Airport security 1

Airport security
Airport security refers to the techniques and methods used in
protecting airports and aircraft from crime.

Baggage screening monitoring at Bangkok

Suvarnabhumi Airport

Large numbers of people pass through airports. This presents potential

targets for terrorism and other forms of crime due to the number of
people located in a small area. Similarly, the high concentration of
people on large airliners, the potential high death rate with attacks on
aircraft, and the ability to use a hijacked airplane as a lethal weapon
may provide an alluring target for terrorism.

Airport security attempts to prevent would-be attackers from bringing

weapons or bombs into the airport. If they can succeed in this, then the
chances of these devices getting on to aircraft are greatly reduced. As Baggage is scanned using X-ray machines,
such, airport security serves several purposes: To protect the airport passengers walk through metal detectors at
from attacks and crime and to protect the aircraft from attack, and to Cochin International Airport, India

reassure the travelling public that they are safe.

Monte R. Belger of the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration notes "The goal of aviation security is to prevent harm
to aircraft, passengers, and crew, as well as support national security and counter-terrorism policy."[1]

Airport enforcement authority

While some countries may have an agency that protects all of their airports (such as Australia, where the Australian
Federal Police is responsible for security at major airports[2] ), in other countries like the United States, the protection
is controlled at the state or local level. The primary personnel will vary and can include:
• A police force hired and dedicated to the airport
• A branch (substation) of the local police department stationed at the airport
• Members of the local police department assigned to the airport as their normal patrol area
• Members of a country's military
• Members of a country's airport protection service
• Police dog services for explosive detection, drug detection and other purposes
Other resources may include:
• Security guards
• Paramilitary forces
• Military forces
Airport security 2

Process and equipment

Some incidents have been the result of travelers being permitted to carry either weapons or items that could be used
as weapons on board aircraft so that they could hijack the plane. Travelers are screened by metal detectors.
Explosive detection machines used include X-ray machines and explosives trace-detection portal machines (a.k.a.
"puffer machines"). Explosive detection machines can also be used for both carry on and checked baggage. These
detect volatile compounds given off from explosives using gas chromatography.[3] A recent development is the
controversial use of Full body scanners to detect hidden weapons and explosives on passengers. These devices,
which use Compton scattering, require that the passenger stand close to a flat panel and produce a high resolution
image.[4] There are misunderstandings about how x-ray backscatter personnel scanners function, but they do use
ionizing radiation and the x-rays emitted from them penetrate skin as well as clothing. While the risk of cancer from
a single backscatter check is probably low, the cumulative risk of repeated exposure to radiation is a threat to public
health, especially for people working in the airline industry and frequent travellers.[5] A technology released in Israel
in early 2008 allows passengers to pass through metal detectors without removing their shoes, a process required as
walk-though gate detectors are not reliable in detecting metal in shoes or on the lower body extremities. Alternately,
the passengers step fully shod onto a device which scans in under 1.2 seconds for objects as small as a razor blade.[6]
Generally people are screened through airport security into areas where the exit gates to the aircraft are located.
These areas are often called "secure", "sterile" and airside. Passengers are discharged from airliners into the sterile
area so that they usually will not have to be re-screened if disembarking from a domestic flight; however they are
still subject to search at any time. Airport food outlets have started using plastic glasses and utensils as opposed to
glasses made out of glass and utensils made out of metal to reduce the usefulness of such items as weapons.
In the United States non-passengers were once allowed on the concourses to meet arriving friends or relatives at their
gates, but this is greatly restricted now in the United States. Non-passengers must obtain a gate pass to enter the
secure area of the airport. The most common reasons that a non-passenger may obtain a gate pass is to assist children
and the elderly as well as for attending business meetings that take place in the secure area of the airport. In the
United States, at least 24 hours notice is generally required for those planning to attend a business meeting inside the
secure area of the airport. Other countries, such as Australia do not yet restrict non-travellers from accessing the
airside area, however non-travellers are typically subject to the same security scans as travellers.[7]
Sensitive areas in airports, including airport ramps and operational spaces, are restricted from the general public.
Called a SIDA (Security Identification Display Area), these spaces require special qualifications to enter.
In some countries, specially trained individuals may engage passengers in a conversation to detect threats rather than
solely relying on equipment to find threats. In the United States the TSA has run several dummy tests in several
major airports to measure the success of catching people with bombs. In 2002, the TSA reported that roughly 60% of
fake bombs or component parts to bombs were missed by covert screeners. In 2007, that percentage rose to 75%,
although this increase alone is misleading.[8] The tests are done by using undercover agents to carry fake bombs/parts
in their carry on luggage and counting how many are successful with getting through security checkpoints. The TSA
runs covert tests every day and when a screener misses an undercover agent carrying dangerous items, they are
immediately sent to remedial training.
Throughout the world, there have been a few dozen airports that have instituted a version of a "trusted traveler
program". Proponents argue that security screening can be made more efficient by detecting the people that are
threats, and then searching them. They argue that searching trusted, verified individuals should not take the amount
of time it does. Critics argue that such programs decrease security by providing an easier path to carry contraband
through.[9] [10]
Another critical security measure utilised by several regional and international airports is the use of fiber optic
perimeter intrusion detection systems. These security systems allow airport security to locate and detect any
intrusion on the airport perimeter, ensuring real-time, immediate intrusion notification that allows security personnel
to assess the threat and track movement and engage necceassary security procedures. This has notably been utilised
Airport security 3

at Dulles International Airport[11] [12] and U.S. Military JFPASS.[13]

Notable incidents
The world's first terrorist attack intending to indiscriminately kill civilians while in flight was Cubana Flight 455. It
was a Cubana flight from Barbados to Jamaica that was brought down by a terrorist attack on October 6, 1976,
killing 73 people. Evidence implicated several Central Intelligence Agency-linked anti-Castro Cuban exiles and
members of the Venezuelan secret police DISIP, including Luis Posada Carriles.
The single deadliest airline catastrophe resulting from the failure of airport security to detect an on board bomb was
Air India Flight 182 in 1985, which killed 329 people.
Another notable failure was the 1994 bombing of Philippine Airlines Flight 434, which turned out to be a test run for
a planned terrorist attack called Operation Bojinka. The explosion was small, killing one person, and the plane made
an emergency landing. Operation Bojinka was discovered and foiled by Manila police in 1995.
On May 30, 1972 three members of the Japanese Red Army undertook a terrorist attack, popularly called the Lod
Airport massacre, at the Lod Airport, now known as the Ben Gurion International Airport, in Tel Aviv. Firing
indiscriminately with automatic firearms and throwing grenades, they managed to kill 24 people and injure 78 others
before being neutralized (one of them through suicide). One of the three terrorists, Kozo Okamoto, survived the
incident.
The Rome and Vienna airport attacks in December 1985 were two more instances of airport security failures. The
attacks left 20 people dead when gunmen threw grenades and opened fire on travelers at El Al airline ticket counters.
On July 5, 2002, a gunman opened fire at Los Angeles International Airport (Israel's El Al Ticket Counter). The
shooter killed two people and injured four.
On August 10, 2006, security at airports in the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States was raised
significantly due to the uncovering by British authorities of a terror plot aimed at detonating liquid explosives on
flights originating from these countries. This is also notable as it was the first time the U.S. Terror Alert Level ever
reached "red". The incident also led to tighter restrictions on carrying liquids and gels in hand luggage in the EU,
Canada, and the United States.[14]

Airport security by country

Canada
All restrictions involving airport security are determined by Transport Canada and are enforced by the Canadian Air
Transport Security Authority (CATSA). Since the September 11, 2001 attacks, as well as the Air India bombing in
1985 and other incidents, airport security has tightened in Canada in order to prevent any attacks in Canadian
Airspace.
CATSA uses x-ray machines to verify the contents of all carry-ons as well as metal detectors, explosive trace
detection (ETD) equipment and random physical searches of passengers at the pre-board screening points. X-ray
machines, CTX machines, high-resolution x-rays and ETDs are also used to scan checked bags. All checked baggage
is always x-rayed at all major commercial airports.
CATSA also completed the first phase of its Restricted Area Identity Credential (RAIC) program in January 2007.
This program replaces the old Airport Restricted Area Passes issued to airport employees after security checks by the
Canadian Security Intelligence Service, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) and Transport Canada with
new cards (issued after the same checks are conducted) that contain biometric information (fingerprints and iris
scans) belonging to the person issued the RAIC.
The RAIC has yet to be extended to the security perimeter of Canadian airports for vehicles and persons entering
from checkpoints not within airport terminals. As of September 2010 it is being tested at the Vancouver International
Airport security 4

Airport. Vehicles and personal entering near the domestic terminals from the YVR cargo and south side must drive
through the new CATSA security screening booth.
While CATSA is responsible for pre-board passenger and random non-passenger screening, they contract out to
third-party "service providers" such as Aeroguard and Garda to train, manage and employ the screening officers. In
addition, individual airport authorities which were privatized in the 1990s by the Canadian Government are
responsible for general airport security rather than CATSA and normally contract out to private companies and in the
case of large airports, pay for a small contingent of local police officers to remain on site as well.
Safety and security at Canada's airports are provided by local police forces. The RCMP once used to provide this
service at most airports, but remains so for a few today:
• Toronto Pearson International Airport — Peel Regional Police Airport Division
• Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport — Winnipeg Police Service
• Calgary International Airport — Calgary Police Service Airport Unit (1997)
• Edmonton International Airport — RCMP airport detachment
• Vancouver International Airport — RCMP airport detachment
• Halifax Stanfield International Airport — RCMP airport detachment
• Ottawa Macdonald-Cartier International Airport — Ottawa Police Service (1997)
• Montréal-Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport — Airport Unit of the SPVM for police services and
Aéroports de Montréal’s Airport Patrol for property security

European Union
Regulation (EC) No 300/2008[15] of the European Parliament and of the Council establishes common rules in the
European Union to protect civil aviation against acts of unlawful interference. The regulation's provisions apply to
all airports or parts of airports located in an EU country that are not used exclusively for military purposes. The
provisions also apply to all operators, including air carriers, providing services at the aforementioned airports. It also
applies to all entities located inside or outside airport premises providing services to airports.[16]
The standards of regulation 300/2008 are implemented by Commission Regulation (EU) No 185/2010.[17]

France
French security has been stepped up since terrorist attacks in France in 1986. In response France established the
Vigipirate program. The program uses troops to reinforce local security and increases requirements in screenings and
ID checks. Since 1996 security check-points have transferred from the Police Nationale/Gendarmerie de l'Air to
private companies hired by the airport authorities.

Spain
Airport security in Spain is provided by police forces, as well as private security guards. The Policía Nacional
provides general security as well as passport (in international airports) and documentation checking. In Catalonia and
Basque Country, the Mossos d'Esquadra and the Ertzaintza, respectively, have replaced the Policía Nacional except
for documentation functions. The Guardia Civil handles the security and customs checking, often aided by private
security guards. Local police provide security and traffic control outside the airport building.
Safety measures are controlled by the state owned company Aena, and are bound to European Commission
Regulations, as in other European Union countries.
Airport security 5

United Kingdom

The Department for Transport (DFT) is the heart of airport security in

the United Kingdom. In September 2004, with the Home Office, DFT
started an initiative called the "Multi Agency Threat and Risk
Assessment" (MATRA), which was piloted at five of the United
Kingdom's major airports — Heathrow, Birmingham, East Midlands,
Newcastle and Glasgow. Following successful trials, the scheme has
now been rolled out across 44 airports.

Since the September 11 attacks in New York, the United Kingdom has Terminal 2 at Birmingham International Airport,
been assessed as a high risk country due to its support of the United England. The row of concrete security barriers
makes close approach by vehicles difficult.
States both in its invasion of Afghanistan and Iraq.
From January 7, 2008, travelers are no longer limited to a single piece
of carry-on luggage at most of the UK's major airports[18] Currently, hand luggage is not limited by size or weight by
the DFT, although most airlines do impose their own rules.
Passengers are not permitted to take any liquids over 100 ml past security, although liquids in larger containers
purchased in the secure area are allowed on flights. Any liquids under 100 ml must be placed in "a single,
transparent, re-sealable plastic bag (about the size of a small freezer bag), which itself must not exceed 1 litre in
capacity (approximately 20cm x 20cm)".[19]
All bags are screened via X-ray before being put on the plane. All passengers must walk through metal detectors.
Human airport security has also been increased and people are highly likely to be searched. There are also the usual
checks of passports and boarding cards.
The UK is considering controversial new methods of screening passengers to further improve airport security, such
as backscatter X-ray machines that provide a 360-degree view of a person, as well as "see" under clothes, right down
to the skin and bones.

Hong Kong
The Hong Kong International Airport is secured by the Hong Kong
Police Force and Aviation Security Company (AVSECO). Within the
police force, the Airport District is responsible for the safety and
security of the airport region. Airport Security Unit are deployed
around the airport and are armed with H&K MP5 A3 Submachine Gun
and Glock 17 handgun. The security of the restricted area is the
responsibility of the police and AVSECO.

While the airport is under the control of the Airport Authority Hong
Airport Security Unit on patrol in the Hong Kong Kong (AAHK), the security power has been delegated to the AVSECO
International Airport. staffs. All persons and baggages carried by them must be X-Rayed and
checked at the security screening points of the AVSECO (with a few
exceptions at the Tenant Restricted Area).
The Immigration Department will check incomers passport and other identities, while the Customs and Excise
Department will check passengers and crews' luggages to discourage smuggling of drugs and contraband from
entering Hong Kong.
Airport security 6

India
India stepped up its airport security after the 1999 Kandahar hijacking.
The Central Industrial Security Force, a paramilitary organisation is in
charge of airport security under the regulatory frame work of the
Bureau of Civil Aviation Security( Ministry of Civil Aviation
Security). CISF formed an Airport Security Group to protect Indian
airports. Every airport has now been given an APSU (Airport Security
Unit), a trained unit to counter unlawful interference with civil
aviation. Apart from the CISF, every airline has an aviation security CISF personnel conducting pre-boarding checks
force which is a separate department. at jetway of Cochin International Airport, India

Terrorist threats and narcotics are the main threats in Indian airports.
Another problem that some airports face is the proliferation of slums around the airport boundaries in places like
Mumbai. Before boarding, additional searching of hand luggage is likely.

Israel
El Al Airlines is headquartered in Israel. The last hijacking occurred on July 23, 1969,[20] and no plane departing
Ben Gurion Airport, just outside Tel Aviv, has ever been hijacked.[21]
It was in 1972 that terrorists from the Japanese Red Army launched an attack that led to the deaths of at least 24
people at Ben Gurion. Since then, security at the airport relies on a number of fundamentals, including a heavy focus
on what Raphael Ron, former director of security at Ben Gurion, terms the "human factor", which may be
generalized as "the inescapable fact that terrorist attacks are carried out by people who can be found and stopped by
an effective security methodology."[22]
On December 27, 1985, terrorists simultaneously attacked El Al ticket counters at the Rome, Italy and Vienna,
Austria airports using machine guns and hand grenades. Nineteen civilians were killed and many wounded. In
response, Israel developed further methods to stop such massacres and drastically improved security measures
around Israeli airports and even promised to provide plainclothes armed guards at each foreign airport.[23] The last
successful airline-related terrorist attack was in 1986, when a security agent found a suitcase full of explosives
during the initial screening process. While the bag did not make it on board, it did injure 13 after detonating in the
terminal.[23]
As part of its focus on this so-called "human factor," Israeli security officers interrogate travelers using racial
profiling, singling out those who appear to be Arab based on name or physical appearance.[24] Additionally, all
passengers, even those who do not appear to be of Arab descent, are questioned as to why they are traveling to Israel,
followed by several general questions about the trip in order to search for inconsistencies.[20] Although numerous
civil rights groups have demanded an end to the profiling, Israel maintains that it is both effective and unavoidable.
As stated by Ariel Merari, an Israeli terrorism expert, "it would be foolish not to use profiling when everyone knows
that most terrorists come from certain ethnic groups. They are likely to be Muslim and young, and the potential
threat justifies inconveniencing a certain ethnic group."[25]
Passengers leaving Israel are checked against a computerized list. The computers, maintained by the Israeli Ministry
of Interior, are connected to the Israeli police and Interpol in order to catch suspects or others leaving the country
illegally.[26]
Despite such tight security, an incident occurred on November 17, 2002 in which a man apparently slipped through
airport security at Ben Gurion Airport with a pocketknife and attempted to storm the cockpit of El Al Flight 581 en
route from Tel Aviv to Istanbul, Turkey. While no injuries were reported and the attacker was subdued by guards
hidden among the passengers 15 minutes before the plane landed safely in Turkey, authorities did shut down Ben
Gurion for some time after the attack to reassess the security situation and an investigation was opened to determine
Airport security 7

how the man, an Israeli Arab, managed to smuggle the knife past the airport security.[27]
At a conference in May 2008, the United States Department of Homeland Security Secretary Michael Chertoff told
Reuters interviewers that the United States will seek to adopt some of the Israeli security measures at domestic
airports. He left his post in January 2009, a mere 6 months after this statement, which may or may not have been
enough time to implement them.[28]
On a more limited focus, American airports have been turning to the Israeli government and Israeli-run firms to help
upgrade security in the post-9/11 world. Israeli officials toured Los Angeles Airport in November 2008 to
re-evaluate the airport after making security upgrade recommendations in 2006, and Ron's company, New Age
Security Solutions, based in Washington, D.C., consults on aviation security at Boston's Logan International
Airport.[22] [29] Calling Ben Gurion "the world’s safest airport," Antonio Villaraigosa, mayor of Los Angeles, has
implemented the Israeli review in order to bring state-of-the-art technology and other tactical measures to help
secure LAX, considered to be the state’s primary terrorist target and singled out by the Al Qaeda network.[30]
Other U.S. airports to incorporate Israeli tactics and systems include Port of Oakland and the San Diego County
Regional Airport Authority. "The Israelis are legendary for their security, and this is an opportunity to see firsthand
what they do, how they do it and, as importantly, the theory behind it," said Steven Grossman, director of aviation at
the Port of Oakland. He was so impressed with a briefing presented by the Israelis that he suggested a trip to Israel to
the U.S. branch of Airports Council International in order to gain a deeper understanding of the methods employed
by Israeli airport security and law enforcement.[31]

Singapore
Security for the country's two international passenger airports comes
under the purview of the Airport Police Division of the Singapore
Police Force, although resources are concentrated at Singapore Changi
Airport where scheduled passenger traffic dominate. Seletar Airport,
which specializes in handling non-scheduled and training flights, is
seen as posing less of a security issue. Since the September 11, 2001
attacks, and the naming of Changi Airport as a terrorism target by the
Jemaah Islamiyah, the airport's security has been stepped up. Roving
An Aetos auxiliary police officer outside the patrol teams comprising of two soldiers and a police officer armed with
Departure Hall of Terminal 2, Singapore Changi
machine guns patrol the terminals at random. Departing passengers are
Airport
checked at the entrance of the gate rather than after immigration
clearance like Hong Kong International Airport. This security measure
is easily noticed by the presence of X-Ray machines and metal detectors at every gate which is not normally seen at
other airports.

Assisting the state organizations, are the security services provided by the ground handlers, namely that of the
((Certis CISCO)), Singapore Airport Terminal Services's SATS Security Services, and the Aetos Security
Management Private Limited, formed from a merger of the Changi International Airport Services's airport security
unit and that of other companies to become a single island-wide auxiliary police company. These officers duties
include screening luggage and controlling movement into restricted areas.
Since 2005, an upgrade in screening technology and rising security concerns led to all luggage-screening processes
to be conducted behind closed-doors. Plans are also in place to install over 400 cameras to monitor the airport, to
discourage bomb attacks similar to the 2005 Songkhla bombings in Southern Thailand where Hat Yai International
Airport was targeted. Tenders to incorporate such a system were called in late September 2005.[32]
Airport security 8

United States
Prior to the 1970s American airports had minimal security
arrangements to prevent aircraft hijackings. Measures were introduced
starting in the late 1960s after several high-profile hijackings.
Sky marshals were introduced in 1970, but there were insufficient
numbers to protect every flight and hijackings continued to take place.
Consequently in late 1972, the Federal Aviation Administration
required that all airlines begin screening passengers and their carry-on
Airport security stations at Seattle–Tacoma
baggage by January 5, 1973. This screening was generally contracted International Airport.
to private security companies. Private companies would bid on these
contracts. The airline that had operational control of the departure concourse controlled by a given checkpoint would
hold that contract. Although an airline would control the operation of a checkpoint, oversight authority was held by
the FAA. C.F.R. Title 14 restrictions did not permit a relevant airport authority to exercise any oversight over
checkpoint operations.

The September 11 attacks prompted even tougher regulations, such as limiting the number of and types of items
passengers could carry[33] on board aircraft and requiring increased screening for passengers who fail to present a
government issued photo ID.
The Aviation and Transportation Security Act generally required that by November 19, 2002 all passenger screening
must be conducted by Federal employees. As a result, passenger and baggage screening is now provided by the
Transportation Security Administration (TSA), part of the Department of Homeland Security. Provisions to improve
the technology for detecting explosives were included in the Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004. Often, security at
category X airports, the U.S. largest and busiest as measured by volume of passenger traffic, are provided by private
contractors.[34] [35] Because of the high volume of passenger traffic, category X airports are considered vulnerable
targets for terrorism.
Noticing the demand for new technology in airport security, General Electric (GE) started to develop the Secure
Registered Traveler System. The new system would use newly developed technology such as automated carry-on
scanning, automatic biological pathogen detection, millimeter-wave full body scanning and a quadruple resonance
carpet that would detect threats in shoes without having to take them off. The SRT program also works with
smartcard technology along with fingerprint technology to help verify passengers. The fingerprint scanner also
detects for explosive material traces on the person's fingers.
With the increase in security screening, some airports saw long queues for security checks. To alleviate this, airports
created Premium lines for passengers traveling in First or Business Class, or those who were elite members of a
particular airline's Frequent Flyer program.
The "screening passengers by observation techniques" (SPOT) program is operating at some U.S. airports.[36] [37]

United States incidents

On February 27, 2006, at the Will Rogers World Airport in Oklahoma City, in an airliner cargo area (accessible only
to authorized personnel), threatening graffiti was found.[38] [39]
On March 6, 2006 at John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York, an elderly man drove his car onto the
runway through two security gates. He made it to an active runway where an Air France aircraft was preparing to
land. The man drove around for approximately 23 minutes before being stopped. On the same day a man made it on
to the runway by running through a secure gate while it was being opened at Midway International Airport in
Chicago. The man made it through one of the three perimeter entrances that did not have a camera, resulting in four
different runways being closed down. This incident led to 222 aviation security officers being retrained and a
redesign of all perimeter gates.[39]
Airport security 9

On March 11, 2006, after four years of continuous security breaches and staffing problems news reports indicated
that federal officials removed the head of security at Newark Liberty International Airport.[39]

Category X Airports in the United States

• Boston Logan International Airport
• John F. Kennedy International Airport
• Newark Liberty International Airport
• Philadelphia International Airport
• Baltimore/Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport
• Washington Dulles International Airport
• Charlotte/Douglas International Airport
• Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport
• Orlando Sanford International Airport
• Orlando International Airport
• Miami International Airport
• Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport
• O'Hare International Airport
• Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport
• Denver International Airport
• Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport
• George Bush Intercontinental Airport
• Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport
• Seattle–Tacoma International Airport
• San Francisco International Airport
• Los Angeles International Airport
• Honolulu International Airport

See also
• Airline security
• Computer Assisted Passenger Prescreening System
• Flying while Muslim
• Infrastructure security
• Registered Traveler
• Security theater
• Secondary Security Screening Selection
• Secure Flight
Airport security 10

References
[1] "Statement of Monte R. Belger, Acting Deputy Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration, Before the Committee on the Judiciary,
Subcommittee on Technology, Terrorism, and Government Information, on Security Technology, United States Senate, November 14, 2001."
(http:/ / www. iwar. org. uk/ comsec/ resources/ senate-biometrics/ te111401st-belger. htm). . Retrieved 2008-07-01.
[2] http:/ / www. afp. gov. au/ national/ airport_security. html
[3] The Industrial Physicist — Safeguarding ports with chemical profiling (http:/ / www. aip. org/ tip/ INPHFA/ vol-10/ iss-3/ p22. html)
[4] Rapiscan Secure 1000 (http:/ / www. rapiscansystems. com/ sec1000. html)
[5] Rinck PA. Airport security scanners arouse intense controversy. (http:/ / www. diagnosticimaging. com/ display/ article/ 113619/ 1565172)
Diagnostic Imaging Europe. 2010;26(May):13-15
[6] (http:/ / www. israel21c. org/ bin/ en. jsp?enPage=BlankPage& enDisplay=view& enDispWhat=object& enDispWho=Articles^l823&
enZone=Technology& enVersion=0)
[7] Australian Government — Passenger Screening Information (http:/ / travelsecure. infrastructure. gov. au/ domestic/ screening/
passenger_screening. aspx)
[8] The USA Today. October 18, 2007. "The 2002 tests had bomb parts in otherwise empty bags while recent tests involve small bomb parts
packed into camouflaging materials in normally packed bags, such as toiletry kits."
[9] Bruce Schneier — An Easy Path for Terrorists (http:/ / www. schneier. com/ essay-051. html)
[10] Chakrabarti and Strauss — Carnival Booth: An Algorithm for Defeating the Computer-Assisted Passenger Screening System (http:/ /
outreach. lib. uic. edu/ www/ issues/ issue7_10/ chakrabarti/ index. html)
[11] Adesta Selected to Provide Security Systems for Washington Dulles International Airport (http:/ / www. newswiretoday. com/ news/ 61058/
), Newswire. Retrieved 2009-23-11.
[12] Dulles Airport being fitted with fiber intrusion detection (http:/ / www. prosecurityzone. com/ Customisation/ News/ Alarms/
Intruder_alarms/ Dulles_Airport_being_fitted_with_fibre_intrusion_detection. asp), Pro Security Zone. Retrieved 2009-25-11.
[13] Future Fibre Technologies Named Exclusive Provider of Fence-Mounted Perimeter Security for JFPASS (http:/ / www. airport-technology.
com/ contractors/ access/ fft/ press10. html), Airport Technology. Retrieved 2009-31-08.
[14] Commission Regulation (EC) No 1546/2006 of 4 October 2006 amending Regulation (EC) No 622/2003 laying down measures for the
implementation of the common basic standards on aviation security (http:/ / eur-lex. europa. eu/ LexUriServ/ LexUriServ.
do?uri=CELEX:32006R1546:EN:NOT)
[15] Regulation (EC) No 300/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 2008 on common rules in the field of civil
aviation security (http:/ / eur-lex. europa. eu/ LexUriServ/ LexUriServ. do?uri=CELEX:32008R0300:EN:NOT)
[16] Summaries of EU legislation > Transport > Air transport > Civil aviation security: common rules (http:/ / europa. eu/ legislation_summaries/
transport/ air_transport/ tr0028_en. htm)
[17] Commission Regulation (EU) No 185/2010 of 4 March 2010 laying down detailed measures for the implementation of the common basic
standards on aviation security (http:/ / eur-lex. europa. eu/ LexUriServ/ LexUriServ. do?uri=CELEX:32010R0185:EN:NOT)
[18] "UK Airports where the one bag restriction will no longer apply from 7 January 2008" (http:/ / www. dft. gov. uk/ transportforyou/ airtravel/
airportsecurity/ cabinbaggage). Department for Transport. .
[19] "Liquids and air travel — what are the requirements?" (http:/ / www. dft. gov. uk/ transportforyou/ airtravel/ airportsecurity/ requirements).
Department for Transport. .
[20] Volokh.com Airport Security in Israel (http:/ / volokh. com/ posts/ 1196146293. shtml), November 27, 2007
[21] Boston Globe What Israeli security could teach us (http:/ / www. boston. com/ news/ globe/ editorial_opinion/ oped/ articles/ 2006/ 08/ 23/
what_israeli_security_could_teach_us/ ), August 23, 2006
[22] SecuritySolutions.com What can we learn from Ben Gurion Airport in Israel to help push aviation security in the U.S. to the next level?
(http:/ / securitysolutions. com/ news/ security_exposing_hostile_intent/ )
[23] Washington Times Silly circus or serious airport security? (http:/ / www. washingtontimes. com/ weblogs/ aviation-security/ 2008/ Aug/ 06/
silly-circus-or-serious-airport-security/ ), August 6, 2008
[24] International Herald Tribune, Israeli airport security order dancer to prove identity with dance steps (http:/ / www. iht. com/ articles/ ap/
2008/ 09/ 09/ africa/ ME-Israel-Airport-Dance. php), September 9, 2008
[25] Associated Press Israeli Airport Security Challenged (http:/ / www. breitbart. com/ article. php?id=D8VGOUA00& show_article=1), March
19, 2008
[26] World Press Review Fear of Flying: An Israeli Look at U.S Air Safety (http:/ / www. worldpress. org/ Mideast/ 757. cfm), November 2002
[27] The Round Up Israeli airport security foils hijacking attempt (http:/ / media. www. roundupnews. com/ media/ storage/ paper474/ news/
2002/ 11/ 18/ News/ Israeli. Airport. Security. Foils. Hijacking. Attempt-326023. shtml), November 18, 2002
[28] Reuters Chertoff keen on Israeli airport security technology (http:/ / www. reuters. com/ article/ latestCrisis/ idUSL29854328), May 29,
2008
[29] Los Angeles Times Improvements in LAX security reported by Israeli consultants (http:/ / www. latimes. com/ news/ printedition/
california/ la-me-security8-2008nov08,0,4657929. story), November 8, 2008
[30] LA Times Top airport security expert in Israel to inspect LAX anti-terror measures (http:/ / articles. latimes. com/ 2008/ jun/ 14/ local/
me-mayor14), June 14, 2008
Airport security 11

[31] San Francisco Chronicle, U.S. airport security experts take a look at Israel's methods (http:/ / www. sfgate. com/ cgi-bin/ article. cgi?f=/ c/ a/
2007/ 05/ 10/ MNGAMPOHHS1. DTL& feed=rss. news), May 10, 2007
[32] Radio Australia — News — Singapore to install more security cameras at Changi airport (http:/ / www. abc. net. au/ ra/ news/ stories/
s1473762. htm)
[33] * TSA's List of Permitted and Prohibited Items (http:/ / www. tsa. gov/ travelers/ airtravel/ prohibited/ permitted-prohibited-items. shtm)
[34] Leslie Wayne (2004). "Sikh Group Finds Calling in Homeland Security" (http:/ / www. rickross. com/ reference/ 3ho/ 3ho97. html). New
York Times. . Retrieved August 14, 2009.
[35] "Akal Security: the Sikh Dharma of Española, New Mexico" (http:/ / www. akalsecurity. com/ clients). . Retrieved August 14, 2009.
[36] "screening passengers by observation techniques (SPOT)" (http:/ / www. tsa. gov/ what_we_do/ layers/ spot/ )
[37] "Airport Check-in: TSA behavior screening misses suspects" (http:/ / www. usatoday. com/ travel/ flights/
2010-05-24-airportcheckin24_ST_N. htm)
[38] "Graffiti prompts TSA to cancel jet's flight" (http:/ / archives. californiaaviation. org/ airport/ msg36997. html). Associated Press. 2006. .
Retrieved January 1, 2010.
[39] "Travel Vs. Terrorism". United States Subcommittee on Federal Workforce and Agency Organization. Washington D.C.. 2006-11-06

External links
• Canadian Air Transport Security Authority (http://www.catsa-acsta.gc.ca/)
• Transport Canada (http://www.tc.gc.ca/)
• U.S. FAA (http://www.faa.gov/)
• U.S. Transportation Security Administration (http://www.tsa.gov/)
• "U.S. Airport Security Checkpoints Poised for Evolutionary Leap" (http://www.eweek.com/article2/
0,1895,2170398,00.asp)
• Airport & port security case studies (http://www.sourcesecurity.com/markets/airports-and-ports/
more-case-studies.html)
• Aviation Security Information, Sûreté Aéroportuaire (http://www.avsec.fr/)
• Kromek (http://www.kromek.com/products.asp) produces airport security systems
Article Sources and Contributors 12

Article Sources and Contributors

Airport security  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=398962347  Contributors: 4wajzkd02, Abune, Acather96, Acdx, Adpete, Ageekgal, Aggiman, Ahoerstemeier, Airodyssey,
Airportsecurity, Al tally, Alanchard, Andrewpmk, Andromeda, Andysor, Angela, Angusmclellan, Arpingstone, Arunvarmaother, Aude, Auric, Autocracy, Bakkr2, Belovedfreak, Ben Jos,
Bennybango8668, Big computer, Billlion, Binand, Bob Wiyadabebe-Iytsaboi, Bobblewik, Bobmack89x, Boundary11, Boyd Reimer, Bridri, Cahk, CambridgeBayWeather, CanisRufus,
Chongkian, Choster, Chris the speller, Ckelsh, Closedmouth, Cloversoft, Cmdrjameson, DMWuCg, DRosenbach, Dave Runger, Dbstommy, Descendall, Dhpage, Dictouray, DirkvdM,
Drewbee22001, Dysprosia, Dzsi, Edward, Edwardaggie98, Edwards, ElComandanteChe, Elmeri B. Suokirahvi, Emerson22, Erxnmedia, Escape Orbit, Escheffel, Falphin, Fastilysock, Fences and
windows, Freedomlinux, Fremte, Funandtrvl, Fxm12, Gabbe, Galatee, Gameking3002, Ginsengbomb, Gogo Dodo, Graymornings, Grook Da Oger, Ground Zero, Gtstricky, Hamedog,
Hectorthebat, Heqs, Hetar, Hgpever, Hmains, Horatiohornblower, Huaiwei, Husnock, Hut 8.5, Hydrargyrum, IW.HG, InsaneZeroG, J.delanoy, Jarekt, Jeeves, Jesster79, Jll, Johnbyrnes, Johnmc2,
Johnwalton, Joncnunn, Jondn, Jpgordon, Jwolcott77, Jypooh, Kanesue, Kbdank71, Kencf0618, Kissekatt, Knipniug, Kvuo, Lamb99, Langhorner, Lauwe Chhon, Lawrence Cohen, Let99,
Lightmouse, LilHelpa, Lilac Soul, Lommer, LukeSearle, Lynnflint, MCTales, MacsBug, MadameArsenic, Majorly, Mannafredo, Materialscientist, Matthew Desjardins, Mauls, Mendicott,
Mguerard27, Mikemoran576, Minnaert, Momo san, MonsoonMfg, MrOllie, Mrath, Myfrogger, N5667, Nat682, Neale Monks, Nicknack19, Nikkotg, OOODDD, Ohnoitsjamie, Oroso, Owen,
PBP, PVLiska, Pankaj mehra, Pcb21, Pedist, Peter L, Pithecanthropus, Plasticup, QuantumEngineer, Rascargo, RaseaC, Reach Out to the Truth, Reynardo, Rich Farmbrough, Rickscholz,
Rjwilmsi, Rodhullandemu, Rrburke, Russavia, SNIyer12, Saccerzd, Sadharan, Scriberius, Sebwite, Seventy-one, Simoskowitz, Sirgregmac, Sladen, SpikeBoy, Stevage, Stickee, Stifle, Studerby,
SummerPhD, TastyPoutine, The Anome, The Founders Intent, Tivedshambo, Tofutwitch11, Torinfo, Towel401, Trevor MacInnis, Trivialist, U.S.A.U.S.A.U.S.A., Unschool, UtherSRG,
Vastaireplane, Vegaswikian, ViperSnake151, Vlad, Voltov45, Whiner01, WhisperToMe, Wiki907, Windsagio, Witan, Yhinz17, Zhour24, 296 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

Image:VTBS-luggage screening.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:VTBS-luggage_screening.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:Mattes
Image:CISF Cok Security Check.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:CISF_Cok_Security_Check.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors:
User:Arunvarmaother
Image:birmingham airport arrivals arp.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Birmingham_airport_arrivals_arp.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Arpingstone,
2 anonymous edits
Image:ASU armed with MP5.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:ASU_armed_with_MP5.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: Original
uploader was Hamedog at en.wikipedia
Image:Security gate CIAL .JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Security_gate_CIAL_.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:Arunvarmaother
Image:Aetos 01.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Aetos_01.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5  Contributors: User:Huaiwei
Image:SeaTacTerminalSecurity.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:SeaTacTerminalSecurity.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors:
User:Minnaert

License
Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported
http:/ / creativecommons. org/ licenses/ by-sa/ 3. 0/