The impact of AI on the workforce will be influenced by what different institutions throughout society—including businesses, nonprofit institutions, worker organizations, colleges and universities, and government—choose to do to guide its development and use.

The story of Ella was an example of a chatbot working badly. It was also an example of a chatbot working wonderfully. Not once was a landlord’s silence disturbed by this woman and her problems. She was not even a person in the database, but a hysterical pronoun. And how apt, in the end, for her troubles to divert to us, a group of poets and novelists hired specifically for our feelings, who could feel for her endlessly but do nothing else, as we did not know the landlord’s name or how to reach him and lived very far away.