The Plough and the Stars

THE PLOUGH AND THE STARS, represents the director's anti-imperialist stance against the ruling British in Ireland. Although political in tone, both films have been filtered through the classical Hollywood consciousness; they refer as much to American conflicts (e.g. the Civil War) as Irish conflicts, with a protagonist struggling for freedom against the colonial power, as well as against pro-colonial forces within his own people. THE PLOUGH AND THE STARS stars Barbara Stanwyck; much of the action has been rewritten from a woman's film perspective, showing her struggling to survive in a world dominated by rebellion, in which her husband (Preston Foster) is committed to the cause of freedom - so much so, in fact, that he neglects her. But Ford is too clever to make any judgment; although sympathizing with Stanwyck's character, he makes it clear that her husband has to fight on so as to preserve his own integrity, as well as that of his own country. THE INFORMER and THE PLOUGH AND THE STARS are both packed with Abbey Theatre actors, including Barry Fitzgerald, Arthur Shields (who were both Protestant, by the way, rather than Catholic as portrayed in the film) and more; they provide local color, as well as vivid illustration of how ordinary people coped with the experience of rebellion. Sometimes we wonder whether they have been cast to show off their Oirishness - in other words, conform to Hollywood stereotypes of the Irish character (garrulous, full of songs and fond of drinking). This is especially true of Fitzgerald's Fluther Good, who seems to have little involvement in the film's main plot, yet nonetheless has the chance to show off his (non-existent) pugilistic abilities. Nonetheless the film still packs a punch, despite its short running-time.

John Ford made most of his films for Twentieth Century Fox and perhaps much of it was because the studio let the director do what he wanted. After all, he was a proved commodity--an Oscar-winning director with a great track record. But with this film he did for RKO, apparently Ford was NOT thrilled and even walked off...forcing the studio to finish the film without him due to creative differences. Ford apparently hated the final product.

I am not sure why Ford was so disenchanted with the project, but I would hazard to guess that at least some of his disgust was the decision to cast Barbara Stanwyck in the lead. Now I do not have anything against her...she was a fine actress. But the film is about Ireland and she sounds absolutely nothing like an Irish woman...nothing. Heck, Hattie McDaniel would have been about as convincing in this role! She couldn't even approximate the accent...and in most of the film she didn't seem to try. Her character was also extremely whiny...too much so. As for the other co-star, Preston Foster, he was much more convincing and was well cast. So for me, this was a HUGE strike against the movie at the onset.

When the film begins, you learn that Nora (Stanwyck) has hidden a letter that arrived for her husband, Jack (Foster). The letter was appointing him a leader in the Irish militia...and soon they would be involved in the infamous Easter Uprising. Well, Nora is NOT the patriotic sort and is actually rather selfish--and she later begs him not to join in the fighting and to reject his appointment. Jack is not about to do this, as he's a loyal patriot.

Much of the rest of the film is made up of the rebellion as well as its aftermath--most of which time Nora whines and complains and seems to care not one bit about her native land...which is pretty weird and pretty despicable. In fact, her character and performance were pretty awful and the film left me wanting to see her get killed or at least horse whipped. And, even more oddly, the film ends this way...with Nora whining and having no care about the deaths of others or her Republic. I have no idea WHAT the point of the film was...and I could see how audiences left confused and unsatisfied. A rather terrible film, actually...

If you like Ireland, Irish history & literature, the traditions of the Irish people & the ambiguous creation of the Irish nation -- what's not to like about this movie? Sure, now, it's more John Ford than Sean O'Casey. But what would you be expectin from John Ford at the height of his creative spirit -- four years before he filmed "Grapes of Wrath"? Almost everyone in this movie plays their part with pungent efficiency. It's old-fashioned acting of the best sort. As movie, this is much more cinema of ideas, of belief & revolution, of theater, of language & gesture & non-verbal communication -- than our contemporary cinema of special effects and technicolor sensations. This movie is political entertainment of a very fine order; with as much said by the words as by what is shown. But how many people alive now can relate to it with the potency it must of had back in the 1930s?

The harnessing of crudely stereotypical Irish characters to the tale of the Easter uprising of 1916 makes for forgettable viewing. It departed so drastically from director John Ford's vision that he stormed off the set, leaving his assistant directors to finish the film. Barbara Stanwyck tries her best, but her task is hopeless as she's given nothing to do other than beg rebel husband Preston Foster to lay down his arms.

John Ford is today primarily thought of as the director of Westerns, but these do not constitute the whole of his output. He was of Irish descent- his original name was John Feeney- and several of his films, including "The Plough and the Stars", reflect his interest in the affairs of his ancestral homeland. (Others include "The Informer", "The Quiet Man" and "The Rising of the Moon"; he was originally slated to direct "Young Cassidy" but had to withdraw owing to illness about three weeks into filming, and was replaced by Jack Cardiff, who was credited as director).

"The Plough and the Stars" is based on the play of the same name by Seán O'Casey. It is set against the background of the Easter Rising of 1916 when Irish Nationalists staged a rebellion against British rule in Ireland. (The title is derived from the "Starry Plough flag", a banner used by the nationalist movement). The central characters are Jack and Nora Clitheroe, a married couple who run a boarding house in Dublin. Jack is secretly a member of a nationalist militia, the Irish Citizen Army, and obeys their call when the Rising breaks out. Nora, however, is horrified; she loves Jack, and cannot bear the idea that he might be killed, even if he is fighting for a cause that he believes in. (She herself has always tried to keep aloof from politics).

Some reviewers on this board have been highly critical of Nora for not standing by her man and not standing by her country, but I feel that such reviewers miss the point of what O'Casey was trying to do. Although he was himself a supporter of the nationalist cause and had been a member of the ICA, he was not trying to write a narrowly partisan, propagandist play. He was well aware of the complexities of the political situation and of the fact that not everybody in the Ireland of 1916 had supported the Rising. In that year many Irishmen were in the British Army fighting in the First World War against Germany. (All of them volunteers- conscription was never applied in Ireland, unlike mainland Britain). Many of these men were Irish Unionists who supported the Union with Britain, but many were nationalists who nevertheless believed in the justice of the Allied cause and who believed that the best way to achieve Home Rule was to work with the British rather than against them. There were also many like Nora who held no strong political views but who recoiled from violence and from the possibility that their loved ones might die in a pointless uprising. O'Casey realised that any play about the Rising, if it were to be honest, needed to take account of all these viewpoints.

Ford wanted to make the film with the Irish cast who had appeared in the original production of the play at the Abbey Theatre, Dublin. The studio RKO, however, insisted on using established American stars for the two leading roles in order to boost the film's box-office appeal, so Barbara Stanwyck and Preston Foster were cast as Nora and Jack. RKO also wanted to make changes to the plot in order to tone down O'Casey's left-wing views. (These views had made the play controversial in Ireland itself; when it was first performed in 1926 it led to a riot when conservative, middle-class nationalists in the audience took offence). His clashes with the studio led to Ford walking away and disowning the project, complaining that the studio had ruined the whole thing. The film was completed by another director, although Ford retained the directing credit. (There was no Alan Smithee pseudonym available in 1936).

Stanwyck's performance has been criticised, but although her Irish accent leaves much to be desired, she puts her lines across clearly and conveys the pathos of Nora's position. I didn't care much for Foster, however; his accent is no better and he often seems difficult to understand. The rest of the cast are something of a mixed bag, and I couldn't see the point of Barry Fitzgerald's Fluther Good, a drunken stage Irishman, unless it was to provide some sort of comic relief. It is a long time since I last saw O'Casey's play, but I remember it as a powerful piece of drama. We cannot know what Ford's film would have been like had the studio given him a free hand, but I suspect it would have been better than the film we actually have. 5/10.