Bangsa Asiria
| Jumlah populasi | |
|---|---|
| 4 juta[1] | |
| Daerah dengan populasi signifikan | |
| Wilayah pemukiman tradisional orang Asyur: | 735.000-745.100 |
| 400.000[2] | |
| 300.000[3] | |
| 20.000[4][5] | |
| 15.000–25.100[4][6][7] | |
| Diaspora: | 496.467-970.605 |
| 110.807–400.000[8][9] | |
| 100.000–150.000[10][11] | |
| 100.000[12] | |
| 100.000[13] | |
| 39.000[14] | |
| 30.631[15] | |
| 20.000[16] | |
| 16.000[17] | |
| 15.000[16] | |
| 10.911[18] | |
| 10.810[19] | |
| 10.000[16] | |
| 10.000[16] | |
| 6.390[20] | |
| 6.000[21] | |
| 3.299[22] | |
| 3.143[23] | |
| 3.000[16] | |
| 2.769[24] | |
| 1.683[25] | |
| 1.500[26] | |
| 1.000[27] | |
| 350–800[28][29] | |
| 300[30] | |
| Bahasa | |
| Neo-Aramaik (Asyur, Kaldea, Turoyo) | |
| Agama | |
| Terutama Kekristenan (mayoritas: Kekristenan Siria; minoritas: Protestantisme) | |
| Kelompok etnik terkait | |
| Armenia • Mandean • Yahudi Mizrahi • Maronit | |
Bangsa Asyur (bahasa Suryani: ܐܫܘܪܝܐ), juga dikenal dengan sebutan "Asyur Kaldea"[31] dan "Suriah",[32] adalah salah satu kelompok etnoreligius asli Timur Tengah.[33][34] Sebagian besar orang Asyur berbicara suatu bahasa Neo-Aram,[35] yang pembagiannya termasuk bahasa Neo-Aram Timur Laut, Tengah, dan Barat, serta bahasa lainnya, tergantung pada negara domisili.[36] Orang Asyur diturunkan dari salah satu peradaban tertua di dunia, bertarikh 2500 SM, di Mesopotamia kuno.[37]
Sebagian besar orang Asyur menganut Kekristenan, yang utamanya menggunakan ritus liturgi Siria Timur dan Barat.[38] Gereja-gereja dari ritus Suriah Timur meliputi Gereja Asiria dari Timur, Gereja Kuno dari Timur, dan Gereja Katolik Kaldea; para penganutnya sebagian besar berbicara dengan bahasa Aram Timur cabang Timur Laut. Sementara gereja-gereja dari ritus Siria Barat, yaitu Gereja Ortodoks Siria dan Gereja Katolik Siria, kebanyakan berbicara dengan bahasa cabang Tengah.
Daerah-daerah yang membentuk tanah air Asyur merupakan bagian dari utara Irak, tenggara Turki, barat laut Iran, dan timur laut Suriah masa kini.[39][40] Mayoritas orang Asyur yang berasal dari daerah-daerah tersebut telah bermigrasi ke daerah lainnya di dunia, misalnya Amerika Serikat, Levant, Eropa, Rusia, Australia, dan Kaukasus, selama abad yang lampau atau selanjutnya.[41] Emigrasi dipicu oleh peristiwa-peristiwa seperti Genosida Asiria oleh Kekaisaran Ottoman selama Perang Dunia I, Pembantaian Simele di Irak (1933), Revolusi Iran (1979), kebijakan-kebijakan Baathisme Nasionalis Arab di Irak dan Suriah, serta kampanye al-Anfal dari Saddam Hussein.[42]
Beberapa peristiwa terakhir, yaitu Perang Irak tahun 2003 dan Perang Saudara Suriah yang dimulai pada tahun 2011, telah membuat komunitas regional Asyur mengungsi karena masyarakat tersebut menghadapi penganiayaan etnis dan keagamaan oleh para ekstremis. Dari satu juta atau lebih warga Irak yang dilaporkan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa telah melarikan diri dari Irak sejak pendudukan tersebut, hampir 40% dari antara mereka adalah orang Asyur kendati komposisi orang Asyur hanya 3% dari demografi Irak sebelum perang berlangsung.[43][44][45] Menurut sebuah laporan tahun 2013 oleh seorang pejabat Dewan Populer Asyur Suriah Kaldea, diperkirakan bahwa hanya ada 300.000 orang Asyur yang masih menetap di Irak.[3]
Lihat pula
[sunting | sunting sumber]Catatan
[sunting | sunting sumber]Referensi
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ [1]
- ^ "Syria's Assyrians threatened by extremists – Al-Monitor: the Pulse of the Middle East". Al-Monitor. Diakses tanggal 18 February 2015.
- ^ a b "مسؤول مسيحي : عدد المسيحيين في العراق تراجع الى ثلاثمائة الف". Diakses tanggal 18 February 2015.
- ^ a b "Ishtar: Documenting The Crisis In The Assyrian Iranian Community". aina.org.
- ^ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2010-10-13). "Iran: Last of the Assyrians". Refworld. Diakses tanggal 2013-09-18.
- ^ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. "Refworld - World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Turkey : Assyrians". Refworld.
- ^ Joshua Project. "Assyrian in Turkey". Diakses tanggal 18 February 2015.
- ^ Data Access and Dissemination Systems (DADS). "American FactFinder – Results". Diakses tanggal 18 February 2015.
- ^ "Brief History of Assyrians". Diakses tanggal 18 February 2015.
- ^ Thrown to the Lions, Doug Bandow, The America Spectator
- ^ Jordan Should Legally Recognize Displaced Iraqis As Refugees, AINA.org. Assyrian and Chaldean Christians Flee Iraq to Neighboring Jordan, ASSIST News Service
- ^ Demographics of Sweden, Swedish Language Council "Sweden has also one of the largest exile communities of Assyrian and Syriac Christians (also known as Chaldeans) with a population of around 100,000."
- ^ "Erzdiözese". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2016-11-07. Diakses tanggal 18 February 2015.
- ^ Tore Kjeilen. "Lebanon / Religions – LookLex Encyclopaedia". Looklex.com. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2018-12-24. Diakses tanggal 2013-09-18.
- ^ "Statistics from the 2011 Census" (PDF). The People of NSW. Department of Immigration and Citizenship, Commonwealth of Australia. 2014. Table 13, Ancestry. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2017-04-17. Diakses tanggal 23 July 2016.
- ^ a b c d e "CNN Under-Estimates Iraqi Assyrian Population". Aina.org. Diakses tanggal 2013-09-18.
- ^ Wieviorka & Bataille 2007, hlm. 166
- ^ "Google Translate". Translate.googleusercontent.com. Diakses tanggal 2013-09-18.
- ^ Statistics Canada. "2011 National Household Survey: Data tables". Diakses tanggal 11 February 2014.
- ^ Joshua Project. "Assyrian of United Kingdom Ethnic People Profile". Joshuaproject.net. Diakses tanggal 2013-09-18.
- ^ Tzilivakis, Kathy (10 May 2003). "Iraq's Forgotten Christians Face Exclusion in Greece". Athens News. Diakses tanggal 7 April 2012.
- ^ "Georgia – ecoi.net – European Country of Origin Information Network". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-10-10. Diakses tanggal 18 February 2015.
- ^ State statistics committee of Ukraine – National composition of population, 2001 census (Ukrainian)
- ^ 2011 Armenian Census
- ^ http://www.stats.govt.nz/ New Zealand 2006 census
- ^ Joshua Project. "Assyrian in Azerbaijan". Diakses tanggal 18 February 2015.
- ^ [2][pranala nonaktif permanen]
- ^ "Assyrian Community in Kazakhstan Survived Dark Times, Now Focuses on Education". The Astana Times. Diakses tanggal 18 February 2015.
- ^ "Kazakhstan Live". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2015-06-01. Diakses tanggal 2014-03-27.
- ^ "Assyrian Association Founded in Finland". aina.org. Diakses tanggal 18 February 2015.
- ^ For use of the term Chaldean, see:
- John A. Shoup, Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia, p. 30 [3]
- Nicholas Aljeloo, Who Are The Assyrians? [4]
- Mordechai Nisan, Minorities in the Middle East: A History of Struggle and Self-Expression, p. 180 [5]
- UNPO Assyria [6]
- Steven L. Danver, Native Peoples of the World: An Encylopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues, p. 517 [7]
- ^ For use of the term Syriac, see:
- John A. Shoup, Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia, p. 30
- Nicholas Aljeloo, Who Are The Assyrians?
- UNPO Assyria
- Steven L. Danver, Native Peoples of the World: An Encylopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues, p. 517
- James Minahan, Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: A-C, pp. 205-206
- ^ For Assyrians as indigenous to the Middle East, see
- Mordechai Nisan, Minorities in the Middle East: A History of Struggle and Self-Expression, p. 180
- James Minahan, Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: A-C, p. 206
- Carl Skutsch, Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities, p. 149
- Steven L. Danver, Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues, p. 517
- UNPO Assyria
- Richard T. Schaefer, Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society, p. 107
- ^ James Minahan, Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: A-C, pp. 205-209
- ^ For Assyrians speaking a Neo-Aramaic language, see
- The British Survey, By British Society for International Understanding, 1968, p. 3
- Carl Skutsch, Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities, p. 149
- Farzad Sharifian, René Dirven, Ning Yu, Susanne Niemeier, Culture, Body, and Language: Conceptualizations of Internal Body Organs across Cultures and Languages, p. 268
- UNPO Assyria
- ^ Carl Skutsch, Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities, p. 149
- ^ A. Leo Oppenheim (1964). Ancient Mesopotamia (PDF). The University of Chicago Press.
- ^ For Assyrians as a Christian people, see
- Joel J. Elias, The Genetics of Modern Assyrians and their Relationship to Other People of the Middle East [8]
- Steven L. Danver, Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues, p. 517
- UNPO Assyria
- James Minahan, Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: A-C, p. 209
- ^ Donabed, Sargon (2015). Reforging a Forgotten History: Iraq and the Assyrians in the Twentieth Century. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-8605-6.
- ^ Carl Skutsch (2013). Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities. Routledge. hlm. 149. ISBN 978-1-135-19388-1.
- ^ Joshua Project. "Assyrian in Georgia". Diakses tanggal 18 February 2015.
- ^ Eden Naby. "Documenting The Crisis In The Assyrian Iranian Community".
- ^ "Assyrian Christians 'Most Vulnerable Population' in Iraq". The Christian Post. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 6 December 2006. Diakses tanggal 2006-12-05.
- ^ "Iraq's Christian community, fights for its survival". Christian World News.
- ^ "U.S. Gov't Watchdog Urges Protection for Iraq's Assyrian Christians". The Christian Post. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2007-12-11. Diakses tanggal 2007-12-31.
Sumber yang dikutip
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Danver, Steven L. (2015). Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-46400-6.
- Minahan, James (2002). Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: A-C. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-32109-2.
- Nisan, Mordechai (2002). Minorities in the Middle East: A History of Struggle and Self-Expression, 2d ed. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-5133-3.
- Shoup, John A. (2011). Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-59884-362-0.
Bacaan lanjutan
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Aphram I Barsoum, Patriarch (1943). The Scattered Pearls.
- Benjamin, Yoab. "Assyrians in Middle America: A Historical and Demographic Study of the Chicago Assyrian Community" (PDF). 10 (2). Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies.
- BetGivargis-McDaniel, Maegan (2007). Assyrians of New Britain. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 0-7385-5012-4. OCLC 156908771.
- Brock, Sebastian (9 September 2002). The Hidden Pearl: The Aramaic Heritage. Trans World Film. ISBN 1-931956-99-5. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2014-12-23. Diakses tanggal 2016-07-27.
- De Courtis, Sėbastien (2004). The Forgotten Genocide: Eastern Christians, the Last Arameans (edisi ke-1st Gorgias Press). Piscataway, New Jersey: Gorgias Press. ISBN 978-1-59333-077-4.
- Donabed, Sargon; Donabed, Ninos (2006). Assyrians of Eastern Massachusetts. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 0-7385-4480-9. OCLC 70184669.
- Ephrem I Barsaum, Ignatius (2006). De spridda pärlorna – En historia om syriansk litteratur och vetenskap (dalam bahasa Swedish). Sweden: Anastasis Media AB. ISBN 91-975751-4-3.
- Gaunt, David; Jan Bet̲-Şawoce; Racho Donef (2006). Massacres, resistance, protectors: Muslim-Christian relations in Eastern Anatolia during World War I. Gorgias Press LLC. ISBN 1-59333-301-3. OCLC 85766950.
- Henrich, Joseph; Henrich, Natalie (May 2007). Why Humans Cooperate: A Cultural and Evolutionary Explanation. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-531423-9.
- Hollerweger, Hans (1999). Tur Abdin: A Homeland of Ancient Syro-Aramaean Culture (dalam bahasa English, German, and Turkish). Österreich. ISBN 3-9501039-0-2.
- MacDonald, Kevin (2004-07-29). "Socialization for Ingroup Identity among Assyrians in the United States". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2007-06-10. Diakses tanggal 2016-07-27.
- Taylor, David; Brock, Sebastian (9 September 2002). Vol. I: The Ancient Aramaic Heritage. Trans World Film.
- Taylor, David; Brock, Sebastian (9 September 2002). Vol. II: The Heirs of the Ancient Aramaic Heritage. Trans World Film.
- Taylor, David; Brock, Sebastian (9 September 2002). Vol. III: At the Turn of the Third Millennium; The Syrian Orthodox Witness. Trans World Film.
- Wieviorka, Michel; Bataille, Philippe (2007). The lure of anti-Semitism: hatred of Jews in present-day France. BRILL. ISBN 9789004163379.
Pranala luar
[sunting | sunting sumber]Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai Assyrian people.
- Assyrian people, Britannica Online
- A virtual Assyria: Cyberland
- A virtual Assyria: Christians from the Middle East
- Traditional Assyrian Costumes
- Assyrian Iraqi Document Projects
- Who Are Assyrians?
- Assyrian History
- Aramean History Diarsipkan 2018-03-18 di Wayback Machine.
Artikel bertopik kelompok etnik ini adalah sebuah rintisan. Anda dapat membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya. |