RESEARCH WORK:050721

BY: Muhammad Ali

TO: Prof. Waheed Shareef
Contents
Question.No.1. What is Leadership, explain different styles of leadership?......................2
Leadership......................................................................................................................2
Leadership Styles............................................................................................................2
Question.No.2. Explain leadership style of Steve Jobs?.....................................................3
Leadership Style of Steve Jobs.......................................................................................3
Question.No.3. Explain different innovations and creativity introduced by Steve Jobs
with examples?..................................................................................................................4
Innovations and creativity introduced by Steve Jobs.....................................................4
Innovations and Creativity by Steve Jobs Explained with Examples...............................4
Question.No.4. Explain the Entrepreneurial Career of Steve Jobs?...................................6
Entrepreneurial Career of Steve Jobs.............................................................................6
References.......................................................................................................................10

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Question.No.1. What is Leadership, explain different styles of
leadership?
Sol.No.1
Leadership
Leadership is the ability of an individual or a group of individuals to influence and guide
followers or other members of an organization. In business, individuals who exhibit
these leadership qualities can ascend to executive management or C-level positions,
such as CEO, CIO or president.[ CITATION htt2148 \l 1033 ]

Leadership Styles
The seven primary leadership styles are:
1. Autocratic Style
2. Authoritative Style
3. Pacesetting Style
4. Democratic Style
5. Coaching Style
6. Affiliative Style
7. Laissez-Faire Style

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Question.No.2. Explain leadership style of Steve Jobs?
Sol.No.2.
Leadership Style of Steve Jobs
'Steve Jobs' leadership style was Autocratic; he had a meticulous eye for detail, and
surrounded himself with like-minded people to follow his lead. ' His creative awareness,
his 'meticulous eye for detail', was clearly a driving force in Apple's success.
[ CITATION htt2149 \l 1033 ]
Steve Job’s autocratic leadership style is characterized by individual control over all
decisions and little input from group members. Autocratic leaders typically make
choices based on their ideas and judgments and rarely accept advice from followers.
[ CITATION htt2150 \l 1033 ]

Question.No.3. Explain different innovations and creativity

introduced by Steve Jobs with examples?
Sol.No.3.

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Innovations and creativity introduced by Steve Jobs
He believed that creativity was about recognizing how a product had been put together,
then thinking how that product could be upgraded and improved to create something
new. The idea of connecting things was the way Jobs explained how he had mastered
personal computers, mobile phones and later, movie animation.
[ CITATION htt2151 \l 1033 ]
Innovations and Creativity by Steve Jobs Explained with Examples

The best example of his most famous innovations are: Apple I. Jobs and his co-
founder Steve Wozniak created the Apple I, a personal computer with no monitor, no
keyboard and no mouse. The original selling price when it was launched in 1976 was
$666.66.
Another best example of his innovation is Apple II. It was Launched in 1977, Apple II
was an improved and updated version of the previous model, this time with a keyboard,
monitor and a new operating system. Wozniak had contributed much to its design and
new features which made it easier to use and expandable. The Apple II was one of the
first mass-produced, widely popular and profitable personal microcomputers.

The Macintosh, With the introduction of the Macintosh in 1984, called Mac for short,
personal computing took a giant leap forward with its innovative graphics interface and
mouse, an efficient, easy-to-use substitute for the keyboard, although the keyboard was
also part of the package. The Mac was not initially a commercial success, but several
other enhanced, expanded and improved models of the Mac, including a portable, were
launched in the ensuing years with huge profitability.
Steve Jobs was restless and ever looking for new opportunities. Jobs bought an obscure
computer graphics firm from the director of "Star Wars," George Lucas. Branding the
firm Pixar, Jobs retooled the company as an animated film studio. Pixar went on to win
26 Academy Awards and numerous other honors for the production of such films as
"Toy Story," "Wall-E" and "Finding Nemo," all major box office successes. In 2006, Jobs
sold Pixar to The Walt Disney Company for $7.4 billion, thus making him the largest
Disney stockholder.

The Cube, nothing like it had ever been seen before: a compact desktop computer
contained in a clear plastic cube.
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The iPod, The iPod, launched in 2001, was basically a computer hard drive with some
functional embellishments, with a set of earbuds and a control system. It enabled its
users to store and playback music and songs on its hard drive. The songs could be
bought online at the iTunes retailer for as little as 99 cents. (For more on Apple.

The MacBook, launched in 2006, the MacBook laptop computer had all the
capabilities of a desktop computer. Eventually, the MacBook outsold all competing
laptops.

The iPhone, fitting snugly into the palm of your hand, the iPhone, released in 2007,
could send and receive telephone calls, play movies, retrieve your e-mail, surf the net,
and send and receive text messages.
Numerous other smart phone applications were added as subsequent models were
released.

The iPad Tablet, another revolutionary innovation by Steve Jobs, the iPad tablet had
many of the capabilities of a laptop computer. The iPad is thin and lightweight, with a
touch-screen interface, audio capability and internet connectivity.

Hence we conclude that, not since Edison has an American inventor so widely and
profoundly influenced our lives with his innovations. We may now carry with us in a
convenient, highly portable device, the iPad, one of Jobs' latest ideas, which gives us
access to movies, books, newspapers and magazines. (To read more on the visionary
Steve Jobs.[ CITATION htt2152 \l 1033 ]

Question.No.4. Explain the Entrepreneurial Career of Steve Jobs?

Sol.No.4.
Entrepreneurial Career of Steve Jobs
Steve Jobs is an Entrepreneurial legend. He famously started Apple in a garage with co-
founder Steve Wozniak in 1976 after dropping out of college. The tech company has a
market capitalization of $870 billion.
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Jobs, who died of pancreatic cancer in 2011 when he was 56 years old, was revered for
his vision in making computer technology elegant and consumer friendly. His legacy
includes the Mac computer, the iPod, iPhone and iPad. He was also infamously caustic
and was forced out of the company he founded when he clashed with the management.
He returned to the company in 1997 to once again lead the business he birthed.

[ CITATION htt2153 \l 1033 ]

Steve Jobs' vision of a "computer for the rest of us" sparked the PC revolution and made
Apple an icon of American business. But somewhere along the way, Jobs' vision got
clouded -- some say by his ego -- and he was ousted from the company he helped found.
Few will disagree that Jobs did indeed impede Apple's growth, yet without him, the
company lost its sense of direction and pioneering spirit. After nearly 10 years of
plummeting sales, Apple turned to its visionary founder for help, and a little older and
wiser Jobs engineered one of the most amazing turnarounds of the 20th century.
The adopted son of a Mountain View, Calif., machinist, Steve Jobs showed an early
interest in electronics and gadgetry. While in high school, he boldly called Hewlett-
Packard co-founder and president William Hewlett to ask for parts for a school project.
Impressed by Jobs, Hewlett not only gave him the parts, but also offered him a summer
internship at Hewlett-Packard. It was there that Jobs met and befriended Steve
Wozniak, a young engineer five years his senior with a penchant for tinkering.
After graduating from high school, Jobs enrolled in Reed College in Portland, Ore. but
dropped out after one semester. He had become fascinated by Eastern spiritualism and
took a part-time job designing video games for Atari in order to finance a trip to India to
study Eastern culture and religion. "Steve was difficult but valuable," Atari co-founder
Nolan Bushnell told the San Jose Mercury News. He was very often the smartest guy in
the room, but he let people know that." By not showering for days and constantly

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criticizing his co-workers, Jobs alienates so many colleagues that Bushnell forced Jobs to
work the overnight shift so as not to interact with other workers.
When Jobs returned to the U.S., he renewed his friendship with Wozniak, who had been
trying to build a small computer. To Wozniak, it was just a hobby, but the visionary Jobs
grasped the marketing potential of such a device and convinced Wozniak to go into
business with him. In 1975, the 20-year-old Jobs and Wozniak set up shop in Jobs'
parents' garage, dubbed the venture Apple, and began working on the prototype of the
Apple I. To generate the $1,350 in capital they used to start Apple, Steve Jobs sold his
Volkswagen microbus, and Steve Wozniak sold his Hewlett-Packard calculator.
Although the Apple I sold mainly to hobbyists, it generated enough cash to enable Jobs
and Wozniak to improve and refine their design. In 1977, they introduced the Apple II --
the first personal computer with color graphics and a keyboard. Designed for beginners
the user-friendly Apple II was a tremendous success, ushering in the era of the personal
computer. First-year sales topped $3 million. Two years later, sales ballooned to $200
million.
But by 1980, Apple's shine was starting to wear off. Increased competition combined
with less than stellar sales of the Apple III and its follow-up, the LISA, caused the
company to lose nearly half its market to IBM. Faced with declining sales, Jobs
introduced the Apple Macintosh in 1984. The first personal computer to feature a
graphical-user interface controlled by a mouse, the Macintosh was a true breakthrough
in terms of ease-of-use. But the marketing behind it was flawed. Jobs had envisioned
the Mac as a home computer, but at $2,495, it was too expensive for the consumer
market. When consumer sales failed to reach projections, Jobs tried pitching the Mac as
a business computer. But with little memory, no hard drive and no networking
capabilities, the Mac had almost none of the features corporate America wanted.
For Jobs, this turn of events spelled serious trouble. He clashed with Apple's board of
directors and, in 1983, was ousted from the board by CEO John Sculley, whom Jobs had
handpicked to help him run Apple. Stripped of all power and control, Jobs eventually
sold his shares of Apple stock and resigned in 1985.
Later that year, using a portion of the money from the stock sale, Jobs launched NeXT
Computer Co., with the goal of building a breakthrough computer that would
revolutionize research and higher education. Introduced in 1988, the NeXT computer
boasted a host of innovations, including notably fast processing speeds, exceptional
graphics and an optical disk drive. But priced at $9,950, the NeXT was too expensive to
attract enough sales to keep the company afloat. Undeterred, Jobs switched the
company's focus from hardware to software. He also began paying more attention to his
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other business, Pixar Animation Studios, which he had purchased from George Lucas in
1986.
After cutting a three-picture deal with Disney, Jobs set out to create the first ever
computer-animated feature film. Four years in the making, "Toy Story" was a certified
smash hit when it was released in November 1995. Fueled by this success, Jobs took
Pixar public in 1996, and by the end of the first day of trading, his 80 percent share of
the company was worth $1 billion. After nearly 10 years of struggling, Jobs had finally hit
it big. But the best was yet to come.
Within days of Pixar's arrival on the stock market, Apple bought NeXT for $400 million
and re-appointed Jobs to Apple's board of directors as an advisor to Apple chairman and
CEO Gilbert F. Amelio. It was an act of desperation on Apple's part. Because they had
failed to develop a next-generation Macintosh operating system, the firm's share of the
PC market had dropped to just 5.3 percent, and they hoped that Jobs could help turn
the company around.
At the end of March 1997, Apple announced a quarterly loss of $708 million. Three
months later, Amelio resigned and Jobs took over as interim CEO. Once again in charge
of Apple, Jobs struck a deal with Microsoft to help ensure Apple's survival. Under the
arrangement, Microsoft invested $150 million for a nonvoting minority stake in Apple,
and the companies agreed to "cooperate on several sales and technology fronts." Next,
Jobs installed the G3 PowerPC microprocessor in all Apple computers, making them
faster than competing Pentium PCs. He also spearheaded the development of the iMac,
a new line of affordable home desktops, which debuted in August 1998 to rave reviews.
Under Jobs' guidance, Apple quickly returned to profitability, and by the end of 1998,
boasted sales of $5.9 billion.
Against all odds, Steve Jobs pulled the company he founded and loved back from the
brink. Apple once again was healthy and churning out the kind of breakthrough
products that made the Apple name synonymous with innovation.
But Apple's innovations were just getting started. Over the next decade, the company
rolled out a series of revolutionary products, including the iPod portable digital audio
player in 2001, an online marketplace called the Apple iTunes Store in 2003,
the iPhone handset in 2007 and the iPad tablet computer in 2010. The design and
functionality of these devices resonated with users worldwide.
Despite his professional successes, Jobs struggled with health issues. In mid-2004, he
announced in an email to Apple employees that he had undergone an operation to
remove a cancerous tumor from his pancreas. In January 2011, following a liver

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transplant, Jobs said he was taking a medical leave of absence from Apple but said he'd
continue as CEO and "be involved in major strategic decisions for the company."
Eight months later, on August 24, Apple’s board of directors announced that Jobs had
resigned as CEO and that he would be replaced by COO Tim Cook. Jobs said he would
remain with the company as chairman.
"I have always said if there ever came a day when I could no longer meet my duties and
expectations as Apple’s CEO, I would be the first to let you know," Jobs said in a letter
announcing his resignation. "Unfortunately, that day has come."
In October 2011, Jobs passed away at the age of 56 due to complications related to
pancreatic cancer. Jobs once described himself as a "hopeless romantic" who just
wanted to make a difference. Quite appropriately like the archetypal romantic hero who
reaches for greatness but fails, only to find wisdom and maturity in exile, an older, wiser
Steve Jobs returned triumphant to save his kingdom.[ CITATION htt77 \l 1033 ].

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