List of U.S. states and territories by life expectancy
This article presents a list of United States states and territories sorted by their life expectancy at birth, sex, race, and in the past. The data in the 2018 column is taken from work funded by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation for the 50 states and the District of Columbia;[9] from the World Bank for Guam, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands; and from the CIA World Factbook for American Samoa and the Northern Mariana Islands.[10] Data in the 2010 columns comes from Health Data.[11]
Overall, life expectancy at birth in Hawaii, Washington, California, and New York are among the longest in the nation, while life expectancy at birth in Mississippi, American Samoa, and West Virginia are among the shortest in the nation.
The life expectancy in some states has fallen in recent years; for example, Maine's life expectancy in 2010 was 79.1 years, and in 2018 it was 78.7 years. The Washington Post noted in November 2018 that overall life expectancy in the United States was declining although in 2018 life expectancy had a slight increase of 0.1 and bringing it to having not changed since 2010.[12]
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2019–2020)
[edit]Life expectancy at birth in each U.S. state and the District of Columbia in 2019 and 2020 according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention[2][3]
state | 2019 | 2019 →2020 |
2020 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
overall | males | females | F Δ M | overall | males | females | F Δ M | ||
US on average | 78.8 | 76.3 | 81.4 | 3.1 | −1.8 | 77.0 | 76.2 | 79.9 | 3.7 |
California | 80.9 | 78.4 | 83.3 | 4.9 | −1.9 | 79.0 | 76.2 | 82.0 | 5.8 |
Hawaii | 80.9 | 78.0 | 83.9 | 5.9 | −0.2 | 80.7 | 77.6 | 83.8 | 6.2 |
New York | 80.7 | 78.2 | 83.1 | 4.9 | −3.0 | 77.7 | 74.8 | 80.7 | 5.9 |
Minnesota | 80.4 | 78.3 | 82.6 | 4.3 | −1.3 | 79.1 | 76.8 | 81.4 | 4.6 |
Massachusetts | 80.4 | 77.9 | 82.8 | 4.9 | −1.4 | 79.0 | 76.4 | 81.5 | 5.1 |
Connecticut | 80.3 | 77.7 | 82.8 | 5.1 | −1.9 | 78.4 | 75.6 | 81.3 | 5.7 |
New Jersey | 80.1 | 77.6 | 82.5 | 4.9 | −2.6 | 77.5 | 74.6 | 80.5 | 5.9 |
Washington (state) | 80.0 | 77.9 | 82.1 | 4.2 | −0.8 | 79.2 | 76.9 | 81.6 | 4.7 |
Colorado | 80.0 | 77.8 | 82.2 | 4.4 | −1.7 | 78.3 | 75.8 | 80.9 | 5.1 |
Vermont | 79.8 | 77.2 | 82.3 | 5.1 | −1.0 | 78.8 | 76.1 | 81.4 | 5.3 |
Utah | 79.7 | 78.0 | 81.5 | 3.5 | −1.1 | 78.6 | 76.7 | 80.6 | 3.9 |
Oregon | 79.6 | 77.3 | 81.9 | 4.6 | −0.8 | 78.8 | 76.3 | 81.3 | 5.0 |
Idaho | 79.5 | 77.5 | 81.5 | 4.0 | −1.1 | 78.4 | 76.1 | 80.8 | 4.7 |
Rhode Island | 79.5 | 77.0 | 81.8 | 4.8 | −1.3 | 78.2 | 75.5 | 80.9 | 5.4 |
New Hampshire | 79.4 | 77.1 | 81.6 | 4.5 | −0.4 | 79.0 | 76.5 | 81.5 | 5.0 |
Wisconsin | 79.3 | 77.0 | 81.5 | 4.5 | −1.6 | 77.7 | 75.2 | 80.3 | 5.1 |
Nebraska | 79.2 | 77.1 | 81.3 | 4.2 | −1.5 | 77.7 | 75.2 | 80.3 | 5.1 |
Virginia | 79.1 | 76.8 | 81.3 | 4.5 | −1.5 | 77.6 | 75.1 | 80.1 | 5.0 |
Iowa | 79.0 | 76.5 | 81.6 | 5.1 | −1.5 | 77.5 | 74.9 | 80.1 | 5.2 |
Illinois | 79.0 | 76.4 | 81.5 | 5.1 | −2.2 | 76.8 | 73.8 | 79.8 | 6.0 |
Florida | 79.0 | 76.3 | 81.8 | 5.5 | −1.5 | 77.5 | 74.6 | 80.5 | 5.9 |
North Dakota | 78.8 | 76.3 | 81.5 | 5.2 | −1.9 | 76.9 | 74.2 | 80.0 | 5.8 |
Arizona | 78.8 | 76.1 | 81.6 | 5.5 | −2.5 | 76.3 | 73.4 | 79.5 | 6.1 |
Texas | 78.6 | 76.1 | 81.0 | 4.9 | −2.1 | 76.5 | 73.7 | 79.3 | 5.6 |
Maryland | 78.5 | 75.8 | 81.2 | 5.4 | −1.7 | 76.8 | 73.8 | 79.7 | 5.9 |
Montana | 78.4 | 76.2 | 80.8 | 4.6 | −1.6 | 76.8 | 74.2 | 79.6 | 5.4 |
South Dakota | 78.4 | 76.1 | 80.8 | 4.7 | −1.7 | 76.7 | 74.2 | 79.4 | 5.2 |
Maine | 78.3 | 75.8 | 80.9 | 5.1 | −0.5 | 77.8 | 74.9 | 80.7 | 5.8 |
Pennsylvania | 78.3 | 75.7 | 80.9 | 5.2 | −1.5 | 76.8 | 74.0 | 79.6 | 5.6 |
Kansas | 78.2 | 75.9 | 80.4 | 4.5 | −1.8 | 76.4 | 73.8 | 79.2 | 5.4 |
Delaware | 78.1 | 75.1 | 81.0 | 5.9 | −1.4 | 76.7 | 73.9 | 79.5 | 5.6 |
Nevada | 78.0 | 75.6 | 80.6 | 5.0 | −1.7 | 76.3 | 73.5 | 79.2 | 5.7 |
Michigan | 78.0 | 75.6 | 80.3 | 4.7 | −2.0 | 76.0 | 73.4 | 78.8 | 5.4 |
Washington, D.C. | 78.0 | 74.9 | 80.8 | 5.9 | −2.7 | 75.3 | 71.7 | 78.7 | 7.0 |
Alaska | 77.7 | 75.8 | 79.9 | 4.1 | −1.1 | 76.6 | 74.3 | 79.2 | 4.9 |
Wyoming | 77.7 | 75.4 | 80.5 | 5.1 | −1.4 | 76.3 | 74.0 | 78.9 | 4.9 |
North Carolina | 77.6 | 75.0 | 80.1 | 5.1 | −1.5 | 76.1 | 73.3 | 79.0 | 5.7 |
Georgia | 77.4 | 74.9 | 79.9 | 5.0 | −1.8 | 75.6 | 72.8 | 78.3 | 5.5 |
Indiana | 77.0 | 74.5 | 79.5 | 5.0 | −2.0 | 75.0 | 72.3 | 77.9 | 5.6 |
Ohio | 76.9 | 74.3 | 79.5 | 5.2 | −1.6 | 75.3 | 72.5 | 78.1 | 5.6 |
Missouri | 76.9 | 74.1 | 79.8 | 5.7 | −1.8 | 75.1 | 72.1 | 78.1 | 6.0 |
New Mexico | 76.9 | 73.9 | 80.1 | 6.2 | −2.4 | 74.5 | 71.3 | 77.8 | 6.5 |
South Carolina | 76.8 | 73.9 | 79.7 | 5.8 | −2.0 | 74.8 | 71.7 | 78.0 | 6.3 |
Oklahoma | 75.7 | 73.2 | 78.3 | 5.1 | −1.6 | 74.1 | 71.5 | 76.9 | 5.4 |
Arkansas | 75.7 | 73.0 | 78.4 | 5.4 | −1.9 | 73.8 | 71.1 | 76.6 | 5.5 |
Louisiana | 75.7 | 72.8 | 78.6 | 5.8 | −2.6 | 73.1 | 69.9 | 76.4 | 6.5 |
Tennessee | 75.6 | 72.8 | 78.5 | 5.7 | −1.8 | 73.8 | 70.7 | 77.0 | 6.3 |
Kentucky | 75.5 | 72.9 | 78.0 | 5.1 | −2.0 | 73.5 | 70.6 | 76.5 | 5.9 |
Alabama | 75.2 | 72.2 | 78.2 | 6.0 | −2.0 | 73.2 | 70.1 | 76.4 | 6.3 |
West Virginia | 74.5 | 71.9 | 77.3 | 5.4 | −1.7 | 72.8 | 69.8 | 76.1 | 6.3 |
Mississippi | 74.4 | 71.2 | 77.6 | 6.4 | −2.5 | 71.9 | 68.6 | 75.2 | 6.6 |
US Mortality DataBase (2019)
[edit]Rank | State/Territory | Life Expectancy 2019[9] | Male | Female |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Hawaii | 81.6 | 78.6 | 84.6 |
2. | California | 81.2 | 78.7 | 83.6 |
3. | New York | 81.2 | 78.6 | 83.5 |
5. | Minnesota | 80.6 | 78.4 | 82.8 |
6. | Connecticut | 80.6 | 78.0 | 83.1 |
4. | Massachusetts | 80.7 | 78.1 | 83.1 |
8 | Colorado | 80.2 | 78.0 | 82.4 |
7. | New Jersey | 80.5 | 78.0 | 82.8 |
9. | Washington | 80.2 | 78.1 | 82.3 |
15. | Florida | 79.6 | 76.9 | 82.3 |
11. | Utah | 79.9 | 78.2 | 81.7 |
19. | Arizona | 79.3 | 76.6 | 82.1 |
13. | Oregon | 79.6 | 77.4 | 81.9 |
- | Guam[10] | 79.9 | - | - |
12. | Rhode Island | 79.8 | 77.2 | 82.2 |
10. | Vermont | 79.9 | 77.5 | 82.5 |
- | Puerto Rico[10] | 79.8 | - | - |
22. | North Dakota | 79.2 | 76.6 | 81.7 |
14. | New Hampshire | 79.6 | 77.3 | 82.0 |
17. | Nebraska | 79.4 | 77.3 | 81.5 |
- | U.S. Virgin Islands[10] | 79.6 | - | - |
18. | Virginia | 79.3 | 77.0 | 81.6 |
20. | Wisconsin | 79.3 | 77.1 | 81.5 |
23. | Iowa | 79.1 | 76.6 | 81.7 |
16. | Idaho | 79.6 | 77.7 | 81.5 |
21. | Illinois | 79.3 | 76.7 | 81.8 |
25. | Texas | 78.8 | 76.4 | 81.3 |
24. | Maryland | 79.0 | 76.2 | 81.7 |
35. | Alaska | 78.2 | 76.3 | 80.4 |
29. | District of Columbia | 78.5 | 75.2 | 81.3 |
28. | South Dakota | 78.5 | 76.1 | 81.0 |
34. | Wyoming | 78.3 | 75.7 | 80.9 |
26. | Montana | 78.6 | 76.4 | 81.0 |
- | United States | 78.8[13] | 76.3[13] | 81.4[13] |
30. | Maine | 78.4 | 75.9 | 81.0 |
32. | Nevada | 78.3 | 75.9 | 80.9 |
33. | Kansas | 78.3 | 76.0 | 80.6 |
31. | Delaware | 78.4 | 75.4 | 81.2 |
27. | Pennsylvania | 78.5 | 75.9 | 81.1 |
37. | North Carolina | 77.8 | 75.2 | 80.3 |
39. | New Mexico | 77.2 | 74.2 | 80.4 |
36. | Michigan | 78.1 | 75.7 | 80.4 |
38. | Georgia | 77.7 | 75.3 | 80.1 |
40. | Missouri | 77.2 | 74.4 | 80.0 |
43. | South Carolina | 76.9 | 74.0 | 79.8 |
41. | Indiana | 77.1 | 74.6 | 79.6 |
42. | Ohio | 77.0 | 74.5 | 79.6 |
- | Northern Mariana Islands[14] | 76.1[14] | - | - |
44. | Louisiana | 76.0 | 73.1 | 78.8 |
47. | Tennessee | 75.8 | 73.0 | 78.7 |
46. | Oklahoma | 75.9 | 73.4 | 78.5 |
45. | Arkansas | 75.9 | 73.2 | 78.6 |
48. | Kentucky | 75.6 | 73.1 | 78.2 |
49. | Alabama | 75.5 | 72.5 | 78.5 |
51. | Mississippi | 74.5 | 71.4 | 77.7 |
- | American Samoa[14] | 74.8[14] | - | - |
50. | West Virginia | 74.7 | 72.1 | 77.4 |
Global Data Lab (2019–2021)
[edit]region | 2019 | 2019 →2020 |
2020 | 2020 →2021 |
2021 | 2019 →2021 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
overall | male | female | F Δ M | overall | overall | male | female | F Δ M | ||||
USA on average | 79.14 | 76.60 | 81.72 | 5.12 | −1.73 | 77.41 | −0.21 | 77.20 | 74.30 | 80.24 | 5.94 | −1.94 |
Hawaii | 81.55 | 78.49 | 84.65 | 6.16 | −1.78 | 79.77 | −0.22 | 79.55 | 76.14 | 83.11 | 6.97 | −2.00 |
Minnesota | 81.35 | 78.99 | 83.74 | 4.75 | −1.78 | 79.57 | −0.22 | 79.35 | 76.62 | 82.22 | 5.60 | −2.00 |
California | 81.04 | 78.70 | 83.43 | 4.73 | −1.76 | 79.28 | −0.22 | 79.06 | 76.34 | 81.92 | 5.58 | −1.98 |
Connecticut | 81.04 | 78.70 | 83.43 | 4.73 | −1.76 | 79.28 | −0.22 | 79.06 | 76.34 | 81.92 | 5.58 | −1.98 |
Vermont | 80.74 | 78.39 | 83.14 | 4.75 | −1.76 | 78.98 | −0.22 | 78.76 | 76.03 | 81.64 | 5.61 | −1.98 |
Massachusetts | 80.74 | 78.25 | 83.28 | 5.03 | −1.76 | 78.98 | −0.22 | 78.76 | 75.90 | 81.77 | 5.87 | −1.98 |
New York | 80.74 | 78.25 | 83.28 | 5.03 | −1.76 | 78.98 | −0.22 | 78.76 | 75.90 | 81.77 | 5.87 | −1.98 |
New Hampshire | 80.54 | 78.35 | 82.77 | 4.42 | −1.75 | 78.79 | −0.22 | 78.57 | 76.00 | 81.27 | 5.27 | −1.97 |
New Jersey | 80.54 | 78.10 | 83.03 | 4.93 | −1.75 | 78.79 | −0.22 | 78.57 | 75.75 | 81.52 | 5.77 | −1.97 |
Utah | 80.44 | 78.35 | 82.57 | 4.22 | −1.75 | 78.69 | −0.22 | 78.47 | 76.00 | 81.08 | 5.08 | −1.97 |
Colorado | 80.24 | 78.00 | 82.52 | 4.52 | −1.75 | 78.49 | −0.22 | 78.27 | 75.66 | 81.02 | 5.36 | −1.97 |
Wisconsin | 80.24 | 77.74 | 82.78 | 5.04 | −1.75 | 78.49 | −0.22 | 78.27 | 75.41 | 81.28 | 5.87 | −1.97 |
Washington (state) | 80.14 | 77.96 | 82.37 | 4.41 | −1.74 | 78.40 | −0.22 | 78.18 | 75.62 | 80.87 | 5.25 | −1.96 |
Rhode Island | 80.14 | 77.59 | 82.74 | 5.15 | −1.74 | 78.40 | −0.22 | 78.18 | 75.26 | 81.24 | 5.98 | −1.96 |
Nebraska | 80.04 | 77.59 | 82.53 | 4.94 | −1.74 | 78.30 | −0.22 | 78.08 | 75.27 | 81.03 | 5.76 | −1.96 |
Iowa | 79.94 | 77.49 | 82.43 | 4.94 | −1.74 | 78.20 | −0.22 | 77.98 | 75.17 | 80.94 | 5.77 | −1.96 |
Arizona | 79.84 | 77.20 | 82.52 | 5.32 | −1.74 | 78.10 | −0.22 | 77.88 | 74.89 | 81.03 | 6.14 | −1.96 |
Idaho | 79.74 | 77.60 | 81.92 | 4.32 | −1.74 | 78.00 | −0.21 | 77.79 | 75.27 | 80.44 | 5.17 | −1.95 |
Oregon | 79.74 | 77.45 | 82.07 | 4.62 | −1.74 | 78.00 | −0.21 | 77.79 | 75.13 | 80.58 | 5.45 | −1.95 |
South Dakota | 79.74 | 77.04 | 82.48 | 5.44 | −1.74 | 78.00 | −0.21 | 77.79 | 74.73 | 80.98 | 6.25 | −1.95 |
North Dakota | 79.74 | 76.91 | 82.62 | 5.71 | −1.74 | 78.00 | −0.21 | 77.79 | 74.60 | 81.12 | 6.52 | −1.95 |
Florida | 79.64 | 76.80 | 82.53 | 5.73 | −1.73 | 77.91 | −0.22 | 77.69 | 74.49 | 81.03 | 6.54 | −1.95 |
Maine | 79.44 | 77.05 | 81.87 | 4.82 | −1.73 | 77.71 | −0.22 | 77.49 | 74.74 | 80.39 | 5.65 | −1.95 |
Virginia | 79.24 | 76.85 | 81.67 | 4.82 | −1.73 | 77.51 | −0.21 | 77.30 | 74.54 | 80.19 | 5.65 | −1.94 |
Illinois | 79.24 | 76.70 | 81.82 | 5.12 | −1.73 | 77.51 | −0.21 | 77.30 | 74.40 | 80.33 | 5.93 | −1.94 |
Maryland | 79.04 | 76.50 | 81.62 | 5.12 | −1.72 | 77.32 | −0.22 | 77.10 | 74.21 | 80.14 | 5.93 | −1.94 |
Kansas | 78.94 | 76.40 | 81.52 | 5.12 | −1.72 | 77.22 | −0.22 | 77.00 | 74.10 | 80.04 | 5.94 | −1.94 |
Montana | 78.74 | 76.41 | 81.11 | 4.70 | −1.72 | 77.02 | −0.21 | 76.81 | 74.12 | 79.64 | 5.52 | −1.93 |
Texas | 78.74 | 76.25 | 81.27 | 5.02 | −1.72 | 77.02 | −0.21 | 76.81 | 73.96 | 79.79 | 5.83 | −1.93 |
Pennsylvania | 78.74 | 76.05 | 81.46 | 5.41 | −1.72 | 77.02 | −0.21 | 76.81 | 73.77 | 79.99 | 6.22 | −1.93 |
Delaware | 78.64 | 76.05 | 81.27 | 5.22 | −1.72 | 76.92 | −0.21 | 76.71 | 73.77 | 79.79 | 6.02 | −1.93 |
New Mexico | 78.64 | 75.74 | 81.57 | 5.83 | −1.72 | 76.92 | −0.21 | 76.71 | 73.47 | 80.09 | 6.62 | −1.93 |
Alaska | 78.54 | 76.20 | 80.91 | 4.71 | −1.71 | 76.83 | −0.22 | 76.61 | 73.92 | 79.44 | 5.52 | −1.93 |
Wyoming | 78.54 | 76.15 | 80.96 | 4.81 | −1.71 | 76.83 | −0.22 | 76.61 | 73.87 | 79.49 | 5.62 | −1.93 |
Michigan | 78.44 | 75.95 | 80.96 | 5.01 | −1.71 | 76.73 | −0.22 | 76.51 | 73.67 | 79.50 | 5.83 | −1.93 |
Nevada | 78.34 | 75.86 | 80.86 | 5.00 | −1.71 | 76.63 | −0.21 | 76.42 | 73.58 | 79.39 | 5.81 | −1.92 |
Ohio | 78.04 | 75.50 | 80.61 | 5.11 | −1.70 | 76.34 | −0.22 | 76.12 | 73.23 | 79.15 | 5.92 | −1.92 |
North Carolina | 78.04 | 75.35 | 80.77 | 5.42 | −1.70 | 76.34 | −0.22 | 76.12 | 73.08 | 79.30 | 6.22 | −1.92 |
Indiana | 77.83 | 75.20 | 80.51 | 5.31 | −1.69 | 76.14 | −0.21 | 75.93 | 72.94 | 79.05 | 6.11 | −1.90 |
Missouri | 77.73 | 75.05 | 80.46 | 5.41 | −1.69 | 76.04 | −0.21 | 75.83 | 72.80 | 79.00 | 6.20 | −1.90 |
Georgia | 77.43 | 74.85 | 80.06 | 5.21 | −1.68 | 75.75 | −0.21 | 75.54 | 72.60 | 78.61 | 6.01 | −1.89 |
South Carolina | 77.23 | 74.29 | 80.22 | 5.93 | −1.68 | 75.55 | −0.21 | 75.34 | 72.06 | 78.76 | 6.70 | −1.89 |
Washington, D.C. | 76.73 | 73.86 | 79.65 | 5.79 | −1.67 | 75.06 | −0.21 | 74.85 | 71.64 | 78.20 | 6.56 | −1.88 |
Tennessee | 76.53 | 73.70 | 79.40 | 5.70 | −1.67 | 74.86 | −0.21 | 74.65 | 71.49 | 77.96 | 6.47 | −1.88 |
Kentucky | 76.23 | 73.55 | 78.95 | 5.40 | −1.66 | 74.57 | −0.21 | 74.36 | 71.34 | 77.52 | 6.18 | −1.87 |
Arkansas | 76.23 | 73.30 | 79.20 | 5.90 | −1.66 | 74.57 | −0.21 | 74.36 | 71.10 | 77.77 | 6.67 | −1.87 |
Oklahoma | 76.13 | 73.55 | 78.75 | 5.20 | −1.66 | 74.47 | −0.21 | 74.26 | 71.34 | 77.32 | 5.98 | −1.87 |
Louisiana | 75.93 | 72.90 | 79.00 | 6.10 | −1.65 | 74.28 | −0.21 | 74.07 | 70.71 | 77.57 | 6.86 | −1.86 |
Alabama | 75.63 | 72.75 | 78.55 | 5.80 | −1.65 | 73.98 | −0.21 | 73.77 | 70.57 | 77.13 | 6.56 | −1.86 |
West Virginia | 75.63 | 72.71 | 78.59 | 5.88 | −1.65 | 73.98 | −0.21 | 73.77 | 70.53 | 77.17 | 6.64 | −1.86 |
Mississippi | 75.23 | 72.09 | 78.41 | 6.32 | −1.64 | 73.59 | −0.21 | 73.38 | 69.92 | 76.99 | 7.07 | −1.85 |
Data source: Global Data Lab[15]
Past life expectancy, 1940–2019
[edit]State/Territory | 2019[9] | 2010[16] | 2000[16] | 1990[16] | 1980[16] | 1970[16] | 1960[16] | 1950[16] | 1940[16] | Change 1940-2019 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
United States[13] | 78.8 | 78.7 | 76.8 | 75.4 | 73.7 | 70.8 | 69.7 | 68.1 | 64.0 | 14.8 |
Alabama | 75.5 | 75.3 | 74.4 | 73.7 | 72.3 | 69.2 | 67.9 | 65.9 | 60.2 | 15.3 |
Alaska | 78.2 | 77.9 | 76.2 | 75.0 | 72.4 | 69.2 | 67.2 | 65.8 | 58.1 | 20.1 |
American Samoa[17] |
74.8 | 71.6 | 71.4 | 70.9 | 70.2 | 69.3 | 67.0 | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Arizona | 79.3 | 79.1 | 77.1 | 76.2 | 74.2 | 70.9 | 69.3 | 66.1 | 59.0 | 20.3 |
Arkansas | 75.9 | 76.0 | 74.8 | 74.4 | 73.3 | 70.8 | 69.9 | 69.0 | 64.3 | 11.6 |
California | 81.2 | 80.5 | 78.1 | 75.8 | 74.3 | 71.8 | 70.8 | 69.3 | 65.3 | 15.9 |
Colorado | 80.2 | 80.0 | 78.4 | 77.2 | 75.4 | 72.1 | 70.9 | 69.2 | 64.7 | 15.5 |
Connecticut | 80.6 | 80.7 | 78.3 | 77.1 | 74.9 | 72.6 | 71.1 | 70.1 | 66.3 | 14.3 |
Delaware | 78.4 | 78.2 | 76.4 | 75.0 | 73.2 | 69.9 | 69.1 | 67.1 | 65.0 | 13.4 |
District of Columbia |
78.5 | 76.8 | 72.1 | 67.4 | 68.9 | 65.2 | 66.3 | 63.7 | 56.0 | 22.5 |
Florida | 79.6 | 78.9 | 77.0 | 75.7 | 73.8 | 70.8 | 69.9 | 67.8 | 61.6 | 18.0 |
Georgia | 77.7 | 77.2 | 75.1 | 73.8 | 72.1 | 68.4 | 67.5 | 65.8 | 60.2 | 17.5 |
Guam[10] | 79.9 | 77.0 | 75.0 | 71.9 | 69.3 | 65.7 | 61.0 | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Hawaii | 81.6 | 81.2 | 79.5 | 78.2 | 77.1 | 74.0 | 71.3 | 70.0 | 65.8 | 15.8 |
Idaho | 79.6 | 79.4 | 78.1 | 77.2 | 75.2 | 72.0 | 71.4 | 69.2 | 66.9 | 12.7 |
Illinois | 79.3 | 78.9 | 76.6 | 74.9 | 73.3 | 70.1 | 69.6 | 68.0 | 64.8 | 14.5 |
Indiana | 77.1 | 77.5 | 76.0 | 75.4 | 73.9 | 70.9 | 70.3 | 68.6 | 64.9 | 12.2 |
Iowa | 79.1 | 79.6 | 78.3 | 77.5 | 75.8 | 72.6 | 71.9 | 70.5 | 68.1 | 11.0 |
Kansas | 78.3 | 78.5 | 77.4 | 77.0 | 75.2 | 72.8 | 71.9 | 70.3 | 67.3 | 11.0 |
Kentucky | 75.6 | 75.8 | 75.1 | 74.4 | 72.8 | 70.0 | 69.6 | 67.5 | 62.1 | 13.5 |
Louisiana | 76.0 | 75.7 | 74.1 | 73.1 | 71.6 | 68.7 | 67.9 | 66.6 | 61.2 | 14.8 |
Maine | 78.4 | 79.1 | 77.6 | 76.6 | 74.4 | 70.7 | 70.2 | 69.1 | 64.8 | 13.6 |
Maryland | 79.0 | 78.9 | 76.2 | 74.9 | 73.3 | 70.2 | 68.6 | 67.1 | 61.6 | 17.4 |
Massachusetts | 80.7 | 80.5 | 78.2 | 76.8 | 74.8 | 71.9 | 70.5 | 69.7 | 65.7 | 15.0 |
Michigan | 78.1 | 78.0 | 76.4 | 75.1 | 73.7 | 70.7 | 70.2 | 68.5 | 65.1 | 13.0 |
Minnesota | 80.6 | 80.8 | 79.0 | 77.8 | 76.1 | 73.0 | 71.8 | 70.5 | 67.9 | 12.7 |
Mississippi | 74.5 | 74.8 | 73.4 | 73.1 | 71.8 | 68.4 | 67.6 | 65.5 | 60.3 | 14.2 |
Missouri | 77.2 | 77.4 | 76.0 | 75.3 | 73.6 | 70.6 | 70.2 | 68.6 | 64.5 | 12.7 |
Montana | 78.6 | 78.5 | 77.3 | 76.4 | 73.8 | 70.8 | 69.6 | 68.1 | 65.0 | 13.6 |
Nebraska | 79.4 | 79.6 | 78.3 | 76.9 | 75.4 | 72.5 | 72.0 | 70.7 | 68.3 | 11.1 |
Nevada | 78.3 | 77.8 | 75.9 | 74.5 | 72.6 | 69.3 | 67.6 | 66.0 | 61.6 | 16.7 |
New Hampshire | 79.6 | 80.3 | 78.5 | 77.0 | 75.1 | 71.6 | 70.7 | 69.3 | 66.2 | 13.4 |
New Jersey | 80.5 | 79.9 | 77.3 | 75.4 | 73.8 | 71.0 | 69.9 | 68.4 | 64.5 | 16.0 |
New Mexico | 77.2 | 78.1 | 77.1 | 76.0 | 73.8 | 70.5 | 69.3 | 65.9 | 59.0 | 18.2 |
New York | 81.2 | 80.2 | 77.6 | 74.6 | 73.4 | 70.5 | 69.7 | 68.2 | 64.9 | 16.3 |
North Carolina | 77.8 | 77.8 | 75.6 | 74.7 | 73.0 | 69.3 | 68.2 | 66.9 | 61.9 | 15.9 |
North Dakota | 79.2 | 79.6 | 78.8 | 77.5 | 75.6 | 73.0 | 71.5 | 70.0 | 67.4 | 11.8 |
Northern Mariana Islands[17] |
76.1 | 76.4 | 75.8 | 74.3 | 73.6 | 71.4 | 69.3 | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Ohio | 77.0 | 77.6 | 76.3 | 75.3 | 73.3 | 70.8 | 70.2 | 68.7 | 64.7 | 12.3 |
Oklahoma | 75.9 | 75.7 | 75.0 | 75.0 | 73.6 | 71.1 | 70.8 | 69.8 | 65.3 | 10.6 |
Oregon | 79.6 | 79.5 | 77.8 | 76.5 | 74.9 | 72.4 | 71.0 | 69.8 | 66.9 | 12.7 |
Pennsylvania | 78.5 | 78.4 | 76.7 | 75.4 | 73.3 | 70.4 | 69.5 | 67.7 | 63.9 | 14.6 |
Puerto Rico[10] | 79.8 | 78.4 | 76.7 | 74.2 | 73.7 | 71.5 | 68.7 | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Rhode Island | 79.8 | 79.5 | 78.0 | 76.4 | 74.6 | 71.7 | 70.6 | 68.5 | 65.5 | 14.3 |
South Carolina | 76.9 | 76.7 | 74.7 | 73.6 | 71.8 | 68.1 | 66.1 | 64.3 | 57.1 | 19.8 |
South Dakota | 78.5 | 79.2 | 78.0 | 77.1 | 74.8 | 72.3 | 70.5 | 69.8 | 67.1 | 11.4 |
Tennessee | 75.8 | 76.1 | 74.7 | 74.2 | 73.1 | 70.0 | 69.4 | 67.1 | 62.4 | 13.4 |
Texas | 78.8 | 78.3 | 76.5 | 75.2 | 73.6 | 70.8 | 70.2 | 67.8 | 62.8 | 16.0 |
Utah | 79.9 | 79.8 | 78.6 | 78.0 | 75.8 | 72.8 | 71.8 | 69.9 | 66.8 | 13.1 |
U.S. Virgin Islands[10] |
79.6 | 78.0 | 76.6 | 74.2 | 71.7 | 69.1 | 66.2 | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Vermont | 79.9 | 80.0 | 78.2 | 76.7 | 74.3 | 71.9 | 70.4 | 69.3 | 65.6 | 14.3 |
Virginia | 79.3 | 79.0 | 76.8 | 75.3 | 73.3 | 70.2 | 68.7 | 66.4 | 59.9 | 19.4 |
Washington | 80.2 | 80.0 | 78.2 | 76.8 | 75.0 | 71.9 | 71.1 | 69.4 | 66.4 | 13.8 |
West Virginia | 74.7 | 75.4 | 74.9 | 74.4 | 72.6 | 69.2 | 69.6 | 67.4 | 62.8 | 11.9 |
Wisconsin | 79.3 | 79.6 | 78.0 | 76.9 | 75.3 | 72.5 | 71.1 | 69.7 | 67.4 | 11.9 |
Wyoming | 78.3 | 78.0 | 77.1 | 76.4 | 73.8 | 70.8 | 69.2 | 68.0 | 65.1 | 13.2 |
Life expectancy in counties with 500,000+ people in 2019
[edit]County | State | Total | White | Hispanic | Black | Asian |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Los Angeles | California | 82.4 | 81.2 | 84.4 | 76.1 | 87.7 |
Cook | Illinois | 79.7 | 81.1 | 85.6 | 73.3 | 89 |
Harris | Texas | 79.9 | 79.2 | 84.3 | 74.8 | 87.5 |
Maricopa | Arizona | 80.5 | 80.7 | 81.6 | 77 | 87.2 |
San Diego | California | 82.2 | 81.4 | 84.1 | 78.2 | 87.9 |
Orange | California | 83.2 | 81.7 | 84.7 | 81 | 88.1 |
Miami-Dade | Florida | 82.4 | 80.1 | 84.2 | 77 | 91.1 |
Dallas | Texas | 79.1 | 78.8 | 84.4 | 74.9 | 87.7 |
Kings | New York | 82.9 | 83.8 | 83.5 | 81.4 | 89.2 |
Riverside | California | 80.9 | 79.5 | 83.6 | 77.5 | 87 |
Clark | Nevada | 79 | 77.4 | 86 | 74.7 | 85.4 |
King | Washington | 82.4 | 82.1 | 86.4 | 77.6 | 87.8 |
Queens | New York | 84.1 | 82.2 | 88.3 | 81.5 | 89.9 |
San Bernardino | California | 78.8 | 76.5 | 81.8 | 75 | 86.7 |
Tarrant | Texas | 79.3 | 78.6 | 85 | 76.6 | 86.8 |
Bexar | Texas | 78.9 | 78.5 | 79.6 | 75.6 | 87.9 |
Broward | Florida | 81.5 | 79.6 | 86.9 | 80.8 | 89 |
Santa Clara | California | 84.9 | 83.1 | 84.3 | 79.7 | 90 |
Wayne | Michigan | 75.5 | 77.5 | 80.2 | 72.2 | 90.4 |
Alameda | California | 83.1 | 82.2 | 84.5 | 75.7 | 88.6 |
New York | New York | 85.3 | 87.6 | 86 | 77.1 | 90.3 |
Middlesex | Massachusetts | 82.4 | 81.9 | 89.6 | 82.7 | 90.5 |
Philadelphia | Pennsylvania | 76.4 | 77.2 | 80 | 73.6 | 89.5 |
Sacramento | California | 79.6 | 78.9 | 82.8 | 75.1 | 84.9 |
Palm Beach | Florida | 82.6 | 81.9 | 87 | 81 | 92.1 |
Hillsborough | Florida | 79.6 | 79 | 82.9 | 76.5 | 89.5 |
Suffolk | New York | 80.9 | 80.6 | 85.7 | 78.1 | 88.9 |
Orange | Florida | 80.6 | 79.6 | 83.8 | 78.3 | 89.5 |
Bronx | New York | 80.9 | 79.1 | 83.4 | 79 | 91.7 |
Nassau | New York | 83.1 | 82.7 | 87.7 | 81.2 | 90.7 |
Franklin | Ohio | 77.2 | 77.6 | 90.3 | 74.3 | 87.1 |
Travis | Texas | 81.9 | 81.5 | 84.9 | 77.6 | 88.8 |
Hennepin | Minnesota | 81.3 | 81.9 | 88.5 | 77.3 | 85.8 |
Oakland | Michigan | 80.4 | 80.6 | 83.9 | 77.2 | 92.6 |
Cuyahoga | Ohio | 77 | 78.3 | 82.7 | 73.6 | 89 |
Allegheny | Pennsylvania | 78.1 | 78.9 | 90 | 72.4 | 86.4 |
Salt Lake | Utah | 79.8 | 79.4 | 82.8 | 75.6 | 83.8 |
Contra Costa | California | 82.5 | 81.9 | 85.2 | 76.6 | 88.4 |
Fairfax | Virginia | 85.6 | 84.7 | 92 | 84.1 | 90.3 |
Wake | North Carolina | 81.8 | 82.4 | 87.4 | 78.1 | 90.4 |
Mecklenburg | North Carolina | 80.6 | 81.7 | 88.6 | 77 | 87.3 |
Fulton | Georgia | 79.6 | 82.8 | 87.7 | 75.4 | 88.9 |
Collin | Texas | 82.7 | 81.8 | 87.4 | 80.4 | 90 |
Pima | Arizona | 79.5 | 79.5 | 80.7 | 75.7 | 88.1 |
Montgomery | Maryland | 84.6 | 83.8 | 92.4 | 82.1 | 90.2 |
Fresno | California | 78.9 | 78 | 81 | 72.1 | 81.7 |
St. Louis | Missouri | 78 | 79.9 | 86.9 | 71.7 | 89.1 |
Pinellas | Florida | 79.2 | 79.1 | 84.8 | 74.9 | 88.4 |
Duval | Florida | 76.1 | 75.7 | 83.8 | 74.2 | 88.7 |
Marion | Indiana | 76 | 76.5 | 86.8 | 73.3 | 84.9 |
Westchester | New York | 83.6 | 83.5 | 89.1 | 80.7 | 92.7 |
Honolulu | Hawaii | 82.5 | 81.9 | 76.6 | 86 | 83.2 |
Milwaukee | Wisconsin | 76.9 | 78.6 | 82.5 | 71.7 | 83.5 |
Gwinnett | Georgia | 81.2 | 80 | 88.2 | 80.1 | 86.7 |
Fairfield | Connecticut | 83 | 82.8 | 87.7 | 80.8 | 94.2 |
Shelby | Tennessee | 75.5 | 78 | 86.5 | 73.2 | 86.3 |
Bergen | New Jersey | 83.2 | 81.9 | 88.3 | 80.3 | 92.4 |
Denton | Texas | 82 | 81.1 | 89 | 80.5 | 88.6 |
DuPage | Illinois | 82.5 | 81.8 | 87.6 | 78.1 | 90.6 |
Erie | New York | 78.7 | 79.4 | 81.3 | 74 | 88.8 |
Pierce | Washington | 79 | 79 | 84 | 76.1 | 82.8 |
Prince George's | Maryland | 79.6 | 79.2 | 86.6 | 78.6 | 89.2 |
Kern | California | 77.5 | 75.6 | 81.1 | 72.3 | 84.1 |
Hartford | Connecticut | 80.2 | 80.1 | 81.9 | 79.1 | 90.1 |
Hidalgo | Texas | 81.9 | 81.3 | 81.3 | 88.3 | 94.8 |
Macomb | Michigan | 78 | 78.3 | 83 | 73.5 | 87.8 |
San Francisco | California | 84 | 83.3 | 85.4 | 73.1 | 87.8 |
New Haven | Connecticut | 80.1 | 80 | 83.7 | 77.5 | 98.8 |
Ventura | California | 82.5 | 81.5 | 84.7 | 80.8 | 89.3 |
El Paso | Texas | 80.1 | 76.7 | 81 | 78.5 | 86.1 |
Fort Bend | Texas | 83 | 81.5 | 86.5 | 80.5 | 89 |
Montgomery | Pennsylvania | 80.9 | 80.8 | 86.8 | 77.9 | 88.6 |
Snohomish | Washington | 80.5 | 79.7 | 85.6 | 83.3 | 88.7 |
Worcester | Massachusetts | 79.3 | 79.3 | 82.1 | 81.5 | 90 |
Baltimore | Maryland | 78.1 | 78 | 90.5 | 76.5 | 89.4 |
Middlesex | New Jersey | 81.7 | 79.4 | 85.8 | 80 | 90.4 |
Hamilton | Ohio | 76.6 | 77.7 | 97.3 | 73.1 | 86.1 |
Multnomah | Oregon | 79.7 | 79.6 | 85.2 | 74.1 | 84.3 |
Oklahoma | Oklahoma | 76.1 | 76.3 | 82.4 | 72.9 | 83.8 |
Suffolk | Massachusetts | 81.6 | 80.7 | 89 | 79.7 | 90.9 |
Essex | New Jersey | 79.8 | 82.1 | 84.8 | 75.6 | 93.8 |
Essex | Massachusetts | 80.2 | 79.8 | 86.4 | 80 | 89 |
Lee | Florida | 82.5 | 81.7 | 85.2 | 81 | 97.6 |
San Joaquin | California | 78.6 | 77.3 | 81.8 | 72 | 83.2 |
Jefferson | Kentucky | 76.1 | 76.5 | 89.2 | 73.3 | 82.7 |
Cobb | Georgia | 80.7 | 80.6 | 88.7 | 78.7 | 89.2 |
DeKalb | Georgia | 80.4 | 82.7 | 87 | 78.4 | 90.4 |
San Mateo | California | 85 | 83.4 | 87.8 | 79 | 89.5 |
Polk | Florida | 78.6 | 78.1 | 82.8 | 75.7 | 91 |
Monroe | New York | 79.8 | 80.7 | 80.6 | 74.5 | 88.4 |
Denver | Colorado | 79.9 | 81 | 79.6 | 75.4 | 86.5 |
El Paso | Colorado | 78.9 | 79 | 79.8 | 75.3 | 85.9 |
District of Columbia |
District of Columbia |
79 | 88 | 88.3 | 72.7 | 89.9 |
Norfolk | Massachusetts | 81.9 | 81.3 | 88.8 | 81.7 | 90.9 |
Jackson | Missouri | 77.2 | 78.4 | 83.4 | 72.8 | 86.3 |
Davidson | Tennessee | 77 | 77.7 | 88.6 | 74 | 86.3 |
Lake | Illinois | 81.6 | 81.4 | 85.1 | 75.1 | 91.2 |
Will | Illinois | 79.8 | 79.3 | 85.3 | 77 | 92.1 |
Bernalillo | New Mexico | 78.4 | 79.3 | 78 | 74.6 | 86.4 |
Hudson | New Jersey | 82.6 | 79.5 | 86.4 | 75.8 | 92.2 |
Kent | Michigan | 80 | 80.4 | 85.1 | 74.7 | 92.9 |
Tulsa | Oklahoma | 76.8 | 77.4 | 85.7 | 71.3 | 83.6 |
Arapahoe | Colorado | 81.3 | 81.2 | 83.7 | 79.4 | 87.6 |
Jefferson | Alabama | 74.6 | 76 | 79.1 | 72.7 | 83.6 |
Utah | Utah | 80.6 | 80.3 | 86.9 | 77.9 | 82.9 |
Providence | Rhode Island | 79.4 | 78.5 | 91.3 | 82.8 | 85.9 |
Bucks | Pennsylvania | 79.9 | 79.5 | 87.8 | 78.2 | 89.1 |
Montgomery | Texas | 79.7 | 78.9 | 86.5 | 77.4 | 92.8 |
Monmouth | New Jersey | 80.6 | 80.4 | 83.8 | 75.8 | 89.6 |
Williamson | Texas | 82.1 | 81.3 | 85.3 | 79.7 | 90.1 |
Ocean | New Jersey | 79.1 | 78.8 | 85.6 | 76.5 | 91.3 |
Brevard | Florida | 77.8 | 77.2 | 84.3 | 76.6 | 90.2 |
Johnson | Kansas | 81.7 | 81.7 | 84.4 | 76.9 | 87.2 |
Washington | Oregon | 82.7 | 82.1 | 88.7 | 84.3 | 87.8 |
Baltimore City | Maryland | 72.8 | 75.7 | 92.8 | 70.6 | 95.3 |
Jefferson | Colorado | 80.8 | 81 | 80 | 73.4 | 86.3 |
Anne Arundel | Maryland | 79.3 | 79.1 | 86.4 | 78 | 85.1 |
Douglas | Nebraska | 79.1 | 79.5 | 89.5 | 73.1 | 85.8 |
Pasco | Florida | 77.8 | 76.8 | 83.8 | 78.5 | 87.6 |
Bristol | Massachusetts | 78.7 | 78.9 | 84.7 | 83.6 | 91.8 |
Delaware | Pennsylvania | 78.6 | 79 | 82.9 | 75.6 | 91.3 |
New Castle | Delaware | 78.4 | 78.5 | 86.1 | 75.9 | 90.6 |
Volusia | Florida | 76.8 | 76 | 82.4 | 75.3 | 86.8 |
Union | New Jersey | 81.6 | 81.3 | 87.6 | 78 | 91.7 |
Dane | Wisconsin | 81.8 | 82 | 85.2 | 73.7 | 89.5 |
Stanislaus | California | 78.2 | 76.5 | 82.6 | 73.1 | 82.9 |
Ramsey | Minnesota | 79.9 | 80.7 | 82.9 | 75.5 | 80.5 |
Lancaster | Pennsylvania | 80.5 | 80.5 | 82.7 | 77.8 | 86.9 |
Guilford | North Carolina | 78.1 | 78.7 | 88.1 | 75.6 | 89.2 |
Summit | Ohio | 77.2 | 77.8 | 99.9 | 72.8 | 82.6 |
Greenville | South Carolina | 78.4 | 78.6 | 86 | 75.5 | 87.7 |
Montgomery | Ohio | 74.9 | 75.5 | 93.5 | 71.7 | 88.4 |
Kane | Illinois | 81.6 | 80.9 | 88.2 | 77.1 | 87.6 |
Spokane | Washington | 78.6 | 78.5 | 84.2 | 77.4 | 84.4 |
Chester | Pennsylvania | 81.4 | 81.3 | 88.1 | 75.8 | 93.8 |
Plymouth | Massachusetts | 79.8 | 79.5 | 86.9 | 85 | 88.5 |
Sedgwick | Kansas | 77.6 | 77.9 | 82.8 | 72.9 | 89 |
Adams | Colorado | 79.4 | 78.6 | 82.1 | 76.3 | 85.8 |
Camden | New Jersey | 77.2 | 77.5 | 81.3 | 73.2 | 89.4 |
Passaic | New Jersey | 80.6 | 79.7 | 87 | 74 | 90.5 |
Clark | Washington | 80.1 | 79.8 | 85.7 | 77.2 | 85.8 |
Morris | New Jersey | 82.6 | 81.9 | 88.9 | 79.5 | 91.9 |
Lake | Indiana | 76.3 | 76.8 | 81.9 | 72.4 | 88 |
See also
[edit]- List of U.S. congressional districts by life expectancy
- List of U.S. counties with shortest life expectancy
- List of U.S. counties with longest life expectancy
- List of North American countries by life expectancy
- List of Mexican states by life expectancy
- List of Canadian provinces and territories by life expectancy
- List of European regions by life expectancy
- List of U.S. states and territories by poverty rate
- Thank God for Mississippi
- Hispanic paradox
References
[edit]- ^ "Actuarial Life Table". U.S. Social Security Administration Office of Chief Actuary. 2020. Archived from the original on July 8, 2023.
- ^ a b Arias, Elizabeth; Xu, Jiaquan; Tejada-Vera, Betzaida; Bastian, Brigham (10 February 2022). "U.S. State Life Tables, 2019" (PDF). National Vital Statistics Reports. 70 (18). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: 3. — Table A
- ^ a b c Arias, Elizabeth; Xu, Jiaquan; Tejada-Vera, Betzaida; Murphy, Sherry L.; Bastian, Brigham (23 August 2022). "U.S. State Life Tables, 2020" (PDF). National Vital Statistics Reports. 71 (2). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: 3. — Table A
- ^ a b c d e f "Life expectancy at birth, total - United States". World Bank Group.
- ^ "Life expectancy at birth: United States". Our World in Data.
- ^ "Mortality 2019" (PDF).
- ^ a b c Arias, Elizabeth; Xu, Jiaquan; M.D, M. (8 August 2022). "United States Life Tables, 2020" (PDF). National Vital Statistics Reports. 71 (1). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
- ^ a b "Life expectancy and Healthy life expectancy, data by country". World Health Organization. 2020. Retrieved 22 January 2024.
- ^ a b c d "Life Expectancy". University of Wisconsin Population Health Institute. 2022. Retrieved 2023-06-29.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Life Expectancy at Birth, total (years) - Puerto Rico, Guam, Virgin Islands (U.S.)". The World Bank. Retrieved May 22, 2021.
- ^ "US Health Map". Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington. 2014. Retrieved May 22, 2021.
- ^ Bernstein, Lenny (November 29, 2018). "U.S. life expectancy declines again, a dismal trend not seen since World War I". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 22, 2021.
- ^ a b c d "2019 mortality" (PDF).
- ^ a b c d "CIA world factbook". Archived from the original on 2019-01-09. Retrieved 2020-06-24.
- ^ "Life expectancy 2021 - Maps | Subnational HDI (v7.0)". Global Data Lab. Retrieved 7 September 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Woolf, Steven H.; Schoomaker, Heidi (2019-11-26). "Life expectancy and mortality rates in the United States, 1959-2017 SUPPLEMENTAL ONLINE CONTENT" (PDF). Journal of the American Medical Association. doi:10.1001/jama.2019.16932.
- ^ a b "Country Profiles". Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluarion, University of Washington. Retrieved May 22, 2021.