LOOM
Loom is a very necessary part for weaving. Loom is a machine or device which is used for
producing woven fabric. Loom are driven by two ways. These are manual system and
automatic system.
Types of Loom Motions:
The conversion of warp sheet into fabric by interlacing with weft yarn requires the basic
operations to be carried out on loom in a specific order. It involves the primary motions,
secondary motions and the stop motions.

Loom has three types of motion:

A. Primary motion
B. Secondary motion
C. Tertiary motion or Stop motion

A.Primary motions of loom

The primary loom motions include the following three operations:
1. Shedding:- The process of making shed is called shedding. It is the process of separating
the warp yarn into two layers to form a tunnel which is called shed, is known as shedding.
2. Picking:- The method of passing the weft threads traversely through warp yarn is called
picking.
3. Beat up:- The process in which yarns are sent to the fell of the cloth is called beat up.
These operations occur in a given sequence and their precise timing in relation to one another
is of extreme importance.

B. Secondary motions of loom

The secondary motions facilitate the weaving of fabric in a continuous way. These include:

1. Let off: This motion provides warp sheet to the weaving area at the required rate and under
constant tension by unwinding it from weaver’s beam

2. Take-up: This motion draws fabric from the weaving area at a uniform rate to produce the
required pick spacing and wind it onto a roller.

C. Auxiliary Motions or Stop motions of loom:

Tertiary motion is not necessary for fabric production. But these motions are used in the
interest of quality and productivity; stopping the
loom immediately in case of some problem. The tertiary motions are:

1. Warp stop motion.

2. Weft stop motion.
3. Reed stop motion.

The warp stop motion will stop the loom in case any warp yarn breaks, avoiding excessive
damage to the warp threads. Similarly, weft stop motion will come into action in the absence
of weft yarn, and stop the loom.
Loom motion controls the fabric production. By using these motion weavers can
produce different types of fabrics.

Shuttle less loom is the modern loom. It is used to produce high

Fashionable fabrics with high production rate. In the modern times, the
Uses of shuttle less ae increased rapidly. Shuttle less loom has specific
Characteristics and applications method. The shuttle less loom has
Different picking method.
Types of shuttle less loom:
• Projectile loom
• Rapier loom
• Jet loom- Water jet loom and Air jet loom
Advantages of shuttle less loom:
▪ Weaving production is high due to high speed of the machine.
▪ It reduces the labour cost due to higher allocation of loom and Productivity.
▪ It facilities defect free cloth during weaving.
▪ Shuttle less loom creates less noise.
▪ Pin-winding process is eliminate in shuttle less loom.
▪ It keeps better fabric value.
▪ Easy maintenance and less work load for workers.
▪ Used to high scale production.
▪ Efficiency of shuttle less is higher than shuttle loom.
▪ Accident percentage is low.
▪ It is easy to market trades.

Disadvantages of shuttle less loom: ▪ the price of shuttle less loom is higher than shuttle loom.
AIR JET LOOMS
In the air jet weaving looms, a jet of air is used to propel the weft yarn through the shed at speeds of
up to 600 ppm. Uniform weft yarns are needed to make fabrics on this loom. In addition, heavier
yarns are suitable for air jet looms as the lighter fabrics are very difficult to control through shed.
However, too heavy yarns also cannot be carried across the loom by air jet. In spite of these
limitations, air jet loom can produce a wide variety of fabrics. Air-jet looms are capable of producing
standard household and apparel fabrics for items such as shirts, denim, sheets, towels, and sports
apparel, as well as industrial products such as printed circuit board cloths. Heavier yarns are more
suitable for air-jet looms than lighter yarns. Air-jet looms are capable of weaving plaids, as well as
dobby and jacquard fabrics.

NOTE: ❖ heavier yarns are more suitable for air-jet looms

Advantages of air jet looms:
1. In case of air jet loom, noise level is lower than rapier loom and missile.
2. Normally, standard width of air jet loom is 190cm.
3. Weft insertion performance is too much here (normally 600pm).
4. It consumes very low power.
Disadvantages of air jet looms:
1. Broken pick or miss pick has occurred due to excess air pressure of main nozzle.
2. In case of air jet loom, pile up and buckle tip of yarn formed due to air resistance.
3. Double pick may occur in air jet loom.
4. Loom of weft yarn along weft direction formed due to variation of air pressure.
WATER JET LOOMS

In it, a pre-measured length of weft yarn is carried across the loom by a jet of water. These looms
are very fast with speeds up to 600 ppm and very low noise. In addition, they don't place much
tension on the filling yarn. As the pick is tension less, very high quality of warp yarns is needed for
efficient operation. Also, only yarns that are not readily absorbent can be used to make fabrics on
water jet looms such as filament yarn of acetate, nylon, polyester, and glass. However, it can
produce very high-quality fabrics having great appearance and feel.

NOTE: ❖These looms are only suitable for the weaving of hydrophobic yarns (synthetic fibers).
Features of Water Jet Loom:
1. In case of water jet loom, weft yarn package weight varies 3.6 to 4.1 kg.
2. Here, treated water is used by pump nozzle.
3. It consumes less power than others.
4. Higher number of weft insertion in water jet loom than air jet loom (normally 600ppm).
Advantages of Water Jet Loom:
1. Water jet loom machine consumes less power than others. `
2. This type of loom is suitable for producing synthetic fabric.
3. Here, production rate is higher.
4. It creates less noise than rapier loom and missile.
Disadvantages of Water Jet Loom:
1. By using hard water, here may form rust on the yarn.
2. It is not perfect for absorbent fibre such as cotton.
RAPIER LOOM
Rapier loom is a shuttle less loom machine. Here, filling yarn is carried through the shed of the warp
yarns into another side of the loom by finger like carriers. This type of looms is competitors to the
missille looms. Rapier loom is classified into two types, where one is long rapier and another one is
single rapier or double rapier. In case of single rapier, it carries the weft yarn across the fabric width
from one of loom to another. One rapier feed the filling yarn half way through the shed of warp yarn
to the arm the other side, which reach in and takes it across the rest of the way.

Features of Rapier Loom:

1. Higher production cost in rapier loom.

2. Rapier loom machine consumes moderate power.

3. This type of loom machine is suitable for weft patterning.

4. Fancy fabric is produced by using rapier loom in weaving sector.

5. Normally, rapier loom has a simple mechanism. 6. In case of rapier loom, standard rapier with
stands at 190 cm.

Advantages of Rapier Loom:

1. Rapier loom is perfect for weft patterning.

2. Rapier loom has a simple mechanism.

3. Fancy fabric is produced here.

4. Higher production cost than others loom machine.

5. Production speed of rapier loom machine varies from 200-260 ppm.

6. This type of loom machine consumes moderate power than others

Disadvantages of Rapier Loom:

1. In case of rapier loom, noise level is higher than jet loom machine.

2. Here, production speed is less than jet loom.