PERDEV REVIEWER
STEM 11-14
CHAPTER 1:
Influences of Human Development
Heredity – (Genes)
Environment
Maturation
Personality – unique trait from others
Personal – private matter of oneself
Development – changes & enhancement
Carl Rogers (1961)
- Humanistic Approach
Natural for human beings to develop toward maturity & fullness
Zorka Hereford (2007)
It is a journey of self-discovery, self-improvement & self-reality
PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT
Process in which persons reflect upon themselves, understand who they are,
accept what they discover about themselves, and learn (or unlearn) new sets
of values, attitudes, behavior, and thinking skills to reach their fullest
potential as human beings.
ORIGIN
Figures on cave
Philosophers think about self & human beings
Attempts to think individual development with social responsibility
Become the “superior man” (Great Chinese)
Religion
PSYCHOLOGY & PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT
- School of thoughts
Humanistic Approach
Carl Rogers – client-centered approach
Abraham Maslow – five stages of human development (Hierarchy of Needs)
Positive Psychology
Martin Seligman- human nature has it’s good and positive strengths, as well as
its inadequacies and weaknesses
PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT IN ADOLESCENCE
1. Stages of Adolescence
Early adolescence – (10-13 y/o)
Middle adolescence – (14-16 y/o)
Late adolescence – (17-20 y/o)
2. Puberty
- Biological changes
Cognitive – (thinking & reasoning)
Affective – (feelings & emotions)
3. Spirituality & Religion
CHAPTER 2:
Knowing oneself
- Johari’s Window Facade
DEFINING SELF
Socrates
- Most important thing to pursue was self-knowledge & admitting one’s ignorance is the
beginning of true knowledge.
Plato
- Beginning of knowledge is self-knowledge.
o Philosophical
- It is being, which is the source of a person’s consciousness
o Psychological
- Essence of a person: his thoughts, feelings & action, experiences, beliefs, values,
principle & relationships.
o Cognitive & Affective representation of one’s identity
- Human characteristics such as: behavior & thought
o Personality
- Set of behaviors, feelings & thoughts, motives that identifies an individual.
Physical
Psychological
Cognitive
Affective
Spiritual (values)
Gordon Allport
- Personality: pattern of habits, attitudes & traits that determine in individual’s
characteristics, behavior & traits.
PERSONALITY
Influenced by:
- Nature (heredity)
- Nurture (environment)
Always a complex combination of:
- Genes
- Environmental Exposure & Experiences
- Cultural backgrounds
Deals with TRAITS:
- Distinguishing quality/makes person different from another
TRAIT THEORY (Costa & McRae)
- Approach in identifying types of personalities based on certain traits or attributes,
which vary from one person to other.
5 Dimensions of Personality
Personality Trait
- Disposition to behave consistently in a particular way
Measuring Personality
- Observation
- Tests (Rorschach Inkblot
Test, Myers-Briggs Type
Indicator (MBTI), Kiersey
Temperamental Sorter)
(MBTI) – Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
CHAPTER 3:
Developing the Whole Person
HOLISTIC DEVELOPMENT
Dualism
- Mind & body (Rene Descartes)
- Duality/understanding the nature of things in a single, dual mode (extremes)
Eg. Good-bad
Life-death
ASPECTS OF A WHOLE PERSON
Physiological
- physical attributes (including five senses)
Cognitive
- intellectual functions (thinking, recognizing, reasoning, analyzing, projecting,
synthesizing, recalling, and assessing)
Psychological
- how thinking, feeling and behaving interact and happen in a person
Social
- manner a person interacts with other individual or groups of individual
Spiritual
- attribute of a person’s consciousness and beliefs – values and virtues
BASIC DRIVES AND EFFECT
Drives
- biologically related (hunger and thirst)
Affect
- various emotions, moods, and affective traits
Emotions
- Usually caused by physical sensations experienced by the body as a reaction to a
certain external stimuli
- Blood flow, brain activity, body expressions and body stance
William James – fear, grief, love, and rage
Paul Ekman – anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise
Richard and Bernice Lazarus – aesthetic experience, anger, anxiety,
compassion, depression, envy, fright, gratitude, guilt, happiness, hope,
jealousy, love, pride, relief, sadness, and shame.
Researchers at University of California, Berkeley –admiration, adoration,
aesthetic appreciation, amusement, anger, anxiety, awe, awkwardness,
boredom, calmness, confusion, contempt, craving, disgust, empathic pain,
entrancement, excitement, fear, horror, interest, joy, nostalgia, relief, romance,
sadness, satisfaction, sexual desire and surprise.
Feelings
- Result of the emotions that we experience
- Mental associations and reactions to an emotion that are personal and acquired
through experience
EMOTIONS FEELINGS
- Event-driven - Learned behaviors
- Happiness – usually induced
-Joy – involves little cognitive awareness ;
by and dependent on outside
-longer lasting; something we experience conditions
more deeply
Attitudes
- a person’s thoughts, feelings, and emotions about another person, object, idea,
behavior or situation; result of a person’s evaluation of an experience with
another person, object, idea, behavior or situation based on his or her values and
belief system
Behavior
- outward manifestation or acting out of the attitudes as individual has.
Key Differences Between Attitude and Behavior
The difference between attitude and behavior can be drawn clearly on the following grounds:
1. Attitude is defined as a person’s mental tendency, which is responsible for the way he thinks or
feels for someone or something. Behavior implies the actions, moves, conduct or functions or an
individual or group towards other persons.
2. A person’s attitude is mainly based on the experiences gained by him during the course of his life
and observations. On the other hand, the behavior of a person relies on the situation.
3. Attitude is a person’s inner thoughts and feelings. As opposed to, behavior expresses a person’s
attitude.
4. The way of thinking or feeling is reflected by a person’s attitude. On the contrary, a person’s
conduct is reflected by his behavior.
5. Attitude is defined by the way we perceive things whereas behavior is ruled by social norms.
Attitude is a human trait but behavior is an inborn attribute
Values
- system of beliefs that adhere to the highest ideals of human existence. This ideals create
meaning and purpose in a person’s life that often result in personal happiness and self
fulfillment.
Virtues
- descriptions or adjectives that reflect a value.
VALUES VIRTUES
- Describes what is morally
-Really define what you (or the society)
good
find to be important
- Always about morality (moral
-Aren’t necessarily moral
-Internal (within you) excellence)
- External (public persona)
