Ethiopia Civil Service University

Institute of urban development studies

Department urban engineering
Course Description
The course is designed to introduce learners to GIS basic definitions and
concepts of the system.
The course content is structured in to :

Theoretical lesson revolves on acquainting with basic terminologies and

introduction to GIS, the value and role of GIS for Urban Engineers, GIS
data source and data input techniques, GIS data organization, Storage and
analysis, and brief overview of the basic components of GIS .

Practical lab secession is extracted from the concepts initiated on

theoretical lessons of GIS.

Emphasizes is placed on organizing and creating spatial data, creating

features for creating different layers, exploring the different data
structure and spatial analysis relevance to urban engineering issues.
Objectives
Understand the theoretical concepts of GIS.
Understand the basic component functions of
GIS.
Understand Basic terms necessary to use
ArcGIS
Understand Common GIS data structures
Understand Spatial data formats supported by
ArcGIS
Apply GIS to analysis and map spatial data.
Assessment

Final exam (theoretical and lab secession)

40%
Mid exam is count out of
25%
Attendance and Participation in the class
5%
Practical assignment will be graded
out of 30%
Attendance policy
One has to attend 85% of the secession to be guaranteed for sitting final examination.

If one is absent, he has to produce valid reasons with verifications

 Method
Lectures

Printed Notes

Software
• Demonstration
• Exercise and practical application Project
beamer is used for theoretical and practical
lab secession and theoretical course.
Grading
Letter grade Description Range of grade Grade point
scored
A Excellent >=90 4
A- Very good >=85 3.67
B+ Good >=80 3.33
B Good >=75 3
B- Good >=70 2.67
C+ Satisfactory >=65 2.33
C Satisfactory >=50 2
C- Unsatisfactory <45 and >=49 1.67
D Unsatisfactory <40 and >44 1
F Fail <40 0
What is GIS?

Video Lecture 1:38m

 Meaning and Concepts of GIS
The development of GIS could be viewed differently by different scholars based on the
perception of what GIS is. different authors defined it from different perspectives. For
instance:-
Borrough and Mc Donnel (1986): GIS is a Powerful tool for collecting, storing,
retrieving, as well, transforming and displaying spatial data from the real world for a
particular set of purpose.
Hellden (1987): GIS is a multipurpose computer based information system for
retrieval, administration, processing, integrated analysis and graphic, cartographic
and statistical presentation and combination of data which can be defined in time
and space.
Aronoff (1989): GIS is a computer-based system that is used to store and manipulate
geographical information.
Lovett (2000):GIS is part of the modern revolution in knowledge management as well
as it is a system for capturing, storing, checking, integrating, manipulating, analyzing
and displaying data which are spatially referenced to the earth.
GIS is built upon knowledge from
geography, cartography, computer
science and mathematics , Geology,
Environment .etc
Geographic Information Science is a
new interdisciplinary field built out of
the use and theory of GIS
.......What is GIS?

GIS = Geographic Information System

Links databases and maps
Manages information about places
Helps answer questions such as:
• Where is it?
• What else is nearby?
• Where is the highest concentration of ‘X’?
• Where can I find things with characteristic ‘Y’?
• Where is the closest ‘Z’ to my location?
An easy way to understand GIS is to see the disposition
of different layers for the same portion of a territory
Geographic ---- Map (usually geographic
location)

Information ---- Data (visualization of

analysis of data)

System ---- Digital (linking software ,

hardware, data)
GIS is a specific information system applies to
geographic data and is mainly referred to as a
system of hardware, software; and procedure
designed to support, capture, management,
manipulation, analysis, modeling and display of
spatially-referenced data for solving complex
planning and management problems
History

First developed in North America,

particularly the U.S. and Canada in the mid-
1960s
Previously been used in natural resources
and environmental research
Components of GIS:
The components of GIS are Categorized in to three major classes:-
A. Computer Hardware: The hardware of GIS is made up of a configuration of core
and peripheral equipments. These equipments are used for the acquisition, storage,
analysis and display of geographic information.

Central processing unit (CPU):-

Client
A digitizer and Scanner:-
A plotter or printer

B.GIS Software Modules: the software of GIS may be split into five functional units:
Data Input and Verification: - Data input covers all aspects of capturing spatial
data from existing maps, field observations, sensors (aerial photography, satellites
and recording instruments) and converting them to a standard digital form.
Data storage and Database Management: concerns the way in which how to
manage data about the location, linkages (topology) and attributes of
geographical elements (points, lines, polygons and more complex entities
representing the objects on the earth’s surface).
 Data Transformation:-Transformations can operate on the spatial, non-
spatial and topological aspects of the data, either separately or in
combination. Transformation needed to:-
1.remove errors from the data,
2.bring up-to-date data, and
3.Match them other data sets
Data Analysis:
Data Output and Presentation: Data output and presentation concerns
the way in which the data are displayed, and how the results of analyses
are reported for the users. Data may be presented as maps, tables and
figures (graphs and charts).
C. Data: Analysis of spatial data can be defined as computing new information that
provides new insight from the existing/ stored data
D. Proper Organizational Context and Skilled People:-These components of the
GIS used to balance the system in order to function satisfactorily. GIS designers
have realized that the requirements of users to retrieve and transform data are
properly organized.
People Software

Data

GIS

Procedures
Hardware
 GIS: OLD AND NEW
Traditional GIS

MANUAL DRAFING
MAP TYPEWRITER TOOLS

New GIS

COMPUTER PLOTTER CD-ROM

Possible Application Areas
Although, at the very beginning GIS technologies were only for
military use, recently it has been in the use for civilian
applications such as:-

• Monitoring of atmospheric constituents

• Agriculture,
• Archaeology,
• Forestry,
• Geography,
• Geology,
• Urban Planning, and Mapping,
• Decision Making
• Similar Resource And Inventory Analysis
Hydrology,
Land Use/Land Cover Classification And Change
Detection,
Global Vegetation Monitoring And Mapping,
Soil Erosion,
Land Degradation
Research in Environmental Monitoring.
Water Quality Monitoring
Flood Hazard Assessment
Measurement Of Sea Surface Temperature
Height Measurement (DEM Generation) etc…
……GIS APPLICATION
Environment
management of natural resources
• land, forest, marine, etc.
monitoring/control of environmental pollution
environment impact study
infrastructure
transport and irrigation management and
maintenance
utility management and maintenance
• electric, water, gas, telephone, etc.
……GIS APPLICATION

socio-economy
town and country planning
monitoring of population migration
disperse of resources/services
• clinics, schools, etc
military
land form visualisation
visibility analysis
 Purpose of GIS

Automating GI and transferring them from paper to digital format.

Linking location and attributes of features within the
framework of one system.

Automation of map making and updating.

Large quantities of data can be maintained and retrieved at greater
speeds and lower cost per unit when computer based systems are
used.
GIS is popular as a result of the rapid access to data, flexibility,
easy update opportunity and other features that enable to analyze
different data bases.
24
THE NEED FOR GIS

the real world has a lot of spatial data

manipulation, analysis and modeling can be
effective and efficiently carried out with a GIS

the earth surface has a limited resource

• rational decisions on space utilization
• fast and quality information in decision making
... THE NEED FOR GIS

 complexity of management
due to the need to combine and process many
sets of data, in addition to judge as many as
possible, situation that might happen.
 intense competition
the need to use technology in making decisions
and strategy in the world of intense competition.
Limitations of GIS

Data are expensive

Learning curve on GIS software can be long
Etc

27
 GIS data Models
We use GIS to analyze and to understand more about processes and
phenomena in the real world.

To do so, we need to build representations of the real world inside a

computer. These representations are useful because they can be
subjected to various analytical functions and they (or the output of
these functions) can be visualized in various ways.
 What is a model?
 A model can be defined in several ways:
 “an abstraction of reality designed to answer specific questions about the
real world”
 “an imitation, analogue, or representation of a real world process or
structure”
 “a conceptual, mathematical, or physical tool to assist a decision maker”.

Modeling is the process of producing an abstraction of the ‘real

world’ so that some part of it can be more easily handled
 Why do we model??
 Models are used to:
 improve our understanding
 Demonstrate or teach features of a system
 forecast future events
 improve decision making
 Store information in a systematic way

 One can rerun the model (repetition of tasks)

 It can be changed by changing the criteria and rerun it (scenarios)
 You can continue working on it (improve)
 GIS data Models

Real objects can be divided into two abstractions:

discrete objects (e.g., a house) and continuous
fields (such as rainfall amount, or elevations).

There are two broad methods used to store data in

a GIS for both kinds of abstractions mapping
references: raster images and vector. Points, lines,
and polygons are the stuff of mapped location
attribute references.
 GIS data Models
Vector Data Model

The vector data model represents each

feature as a row in a table, and feature
shapes are defined by x,y locations in space
(the GIS connects the dots to draw lines and
outlines).

Geographical features are often expressed as

vectors, by considering those features as
geometrical shapes. Different geographical
features are expressed by different types of
geometry:
GIS data Models
Vector Data Model
Points
Point: a single location having an X, Y (and
sometimes, a Z) position (point features have no
area and no length). Points can also be used to
represent areas when displayed at a small scale.
For example, cities on a map of the world might be
represented by points rather than polygons.
Lines or polylines
Line / Arc: a series of connecting X, Y positions (line
features have length, but no area). linear features such as
rivers, roads, railroads, trails, and topographic lines.
Again, as with point features, linear features displayed at a
small scale will be represented as linear features rather
than as a polygon. Line features can measure distance.
Polygons
Polygon: one or more connecting lines that
form a single spatial feature (polygon
features have both area and
perimeter).features may include lakes, park
boundaries, buildings, city boundaries, or
land uses.. Polygon features can measure
perimeter and area.
Raster Data Model

The raster data model represents features as a matrix of cells in

continuous space. Each layer represents one attribute (although other
attributes can be attached to a cell). Most analysis occurs by
combining the layers to create new layers with new cell values. A
raster data type is, in essence, any type of digital image represented
by reducible and enlargeable grids.

Raster data is stored in various formats; from a standard

file-based structure of TIF, JPEG,
Raster Data Model

The raster data model represents features as a matrix of cells in

continuous space. Each layer represents one attribute (although other
attributes can be attached to a cell). Most analysis occurs by
combining the layers to create new layers with new cell values. A
raster data type is, in essence, any type of digital image represented
by reducible and enlargeable grids.

Raster data is stored in various formats; from a standard

file-based structure of TIF, JPEG,
 RASTER MODEL VECTOR MODEL
Advantage Advantage

1. It is a simple data structure 1.It provides more compact data structure

2. Overlay operations are easily and efficiently
2. It provides efficient encoding of topology, and as a
implemented
result, more efficient implementation of operation that
3. High spatial variability are efficiently implemented
require topological information
4. The raster format is more or less required for
efficient manipulation and enhancement of digital 3. It is better suited to supporting graphics that closely
images approximate hand drawn maps
Disadvantage
Disadvantage
1. The raster data structure is less compact
1. It is more complex data structure than a simple raster
2. Topological relationship more difficult to represent
2. Overlay operation are more difficult to implement
3. The output of graphic is less aesthetically pleasing
3. The representation of high spatial variability is
because boundaries tend to have a blocky appearance
inefficient
rather than smooth lines of hand-drawn maps. This
4. Manipulation and enhancement of digital images can
can be overcome by using a very large number of
not be effectively done in vector domain
cells, but may result in unacceptably large files
5 meter resolution
Spatial and non-spatial data

The data to be entered in a GIS are of two types:

The spatial data represents geographic location of features. Points,

lines, and areas are used to represent geographic features like a
street, a lake, or a forest stand.

The non-spatial attribute data describe descriptive information like

the name of the street, the salinity of a lake, and the composition of
a forest stand. During data entry, the spatial and non-spatial data
has to be correctly linked (i.e.. the attributes must be logically
attached to the feature they describe).
Spatial
Latitude and longitude
Street address
x and y coordinates
Range and township
Location shown on a map
Non-spatial Data?
Name
Gender
Income
Mapping Concepts

What is a Map?
A map is the reduced representation of all or part
of the surface of earth on a sheet of paper.

All small details of reality cannot be shown on the

map. A map maker must select some important
information based on the purpose of the map one
intends to produce.
Types of Maps
Cadastral Maps:
• Show the boundaries of every field and plot of land or
a particular area  The map that indicates the legal
boundaries and ownership of the property
 Types of Maps
Thematic Map:
Concentrates on the
distribution of a single
attribute or the
relationship among several
themes (Eg. Soil type,
vegetation, Population,
average annual income,
precipitation….)
 Types of Maps
Topographic Maps:
• Are survey maps, or general reference maps – A map
depicting terrain/relief showing ground elevation,
usually through either contour lines or spot elevations
Atlas Maps:
• Provide general information of physical, climatic and
economic conditions of a particular place
Choropleth Map:
• Maps showing variation…how the amount of a
phenomenon varies from one area to another area (Eg.
Population densities of countries)
Bathymetrical Maps:
• Show the depth of seas and oceans.
Isarithmic (Isoline) Maps:
• Isolines are lines connecting points having equal value
Uses of Maps

Visualization, Maps represent and portray a part or

whole of the earth’s surface on a reduced scale
Uses of Maps

Navigation, to find out the way from one place to another

(road maps, bus route maps, tourist maps,
Uses of Maps
Codification , cadastral maps are produced for codifying
land ownership
Uses of Maps

Measurement , Management and maintenance of roads,

railways, forests, canals…
Marginal Information on Maps

Title:
convey meaning and purpose for creation of the map

The date of compilation:

– Things change with time, so the map reader must
know the date of the map under review
Legend:
– The legend communicates the meaning of the
symbols on a map
Scale:
– The scale is the ratio between the distance of any
two points on the map and the distance
representing the same two points on the ground
scale can be represented in either of the three
ways:
– Word statement
• Expressed in a phrase such as “Ten centimeters to
one kilometer”
• Map scale= 10 cm to 1 km)
Scale Ratio (Representation Fraction)
• expressed as the ratio between two distances
• 1:10,000
Graphical Scale
• Map scales also are represented in graphic form ---
dividing the line in to units, each of which represents,
at a map scale, the actual distance between two points
on the earth.
Map Index Number:
– Topographical maps need a unique identification
number shown in the lower left or upper right
part of the map
Coordinate System:
– Every map is part of a particular portion of the
earth, so it contains intersection of latitudes and
longitudes
North Arrow:
– Every map should have a north arrow pointing
towards the north
Types of Information in a Digital Map
Geographic information, which provides the position
and shapes of specific geographic features.

Attribute information, which provides additional non-

graphic information about each feature.

Display information, which describes how the features

will appear on the screen.
Geographic features

Geographic features are components of a planet that can be

referred to as location, sites, areas, or regions . There are:

natural geographic features,

abstract geographic features,
artificial geographic features.
Natural Geographic Features

(i).Landforms: A landform comprises a geomorhpological unit, and

is largely defined by its surface form and location in the landscape,
Landforms are categorized by features such as :
elevation,
slope,
orientation,
stratification,
rock exposure, and
soil type.
(ii).Ecosystems

Any unit that includes all of the organisms (ie: the "community") in a
given area interacting with the physical environment so that a flow
of energy leads to clearly defined trophic structure, biotic diversity,
and material cycles (i.e.: exchange of materials between living and
nonliving parts)

Living are continually engaged in a set of relationships with every

other element constituting the environment in which they exist, and

"ecosystem" describes any situation where there is relationship

between organisms and their environment. What makes them
geographical features is that they are locations (areas).
(iii).Bodies of water

A body of water is any significant accumulation of water, usually

covering the Earth. The term body of water most often refers to
large accumulations of water, such as oceans, seas and lakes, but it
may also include smaller pools of water such as ponds ,puddles or
wetland.

Rivers ,streams ,canals and other geographical features where water

moves from one place to another are not always considered
"bodies" of water, but are included here as geographical formations
featuring water.
Artificial geographic features

Artificial geographic features are physical man-made constructs.

Some examples include such as:
buildings,
dams,
canals,
highways, bridges,
transmission lines, and sewers.
A. Settlements
A settlement is a permanent or temporary community in which
people live. A settlement can range in size from a small number of
dwellings grouped together to the largest of cities with surrounding
urbanized areas.
B. Engineered constructs

Engineered geographic features such as;

highways,
bridges,
airports,
railroads, buildings,
dams , and reservoirs,

C. Politically-defined areas

Politically defined areas include political divisions and

administrative divisions.
Abstract geographic features

Abstract geographic features are those that don't exist physically in

the real world, yet have a location by definition and may be displayed
on maps.

A. Politically-designated areas
Politically defined areas such as political divisions (countries)
and administrative divisions (states, provinces, counties,
municipalities, etc.) are examples –

their borders are set by humans and may not appear on the land
itself. Usually there is no line drawn on the ground to show the
border between two states, though sometimes there is a wall or a
fence, or even a minefield. Borders are often only drawn on maps.
B. Cartographical features

Cartographical geographic features are another type of abstract

geographical feature - they appear on maps but not on the planet
itself, even though they are located on the planet.

Cartographical features of Earth are theoretical constructs used

specifically on maps that don't have any physical form apart from
their location. Examples include latitude lines (such as
the Equator), longitude lines (such as the prime meridian), and the
Earth poles .
Data Quality and Accuracy

Quality is an important property of almost all geographical data and it

certainly affects the decisions made with these data.

In general the poorer the quality of data, the poorer the decision. Bad
decision can have severe consequences, as ambulance can be sent to
wrong location.

As spatial data is so widely used some measure of data quality is

required to safeguard / both the producer and the user of the geographic
information.
Type of Quality Description
Completeness Presence and absence of features, their
attributes and relationships.
Logical consistency Degree of adherence to logical rules of
data structure, attribution, and
relationships.
Positional accuracy Accuracy of the position of features.
Temporal accuracy Accuracy of temporal attributes and
temporal relationships of features.
Thematic accuracy Accuracy of quantitative and non-
quantitative attributes.
Lineage Where, how, and why was this created?
How to Evaluate Data Quality?

One should start with a general inspection of the dataset:

•Determining the extent of metadata either imbedded or associated with the
dataset.
•Visually comparing the dataset with a known, reliable, reference dataset
•Using Select by Location to learn about the presence and spatial relations
between the features in the same layer and between layers.
•Inspecting the table and using select by Attributes and Field Calculator to
check for completeness, logical consistency.
•Select by Attributes and Sybmology windows give access to unique values.
•Raster datasets can be compared with other raster's or with vector datasets
through
raster <> vector conversion.
•Conditional and tools from Arc Toolbox can be used for a cell-by-cell
inspection.
•Map projection and resolution are important!
A more detailed inspection can be done through topology.
3. Spatial Data Capture and Data input Techniques

Sources of GIS Data

Spatial data can be obtained from scratch,

using direct spatial data acquisition techniques,

or indirectly, by making use of spatial data collected earlier,
possibly by others, like paper maps and available digital data
sets.

The major data sources for GIS data base are:

Ground Surveying

Surveying or land surveying is the technique and science of

accurately determining the terrestrial or three-dimensional space
position of points and the distances and angles between them.

These points are usually on the surface of the Earth, and are often
used to establish land maps and boundaries for ownership or
governmental purposes.

land survey methods produce high quality data, but take a lot of time.
GPS

Satellite positioning technologies, such as the Global Positioning

System (GPS), are rapidly changing the practices of surveying and
navigation.

The GPS relies upon a constellation of Earth-orbiting satellites that

broadcast precisely timed radio signals.

GPS receivers determine positions on the ground by calculating

distance from four or more satellite transmitters In addition to
determining horizontal and vertical positions, GPS can also be used to
measure velocity.
The United States Department of Defense developed GPS as a means
of ensuring the ability of its forces to navigate in time of war. Since the
end of the cold war,

however, the system had been made available for civilian uses as well.
For producing location data of comparable quality.
Global Positioning System (GPS), Operated by the
United States military but open to civilian uses, GPS
provides users with accurate information about their
location and velocity anywhere in the world

The Russian Federation operates the Global Orbiting

Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS),

The European Union (EU) launched the first satellite in

its planned Galileo program, also known as the Global
Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), in December
2005.
 Hand held GPS

GPS satellite in
orbit
Aerial Photography (photogrammetry)

Photogrammetry is the field concerned with producing geographic

data from aerial photographs.

Photogrammetrists use polarized glasses to view three- dimensional

image of the terrain using computerized instrument called stereo
plotters.
Photogrammentrist create high quality raster data as well as vector
data. The image below illustrates a portion of a digital elevation
model-a raster data file consisting of a grid of terrain elevation
values. Digital elevation models have many uses, from slope
calculation to view shed to analysis (determining which parts of an
area are visible or hidden from view from a particular location)
Satellite Image

Remotely sensed data in the form of satellite imageries can be used

to study and monitor
land features,
natural resources and dynamism
aspects of human activities and
towards preparation of thematic maps depicting various
resource status.

In addition, remote sensing technology has made significant

contribution to the management of natural resources, disaster
management and environmental monitoring. As a result, remotely
sensed data are used to generate thematic information, which in turn,
used to populate the GIS data base.
 Available map Data:
Important sources of data for GIS application are an available map.
Maps of various scales, sizes, formats and time periods
representing different features: - like

soils,
geology,
cities and
villages, rivers and water bodies,
contours or elevation, etc—

are available for a large portion of the earth and these maps are
major sources of the GIS data base.
 Statistical data

Censuses and social survey are the primary sources of the

demographic attribute data that federal, state, and local government
agencies rely upon.

Such data are valued by businesses for

site selection,
direct mail, and
trade area analyses, and
by social scientists who seek to understand the
behavior of social system.
Data input Techniques

The data input component converts data from their

existing form in to one that can be used by the GIS.

The data input can be procedures can be straight fore-

ward as a file conversion from one electric format to
another, or it can be complex.
 Data input:
Inputting data in computer readable format.

Geo-referenced data

Electronic files Satellite

Paper map

Air photo
Satellite image
Tables of attribute

Data input: major bottle neck. 5 to 10 times

the software and hardware. Cost
cutting=costly to correct
The data to be entered in a GIS are of two types:

spatial & non-spatial.

The spatial data represents geographic location of features.

The non-spatial attribute data describe descriptive information like

the name of the street, the salinity of a lake, and the composition of
a forest stand.

During data entry, the spatial and non-spatial data has to be

correctly linked (i.e.. the attributes must be logically attached to the
feature they describe).
 Entering

Spatial Non Spatial

Point (control point) Name of control point

Line (street) Name of street
Area(lake) Area (area of a lake)
Must be correctly linked
A/ Keyboard entry
Attribute data=entered by keybord Entering


Entering attribute data with a code to indicate

the spatial element they exhibit. Separately
entered data later dumped in GIS

Subsequently link attribute with spatial data


Attribute-keyboard
Spatial-computed
internally
 B/ coordinate geometry ( COGO)
•To enter land record information: high level of precision is
obtained by entering the actual ground survey measurements.
•To enter the land cadastre exactly.
According to Aronof (1991),

for a city with 100000 parcels, it would cost on the order of 1.50$
per parcel or 150000$ to digitize the city manually.

COGO procedures are commonly 6 times and can be 20 times

more expensive than manual digitizing.

Planners mostly accept the lower accuracy provided with manual

digitizing while surveyors and engineers want the higher accuracy
of COGO.
C/ Manual digitizing: Digitizing tablet
In this case, the map is affixed to the digitizing tablet, a pointing devise
is used to trace the map features.

Use digitizing tablet & mouse with a cursor to trace points, lines and
polygons needed for particular data set.

It can be as large as 1-1.5m or more. It encodes the position of pointing

devise with a fraction of a MM.

The drawback is it is tedious and operators fatigue may degrade the

quality of the data.
D/ Scanning
Solutions to the drawback of manual digitizing.
Convert analogue/paper
Optical laser/electronic source document to
devise digital raster

Additional Raster to vector conversion

is required to attach attribute:
Then each spatial element is
Tagged and identified

Works best with map that is clean and that do not

contain any extraneous information
Digitizing from scanned
E/ GPS (Fully functional satellite navigation system)

Used for spatial decision

Updating
Uses satellite that transmit
Map making
signal
Land surveying
& then encoded by specially
altitude
designed receiver

GPS has three components:

the space component,
control component,
and user
 Hand held GPS

GPS satellite in
orbit
 F/ Remote sensing
Collecting data about the surface of the earth usually
using aircraft or space sensor

Data from orbiting satellite are subject to

simplification, reduction before integrating with the
GIS
It is the science of acquiring, processing and
interpreting images that record the interaction b/n
electromagnetic energy and matter. Result=image data
 Topographic & satellite imagery

satell
ite

Topo
Attributes in a
Database ID Name Population

Attribute data are A White 1250

stored logically in B Blue 3245

flat files. C Green 2111

i.e., matrix of
D Yellow 5435

numbers and values

stored in rows and A
columns, like a D
spreadsheet. C B
ArcCatalog
ArcCatalog has advanced capabilities
for
accessing,
managing and
previewing data.
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Metadata

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URBAN EXPANSION AND SUITABILITY ANALYSIS FOR HOUSING
OF ADAMA CITY USING REMOTE SENSING AND GIS TECHNIQUES

Built up area of Adama city, 1965

Built up area of Adama city, 1972
Built up expansion of Adama, 1965-72
Built up area of Adama, 2004
Built up area expansion of Adama, 1972-2004
Road network of Adama, 1972
Road network of Adama city, 2004
Road expansions in length, 1972 - 2004