em, en, ō, pē, kū, er, es, tē, ū, ix / īx / ex, ȳ / ī graeca / ȳpsīlon, zēta
Etymology 2
[edit]From Proto-Italic *dē, from an instrumental singular form of Proto-Indo-European *de. Also in suffixes -dam, -dum, -de, -dō (e.g. quondam, inde, unde, quandō), dōnec, Ancient Greek δέ (dé), δή (dḗ), English to.
All 3 ablative senses are from the PIE ablative of cause, origin, and separation.
Pronunciation
[edit]- (Classical Latin) IPA(key): /deː/, [d̪eː]
- (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /de/, [d̪ɛː]
Preposition
[edit]dē (+ ablative)
- of, concerning, about
- actum est de aliquo ― It is over for someone, someone's fate is sealed
- de rebus mathematicis ― concerning mathematical things
- from, away from, down from, out of; in general to indicate the person or place from which any thing is taken, etc., with verbs of taking away, depriving, demanding, requesting, inquiring, buying; as capere, sumere, emere, quaerere, discere, trahere, etc., and their compounds.
- emere de aliquo ― to buy from someone
- aliquid mercari de aliquo ― to buy something from someone
- Saepe hoc audivi de patre. ― I have often heard this from Father.
- De mausoleo exaudita vox est. ― A voice was heard from the mausoleum.
- Ut sibi liceret discere id de me... ― Just as he himself permitted for me to learn...
- Hamum de cubiculo ut e navicula jacere. ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)
- Brassica de capite et de oculis omnia (mala) deducet. ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)
- De digito anulum detraho. ― From the finger I pull the ring.
- de matris complexu aliquem avellere atque abstrahere ― to rip someone away from the embrace of their mother and drag them away
- Nomen suum de tabula sustulit. ― He removed his name from the tablet.
- Ferrum de manibus extorsimus. ― We tore the sword from their hands.
- Juris utilitas vel a peritis vel de libris depromi potest. ― The utility of a law is able to be produced either from an expert or from books.
- de caelo aliquid demittere ― to bring down something from the sky
- with petere, of a place
- De vicino terra petita solo. ― Earth brought from the nearby soil
- (Late Latin) of persons
- Peto de te. ― I beg of thee.
- from, away from, to indicate the place from which someone or something departs or withdraws.
- Animam de corpore mitto. ― I release the spirit from the body.
- Aliquo quom jam sucus de corpore cessit. ― Somehow the spirit has already passed somewhere from the body.
- Civitati persuasit, ut de finibus suis cum omnibus copiis exirent. ― He persuaded the people to go forth from their territories with all their possessions.
- decedere de provincia ― to retire from office
- de vita decedere ― to withdraw from life
- exire de vita ― to exit out of life (compare excedere e vita)
- de triclinio, de cubiculo exire ― to go out from the triclinium, from the cubiculum
- de castris procedere ― to proceed out of the military camps
- Decido de lecto praeceps. ― I fall down from the bed headlong.
- de muro se deicere ― to throw oneself down from the wall
- de sella exsilire ― to jump from the stool
- nec ex equo vel de muro etc., hostem destinare ― to aim at the enemy from neither the horse nor the wall
- De altera parte tertia Sequanos decedere juberet. ― He ordered the Sequani to withdraw from another third part.
- (particularly coins) over, in reference to the people subjugated when celebrating a Roman victory
- de Germanis ― over the Germans
- de Britannis ― over the Britons
Usage notes
[edit]- Dē denotes the going out, departure, removal, or separating of an object from any fixed point (it occupies a middle place between ab (“away from”) which denotes a mere external departure, and ex (“out of”) which signifies from the interior of a thing). Hence verbs compounded with dē are constructed not only with dē, but quite as frequently with ab and ex; and, on the other hand, those compounded with ab and ex often have the terminus a quo indicated by dē.
Derived terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]- Aragonese: de
- Asturian: de
- Aromanian: di
- Old Catalan: de
- Catalan: de
- Corsican: di
- Dalmatian: de
- → Esperanto: de
- Franco-Provençal: de
- Old French: de
- Friulian: di
- Mozarabic: ד (d)
- Old Galician-Portuguese: de
- → Ido: de
- → Interlingua: de
- Italian: di, de
- Ladin: de
- Ladino: de
- Old Lombard: de
- Mozarabic: ד (d)
- Neapolitan: 'e
- Old Occitan: de
- Occitan: de
- Romanian: de
- Romansch: da
- Sicilian: di
- Old Spanish: de
- Spanish: de
References
[edit]- de in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- de in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
- de in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
- de in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
|
- de in Enrico Olivetti, editor (2003-2024), Dizionario Latino, Olivetti Media Communication
- Arthur E. Gordon, The Letter Names of the Latin Alphabet (University of California Press, 1973; volume 9 of University of California Publications: Classical Studies), part III: “Summary of the Ancient Evidence”, page 32: "Clearly there is no question or doubt about the names of the vowels A, E, I, O, U. They are simply long A, long E, etc. (ā, ē, ī, ō, ū). Nor is there any uncertainty with respect to the six mutes B, C, D, G, P, T. Their names are bē, cē, dē, gē, pē, tē (each with a long E). Or about H, K, and Q: they are hā, kā, kū—each, again, with a long vowel sound."
Ligurian
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Preposition
[edit]de
Etymology 2
[edit]de (“of, from”, preposition) + e (“the (fem. plur.)”, article)
Contraction
[edit]de
Lombard
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]From Old Lombard de, from Latin dē.
Preposition
[edit]de
Etymology 2
[edit]Noun
[edit]de
References
[edit]- Bonifacio, Samarani (1852) Vocabulario cremasco-italiano[13] (in Italian), Crema
Louisiana Creole
[edit]< 1 | 2 | 3 > |
---|---|---|
Cardinal : de Ordinal : sègon Multiplier : doub Collective : toulédé | ||
Etymology
[edit]Inherited from French deux (“two”), from Middle French deux, from Old French deus, from Latin duōs, masculine accusative plural of duo, from Proto-Italic *duō, from Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁.
Pronunciation
[edit]Numeral
[edit]de
- Alternative form of dé (“two”)
Low German
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]- dee (for the pronoun)
- dei
- de, dé (´ denoting a raising of the voice), dè (` denoting a swallow up or shorting) (all three used together; Grafschaft Bentheim)
Etymology
[edit]From Middle Low German dê, from Old Saxon thē.
Pronunciation
[edit]Article
[edit]de m or f (neuter dat, plural de)
- the
- De Mann gat hen. ― The man walks [lit. goes] there.
- De Fru geiht hen. ― The woman walks [lit. goes] there.
- dat Sakramänt der Eihe (Paderbornisch) ― the sacrament of marriage
Usage notes
[edit]- Dative and accusative are sometimes called 'object case'. However, most (if not all) dialects have not actually merged these two.
- There is the only plural article and like English 'the' is used for nouns of every gender and class. Indefinite nouns in plural are used without article, again as in English.
Declension
[edit]Sg. m. | Sg. f. | Sg. n. | Pl. | |
Nom. | de | de | dat | de |
Gen. | des | der | der | |
Dat. | dem den |
der de |
den | |
Acc. | den | de | dat | de |
Pronoun
[edit]de m or f (neuter dat)
- (relative) which, that
- de Mann, de dår güng ― the man, which walked there
- de Mann, den wi hüert häbben ― the man, which we hired
- de Fru, de wi hüert hębben ― the woman, which we have hired
- dat Schipp, dat wi sailt hębben ― the ship that we have sailed
Usage notes
[edit]- The use as a relative pronoun might not be present in all dialects.
Declension
[edit]Sg. m. | Sg. f. | Sg. n. | Pl. | |
Nom. | de | de | dat | de |
Gen. | ||||
Dat. | ||||
Acc. | den | de | dat | de |
Luxembourgish
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Pronoun
[edit]de
- unstressed form of du
Declension
[edit]nominative | accusative | dative | reflexive | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
str. | unstr. | str. | unstr. | str. | unstr. | ||||
1st person singular | ech | — | mech | — | mir | mer | like dat. and acc. | ||
2nd person singular (informal) |
du | de | dech | — | dir | der | like dat. and acc. | ||
2nd person singular (formal) |
Dir | Der | Iech | Iech [əɕ] | Iech | Iech [əɕ] | Iech | ||
3rd person singular | m | hien | en | hien | en | him | em | sech | |
f | si | se | si | se | hir | er | sech | ||
n | hatt | et ('t) | hatt | et ('t) | him | em | sech | ||
1st person plural | mir | mer | eis (ons) | — | eis (ons) | — | eis (ons) | ||
2nd person plural | dir | der | iech | iech [əɕ] | iech | iech [əɕ] | iech | ||
3rd person plural | si | se | si | se | hinnen | en | sech |
Mandarin
[edit]Romanization
[edit]- Hanyu Pinyin reading of 地
- Hanyu Pinyin reading of 底
- Hanyu Pinyin reading of 得
- Hanyu Pinyin reading of 的
- Hanyu Pinyin reading of 脦
- Hanyu Pinyin reading of 𠵨
- Hanyu Pinyin reading of の
Romanization
[edit]de
- Nonstandard spelling of dē.
- Nonstandard spelling of dé.
- Nonstandard spelling of dè.
- Nonstandard spelling of dê̄.
Usage notes
[edit]- Transcriptions of Mandarin into the Latin script often do not distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without indication of tone.
Mauritian Creole
[edit]< 1 | 2 | 3 > |
---|---|---|
Cardinal : de Ordinal : deziem Adverbial : ledoub | ||
Etymology
[edit]From French deux, from Middle French deux, from Old French deus, from Latin duōs, masculine accusative plural of duo, from Proto-Italic *duō, from Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁.
Pronunciation
[edit]Numeral
[edit]de
Derived terms
[edit]Middle Dutch
[edit]Article
[edit]de
- inflection of die:
Middle English
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Pronoun
[edit]de
- Alternative form of þe (“thee”)
Etymology 2
[edit]Noun
[edit]de
- Alternative form of dee
Middle French
[edit]Preposition
[edit]de
Mirandese
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Preposition
[edit]de
- of, from
- Pertual ye un paíç localizado ne l sudoeste de la Ouropa. ― Portugal is a country located in the south-west of Europe.
Mòcheno
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Middle High German diu, from Old High German diu, from Proto-Germanic *þō, an alteration of *sō. Cognate with German die, obsolete English tho.
Article
[edit]de (singular masculine der, singular neuter s)
- the, nominative singular feminine definite article
- the, nominative plural definite article
References
[edit]- “de” in Cimbrian, Ladin, Mòcheno: Getting to know 3 peoples. 2015. Servizio minoranze linguistiche locali della Provincia autonoma di Trento, Trento, Italy.
North Frisian
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]From Old Frisian thī, from Proto-Germanic *þiz.
Pronoun
[edit]de (Mooring)
Alternative forms
[edit]- di (Föhr-Amrum, Sylt)
See also
[edit]personal | possessive | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
subject case | object case | masculine referent |
feminine / neuter / plural referent | ||||||
full | reduced | full | reduced | ||||||
singular | 1st | ik | 'k | me | man | min | |||
2nd | dü | – | de | dan | din | ||||
3rd m. | hi | 'r | ham | 'n | san | sin | |||
3rd f. | jü | 's | har | 's | harn | har | |||
3rd n. | hat | et, 't | ham | et, 't | san | sin | |||
plural | 1st | we | üs | üüsen | üüs | ||||
2nd | jam | 'm | jam | jarnge | |||||
3rd | ja | 's | ja, jam | 's | jare | ||||
notes | The reduced forms with an apostrophe are enclitic; they immediately follow verbs or conjunctions. Dü is deleted altogether in such contexts. Et is not enclitic and can stand in any unstressed position; the full subject form hat is now rarely used. In reflexive use, only full object forms occur. Dual forms wat / unk and jat / junk are obsolete. Attributive and independent possessives are not distinguished in Mooring. |
Etymology 2
[edit]From Old Frisian thī, derived from forms of Proto-Germanic *sa, from Proto-Indo-European *só.
Article
[edit]de (Föhr-Amrum)
Alternative forms
[edit]See also
[edit]masculine | feminine / neuter |
plural | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
definite / demonstrative |
full | de | det | dön |
reduced | a | at, 't | a | |
indefinite / numeral |
full | een | ian | — |
reduced | en | |||
negative | neen | nian | ||
While the feminine gender has generally been merged into the neuter, a certain number of traditionally feminine nouns still alternatively take the reduced definite article a alongside at. The form 't is enclitic and occurs only after prepositions. |
Northern Kurdish
[edit]Postposition
[edit]de
- an element of several circumpositions
Related terms
[edit]Northern Ndebele
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Bantu *-dàì.
Adjective
[edit]-de
Inflection
[edit]Adjective concord, tone L | ||
---|---|---|
Modifier | Copulative | |
1st singular | engimude | ngimude |
2nd singular | omude | umude |
1st plural | esibade | sibade |
2nd plural | elibade | libade |
Class 1 | omude | mude |
Class 2 | abade | bade |
Class 3 | omude | mude |
Class 4 | emide | mide |
Class 5 | elide | lide |
Class 6 | amade | made |
Class 7 | eside | side |
Class 8 | ezinde | zinde |
Class 9 | ende | inde |
Class 10 | ezinde | zinde |
Class 11 | olude | lude |
Class 14 | obude | bude |
Class 15 | okude | kude |
Class 17 | okude | kude |
Northern Sami
[edit]Etymology
[edit](This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Pronunciation
[edit]Conjunction
[edit]de
- then, after that
- then, in that case
Further reading
[edit]- Koponen, Eino, Ruppel, Klaas, Aapala, Kirsti, editors (2002–2008), Álgu database: Etymological database of the Saami languages[14], Helsinki: Research Institute for the Languages of Finland
Adverb
[edit]de
Norwegian Bokmål
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Article
[edit]de
- definite article, equivalent to "the", used before adjectives used with plural nouns; also used before adjectives converted to nouns. Usually capitalised as "De" when used in proper nouns.
Related terms
[edit]Pronoun
[edit]de (accusative dem, genitive deres)
See also
[edit]Number | Person | Type | Nominative | Oblique | Possessive | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
feminine | masculine | neuter | plural | |||||
Singular | First | – | jeg | meg | mi | min | mitt | mine |
Second | general | du | deg | di | din | ditt | dine | |
formal (rare) | De | Dem | Deres | |||||
Third | feminine (person) | hun | henne | hennes | ||||
masculine (person) | han | ham / han | hans | |||||
feminine (noun) | den | dens | ||||||
masculine (noun) | ||||||||
neuter (noun) | det | dets | ||||||
reflexive | – | seg | si | sin | sitt | sine | ||
Plural | First | – | vi | oss | vår | vårt | våre | |
Second | general | dere | deres | |||||
formal (very rare) | De | Dem | Deres | |||||
Third | general | de | dem | deres | ||||
reflexive | – | seg | si | sin | sitt | sine |
References
[edit]- “de” in The Bokmål Dictionary.
Norwegian Nynorsk
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]From Old Norse þér, ér and þit, it. From a variant of Proto-Germanic *jūz, from Proto-Indo-European *yū́.
Alternative forms
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Pronoun
[edit]de (objective case dykk, possessive dykkar)
- you (second-person plural)
Synonyms
[edit]See also
[edit]person | first person | second person | reflexive | third person | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
case | singular | singular masculine | singular feminine | singular neuter | ||
nominative | eg, je1 | du | han | ho | det, dat2 | |
accusative | meg | deg | seg | han, honom2 | ho, henne2 | det, dat2 |
dative2 | meg | deg | seg | honom | henne | di2 |
genitive | min | din | sin | hans | hennar, hennes1 | dess3 |
case | plural | |||||
nominative | me, vi | de, dokker | dei | |||
accusative | oss, okk | dykk, dokker | seg | dei, deim2 | ||
dative | oss, okk | dykk, dokker | seg | deim2 | ||
genitive | vår, okkar | dykkar, dokkar | sin | deira, deires1 |
Etymology 2
[edit]Preposition
[edit]de
Etymology 3
[edit]Pronoun
[edit]de
- (Midlandsnormalen or eye dialect) alternative spelling of det n (“that, it”)
Article
[edit]de n
- (Midlandsnormalen or eye dialect) alternative spelling of det n (“that, it”)
Etymology 4
[edit]Pronoun
[edit]de
- (dialectal or eye dialect, Trøndelag, Eastern Norway) pronunciation spelling of deg
References
[edit]- “de” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.
- “de” in Ivar Aasen (1873) Norsk Ordbog med dansk Forklaring
- Ivar Aasen (1850) “did”, in Ordbog over det norske Folkesprog[15] (in Danish), Oslo: Samlaget, published 2000
Nupe
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]de
- to have
- Mi de etun à ― I don't have a job
Occitan
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Preposition
[edit]de
Alternative forms
[edit]- d' (before a vowel)
Etymology 2
[edit]Noun
[edit]de f (plural des)
- dee (the letter d, D)
Old French
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Preposition
[edit]de
Usage notes
[edit]- before a vowel, either remains as a separate word or becomes d'
Derived terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]Old Galician-Portuguese
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]- d- (elided form when followed by a word which begins with a vowel)
- D- (elided form when followed by a capitalised word which begins with a vowel)
Etymology
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Preposition
[edit]de
- of
- 13th century CE, Alfonso X of Castile, Cantigas de Santa Maria, Códice de Toledo, cantiga 5 (facsimile):
- Eſta ·xviiii· é como ſṫa maria aiudou · á emperadriz de roma · a ſofrer as grãdes coitaſ per que paſſou.
- This 19th is how Holy Mary helped the empress of Rome suffer the great pains she underwent.
- Eſta ·xviiii· é como ſṫa maria aiudou · á emperadriz de roma · a ſofrer as grãdes coitaſ per que paſſou.
Descendants
[edit]Old Irish
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Preposition
[edit]de
- Alternative form of di (“of, from”)
- c. 845, St Gall Glosses on Priscian, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1975, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. II, pp. 49–224, Sg. 26b7
- De dliguth trá inna n-il-toimdden sin, is de gaibthi “igitur”; quasi dixisset “Ní fail ní nád taí mo dligeth-sa fair i ndegaid na comroircnech.”
- Of the law then, of those many opinions, it is thereof that he recites “igitur”; as if he had said, “There is nothing which my law does not touch upon after the erroneous ones.
- c. 845, St Gall Glosses on Priscian, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1975, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. II, pp. 49–224, Sg. 26b7
Pronoun
[edit]de
- third-person singular masculine/neuter of di (“of, from”)
- c. 845, St Gall Glosses on Priscian, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1975, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. II, pp. 49–224, Sg. 26b7
- De dliguth trá inna n-il-toimdden sin, is de gaibthi “igitur”; quasi dixisset “Ní fail ní nád taí mo dligeth-sa fair i ndegaid na comroircnech.”
- Of the law then, of those many opinions, it is thereof that he recites “igitur”; as if he had said, “There is nothing which my law does not touch upon after the erroneous ones.
- c. 845, St Gall Glosses on Priscian, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1975, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. II, pp. 49–224, Sg. 26b7
- Used after the comparative degree of an adjective in the meaning of English “the” before a comparative
- lía de ― the more (literally, “more of it”)
- c. 800–825, Diarmait, Milan Glosses on the Psalms, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 7–483, Ml. 23d23
- Cía thés hí loc bes ardu, ní ardu de; ní samlid són dúnni, air ⟨im⟩mi ardu-ni de tri dul isna lucu arda.
- Though he may go into a higher place, he is not the higher; this is not the case for us, for we are the higher through going into the high places.
- (literally, “Though he may go into a place that is higher, he is not higher of it; this is not thus for us, for we are higher of it through going into the high places.”)
Old Occitan
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Preposition
[edit]de
Papuan Malay
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Pronoun
[edit]de
Usage notes
[edit]- De is the short form of dia. It cannot always replace the latter. For instance, in the example below, 'by him' must be expressed by the full pronoun.
- Sa dapa pukul (dari dia)[1] ― I was hit (by him/her).
References
[edit]Pennsylvania German
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Article
[edit]de pl (definite)
Declension
[edit]Pennsylvania German definite articles | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Plural | |
Nominative | der | die | es | die |
Dative | dem or em | der | dem or em | de |
Accusative | der or den | die | es | die |
Pronoun
[edit]de
Declension
[edit]singular | plural | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st person | 2nd person familiar |
2nd person polite/formal |
3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | |||
m | f | n | |||||||
nominative | ich | du de1 |
dihr der1 Sie |
er | sie se1 |
es | mir mer1 |
dihr der1 |
sie |
dative | mir mer1 |
dir der1 |
eich Ihne Ne1 |
ihm em1 |
ihre re1 |
ihm em1 |
uns | eich | ihne ne1 |
accusative | mich | dich | eich Sie |
ihn en1 |
sie se1 |
es | sie |
1unstressed
Phalura
[edit]Etymology
[edit](This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]de (auxiliary, Perso-Arabic spelling دےۡ)
- Past tense marker
References
[edit]- Henrik Liljegren, Naseem Haider (2011) “de”, in Palula Vocabulary (FLI Language and Culture Series; 7)[16], Islamabad, Pakistan: Forum for Language Initiatives, →ISBN
Polish
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From the first letter of dupa.
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]de n (indeclinable)
- (minced oath) ass, arse, butt
Further reading
[edit]- de in Polish dictionaries at PWN
Portuguese
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Old Galician-Portuguese de (“of”), from Latin dē (“of”).
Pronunciation
[edit]
- (Northeast Brazil) IPA(key): /di/
- (Caipira) IPA(key): /di/
- Hyphenation: de
Preposition
[edit]de
- of (in relation to)
- 2005, J. K. Rowling, translated by Lia Wyler, Harry Potter e o Enigma do Príncipe (Harry Potter; 6), Rio de Janeiro: Rocco, →ISBN, page 138:
- O protesto de Hermione foi abafado por uma risadinha alta.
- Hermione's objection was interrupted by a loud little laugh.
- os amigos dele ― his friends (literally, “the friends of him”)
- of (forms compounds; often untranslated)
- fones de ouvido ― headphones (literally, “phones of ear”)
- acampamento de verão ― summer camp
- of; about (on the subject of)
- Do que estavam falando? ― What were they talking about?
- of; -'s (belonging to)
- a casa de alguém ― someone's house
- -'s (made by)
- Você provou o bolo da minha mãe? ― Have you tried my mother’s cake?
- of (being a part of)
- capa do livro ― cover of the book
- of (introduces the month a given day is part of)
- Primeiro de janeiro. ― First of January.
- of (introduces the object of an agent noun)
- Hitler foi um exterminador de judeus. ― Hitler was an exterminator of Jews.
- of (introduces the name of a place following its hypernym)
- A vila de Iorque. ― The village of York.
- of; -en (made or consisting of)
- De que é feito? ― What is this made of? (literally, “Of what is made this?”)
- -long (having the duration of)
- um filme de duas horas ― a two hour-long movie
- of (indicates the composition of a given collective or quantitative noun)
- Milhares de pessoas vieram. ― Thousands of people came.
- of (characterised by; having the given quality)
- O templo não é mais um local de paz. ― The temple is no longer a place of peace.
- of (introduces the noun that applies a given adjective or past participle)
- Um balde cheio de água. ― A bucket full of water.
- from (born in or coming out of)
- De onde você é? ― Where are you from?
- by means of; by
- Eu sempre vou trabalhar de ônibus. ― I always go to work by bus.
- as (in the role of)
- Na festa, ele estava de bruxo. ― At the party, he was dressed as a wizard.
- in (wearing)
- Homens de Preto ― Men in Black
Usage notes
[edit]When followed by an article, a pronoun, a demonstrative pronoun or adjective, or an adverb denoting location, de is combined with the next word to give the following combined forms:
De + article | Combined form |
---|---|
de + o | do |
de + a | da |
de + os | dos |
de + as | das |
de + um | dum |
de + uma | duma |
de + uns | duns |
de + umas | dumas |
De + pronoun | Combined form |
---|---|
de + ela | dela |
de + elas | delas |
de + ele | dele |
de + eles | deles |
De + dem. pronoun | Combined form |
---|---|
de + aquela | daquela |
de + aquelas | daquelas |
de + aquele | daquele |
de + aqueles | daqueles |
de + aquilo | daquilo |
de + esse | desse |
de + essa | dessa |
de + esses | desses |
de + essas | dessas |
de + este | deste |
de + esta | desta |
de + estes | destes |
de + estas | destas |
de + isso | disso |
de + isto | disto |
de + outra | doutra |
de + outras | doutras |
de + outro | doutro |
de + outros | doutros |
De + adverb | Combined form |
---|---|
de + acolá | dacolá |
de + algures | dalgures |
de + ali | dali |
de + além | dalém |
de + antes | dantes |
de + aqui | daqui |
de + aquém | daquém |
de + aí | daí |
de + entre | dentre |
de + estoutra | destoutra |
de + estoutro | destoutro |
de + onde | donde |
Quotations
[edit]For quotations using this term, see Citations:de.
Romanian
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]- де (de) — post-1930s Cyrillic spelling
- dă, di — dialectal
Etymology
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Conjunction
[edit]de
- (informal or literary) if
- (with the optative mood) if only
- (informal) that (to the effect that)
- Synonyms: încât, (informal) că
- Am așteptat de ne-am plictisit.
- We waited [so much] that we got bored.
- Cum a jucat echipa de a pierdut așa de rău?
- How did the team play to lose so badly?
- E o căldură de nu ar ieși nimeni din casă.
- There’s [such] heat that no one would go outside.
- Mașina a demarat de i-au scârțâit cauciucurile.
- The car sped off [so fast] that its tyres screeched.
- Am bani de nu știu ce să fac cu ei.
- I have [so much] money that I don’t know what to do with it.
- (archaic) while (whereas, despite the fact that)
- Synonyms: chiar dacă, deși, cu toate că
Usage notes
[edit]In the meaning of “if”, de is not typically directly followed by any word other than a verb, a pronoun (accusative or reflexive, but not nominative) or the word nu (“no”). The more common and style-neutral dacă is under no such restrictions.
As an informal synonym of încât, de is used in simple constructions without any coordinative adverbs like atât, așa (“so”); therefore, a part of the sentence (“so much”, “so hard”, etc.) is missing and must be inferred. Încât and că, while equivalent in meaning, require a coordinative adverb and so are not readily interchangeable with de.
Preposition
[edit]de (+accusative)
- of
- Beau o ceașcă de ceai.
- I’m drinking a cup of tea.
- Este profesor de matematică
- He’s a teacher of mathematics.
- (before spatial adverbs and prepositions) Indicates source of motion: from.[usage note 1]
- Apa picură de sus.
- The water drips from above.
- De unde vine sunetul?
- Where does the sound come from?
- Gloanțele acestea nu sunt bune decât de aproape.
- These bullets are only good from a short distance.
- Seara la ora de vârf toată lumea se întoarce de la serviciu.
- In the evening during rush hour everybody is returning from work.
- Ia plasa de lângă radiator! O să se topească!
- Take the bag away from near the heater! It will melt!
- O foaie de hârtie poate fi trasă repede de sub un pahar.
- A sheet of paper can be quickly pulled from under a glass.
- (before spatial adverbs and prepositions) Indicates source of origin: from.[usage note 1]
- Mâncarea de acolo e bună.
- The food from there is good.
- Pământul de sub Turnul din Pisa este prea moale.
- The earth from under the Leaning Tower of Pisa is too soft.
- (with adverbs of time, precisely referenced time-related nouns, or prepositions or conjunctions of time) of, from, ’s
- Ziua de mâine va fi mai bună decât ziua de azi.
- Tomorrow will be better than today.
- (literally, “the day of tomorrow”, “the day of today”)
- Întâlnirile de mâine, de marți și de săptămâna viitoare se amână.
- Tomorrow’s, Tuesday’s and next week’s meetings are being postponed.
- Arhiva este plină cu documente de demult.
- The archive is full of documents from long ago.
- Știrile acestea nu sunt de acum, ci de anul trecut.
- These news are not from right now, but from last year.
- Mă uit la poze de dinainte să mă fi născut.
- I’m looking at photos from before I was born.
- Retrăiesc amintiri de când eram copil.
- I’m reliving memories from when I was a child.
- Anii de după Revoluție au fost grei.
- The years from after the Revolution were difficult.
- for (intended for a certain destination)
- În magazin hainele de bărbați sunt în stânga, iar cele de femei în dreapta.
- In the shop, men’s clothes are on the left, while women’s are on the right.
- Acestea sunt de începători.
- These are for beginners.
- Ai cizme de lucru?
- Do you have work boots?
- Unele lemnuri sunt bune de tâmplărie, altele sunt bune de foc.
- Some woods are good for woodworking, others are good for firewood.
- Introduces a measure or a measurable or describable trait: of
- Suma este de zece lei.
- The sum is 10 lei.
- (literally, “The sum is of ten lei.”)
- A fost instalat un stâlp de șase metri înălțime.
- A pole six metres in height was installed.
- (literally, “of six metres in height”)
- Un procent de 40% din populația orașului este de etnie maghiară.
- A percentage of 40% out of the town’s population is of Hungarian ethnicity.
- ― De ce culoare este casa? ― De culoare galbenă.
- “What colour is the house?” “Yellow in colour”.
- Nu mai cumpăr niciodată energizant de doi lei.
- I’ll never buy a two lei energy drink again.
- (literally, “an energy drink of two lei”)
- Introduces the doer of a passive verb or participle: by.[usage note 2]
- Programul este susținut de statul român.
- The program is supported by the Romanian state.
- Introduces the author of a work: by.
- Connects a cardinal numeral who is a multiple of 100 or whose tens are greater than 1 to the determinated noun.[usage note 3]
- În cont sunt două sute șaisprezece lei și patruzeci și patru de bani.
- In the account there are 216 lei and 44 bani.
- Connects most adverbs other than certain basic ones to the determinated adjectives or adverbs.
- Sunt nemaipomenit de atent să ajung suficient de devreme.
- I’m exceedingly careful to arrive sufficiently early.
- Motocicleta merge destul de repede.
- The motorbike is going pretty fast.
- E atât de frumos afară.
- It’s so beautiful outside.
- Follows certain adverbs of position (as well as the temporal adverb înainte) to form prepositional phrases.
- Este bine să locuiești aproape de centrul orașului.
- It is good to live near the city centre.
- Stația nu este departe de aici.
- The station is not far from here.
- Dincolo de munți se află Transilvania.
- Beyond the mountains lies Transylvania.
- Aceste clădiri au fost construite înainte de Primul Război Mondial.
- These buildings were built before the First World War.
- Marks the point of action of a force of grip: by.
- Nu lua iepurele de urechi.
- Do not grab the rabbit by the ears.
- Plăcile se prind numai de margini.
- Vinyls are held by the edges only.
- L-a mușcat câinele de mână.
- The dog bit him by the hand.
- Pisicii nu îi place să fie trasă de coadă.
- The cat doesn’t like having its tail pulled.
- (literally, “being pulled by the tail”)
- (informal outside certain constructions; regarding physical or mental states or traits of living beings) for, because of, out of[usage note 4]
- Synonyms: de la (colloquial), din cauza
- La ora șase încă eram buimac de somn.
- At six I was still groggy for lack of sleep.
- Unii prizonieri au murit de foame, iar ceilalți de diverse boli.
- Some of the prisoners died of hunger, and the rest of various diseases.
- O să îți pierzi capul de zăpăcit ce ești.
- You’ll lose your own head for being so absent-minded.
- (literally, “for absent-minded that you are”)
- În casa asta nu se poate locui de multe ce lipsesc.
- One cannot live in this house for how many things are missing.
- (literally, “for many that are missing”)
- Muncitorii deja sunt obosiți de atâta drum.
- The workers are already tired for having come such a long way.
- (literally, “because of so much journey”)
- (informal, chiefly in the negative) Indicates the cause of a hindrance, physical or otherwise: because of
- Unii oameni stau în ușă fără să își dea seama că alții nu pot trece de ei.
- Some people stand in the doorway without realising that others cannot pass because of them.
- Nu se vede de ceață.
- There is no visibility because of fog.
- Mă auzi de zgomot?
- Can you hear me with all this noise?
- Pe aici nu se poate trece de minele de teren.
- One cannot pass through here due to landmines.
- Forms an adverbial numeral with ori or dăți.
- De câte ori a bătut ceasul? De șase ori.
- How many times did the pendulum clock strike? Six times.
- Precedes numbers and letters when they are themselves counted.
- Dacă ai un opt, o să îți trebuiască trei de zece ca să îți iasă media zece.
- If you have one grade of 8 (equivalent of a B), you’ll need three 10’s (equivalent of an A) to still get an average grade of 10.
- „Nu fi” nu se scrie cu doi de i, ci cu unul.
- Nu fi (“don’t be”) isn’t written with two i’s, but with one.
- (after indications of position or before numerals, time coordinates, or the word atât) than
- Synonym: decât (mutually exclusive in use)
- Puține orașe se află mai jos de nivelul mării.
- Few cities are situated lower than sea level.
- Război și pace are mai mult de o mie de pagini.
- War and Peace has more than a thousand pages.
- A trecut mai puțin de jumătate din vacanță.
- Less than half of summer break has passed.
- Nu se poate mai devreme de luna viitoare.
- It isn’t possible any earlier than next month.
- Poți chiar mai bine de atât.
- You can do even better than that.
- Marks the starting point of a state or recurring event: since, starting, as of.
- de acum încolo ― from now on
- Curentul e tăiat de ieri.
- The power is cut since yesterday.
- Noii angajați încep de săptămâna viitoare serviciul.
- The new employees are beginning work starting next week.
- Marks the duration of a state or recurring event persisting to the present: for, in
- Compania noastră este prezentă în România de șase ani.
- Our company has been present in Romania for six years.
- Nu te-am mai văzut de multă vreme.
- I haven’t seen you in a long time.
- (only of festive dates) on
- Synonym: pe (of regular dates)
- De Anul Nou sau de 1 Mai se petrece.
- On New Year or May Day one celebrates.
- Mi-am luat concediu de ziua mea de naștere.
- On my birthday I took a day off.
- (informal) Against a sum of money or the equivalent value of something.
- De cincizeci de lei am luat cafea și de restul zahăr.
- I bought fifty lei’s worth of coffee, and sugar with the remainder.
- Poftim cinci lei, ia-ți bomboane de ei.
- Here’s five lei, buy yourself candy with it.
- De bonuri de masă nu se poate cumpăra alcool.
- One cannot buy alcohol with meal vouchers.
- (informal) Synonym of despre (“about, of”).[usage note 5]
- Ce știe lumea de economie?
- What do people know about economy?
- Tocmai vorbeam de tine.
- We were just talking about you.
- (informal) Connects an often negative qualifier to a noun or pronoun: of a.
- Aici stă un nesuferit de moș. ― Here lives a jerk of an old man.
- Prostul de mine, am uitat. ― Foolish me, I forgot.
- Stands between two repetitions of a unit of time to mark it as an interval of regular repetition: by.
- zi de zi ― day by day, daily
- an de an ― year by year, annualy
- Minut de minut se aude semnalul.
- The signal is heard every minute.
- (literally, “minute by minute”)
- (colloquial) Stands between two reduplications of a noun, with the resulting construction signifying that said noun is distinguished in its class in an impressive way.
- Am văzut azi la magazin pantofi de pantofi. Bine, aveau și niște prețuri de prețuri.
- I saw some world-class shoes at the store today. Well, they also had some crazy high prices.
- Mi-a venit o idee de idee.
- I’ve just had an excellent idea.
- Toți se cred șmecheri de șmecheri.
- They all think they’re some real cool guys.
- Indicates a specific train by its origin station.
- Trenul de Timișoara face cincisprezece ore până la Iași.
- The Timișoara train takes fifteen hours to Iași.
- Indicates the recipients of an equal distribution: per.
- Rația e de 2 litri de apă de persoană.
- The ration is 2 litres of water per person.
Usage notes
[edit]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 In the sense of “from”, de must contract into în (“in”) to form din, into între (“between”) to form dintre, and analogously into all adverbs derived from în. The combination de la is lexicalised.
- ^ When in a passive construction, de can be followed by către for clarification and to no change in meaning. This is typical of, but not restricted to, formal language.
- ^ The de that connects numerals to nouns may be omitted, but only in very formal, financial or legal language.
- ^ Of the constructions using de to mean “because of”, those that are not restricted to colloquial language are those referring to common bodily states: de foame (“because of hunger”), de sete (“because of thirst”), de frig (“because of cold”), de cald (“because of heat”), de frică (“for fear”), de somn (“for lack of sleep”), as well as with the name of any disease. Informally, an optional correlative sentence can be added using the connector ce.
This meaning of de is very similar to one of the senses of de la. Most of the time, however, they are not interchangeable:
- De can precede either a noun or an adjective, whereas de la only precedes nouns.
- When preceding nouns, a cause introduced by de generally represents a feeling that is experienced, while the cause introduced by de la generally represents an event or an activity that worked to lead to a result in a manner understood by itself. Compare de oboseală (“out of exhaustion”) with de la alergat (“from all the running around”, which is understood to have led to exhaustion).
- The previous point can be disregarded if the determiner atâta (“so much”) is prepended to the noun, in which case de is valid either way: de atâta alergat (“from so much running around”).
- De is more likely to have negative connotations than de la.
- ^ In the sense of “about”, it can only be used after a verb, and not copulatively (“is about”) or after a noun (“a discussion about”). Despre, however, can be used in any of these situations.
Derived terms
[edit]- cum de
- de abia
- de altfel
- de asemenea
- de ce
- de culoare
- de cum
- de departe
- de fapt
- de față
- de la
- de minune
- demult
- de obicei
- de parcă
- departe
- de rând
- desigur
- deși
- de toate
- de tot
- deoarece
- de unde
- de unul singur
- din
- dintre
Pronoun
[edit]de m or f or n (indeclinable)
Usage notes
[edit]De can replace any form of care in the nominative, accusative and dative case.
- Nominative: omul care a sosit — omul de a sosit (“The man who arrived”)
- Accusative: casa pe care o văd — casa de o văd (“the house which I see”)
- Dative: unul căruia i-am plătit — unul de i-am plătit (“one to whom I paid”)
Genitive constructions cannot be expressed with de.
Replacement of accusative care preceded by a preposition is done with a resumption of the object: filmul la care ne-am uitat — filmul de ne-am uitat la el (“the film we watched”). Stylistically this is much less desirable.
References
[edit]- de in DEX online—Dicționare ale limbii române (Dictionaries of the Romanian language)
Romansch
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Noun
[edit]de m (plural des)
Sardinian
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]- 'e (aphetic)
- d' (apocopic)
- di (Campidanese)
Etymology
[edit]From Latin dē, from Proto-Italic *dē, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *de.
Pronunciation
[edit]Preposition
[edit]de (Logudorese, Campidanese, Nuorese)
- Used to indicate possession, after the thing owned and before the owner; of; ’s
- from
- by, of, ’s
- than
- Used in superlative forms; in, of
- about, on, concerning
- Expresses composition; of, made of, in or more often omitted
- (followed by an infinitive) to or omitted
- Used in some expressions in a partitive-like function, often without article.
References
[edit]- Rubattu, Antoninu (2006) Dizionario universale della lingua di Sardegna, 2nd edition, Sassari: Edes
- Wagner, Max Leopold (1960–1964) “de”, in Dizionario etimologico sardo, Heidelberg
Saterland Frisian
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Article
[edit]de
References
[edit]- Pyt Kramer (1996) Kute Seelter Sproakleere[17], Mildam, page 10
Scottish Gaelic
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Old Irish di. Cognates include Irish de and Manx jeh.
Pronunciation
[edit]Preposition
[edit]de (+ dative, triggers lenition of consonants and Dh-prothesis of vowels, combined with the singular definite article dhen)
Usage notes
[edit]- Before a word beginning with a vowel or fh, the form de dh' may be used:
- tha gràine de dh'airgead agam ― I have a little bit of money
- In colloquial language and certain set phrases, the reduced form a may be used:
- chan eil càil a dh'fhios aige ― he has no idea
Inflection
[edit]Personal inflection of de | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | Person | Simple | Emphatic | ||||||
Singular | 1st | dhìom | dhìomsa | ||||||
2nd | dhìot | dhìotsa | |||||||
3rd m | dheth | dhethsan | |||||||
3rd f | dhith | dhithse | |||||||
Plural | 1st | dhinn | dhinne | ||||||
2nd | dhibh | dhibhse | |||||||
3rd | dhiubh | dhiubhsan |
Derived terms
[edit]- bhàrr (“down from, from off”)
Serbo-Croatian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Slavic *kъdě, *kъde, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷu-dʰe.
Adverb
[edit]de (Cyrillic spelling де)
Pronoun
[edit]de (Cyrillic spelling де)
Synonyms
[edit]Seychellois Creole
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From French deux, from Middle French deux, from Old French deus, from Latin duōs, masculine accusative plural of duo, from Proto-Italic *duō, from Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁.
Numeral
[edit]de
Southern Ndebele
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Bantu *-dàì.
Adjective
[edit]-de
Inflection
[edit]This entry needs an inflection-table template.
Spanish
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]- IPA(key): (after a pause, 'l', 'm', 'n' and 'ñ') /de/ [d̪e]
- Syllabification: de
- IPA(key): (elsewhere) /de/ [ð̞e̞]
Audio (Latin America): (file) Audio (Spain): (file) - Rhymes: -e
- Homophone: dé
Etymology 1
[edit]Noun
[edit]de f (plural des)
- The name of the Latin-script letter D/d.
Etymology 2
[edit]Preposition
[edit]de
- of; 's; used after the thing owned and before the owner
- Constitución española de 1812
- Spanish constitution of 1812
- la cola del perro
- the dog’s tail
- from (with the source or provenance of or at)
- Soy de España.
- I’m from Spain.
- agua de manantial ― springwater
- of (expressing composition, substance)
- una mesa de madera ― a wooden table
- about (concerning; with regard to)
- of, from (indicating cause)
- Murió de hambre.
- He died of hunger.
- of (indicates a quality or characteristic)
- un hombre de fe
- a man of faith
- from (with the origin, starting point or initial reference of or at)
- Synonym: desde
- el vuelo de Miami a Chicago
- the flight from Miami to Chicago
- of (indicates the subject or cause of the adjective)
- harto de ― sick of; tired of
- from (with the separation, exclusion or differentiation of)
- Nos protege del frío.
- It protects us from the cold.
- than (in certain phrases)
- más de ― more than
- menos de ― less than, fewer than
- used to construct compound nouns (with attributive nouns)
- campamento de verano
- summer camp
- (followed by the infinitive) indicates a conditional desire
- De haberlo sabido, no lo habría dicho.
- If I had known, I wouldn't have said it.
- indicates a time of day or period of someone's life
- de día ― during the daytime
- de niño ― as a child; during childhood
- (after a noun and before a verb) indicates the purpose of an object
- Synonym: para
- goma de mascar ― chewing gum
- caña de pescar ― fishing rod
Usage notes
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]Related terms
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- “de”, in Diccionario de la lengua española (in Spanish), online version 23.7, Royal Spanish Academy, 2023 November 28
Sranan Tongo
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Igbo dị. (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)
Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]de
- (copula) to be.
Particle
[edit]de
Swedish
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]From Old Norse þeir, from Proto-Germanic *þai (with noun ending -r).
Alternative forms
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Audio: (file) - (Sweden) IPA(key): /dɔm/, (formal) /deː/, (dialectal) /diː/, (dialectal) /dɪ/
- Homophone: dem (if pronounced /dɔm/)
- Homophones: det, D, d (if pronounced /deː/.)
- (Finland) IPA(key): /diː/
- Rhymes: -ɔm, -eː
Pronoun
[edit]de (third-person plural nominative, dative and accusative dem, genitive deras, reflexive sig)
Usage notes
[edit]In most dialects, de (“they”) and dem (“them”) are no longer distinguished in speech. They are regularly mixed up in writing by native speakers, due to lack of grammatical intuition. The article de is often mixed up with dem as well.
Declension
[edit]Number | Person | Type | Nominative | Oblique | Possessive | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
common | neuter | plural | |||||
singular | first | — | jag | mig, mej3 | min | mitt | mina |
second | — | du | dig, dej3 | din | ditt | dina | |
third | masculine (person) | han | honom, han2, en5 | hans | |||
feminine (person) | hon | henne, na5 | hennes | ||||
gender-neutral (person)1 | hen | hen, henom7 | hens | ||||
common (noun) | den | den | dess | ||||
neuter (noun) | det | det | dess | ||||
indefinite | man or en4 | en | ens | ||||
reflexive | — | sig, sej3 | sin | sitt | sina | ||
plural | first | — | vi | oss | vår, våran2 | vårt, vårat2 | våra |
second | — | ni | er | er, eran2, ers6 | ert, erat2 | era | |
archaic | I | eder | eder, eders6 | edert | edra | ||
third | — | de, dom3 | dem, dom3 | deras | |||
reflexive | — | sig, sej3 | sin | sitt | sina |
Article
[edit]de
- the, a definite article used in the beginning of noun phrases containing attributive adjectives and nouns in the plural. This article is used together with the definite suffix of the noun to indicate the definiteness of the noun phrase.
- de gröna bilarna ― the green cars
Usage notes
[edit]- The usage notes for den explain how to express "the [adjective] [noun]."
- The same type of noun phrases with singular nouns instead use den (common gender) or det (neuter) for this function. Some definite noun phrases with attributive adjectives may skip these preceding articles. This is the case especially for many lexicalized noun phrases and also for many noun phrases working as proper names of organisations, geographical places, TV shows, events and similar.
- Brittiska öarna
- The British Isles
- Han har varit inne i Vita huset
- He has been inside the White House (where "Han har varit inne i det vita huset" would be expected were "Vita huset" not a proper noun)
While the personal pronoun de has an object form and a genitive form, the definite article de is unaffected by the syntactic role of the noun phrase.
Related terms
[edit]Etymology 2
[edit]From the common pronunciation of this word.
Pronunciation
[edit]Pronoun
[edit]de
Article
[edit]de
References
[edit]- den in Svensk ordbok (SO)
- den in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)
- den in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)
Anagrams
[edit]Tabaru
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Conjunction
[edit]de
- coordinating conjunction between two nouns: and
- 'o 'esa de 'o dea ― mother and father
- coordinating conjunction between two clauses: and
- 'una wigogama de witirine ― he is feverish and he trembles
References
[edit]- Edward A. Kotynski (1988) “Tabaru phonology and morphology”, in Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota Session, volume 32, Summer Institute of Linguistics
Tagalog
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]- (Standard Tagalog) IPA(key): /de/ [d̪ɛ]
- Rhymes: -e
- Syllabification: de
Etymology 1
[edit]Borrowed from Spanish de (“of”).
Preposition
[edit]de (Baybayin spelling ᜇᜒ) (archaic)
See also
[edit]Etymology 2
[edit]Borrowed from Spanish de, the Spanish name of the letter D/d.
Noun
[edit]de (Baybayin spelling ᜇᜒ) (historical)
- the name of the Latin-script letter D/d, in the Abecedario
Further reading
[edit]- Panganiban, José Villa (1973) Diksyunaryo-Tesauro Pilipino-Ingles (overall work in Tagalog and English), Quezon City: Manlapaz Publishing Co., page 360
Tarantino
[edit]Preposition
[edit]de
Tok Pisin
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Noun
[edit]de
Related terms
[edit]See also
[edit]- (days of the week) ol de bilong wik; Mande, Tunde, Trinde, Fonde, Fraide, Sarere, Sande (Category: tpi:Days of the week)
Turkish
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]- da (after back vowels)
Pronunciation
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]From Ottoman Turkish ده (da, de, “conj. also, and, moreover, again”),[1] from Proto-Turkic *tākı (“conj. and”).[2][3]
Conjunction
[edit]de
- as well, too, also
- Özer de sorunun yanıtını biliyor. ― Özer also knows the answer of the question.
- Berker de bizimle geliyor. ― Berker is coming with us as well.
- Utku da dondurma yemeyi sever. ― Utku likes eating ice cream, too.
- however
- Herkes iddia ediyor ki boyum uzamış da ben fark etmiyorum. ― Everyone claims that I've gotten taller however I don't really notice it.
Usage notes
[edit]- Complies with vowel harmony; takes the form da with vowels "a, ı, o, u" and de with vowels "e, i, ö, ü."
- Although generally linked with the word before in conversations, the Turkish Language Association accepts the joined spelling of the word before with "de" as a misspelling.
Etymology 2
[edit]Verb
[edit]de
Etymology 3
[edit]Noun
[edit]de
- The name of the Latin-script letter D/d.
See also
[edit]- (Latin script letter names) harf; a, be, ce, çe, de, e, fe, ge, yumuşak ge, he, ı, i, je, ke, le, me, ne, o, ö, pe, re, se, şe, te, u, ü, ve, ye, ze (Category: tr:Latin letter names)
References
[edit]- ^ Redhouse, James W. (1890) “ده”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon[2], Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 929
- ^ Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*d(i)akɨ”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
- ^ Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “de”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
Further reading
[edit]- "Bağlaç Olan da, de’nin Yazılışı" - at TDK Sözlük
Volapük
[edit]Preposition
[edit]de
- of, from
- 1952, Arie de Jong, Diatek nulik: Gospul ma ‚Matthaeus’. Kapit: I:
- Omotof soni, keli onemol Yesusi; om ga olelivükom pöpi de sinods onik.
- She will give birth to a son and you must name him Jesus, because he is the one who is to save his people from their sins.
- 1937, “‚Johann Martin Schleyer’”, in Volapükagased pro Nedänapükans, page 34:
- De 1852 jü 1855 ästudom in niver tö ‚Freiburg im Breisgau’ Godavi, pükavi, filosopi, jenavi e sanavi.
- From 1852 to 1855 he studied theology, philology, philosophy, history and medicine at the University of Freiburg im Breisgau.
Welsh
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Contraction of older deau (“right; south”), from Proto-Celtic *dexswos (“right”). Cognate with Cornish dyhow, Breton dehou, Irish deas, Scottish Gaelic deas, Manx jiass.
The sense "south" comes from the fact that the south is on the right-hand side of a person facing east.[1] Compare the relationship between cledd (“left”) and gogledd (“north”).
Adjective
[edit]de (feminine singular de, plural de, not comparable)
Derived terms
[edit]- Môr y De (“the South Sea”)
- Pegwn y De (“the South Pole”)
Noun
[edit]de m or f (uncountable)
Usage notes
[edit]- The noun has masculine gender when used with the sense of "south" and feminine gender when used with the sense "right".
Mutation
[edit]radical | soft | nasal | aspirate |
---|---|---|---|
de | dde | ne | unchanged |
Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.
Antonyms
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]- de-ddwyrain (“south-east”)
- de-orllewin (“south-west”)
See also
[edit]- (compass points)
gogledd-orllewin | gogledd | gogledd-ddwyrain |
gorllewin | dwyrain | |
de-orllewin | de | de-ddwyrain |
References
[edit]Etymology 2
[edit]See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
Noun
[edit]de
- Soft mutation of te.
Mutation
[edit]radical | soft | nasal | aspirate |
---|---|---|---|
te | de | nhe | the |
Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.
West Frisian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Compare Dutch and Low German de, English the, German der.
Determiner
[edit]de
- the; definite article
- Ik hâld de boek. ― I'm holding the book.
Usage notes
[edit]After one-syllable prepositions ending in a consonant, the variant 'e is used.
Inflection
[edit]- Common singular: de
- Neuter singular: it
- Plural: de
Further reading
[edit]- “de”, in Wurdboek fan de Fryske taal (in Dutch), 2011
West Makian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Possibly related to the stem found in Ternate ngori.
Pronunciation
[edit]Pronoun
[edit]de (possessive prefix ti)
- first-person singular pronoun, I
See also
[edit]independent | possessive prefix | |
---|---|---|
1st person singular | de | ti |
2nd person singular | ni | ni |
3rd person singular | me | mVan., dVinan. |
1st person plural inclusive | ene | nV |
1st person plural exclusive | imi | mi |
2nd person plural | ini | fi |
3rd person plural | eme | di |
- V indicates the expected assimilated vowel of the following noun, following standard West Makian vowel harmony.
References
[edit]- Clemens Voorhoeve (1982) The Makian languages and their neighbours[18], Pacific linguistics
Wyandot
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Article
[edit]de
Xhosa
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Bantu *-dàì.
Adjective
[edit]-de
Inflection
[edit]Adjective concord, tone L | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Modifier | Copulative | |||
positive | negative | positive | negative | |
1st singular | endimde | endingemde | ndimde | andimde |
2nd singular | omde | ongemde | umde | awumde |
1st plural | esibade | esingebade | sibade | asibade |
2nd plural | enibade | eningebade | nibade | anibade |
Class 1 | omde | ongemde | mde | akamde |
Class 2 | abade | abangebade | bade | ababade |
Class 3 | omde | ongemde | mde | awumde |
Class 4 | emide | engemide | mide | ayimide |
Class 5 | elide | elingelide | lide | alilide |
Class 6 | amade | angemade | made | awamade |
Class 7 | eside | esingeside | side | asiside |
Class 8 | ezinde | ezingezinde | zinde | azizinde |
Class 9 | ende | engende | inde | ayiyinde |
Class 10 | ezinde | ezingezinde | zinde | azizinde |
Class 11 | olude | olungelude | lude | alulude |
Class 14 | obude | obungebude | bude | abubude |
Class 15 | okude | okungekude | kude | akukude |
Class 17 | okude | okungekude | kude | akukude |
Ye'kwana
[edit]ALIV | de |
---|---|
Brazilian standard | de |
New Tribes | de |
Pronunciation
[edit]Particle
[edit]de
- expresses frustration
References
[edit]- Cáceres, Natalia (2011) “de”, in Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana[19], Lyon
Yoruba
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]
Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]dè
- (transitive) to tie down, to constrain
- Mo dè é lọ́wọ́ àti lẹ́sẹ̀ ― I tied him on both his hands and legs
- to embroider
- Mo de ọrùn aṣọ náà ― I embroided the neck of the clothes
Usage notes
[edit]- de when coming before a direct object
Derived terms
[edit]Etymology 2
[edit]
Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]dè
- (intransitive) to deputize, to hold a position for someone temporarily
- Ó ń de ipò fún mi ― He was deputizing my position for me
Usage notes
[edit]- Usually used with the word ipò (“position”)
- de when coming before a direct object
Derived terms
[edit]Etymology 3
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]dè
- (transitive) to await, to wait for
- Mo jókòó dè é ― I sat down and waited for him
Usage notes
[edit]- de when coming before a direct object noun
- Used as a verb-second element
Etymology 4
[edit]
Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]dé
- (intransitive, copulative) to arrive
- A ti dé ― We have arrived
- (transitive) to attain, to reach a particular point
Derived terms
[edit]Preposition
[edit]dé
Etymology 5
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]dé
- (transitive) to cover, to wear a hat
Derived terms
[edit]Zande
[edit]Noun
[edit]de
Zealandic
[edit]Etymology
[edit]An unstressed variety of Middle Dutch die.
Determiner
[edit]de
- the (definite article)
Inflection
[edit]Zhuang
[edit]Etymology
[edit](This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Proto-Zhuang-Tai *te.A?”)
Pronunciation
[edit]- (Standard Zhuang) IPA(key): /te˨˦/
- Tone numbers: de1
- Hyphenation: de
Pronoun
[edit]de (Sawndip forms 他 or 𬿇 or 𭶼 or 爹 or 佚 or 𰂡, 1957–1982 spelling de)
See also
[edit]Standard Zhuang personal pronouns | |||
---|---|---|---|
Person | Singular | Plural | |
1st | exclusive | gou | dou |
inclusive | raeuz | ||
2nd | mwngz | sou | |
3rd | de | gyoengqde |
Zulu
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Bantu *-dàì. The expected reflex would be -le, however it was changed due to analogy with its class 8, 9, and 10 forms (zinde, inde, zinde).
Adjective
[edit]-de
Inflection
[edit]Adjective concord, tone L | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Modifier | Copulative | |||
positive | negative | positive | negative | |
1st singular | engimude | engingemude | ngimude | angimude |
2nd singular | omude | ongemude | umude | awumude |
1st plural | esibade | esingebade | sibade | asibade |
2nd plural | enibade | eningebade | nibade | anibade |
Class 1 | omude | ongemude | mude | akamude |
Class 2 | abade | abangebade | bade | ababade |
Class 3 | omude | ongemude | mude | awumude |
Class 4 | emide | engemide | mide | ayimide |
Class 5 | elide | elingelide | lide | alilide |
Class 6 | amade | angemade | made | awamade |
Class 7 | eside | esingeside | side | asiside |
Class 8 | ezinde | ezingezinde | zinde | azizinde |
Class 9 | ende | engende, engeyinde | inde, yinde | ayiyinde |
Class 10 | ezinde | ezingezinde | zinde | azizinde |
Class 11 | olude | olungelude | lude | alulude |
Class 14 | obude | obungebude | bude | abubude |
Class 15 | okude | okungekude | kude | akukude |
Class 17 | okude | okungekude | kude | akukude |
Derived terms
[edit]Verb
[edit]-de
- (auxiliary) always [with participle]
Inflection
[edit]This verb needs an inflection-table template.
References
[edit]- C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “-dé”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “-dé”
- C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “-de”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “-de”
ǃKung
[edit]Noun
[edit]de
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