Douglas MacArthur
Jeneral Angkatan Darat Douglas MacArthur (26 Januari 1880 – 5 April 1964) ialah seorang jeneral lima bintang Amerika dan Fil Marsyal Tentera Darat Filipina yang telah menjadi Ketua Turus Tentera Darat Amerika Syarikat semasa era 1930an dan memainkan peranan penting dalam Kancah Pasifik sewaktu Perang Dunia II. Beliau menerima Medal of Honor bagi khidmat baktinya dalam Kempen Filipina, yang mana menjadikan beliau dan bapanya Arthur MacArthur, Jr. sebagai anak beranak pertama yang dianugerahkan pingat tersebut. Beliau merupakan salah seorang dari hanya lima pegawai kanan yang naik ke pangkat Jeneral Angkatan Darat dalam Tentera Darat A.S. dan satu-satunya orang yang menjadi Fil Marsyal dalam Tentera Filipina.
Dibesarkan dalam keluarga tentera semasa zaman koboi Amerika, MacArthur adalah valedictorian di Akademi Tentera Texas Barat dan Kapten Kadet dalam Akademi Tentera Amerika Syarikat di West Point, di mana beliau lulus tempat pertama bagi kelas 1903. Semasa Amerika Syarikat menduduki Veracruz pada tahun 1914, beliau menjalankan satu misi peninjauan ketenteraan, yang mana beliau telah dicalonkan untuk pingat Medal of Honor. Pada tahun 1917, beliau telah dinaikkan pangkat dari Mejar ke Kolonel dan menjadi Ketua Staf Divisyen Ke-42 (Rainbow). Dalam pertempuran di Barisan Barat semasa Perang Dunia I, beliau dinaikkan pangkat Brigedier Jeneral, sekali lagi telah dicalonkan untuk Medal of Honor, dan telah dianugerahkan Distinguished Service Cross sebanyak dua kali dan Silver Star sebanyak tujuh kali.
Dari tahun 1919 hingga 1922, MacArthur bertugas sebagai Superintenden Akademi Tentera Amerika Syarikat di West Point, di mana beliau cuba membuat beberapa siri pembaharuan. Tugasan seterusnya adalah di Filipina, di mana pada tahun 1924 beliau memainkan peranan penting dalam mematahkan Pemberontakan Pengakap Filipina. Pada tahun 1925, beliau menjadi Mejar Jeneral termuda dalam Tentera Darat. Beliau bertugas di mahkamah tentera yang membicarakan Brigedier Jeneral Billy Mitchell dan menjadi Presiden Jawatankuasa Olimpik Amerika semasa Sukan Olimpik Musim Panas 1928 di Amsterdam. Pada tahun 1930, beliau menjadi Ketua Turus Tentera Darat Amerika Syarikat. Dengan itu, beliau terlibat dalam pengusiran penunjuk perasaanTentera Bonus dari Washington, DC pada tahun 1932, dan penubuhan serta penyusunan Kor Pemuliharaan Awam. Beliau bersara dari Tentera Darat Amerika Syarikat pada tahun 1937 untuk menjadi Penasihat Ketenteraan kepada Kerajaan Komanwel Filipina.
MacArthur dipanggil semula untuk aktif bertugas pada tahun 1941 sebagai Panglima Angkatan Tentera Darat Amerika Syarikat di Timur Jauh. Beberapa siri bencana berlaku, bermula dengan kemusnahan tentera udara beliau pada 8 Disember 1941, dan pencerobohan Filipina oleh Jepun. Tentera MacArthur kemudian dipaksa berundur ke Bataan, di mana mereka bertahan sehingga Mei 1942. Pada bulan Mac 1942, MacArthur, keluarga dan kakitangannya meninggalkan Pulau Corregidor dengan Bot peronda dan melarikan diri ke Australia, di mana MacArthur menjadi Pemerintah Bersekutu Tertinggi Kawasan Pasifik Barat Daya. Bagi khidmatnya mempertahankan Filipina, MacArthur telah dianugerahi pingat Medal of Honor. Setelah lebih dua tahun berjuang di Pasifik, beliau mengotakan janji untuk kembali ke Filipina. Beliau secara rasmi menerima penyerahan kalah Jepun pada 2 September 1945, dan menyelia pendudukan Jepun sebagai Pemerintah Tertinggi Kuasa Bersekutu dari tahun 1945 hingga 1951. Sebagai pemerintah Jepun yang efektif, beliau menyelia perubahan pantas ekonomi, politik dan sosial. Beliau mengetuai Markas Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu didalam Perang Korea sehinggalah dipecat oleh Presiden Harry S. Truman pada 11 April 1951. Beliau kemudiannya menjadi Pengerusi Lembaga Remington Rand.
General of the Army MacArthur ialah tokoh tentera Amerika Syarikat yang paling menonjol di Medan Pasifik semasa Perang Dunia II, MacArthur terselamat semasa serangan Jepun terhadap Filipina pada tahun 1941, berjanji “Saya akan kembali.” Beliau melakukannya pada Januari 1945 apabila Laksamana Chester Nimitz mengarah pasukan Amerika di Tengah Pasifik, MacArthur memimpin kemaraan di Barat Daya Pasifik. Pada akhir perang beliau menerima penyerahan kalah Jepun diatas kapal perang, U.S.S. Missouri.
Tarikh kenaikkan pangkat
[sunting | sunting sumber]Tiada lencana pangkat pada 1903 | Leftenan Kedua, Tentera Darat Amerika Syarikat: 11 Jun 1903 |
Leftenan Pertama, United States Army: April 23, 1904 | |
Kapten, United States Army: February 27, 1911 | |
Mejar, United States Army: December 11, 1915 | |
Kolonel, Tentera Darat Kebangsaan: August 5, 1917 | |
Brigedier Jeneral, National Army: June 26, 1918 | |
Pangkat Brigedier Jeneral menjadi tetap dalam Tentera Darat Biasa: January 20, 1920 | |
Mejar Jeneral, Regular Army: January 17, 1925 | |
Jeneral sementara selaku Ketua Turus Tentera Darat: November 21, 1930 | |
Kembali ke pangkat tetap Mejar Jeneral, Regular Army: October 1, 1935 | |
Bersara pada gred Jeneral on Regular Army rolls: December 31, 1937 | |
Dipanggil semula bertugas sebagai Mejar Jeneral in the Regular Army: July 26, 1941 | |
Leftenan Jeneral dalam Tentera Darat A.S.: July 27, 1941 | |
Jeneral, Army of the United States: December 18, 1941 | |
Jeneral Angkatan Darat, Army of the United States: December 18, 1944 | |
Pangkat Jeneral Angkatan Darat menjadi tetap dalam Regular Army: March 23, 1946 |
Pada tahun 1955, satu rang undang-undang di peringkat awal telah dicadangkan oleh Kongres Amerika Syarikat yang membenarkan Presiden Amerika Syarikat melantik Douglas MacArthur ke pangkat General of the Armies (pada tahun 1945 langkah yang sama juga dicadangkan namun tidak berjaya). Bagaimanapun, disebabkan beberapa kesukaran yang timbul, rang undang-undang tersebut telah ditarik balik.
Darjah, anugerah dan pingat
[sunting | sunting sumber]Dalam kerjaya tenteranya, Jeneral MacArthur telah dianugerahkan banyak pingat daripada Amerika Syarikat dan negara Bersekutu yang lain. Senarai dibawah adalah dari pingat-pingat yang dipakai pada pakaian seragam tentera, dan tidak termasuk pingat peringatan, bintang-bintang tidak rasmi, dan anugerah bukan portable.
Pingat dan bintang
[sunting | sunting sumber]Medal of Honor | |
Distinguished Service Cross berserta dua kelompok daun oak | |
Army Distinguished Service Medal berserta empat kelompok daun oak | |
Navy Distinguished Service Medal |
Silver Star six oak leaf clusters, represented by one silver and one bronze oak leaf cluster | |
Distinguished Flying Cross | |
Bronze Star with "V" device | |
Purple Heart with one oak leaf cluster |
Air Medal | |
Presidential Unit Citation six oak leaf clusters, represented by one silver and one bronze oak leaf cluster | |
Philippine Campaign Medal | |
Mexican Service Medal | |
World War I Victory Medal with five battle clasps (Aisne-Marne, Champagne-Marne, St. Mihiel, Meuse-Argonne and Defensive Sector) | |
Army of Occupation of Germany Medal | |
American Defense Service Medal with “Foreign Service” clasp | |
Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with two silver service stars and arrowhead device | |
World War II Victory Medal | |
Army of Occupation Medal with “Japan” clasp | |
National Defense Service Medal posthumously eligible for bronze service star | |
Korean Service Medal with three bronze service stars and arrowhead device | |
United Nations Service Medal |
- Combat Infantryman Badge (honorary)
- Command Aviator Badge (honorary)
- Army General Staff Identification Badge
- Fourteen Overseas Service Bars
- Expert Rifle Badge
- Expert Pistol Badge
Anugerah asing
[sunting | sunting sumber]Darjah kebesaran
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Knight Grand Cross of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath (Bahagian Tentera)
- Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour
- Belgian Order of the Crown, Grand Cross with Palm
- Belgian Order of the Crown, Commander
- Philippine Legion of Honor, Darjah Ketua Panglima
- Czechoslovakian Military Order of the White Lion, Grand Cross
- Polish Virtuti Militari, V Class
- Polish Order of Polonia Restituta, Grand Cordon
- Grand Cross Netherlands Order of Orange-Nassau with Swords
- Yugoslavian Order of the White Eagle, Grand Cordon
- Japanese Order of the Rising Sun with Paulownia Flowers
- Korean Taegeuk Cordon of the Order of Military Merit
- Knight Grand Cross of Military Order of Italy
- Order of the Crown of Italy
- Grand Cross of the Order of Merit "Carlos Manuel de Céspedes"
- Ecuadorian Star of Abdon Calderon, First Class
- Chinese Special Grand Cordon Order of Pao Ting (Precious Tripod)
Pingat dan bintang
[sunting | sunting sumber]- United Nations Service Medal for Korea
- Pacific Star (United Kingdom)
- French Croix de Guerre with Palm and Gilt star
- French Medaille Militaire
- Belgian Croix de Guerre with Palm
- Philippine Medal of Valor
- Philippine Distinguished Conduct Star
- Philippine Defense Medal with one bronze campaign star
- Philippine Liberation Medal with two bronze campaign stars
- Philippine Independence Medal
- Philippine Presidential Unit Citation
- Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation
- Republic of Korea War Service Medal (posthumous)
- Italian War Merit Cross
- Greek War Cross
- Guatemalan Cross of Military Merit, First Class
- Hungarian Grand Cross of the Order of Merit (Military Division)
- Order of Mexican Military Merit
- Grand Cross Order of Romanian Military Merit
Bibliografi
[sunting | sunting sumber]- MacArthur, Douglas (1942). Waldrop, Frank C (penyunting). MacArthur on War. New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce. OCLC 1163286.
- MacArthur, Douglas (1952). Revitalizing a Nation; a Statement of Beliefs, Opinions, and Policies Embodied in the Public Pronouncements of Douglas MacArthur. Chicago: Heritage Foundation. OCLC 456989. Unknown parameter
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ignored (bantuan) - MacArthur, Douglas (1964). Reminiscences. New York: McGraw-Hill. OCLC 562005. Unknown parameter
|authormask=
ignored (bantuan) - MacArthur, Douglas (1965). Whan Jr, Vorin E (penyunting). A Soldier Speaks; Public Papers and Speeches of General of the Army, Douglas MacArthur. New York: Praeger. OCLC 456849. Unknown parameter
|authormask=
ignored (bantuan) - MacArthur, Douglas (1965). Courage was the Rule: General Douglas MacArthur's Own Story (Juvenile audience) (ed. Abridged). New York: McGraw-Hill. OCLC 1307481. Unknown parameter
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ignored (bantuan) - MacArthur, Douglas (1965). Duty, Honor, Country; a Pictorial Autobiography (ed. 1st). New York: McGraw-Hill. OCLC 1342695. Unknown parameter
|authormask=
ignored (bantuan) - MacArthur, Douglas (1966). Willoughby, Charles A (penyunting). Reports of General MacArthur (4 Volumes). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. OCLC 407539. Unknown parameter
|authormask=
ignored (bantuan)
Rujukan
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Anders, Roger M. (Januari 1988). "The Atomic Bomb and the Korean War: Gordon Dean and the Issue of Civilian Control". Military Affairs. Lexington, Virginia: Society for Military History. 52 (1): pp. 1–6. doi:10.2307/1988372. JSTOR 1988372.
|pages=
has extra text (bantuan)CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) - Casey, Hugh J., penyunting (1959). Volume IV: Amphibian Engineer Operations. Engineers of the Southwest Pacific 1941–1945. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. OCLC 220327009.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Casey, Steven (2008). Selling the Korean War: Propaganda, Politics and Public Opinion. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-971917-4. OCLC 227005561.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Connaughton, Richard; Pimlott, David; Anderson, Duncan (1995). The Battle for Manila. London: Bloomsbury. ISBN 0-7475-3709-7. OCLC 260177075.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Costello, John (1981). The Pacific War. New York: Rawson, Wade. ISBN 0-89256-206-4. OCLC 7554100.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Craven, Wesley Frank; Cate, James Lea, penyunting (1948). Vol. I, Plans and Early Operations. The Army Air Forces in World War II. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. OCLC 9828710. Dicapai pada 30 Mac 2006.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Danner, Stephen A. (1993). The Truman-MacArthur Tug of War – A Lingering Aftermath. Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama: Air War College. OCLC 50988290. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 27 Mac 2012. Dicapai pada 16 Mei 2011.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Dexter, David (1961). The New Guinea Offensives. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. OCLC 2028994. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 12 Mei 2009. Dicapai pada 21 November 2009.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Dingman, Roger (Winter 1988–1989). "Atomic Diplomacy during the Korean War". International Security. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. 13 (3): pp. 50–91. doi:10.2307/2538736. JSTOR 2538736.
|pages=
has extra text (bantuan) - Dower, John (1999). Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-32027-5. OCLC 39143090.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Drea, Edward J (1992). MacArthur's ULTRA: Codebreaking and the War Against Japan, 1942–1945. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 0-7006-0504-5. OCLC 23651196.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Drea, Edward; Bradsher, Greg; Hanyok, Robert; Lide, James; Petersen, Michael; Yang, Daqing (2006). Researching Japanese War Crimes Records. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration. ISBN 1-880875-28-4. OCLC 71126844.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Farwell, Byron (1999). Over There: The United States in the Great War, 1917–1918. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-04698-2. OCLC 39478133.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Ferrell, Robert H. (2008). The Question of MacArthur's Reputation: Côte-de-Châttillon October 14–16, 1918. Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press. ISBN 978-0-8262-1830-8. OCLC 227919803.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Frank, Richard B. (2007). MacArthur. Great Generals Series. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-4039-7658-1. OCLC 126872347.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Gailey, Harry A. (2004). MacArthur's Victory: The War in New Guinea, 1943–1944. New York: Presidio Press. ISBN 0-345-46386-2. OCLC 54966430.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Gold, Hal (1996). Unit 731 Testimony. Boston: Tuttle. ISBN 0-8048-3565-9. OCLC 57440210.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Halberstam, David (2007). The Coldest Winter: America and the Korean War. New York: Hyperion. ISBN 1-4013-0052-9. OCLC 137324872.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Hayes, Grace P. (1982). The History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in World War II: The War Against Japan. Annapolis: United States Naval Institute. ISBN 0-87021-269-9. OCLC 7795125.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Hetherington, John (1973). Blamey, Controversial Soldier: a Biography of Field Marshal Sir Thomas Blamey. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. ISBN 0-9592043-0-X. OCLC 2025093.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Imparato, E. T. (2000). General MacArthur: Speeches and Reports 1908–1964. Paducah, Kentucky: Turner Pub. ISBN 1-56311-589-1. OCLC 45603650.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- James, D. Clayton (1970). Volume 1, 1880–1941. The Years of MacArthur. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-10948-5. OCLC 60070186.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- James, D. Clayton (1975). Volume 2, 1941–1945. The Years of MacArthur. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-20446-1. OCLC 12591897. Unknown parameter
|authormask=
ignored (bantuan)CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) - James, D. Clayton (1985). Volume 3, Triumph and Disaster 1945–1964. The Years of MacArthur. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-36004-8. OCLC 36211311. Unknown parameter
|authormask=
ignored (bantuan)CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) - Kenney, George C. (1949). General Kenney Reports: A Personal History of the Pacific War. New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce. ISBN 0-912799-44-7. OCLC 16466573. Dicapai pada 20 Februari 2009.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Leary, William M., penyunting (2001). MacArthur and the American Century: A Reader. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-2930-5. OCLC 44420468.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Long, Gavin Merrick (1969). MacArthur as Military Commander. London: Batsford. ISBN 978-0-938289-14-2. OCLC 464094918.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Lowe, Peter (Julai 1990). "An Ally and a Recalcitrant General: Great Britain, Douglas MacArthur and the Korean War, 1950–1". The English Historical Review. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 105 (416): pp. 624–653. JSTOR 570755.
|pages=
has extra text (bantuan)CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) - Lucas, John A. (27 May 2012). "USOC President Douglas MacArthur and His Olympic Moment, 1927–1928" (PDF). Olympika: the International Journal of Olympic Studies. III: pp. 111–115.
|pages=
has extra text (bantuan); Check date values in:|year=
/|date=
tidak padan (bantuan)CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) - Luvaas, Jay (1972). Dear Miss Em: General Eichelberger's war in the Pacific, 1942–1945. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-8371-6278-5. OCLC 415330.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- MacArthur, Douglas (1964). Reminiscences of General of the Army Douglas MacArthur. Annapolis: Bluejacket Books. ISBN 1-55750-483-0. OCLC 220661276.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Manchester, William (1978). American Caesar: Douglas MacArthur 1880–1964. Boston: Little, Brown. ISBN 0-440-30424-5. OCLC 3844481.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- McCarthy, Dudley (1959). South-West Pacific Area—First Year: Kokoda to Wau. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. OCLC 6152102. Dicapai pada 13 Mac 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Meilinger, Phillip S. (1989). Hoyt S. Vandenberg, the Life of a General. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-32862-4. OCLC 18164655.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Milner, Samuel (1957). Victory in Papua. United States Army in World War II. Washington, D.C.: United States Department of the Army. ISBN 1-4102-0386-7. OCLC 1260772. Dicapai pada 13 Mac 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Morison, Samuel Eliot (1950). Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier: 22 July 1942–1 May 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 0-7858-1307-1. OCLC 10310299.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Morton, Louis (1953). The Fall of the Philippines (PDF). United States Army in World War II. Washington, D.C.: United States Department of the Army. ISBN 1-4102-1696-9. OCLC 29293689. Dicapai pada 17 Oktober 2011.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Mossman, B.; Stark, M. W. (1991). The Last Salute: Civil and Military Funeral, 1921–1969,. Washington, D.C.: United States Department of the Army. Dicapai pada 11 Mac 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Pearlman, Michael D. (2008). Truman & MacArthur: Policy, Politics, and the Hunger for Honor and Renown. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-35066-2. OCLC 159919446.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Perret, Geoffrey (1996). Old Soldiers Never Die: The Life of Douglas MacArthur. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-679-42882-8. OCLC 32396366.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Petillo, Carol M. (Februari 1979). Douglas MacArthur and Manuel Quezon: A Note on an Imperial Bond. Pacific Historical Review. Volume 48. University of California Press. m/s. 107–117. JSTOR 3638940.
|volume=
has extra text (bantuan)CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) - Petillo, Carol M. (1981). MacArthur: The Philippine Years. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-11248-6. OCLC 7815453. Unknown parameter
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ignored (bantuan)CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) - Pettinger, Matthew R. (2003). Held to a Higher Standard: The Downfall of Admiral Kimmel. Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: US Army Command and General Staff College. OCLC 465214958. Dicapai pada 22 Mei 2011.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Rhoades, Weldon E. (1987). Flying MacArthur to Victory. College Station, Texas: Texas A & M University Press. ISBN 0-585-17430-X. OCLC 44965807.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Rogers, Paul P. (1990). The Good Years: MacArthur and Sutherland. New York: Praeger Publishers. ISBN 0-275-92918-3. OCLC 20452987.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Rogers, Paul P. (1991). The Bitter Years: MacArthur and Sutherland. New York: Praeger Publishers. ISBN 0-275-92919-1. OCLC 21523648. Unknown parameter
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ignored (bantuan)CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) - Schaller, Michael (1985). The American Occupation of Japan: The Origins of the Cold War in Asia. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-503626-3. OCLC 11971554.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Schnabel, James F (1972). Policy and Direction: the First Year. United States Army in the Korean War. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office. OCLC 595249. Dicapai pada 17 Mei 2011.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Senate Committees on Armed Services and Foreign Relations, Hearings, 82d Congress, 1st session (1951). Military Situation in the Far East. Washington, D.C.: US Government Printing Office. OCLC 4956423. Dicapai pada 11 September 2011.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Stanton, Shelby L. (1989). America's Tenth Legion. Novato, California: Presidio. ISBN 0-89141-258-1. OCLC 19921899.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Taaffe, Stephen (1998). MacArthur's Jungle War: The 1944 New Guinea Campaign. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 0-7006-0870-2. OCLC 37107216.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Thompson, James (2006). Complete Guide to United States Marine Corps Medals, Badges and Insignia : World War II to Present. Fountain Inn, South Carolina: MOA Press. ISBN 1-884452-43-4. OCLC 131299310.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Torricelli, Robert G.; Carroll, Andrew; Goodwin, Doris Kearns (2008). In Our Own Words Extraordinary Speeches of the American Century. Washington Square Press. ISBN 978-0-7434-1052-6. OCLC 45144217.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Valley, David J. (2000). Gaijin Shogun: General Douglas MacArthur, Stepfather of Postwar Japan. Sektor Company. ISBN 0-9678175-2-8. OCLC 45586737.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
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- Willoughby, Charles A., penyunting (1966). Japanese Operations in the Southwest Pacific Area Volume II – Part I. Reports of General MacArthur. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. OCLC 482111659. CMH Pub 13-1. Dicapai pada 10 Februari 2009.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Bacaan lanjut
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Barbey, Daniel E. (1969). MacArthur's Amphibious Navy: Seventh Amphibious Force Operations, 1943–1945. Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute. OCLC 52066.
- Bartsch, William H. (2003). 8 December 1941: MacArthur's Pearl Harbor. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 1-58544-246-1. OCLC 50920708.
- Bix, Herbert P. (2000). Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-019314-X. OCLC 43031388.
- Duffy, Bernard K; Carpenter, Ronald H. (1997). Douglas MacArthur: Warrior as Wordsmith. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-29148-9. OCLC 34117548.
- Leary, William M., penyunting (1988). We Shall Return!: MacArthur's Commanders and the Defeat of Japan, 1942–1945. Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-9105-8. OCLC 17483104.
- Lowitt, Richard (1967). The Truman-MacArthur Controversy. Chicago: Rand McNally. ISBN 978-0-528-66344-4. OCLC 712199.
- Lutz, David W. (Januari 2000). "The Exercise of Military Judgment: A Philosophical Investigation of The Virtues And Vices of General Douglas MacArthur". Journal of Power and Ethics (1).
- Masuda, Hiroshi (2012). MacArthur in Asia: The General and His Staff in the Philippines, Japan, and Korea. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-4939-0. OCLC 780415694.
- Rasor, Eugene L. (1994). General Douglas MacArthur, 1880–1964: Historiography and Annotated Bibliography. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-28873-9. OCLC 29428597.
- Schaller, Michael (1964). Douglas MacArthur: The Far Eastern General. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-7351-0354-2. OCLC 18325485.
- Schonberger, Howard B. (1989). Aftermath of War: Americans and the Remaking of Japan, 1945–1952. American Diplomatic History. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press. ISBN 978-0-87338-382-0. OCLC 18557205.
- Sodei, Rinjirō (1964). Dear General MacArthur: Letters from the Japanese During the American Occupation. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 0-7425-1115-4. OCLC 47177004.
- Wainstock, Dennis D. (1999). Truman, MacArthur, and the Korean War. Contributions in Military Studies. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-30837-6. OCLC 261176470.
- Weintraub, Stanley (2000). MacArthur's War: Korea and the Undoing of an American Hero. New York: Free Press. ISBN 0-684-83419-7. OCLC 41548333.
- Wolfe, Robert (1984). Americans as Proconsuls: United States Military Government in Germany and Japan, 1944–1952. Carbondale, Illinois: Southern Illinois University Press. ISBN 978-0-8093-1115-6. OCLC 9465314.
Pautan luar
[sunting | sunting sumber]Wikipetik mempunyai koleksi petikan mengenai: Douglas MacArthur |
- Templat:Hall of Valor
- "The MacArthur Memorial".
- "The MacArthur Museum of Arkansas Military History". City of Little Rock.
- "Obituary: Commander of Armies That Turned Back Japan Led a Brigade in World War I". New York Times. 6 April 1964.
- "MacArthur". PBS.
- Filem pendek Big Picture: The Douglas MacArthur Story ini boleh didapati untuk muat turun percuma di Internet Archive.
- Truman Fires MacArthur, Aftermath: Original Letters Diarkibkan 2014-05-12 di Wayback Machine
Pegawai tentera | ||
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Didahului oleh Samuel Escue Tillman |
Superintenden Akademi Tentera Amerika Syarikat 1919–22 |
Diikuti oleh: Fred Winchester Sladen |
Didahului oleh Charles P. Summerall |
Ketua Turus Tentera Darat Amerika Syarikat 1930–35 |
Diikuti oleh: Malin Craig |
Didahului oleh — |
Pemerintah Tertinggi Kuasa Bersekutu (SCAP), Jepun 1945–51 |
Diikuti oleh: Matthew Ridgway |
Anugerah | ||
Didahului oleh Dwight D. Eisenhower |
Penerima Anugerah Sylvanus Thayer 1962 |
Diikuti oleh: John J. McCloy |
Gelaran Kehormat | ||
Didahului oleh John F. Kennedy |
Jasad yang pernah diberi penghormatan terakhir didalam Kapitol Amerika Syarikat 8 April 1964 – 9 April 1964 |
Diikuti oleh: Herbert Hoover |