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Sexuality in the United States

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Sexuality in the United States varies by region and time period.

History

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During the Victorian era, romance was increasingly viewed as a key component of sexuality.[1] One study of the interwar period suggests that prudish attitudes were more pronounced among women than among men, with 47% in a poll describing premarital sex as wicked while only 28% of men said the same.[2] The 1960s are often viewed as the period wherein the U.S. underwent a substantial change in perception of sexual norms, with a substantial increase in extramarital sex.[3]

LGBT history

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This section is an excerpt from LGBTQ history in the United States.[edit]
The Stonewall Inn in the gay village of Greenwich Village, Manhattan, site of the June 28, 1969 Stonewall riots, the cradle of the modern LGBT rights movement, is adorned with rainbow pride flags in 2016.[4][5][6]

LGBTQ history in the United States consists of the contributions and struggles of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer (LGBTQ) people, as well as the LGBTQ social movements they have built.[7][8]

Up until the 20th Century, it was uncommon for LGBTQ individuals to live open lives due to persecution and social ostracization. The nation's Puritan roots led to a heteronormative culture, reinforced through sodomy laws. Because of this, most LGBTQ people lived in the closet. LGBTQ life before the mid-20th century, especially that of lesbians, is mostly preserved through personal writings.

The process of decriminalizing sodomy began in 1962 with the repeal of Illinois's anti-sodomy statute. This process continued until 2003, when Lawrence v. Texas ruled the 14 remaining anti-sodomy statutes unconstitutional.[9] In 1973, the American Psychiatric Association declassified homosexuality as a mental disorder.

In the mid-20th century, gay men and lesbians began organizing movements to advocate for their rights. As the century went on, bisexual and transgender individuals gained visibility and the GLBT acronym was formed. Key social advances of the 20th and 21st centuries included the decriminalization of homosexuality, the creation of domestic partnerships, anti-discrimination legislation at the state and local levels, advocacy for HIV/AIDS patients, and the legalization of gay marriage.

Media

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Some scholars argue that American media is the most sexually suggestive in the world.[10] According to this view, the sexual messages contained in film, television, and music are becoming more explicit in dialog, lyrics, and behavior. In addition, these messages may contain unrealistic, inaccurate, and misleading information. Some scholars argue that still developing teens may be particularly vulnerable to media effects.[11] A 2001 report found that teens rank the media second only to school sex education programs as a leading source of information about sex,[12] but a 2004 report found that "the media far outranked parents or schools as the source of information about birth control."[10]

Media often portray emotional side-effects of sexuality such as guilt, and disappointment, but less often physical risks such as pregnancy or STDs.[13] One media analysis found that sex was usually between unmarried couples and examples of using condoms or other contraception were "extremely rare."[14] Many of programs or films do not depict consequence for sexual behavior. For example, only 10% programs that contain sexual scenes include any warnings to the potential risks or responsibilities of having sex such as sexually transmitted diseases or pregnancy.[15] In television programing aimed at teens, more than 90% of episodes had at least one sexual reference in it with an average of 7.9 references per hour.[16]

However, government statistics suggest that since 1991, both teen sex and teen pregnancy have declined dramatically despite the media generally becoming increasingly sexually explicit.[17] Some analysts have said that this points to an inclination among latter millennials and Generation Z to have hyposexual and desexualized tendencies.[18]

Demographics

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According to a 2016 study, an estimated 4.1% of American adults identified themselves as being lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender.[19] Roughly 99% of the adult U.S. population is allosexual (experiences sexual desires) while 1% is asexual (experiences no sexual desires).[20] One study has shown that there is no correlation between sexlessness and unhappiness, with sexually active and sexually inactive adult Americans showing roughly equal amounts of happiness.[21] Vicenarian women (aged between twenty and twenty-nine years) are about as likely to engage in infidelity as vicenarian men at 11% and 10% respectively.[22]

Law

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Sexual relations are mostly legal in the U.S. if there is no direct or unmediated exchange of money, if it is consensual, teleiophilic (between adults) and non-consanguineous i.e. between people who are not related familially or by kinship.[23] There are however exceptions, with for instance adult incestual relations being legal in states such as New Jersey and Rhode Island as of 2017.[24] Prostitution laws in the U.S. are by far the strictest in the developed world,[citation needed] but the state of Nevada licenses several of its counties to operate brothels and permits prostitutes/sex workers to sell sex, and clients to purchase sex.[25] There are also exceptions to age of consent laws, with some states permitting an ephebophilic relationship if the two persons are close in age[26] under what are known as Romeo-and-Juliet laws.

Modern

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The 21st century saw increasingly permissive attitudes towards homosexuality,[27] however many laws continued to be heteronormative.[28] One survey has found that Millennials, on average, have sex less frequently than previous generations.[29] This has led to some analysts ruminating on a moral panic wherein young adults of the 2010s decade are uninterested in sex.[30] According to OKCupid, Portland, Oregon is the most promiscuous city in the United States.[31] Some studies have shown that Americans in general have more prudistic and coitophobic attitudes to sex than Europeans.[32]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "The Puritans really loved having sex". 21 October 2016.
  2. ^ Bowman, Karlyn (2018). "Is Premarital Sex Wicked? Changing Attitudes About Morality". www.forbes.com.
  3. ^ Spielvogel, Jackson (2016). Western Civilization: Volume II: Since 1500. p. 897.
  4. ^ Rosenberg, Eli (June 24, 2016). "Stonewall Inn Named National Monument, a First for the Gay Rights Movement". The New York Times. Retrieved July 3, 2017.
  5. ^ "Workforce Diversity The Stonewall Inn, National Historic Landmark National Register Number: 99000562". National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved July 3, 2017.
  6. ^ Hayasaki, Erika (May 18, 2007). "A new generation in the West Village". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 3, 2017.
  7. ^ Henry, C. J. (2013). "Preface". Advances in Food and Nutrition Research. 69: xi. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-410540-9.09988-9. ISBN 9780124105409. ISSN 1043-4526. PMID 23522798.
  8. ^ Walker, Harron (August 16, 2019). "Here's Every State That Requires Schools to Teach LGBTQ+ History". Out Magazine. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
  9. ^ "Sodomy Laws by State 2024". worldpopulationreview.com. Retrieved 2024-10-08.
  10. ^ a b Victor C. Strasburger, MD (2005). "Adolescents, Sex, and the Media: Ooooo, Baby, Baby – a Q & A Archived 2019-03-30 at the Wayback Machine". Adolesc Med. 16 (2): 269–288.
  11. ^ Gruber, Enid; Grube, Joel (March 2000). "Adolescent Sexuality and the Media". Western Journal of Medicine. 3. 172 (3): 210–214. doi:10.1136/ewjm.172.3.210. PMC 1070813. PMID 10734819.
  12. ^ American Academy Of Pediatrics. Committee On Public Education, American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (January 2001). "Sexuality, Contraception, and the Media". Pediatrics. 107 (1): 191–1994
  13. ^ Roberts; Henriksen & Foehr (2009). "Adolescence, adolescents, and media". Handbook of Adolescent Sexuality. 2 (3rd ed.): 314–344. doi:10.1002/9780470479193.adlpsy002010. ISBN 9780470479193.
  14. ^ Jones, Sam (22 March 2006). "Media 'influence' adolescent sex". the Guardian. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  15. ^ "Teen Health and the Media". depts.washington.edu. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  16. ^ Jennifer Stevens Aubrey (2004). "Sex and Punishment: An Examination of Sexual Consequences and the Sexual Double Standard in Teen Programming Archived 2019-04-12 at the Wayback Machine". Sex Roles. 50 (7–8): 505–514
  17. ^ "Childstats.gov - America's Children: Key National Indicators of Well-Being, 2017 - Sexual Activity". childstats.gov. Archived from the original on 17 March 2012. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  18. ^ Twenge, Jean M., Ryne A. Sherman, and Brooke E. Wells. "Declines in sexual frequency among American adults, 1989–2014 Archived 2020-05-11 at the Wayback Machine." Archives of sexual behavior 46.8 (2017): 2389-2401.
  19. ^ In US, More Adults Identifying as LGBT. Gallup (Report). 11 January 2017.
  20. ^ Yule, Morag A., Lori A. Brotto, and Boris B. Gorzalka. "Sexual fantasy and masturbation among asexual individuals: An in-depth exploration[dead link]." Archives of sexual behavior 46.1 (2017): 311-328.
  21. ^ Kim, Jean H; Tam, Wilson S; Muennig, Peter (2017). "Sociodemographic Correlates of Sexlessness Among American Adults and Associations with Self-Reported Happiness Levels: Evidence from the U.S. General Social Survey". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 46 (8): 2403–2415. doi:10.1007/s10508-017-0968-7. PMC 5889124. PMID 28275930.
  22. ^ Lusinski, Natalia (16 January 2018). "Young Women Are Cheating More Than Young Men Today & Here's The Reason Why". bustle.com. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  23. ^ Pullman, Lesleigh E., et al. "Differences between biological and sociolegal incest offenders: A meta-analysis." Aggression and violent behavior 34 (2017): 228-237.
  24. ^ Yates, Peter (2017). "Sibling sexual abuse: Why don't we talk about it?". Journal of Clinical Nursing. 26 (15–16): 2482–2494. doi:10.1111/jocn.13531. PMID 27550889. S2CID 3102235.
  25. ^ Benoit, Cecilia, et al. "Prostitution Stigma and Its Effect on the Working Conditions, Personal Lives, and Health of Sex Workers." The Journal of Sex Research (2017): 1-15.
  26. ^ Parra, Diana Carave. Prosecutorial Discretion and Punishment Motives in Ambiguous Juvenile Sex Offense Cases. Diss. Arizona State University, 2017.
  27. ^ Powell, David (2009). 21st-Century Gay Culture. p. 54.
  28. ^ Paredes, Audrey Darlene. "US Central Americans: reconstructing memories, struggles, and communities of resistance." InterActions: UCLA Journal of Education and Information Studies 14.1 (2018).
  29. ^ Bahrampour, Tara (March 14, 2017). "Americans are having less sex than they once did". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on April 13, 2017. Retrieved August 31, 2022 – via The Virginian-Pilot.
  30. ^ Twenge, Jean M; Sherman, Ryne A; Wells, Brooke E (2016). "Sexual Inactivity During Young Adulthood is More Common Among U.S. Millennials and iGen: Age, Period, and Cohort Effects on Having No Sexual Partners After Age 18". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 46 (2): 433–440. doi:10.1007/s10508-016-0798-z. PMID 27480753. S2CID 207092404.
  31. ^ "Top 10 most promiscuous cities in the U.S." CBS News. 6 December 2011.
  32. ^ Hatfield, Elaine, and Richard L. Rapson. "Historical and cross-cultural perspectives on passionate love and sexual desire." Annual Review of Sex Research 4.1 (1993):"Do American states with more religious or conservative populations search more for sexual content on Google?." Archives of Sexual Behavior 44.1 (2015): 137-147


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