Reviewer STS Chapter 7 7.
1 Ethical Dimension of Science and
UDHR Universal Declaration of Human Rights Technology
1945 – the members of the Nazi party of Germany
- Is an important document in the history
of human rights were tried for war crimes
- Contains a preamble and 30 articles Nuremberg Trials – one such trial prosecuted
Preamble – states that “recognition of the involved in unethical human experimentation. As
inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable a result of so-called Doctors Trial, the
rights of all members of the human family is the
Nuremberg Code was drafted
foundation of freedom, justice, and peace in the
world” - Contained 10 points which detailed the
First 5 articles of UDHR elements of ethical medical experiments
Article 1 – Right to equality - It is the landmark document in clinical
Article 2 – Freedom from discrimination research ethics
Article 3 – Right to life liberty and personal Clinical research ethics – is one of the
security applications of applied ethics, a branch of ethics
Article 4 – Freedom from slavery or servitude or moral philosophy.
Article 5 – Freedom from torture and degrading Applied ethics – examines specific issues such as
treatment abortion, animal rights and environmental
Article 27 – states that everyone has the right to concerns among others.
participate in the cultural life of the community Science itself cannot dictate what is right or
and to share in scientific advancement and its wrong, ethics serves the purpose of providing a
benefits moral point of view.
- Also called the right to science and 7.1.1 Ethical Decision-Making in Science
culture which is one of the core Framework – scientist follow this in an attempt
economic, social and cultural rights to consider issues, options and arguments that
Scientist and policy-makers – shoulder the may arise in any situation that requires a decision.
burden of upholding the right to science, since Essential elements in making a decision
majority of the general public are consumers and 1. identifying stakeholders.
not science practitioners 2. identifying possible options or course of
action.
3. review arguments for each option.
4. making a rational choice from the
available options, backed with the
strongest set of moral reasons or
principles.
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Moral Principles – provide distinctive guidance 7.1.2 Code of Ethics of Scientist and Engineers
in making ethical decisions Code of Ethics – exist in order to guide scientist
Standard approach in medical ethics and engineers to perform their work in an ethical
1. Autonomy manner.
2. Non-maleficence - Are published documents and they are
3. Beneficence authoritative reminders of the rules and
4. Justice duties that scientist and engineers must
Ethical matrix – is an ethical tool developed to abide in
help in decision-making Purpose of code of ethics
- It was developed by Ben Mepham in the 1. Establish standards of conduct in cases
1990s not dictated by common sense
- The matrix aims to assists no non- 2. Formulate rules to govern a practice or
philosophers in appreciating the value of discipline.
ethical insights to arrive at ethical 3. Provide a framework for resolving
judgements conflicts
3 Principles of Ethical Matrix 4. Manage the expectation of the public in a
1. Well-being – refers to the maximization practice or discipline
of good NAST (National Academy of Science and
2. Autonomy – refers to freedom Technology)
3. Fairness – refers to respect for justice - published the Ethical Principles and
and the law Guidelines for Filipino Scientists
- The ethical matrix suffers the - it aims to guide Filipino Scientist to
disadvantage of not giving weight to the achieve a high-level of professional and
different considerations. ethical behavior
- The ethical matrix allows one to identify
ethically relevant considerations.
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General Principles 7. Development of students and other
1. Ethical scientific practices - All Filipino stakeholders - All Filipino scientists
scientists should abide by the ethical should be committed to educating
principles contained within this students and other stakeholders in
document. In addition, they should be science and to serving as role models of
able to criticize and rectify wrongful proper conduct.
behavior by colleagues. 8. Advocacy for scientific approaches -
2. Ethical Use of Science in Philippines All Filipino scientists should protect the
Society - All Filipino scientists should be freedom of scientific thought and
able to ensure that scientific knowledge expression and should avoid being
is used for the advancement of the nation. influenced by ideological, religious, and
3. Conflict of Interest - All Filipino political views when conducting their
scientists should refrain from making work.
biased judgements and statements that Article 1 in Code of Ethics for the Chemistry
may favor self-interest. Practitioners – states that chemistry
4. Intellectual Honesty - All Filipino professionals have an obligation to the society.
scientist should properly acknowledge Section 3 of the General Principles – chemists
the work of other scientists when using are required to abide by rules and regulation
their findings and results in making protecting the environment.
reports or publishing studies.
5. Weighing the benefits of science vis-à- 7.2 Social Dimension of Science and
vis potential harm - All Filipino Technology: The Device Paradigm
scientists should strive to minimize Technology - refers to the techniques and
potential harms of science to the society processes used to achieve a certain purpose; being
considered as object, knowledge & activity.
and the environment.
6. Commitment to professional Intention – the commitment to a goal
development as scientist – All Filipino
scientist should strive to improve
competency by undertaking further
studies and being open to constructive
criticism
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Albert Borgmann – stated that there are 3 family and friends together, encouraging healthy
essential types of approach to technology social interactions.
1. Substantive view – considers technology 7.3 Robotic: An Example of Contemporary
as a force of its own Issue in Science and Technology
2. Instrumentalist View – considers
Ray Kurzweil – his work The Singularity is Near:
technology as a mere instrument to
When Humans Transcend Human Biology, he
achieve social values that are
identifies technologies capable of driving the
independent of technology themselves
society to singularity.
3. Pluralist view – considers the dynamic
interactions between technology and Singularity – is the point wherein the intelligence
social values as a complex web of machines converge with that of humans.
According to Borgmann, the promise of 3 technologies
technology – is to bring the forces of nature and
culture under control, to liberate us from misery 1. Genetics
and toil and to enrich our lives. 2. Nanotechnology
3. Robotics
Device Paradigm – this is to remove ambiguity;
they are distinguished from devices Bill Joy – co-founder of Sun Microsystems has
warned about how GNR threaten to make human
Borgmann Devices – used woodstove & an endangered species.
television in explaining the device paradigm.
7.3.1 Background on Robotics
Devices become readily available because they
operate in an instantaneous, ubiquitous, safe Robotics – refer to the use and development of
and easy way. robots
Woodstove - it does not only provide warmth but Robots – programmable machines that are
also physical and social engagement; the family capable of motion and interaction with their
gathers in front of the stove after performing the surroundings
chores required for building the fire. In addition, Artificial Intelligence (AI) – is a field of study
there is increased interaction between family that seeks to develop intelligent computational
members when they do the chores together. The systems
central heating system, becomes a device because
although it provides warmth, it removes the Rossum’s Universal Robots – a play by Karel
physical and social engagement. Capek, depicting the creation of machines that
serve as humanoid slaves
Television - Borgmann considered this as a
window on the world – making all goods of the Robota – Czech word which means forced labor
Earth available to people in the comfort of their
living rooms; they are simply rectangular
machines with screens capable of displaying
moving and colored pictures that are transmitted
from faraway places. Without social context, they
are devices, they are just present in the living
room; with social context, it can serve to gather
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Robots – classified by the International Isaac Asimov – a science fiction writer
Federation of Robotics as either service or formulated the 3 laws of robotics in 1940
industrial robots
1. A robot may not injure a human being or
Service Robot - find domestic and field through inaction, allow a human being to
applications; perform task for humans or come to harm
equipment excluding industrial automation 2. A robot must obey orders given to it by
applications human beings except where such orders
would conflict with the first law
Industrial Robot – are strictly used in industrial
3. A robot must protect its own existence as
settings; automatically controlled,
long as such protection does not conflict
reprogrammable, multipurpose manipulators
with the 1st and 2nd law.
programmable in three or more axes.
Zeroth Law of Robotics – states that a robot
Unimate – the first programmable robot to be
should not bring harm to humanity through action
employed in a factory developed by George
or inaction
Devol in 1954
Telesurgery - wherein the surgeon and the
Unimation Inc. – further developed Unimate
patient are separated by long mistakes
Joseph Engelberger – founded Unimation Inc in
Robotic Liability Matrix - assigns weights to the
1956; “Father of Robotics”
liabilities that are to be shouldered by the
Autonomy – certain degree of robots ranging involved parties.; since liability is shared, no
from partial to full autonomy single party is indicated, leading to fairer
judgment of the case.
Partial Autonomous Robots – require human
input Social robots – robots capable of interacting with
humans in a human-like fashion
Fully Autonomous Robots – usually equipped
with artificial intelligence; capable of interacting ASIMO – Advanced Step in Innovative Mobility
with their surrounding and working for long times by Honda; is a bi-pedal robot capable of
without human intervention integrating to a domestic environments such as in
home and offices
7.3.2 Roboethics and Ethical Issues in
Advanced Robotics Sophia – by Hanson robotics; is a human-like
robot that is being developed as a AI equipped
Roboethics – it rose through the existence of such service and entertainment robot ; the creator of
robots and their imminent integration to the Sophia envision a future where in human-AI
society; aims to develop scientific, cultural and collaboration leads to symbiosis
technical tools that will encourage the beneficial
use of robotics for the society and prevent its Saudi Arabian Citizenship – award granted to
misuse against humanity. Sophia in Saudi Arabia and the first robot given
such
Gianmarco Veruggio – coined the term
roboethics
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