2022

ASSIGNMENT
 ELEMENTS OF AVIATION SECURITY MANAGEMENT
ELEMENT#1: AVIATION SECURITY AND TERRORISM: A REVIEW OF
THE ECONOMIC ISSUES
Following are the main areas that would be studied
 beginning with identifying the industry's salient characteristics, one of which is its
network structure.
 A network externality, when the security at one airport influences the security at other
airports.
 examine the alternatives for regulating and providing aviation security, demonstrating
using basic economics that unrestrained private markets will probably offer insufficient
aviation security.
 examine the 2001 Aviation and Transportation Security Act and the features of the
subsequent policies.
Airports and Airlines: Hub and Spoke System:
 This hub and spoke system leads to interdependencies that give rise to externalities.
Namely, delays at one node often cause additional delays Aviation Security Thus, delays
through one particular city due to security breaches can cause further delays at other
nodes.
September 11 and Airline Passenger Traveler:
9/11 and airline travel Traveler: The September 11 events negatively impacted air travel
in a variety of ways.
 First off, due to the increased safety concerns, these occurrences decreased
interest in aviation travel.
 Second, by escalating the slump that had begun in March 2001, these events
decreased aviation travel.
 Third, because it was necessary to be early for takeoffs, the cost of travel
significantly increased.
Aviation security in the aftermath of September 11:
 Role of federal government to finance, implement, monitor the security measures as well
as to support of research and development activities that should lead to future
improvements related to all aspects of aviation security involving technology, such as
detecting explosives; screening baggage, passengers, and cargo; training employees; and
constructing aircraft.
 Based on the federal pay schedule, the CBO estimated that the screeners would receive
an average annual base salary of $35,500, substantially higher than the average salary of
screeners in the private sector of roughly $15,000
  The legislation also authorizes the attorney general to deploy at least one law
enforcement officer at each of the existing 754 airport checkpoints.
 The legislation authorizes the presence of air marshals on all scheduled flights.
 Reimbursement of Airports for Increased Security Costs.
 Security measures for general aviation aircraft e.g. screening of crew members.
Aviation and Transportation Security Act of 2001:
The objective of the act is to create, develop, and streamline security procedures and protocols
that radically reduce the chances of any security breach or violation.

ELEMENT#2 Convergence and Aviation Security:

 This chapter will identify examples of convergence such as assembly behavior prior to
boarding, passenger bonding activities during flight, convergence that may evolve in
response to a threat or generalized belief of the need for action on the part of passengers,
and convergence that follows an airplane crash where there is a recognized acute need to
implement formalized institutionalized social and community responses
 Convergence theory has been used to study how individuals come together to form
groups responding to potentially dangerous and ultimately traumatic situations.
 Overall, it would appear that an air transportation experience is an ordeal to be endured as
necessary to get from one place to another.
 It appears that frequent convergence has aided public authorities in moving forward with
an investigation and recommendations meant to address the complaints and problems of
travelers.
 e media play an essential role in defining the level of community responses to grief. The
importance and depth of coverage of the tragedy creates the parameters by which others
perceive the severity of the event. It also helps those outside the core community to
decide whether the event is specific only to that community or something that could also
affect their own community

ELEMENT#3 Aviation Security and Passenger Rights

 Every security official, whether a state agency employee or a privately employed
individual, should have a basic understanding of the Fourth Amendment and how it
applies to airport searches.
 Fourth Amendment also protects passengers only against unreasonable searches and
seizures, not against all searches. Additionally, just what is considered reasonable is often
defined in terms of how serious the threat is conceived to be. passengers screened by a
metal detector and their carry-on luggage scanned.
 The perception that it is unreasonable to search “little old ladies” while “suspicious
characters” are permitted to board unhindered will continue to pose a challenge to
security officials.
  Any legal search can quickly become illegal when security goes outside the boundaries of
reasonableness.
 Constitution and legal precedent regulate the conduct of security officers and the police at
airports.

ELEMENT 4 AVIATION SECURITY AND RESPONSE MANAGEMENT:

 The events of September 11, 2001, achieved many changes in the manner in which
airports execute security procedures.
 The idea of setting international standards—regulating the setup, equipment, processes,
and rules for airport passenger security screening operations.
 Prohibition of hand luggage.
 International screening standards, new detection technologies, and the creation of a
completely “sterile” airport are some of the options that may be considered. Endorsing
and putting any of them into practice takes effort and time. Until then, airport operators
can clearly benefit from effectively managing the integration of new standards by
comprehending their implications on the end-to-end process and accordingly rebalancing.
 An airport operator should determine the best method for implementing process
modifications and measure the impact on production rates for the entire security
procedure and passenger wait times.

ELEMENT# 5 GENERAL AVIATION SECURITY IN THE UNITED

STATES: CHALLENGES AND RESPONSES
The most worrisome threat from general aviation comes from using aircraft as a transportation
platform—a means to convey “bad things” or “bad people. another often overstated threat in the
realm of general aviation is that crop dusters can be used to dispense biological or chemical
weapons.
Security measure should be:
 Adopt a layered approach
 Establish a reasonable role for the private sector
 General Aviation Security Guidelines/Information Publication, which provides
municipalities, owners, and operators in charge of general aviation airports with a set of
federally endorsed recommendations to enhance security.
 Improving the layers of general aviation security might include the following initiatives:
 Making the gateway program more flexible.
 Establishing a trusted pilot program as well as establish secure credentials for pilot
certificates and credentials.
 Build up the Department of Homeland Security aviation law enforcement capacity.
 Integrate Coast Guard modernization and the Secure Border Initiative.
 Adapt new technology.
ELEMENT# 6 THE AIRPORT RETAILING BUSINESS AND THE
IMPACT OF UPDATED SECURITY MEASURES:
 Airports are important for the growth of local communities today because they serve as
the primary entry points for both incoming and outgoing travel and commerce, enhancing
corporate globalization and boosting international exposure.
 As of the start of 2008, ETRC keeps on working emphatically on arrangements
supporting the obligation free and travel retail business. .
 No liquids of any type are permitted through the airport security search point, other than
the following items: • Essential medicines in liquid form sufficient and essential for the
flight (e.g. diabetic kit), as long as verified as authentic • Baby milk and liquid baby food.
 Beginning in 2008, ETRC (European Travel Retail Council) will keep pushing for
legislation that will assist the duty-free and travel retail industries. A successful outcome
in 2007 for retail sales in European airports—a considerable recovery in the first nine
months of that year—meant that all activities were moving in the correct way and
simultaneously creating a safer environment for all passenger travelers’ security.
 The successful lobbying effort and enthusiastic support of all ETRC national association
members in the first phase.
 The successful lobbying effort and enthusiastic support of all ETRC national association
members in the first phase, as well as the second, equally important phase's positive
responses from all organizations in various geographic locations.

ELEMENT# 7 PASSENGER SCREENING.

 A crucial part of civil aviation security is passenger screening, which is also under
pressure from technology advancement, space constraints, efficiency, and customer
service.
 Passenger screening has concentrated primarily on checking for prohibited objects rather
than for suspicious people.
 The three broad trends in passenger screening are; increased reliance on technology, the
adoption of risk analysis or investigate model of screening.
 Technology is a force-multiplier, enabling screeners to detect prohibited and dangerous
items more reliably and efficiently.
 The critical worries of safety screeners are deal with a huge number of cases, to
determine cautions, and to utilize innovation to distinguish prohibited things, each with a
serious level of reliability and some level of customer service.

ELEMENT 8 OPERATIONS RESEARCH APPLICATIONS IN

AVIATION SECURITY SYSTEMS:
 Operations research offers the chance to influence aviation security by investigating new
avenues that need not just be temporary political solutions to difficult issues Instead, they
can be the result of careful modeling, rigorous analysis, and detailed planning.
  Operations research models quite often consider a measurement of the average or mean
performance.
 In aviation security systems, average performance does not always capture the most
interesting and salient aspects of such operations, which are often concerned with rare
events such as those connected with terrorist activities.
 Travelers may start to recover faith in the security and well-being of our country by
analyzing and gaining insight into changes in aviation security system operations and
performance using operations research approaches.

ELEMENT 9 AIR CARGO SECURITY:

 The estimated value of the air freight sector is $60 billion, not including the value of
allied businesses including those who provide bundling materials, transporters for
protection, and suppliers of auxiliary regulatory capacities. Weaknesses in any one area
can lead to disaster.
 There are many elements of supply chain and logistical security in the air freight
business.
 C-TPAT’s best practices asks that overseas cargo container stuffers (packers)
 The Known Shipper program requires a complete background check on volume air
shippers to help speed their cargo through the system, but it fails to account for the
thousands of consolidators who become the middlemen in logistical moves.
 Security frameworks, for example, foundation evaluating for transportation laborers
(TWIC cards) are excellent ways of realizing who is dealing with your freight, yet they
don't make a difference somewhere else.
 Given the dangerous conditions we live in and the threats to our way of life, we need to
find a way to force changes in cargo business procedures.

ELEMENT 10 SELECTION AND PREEMPLOYMENT ASSESSMENT OF

AVIATION SECURITY SCREENERS:
• Job and task analysis to identify the crucial duties at security checkpoints
• Taking into account the results of the job analysis, it is necessary to identify the skills,
knowledge, and abilities needed to carry out the tasks effectively. A conventional
(conduct) task analysis or a cognitive task analysis (CTA) might be used, depending on
the task
 detection performance can in fact be increased using the X-Ray ORT as a preemployment
assessment tool for this the knowledge of the visual appearance of threat items is
essential.
 This means that there are significant differences between people's capacities for adjusting
to visual cues, and these variations remain apparent even after weekly intermittent PC-
based training lasting longer than a month.
 • A study demonstrated that individually adaptable computer-based training can
significantly improve airline security screeners' knowledge-based factor-related detection
performance.

ELEMENT#11 TERMINAL INSECURITY: A PHOTO ESSAY:

 4.4 billion passengers used the world’s airports
 85 million tons of cargo were shipped through airports
 74 million aircraft movements were recorded
 $US38 billion were spent by the world’s airports on development
 4.5 million people were employed at airports globally.
• Using the Threat Image Projection (TIP) software, security officers are routinely tested
on their ability to detect weapons and explosives via X-ray. Other initiatives, such as
Secure Flight, monitor airport behaviors and activities, cross-referencing each passenger
manifest against terror watch lists.
• During 2006 the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) screened the following:
708,400,522 passengers (Average wait time 3.79 minutes; average peak wait time 11.76
minutes) 535,020,271 individual pieces of checked luggage 13,709,211 prohibited items
at security checkpoints (11,616,249 lighters and 1,607,100 knives

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REFRENCES:
Thomas, A. R. (Ed.). (2008). Aviation Security Management [3 volumes]. ABC-CLIO.