SAE J2990 HYBRID & EV FIRST AND SECOND RESPONDER
RECOMMENDED PRACTICE OVERVIEW
Keith Wilson
Project Manager, Technical Programs
SAE International
Prepared by Todd Mackintosh, Chairman SAE Hybrid and EV First
and Second Responder Task Force
Crash Scenario
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Image Courtesy NFPA 2
EV Split in Half
NBC LA Photo
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Example of an ‘Unplanned Event’ Occurring With an xEV
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Crash Scenario – Tesla Roadster
Unplanned xEV events can be properly managed through:
Knowledge,
Information,
Education, and
Training
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J2990 Hybrid and EV First and Second Responder
Recommended Practice
WHAT IS J2990?
• J2990 is a collection of recommendations
• Addressing gaps for first and second responders when
encountering an electrified vehicle (xEV)
• Focused on passenger vehicles
• Provide common practices for response personnel
• Increase responder safety and confidence with xEVs
• Establishes a foundation from which to build
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J2990 Cross Functional Task Force
Process Used:
Responders Manufacturers
Reviewed spectrum of Government
incidents: impact, fires, Regulations
submersion, etc.
Surveyed existing
Examined current response designs of hybrid
equipment and procedures and electric vehicles
Considered both first and Investigated design
second responders constraints for xEVs
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J2990 TASK FORCE EXPERTS
Diverse and cross-functional input from representatives of:
– Automotive OEM’s (12)
– NFPA/CTIF
First
– EMT’s Responders
– Law Enforcement
– Tow & Recovery Personnel Second
Balanced needs and
– Salvage Yards Responders
desires of all
– Battery Manufacturers participants to
– Government (NHTSA, EPA, National Labs) ensure safety while
keeping vehicles
– Universities marketable and
attractive to
~ 66 Experts and evolving… consumers
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Hybrid and EV Responder Task Force SAE Alignment
Hybrid 1St & 2nd
Ground Vehicle Motor Vehicle
SAE Int’l Technical Responder
Standards Council
Committee Task Force
• Initiated October,
2011
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J2990 xEV Spectrum
xEV Spectrum:
Battery Power J2990/1
Total Vehicle Power
Hydrogen
(WIP)
>60V DC
Fuel
IC Engine Power Cell
Start- eAssist Hybrid Plug-In Extended Battery Fuel Cell
(Mild Hybrid) (HEV)
Stop Hybrid Range EV Electric Electric
Hybrid (PHEV) (EREV) Vehicle Vehicle
(BEV) (FCEV)
• Engine start / • Engine off/on • Complete cycle regen braking • Battery only • Large ESS • Energy from
stop at idle deceleration • Electric launch operation • No on-vehicle stored H2
• Regen braking • Engine cycle optimization • Engine on at charge method. • Fuel Cell runs at
• Electric assist low SOC or high optimum output
power demand • ESS buffers
power load
• SOC drop
during drive
• Charge via
grid power
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xEV Growth
Why J2990?
• Electrified vehicles
(xEVs) are entering the
market
• Battery energy size
increasing with greater
vehicle electrification
• New potential hazards
for responders
– Electrical
– Chemical
– Thermal
Source: US Department of Energy,
http://www.energy.gov/articles/visualizing-electric-vehicle-sales, January 16, 2015
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J2990 Document Overview
Emergency
Response
Guides
Hazard
Communication Vehicle ID
J2990
Next
Steps
High
Tow & Voltage
Inspection Shutdown
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J2990 EMERGENCY
RESPONSE GUIDES
J2990 - Emergency Response Guides
Responsible organization provides a Quick Reference Sheet (QRS)
• One page, front and back, with a quick summary of vital responder information
Artwork of HEV or EV provided
• Includes a top & a side view of vehicle in grey or black
• Includes info such as High Voltage (HV) System shown in orange
• Includes SRS systems locations (including inflator locations, etc)
• Includes ultra high-strength steel locations
• Includes vehicle identification if not compliant with J2990 badging & markers
Provides (2) primary High Voltage (HV) shutdown procedures
Lists any special considerations
• Any special fire extinguishment for battery or magnesium parts
• Any special tow and recovery recommendations
Includes contact information for responsible organization
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XEV IDENTIFICATION
J2990 - xEV Identification
Goals:
To safely identify vehicle from 50’ (15m) distance
Multiple identification points
Three exterior badges
– Right rear location – one standard location for responders
– Side locations – not specific, allows flexibility
– 1” (25mm) height to allow ID from 50’ approach
OR
One exterior badge (rear right) and one interior marker
• Interior marker in driver compartment near ignition or power button
– Responder standard response includes power off vehicle and remove keys
– Height as large as any other markings on panel
– Needs to be visible when the vehicle is off
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J2990 - xEV Identification
Badging or Marker Should Contain:
• ‘Hybrid’, ‘Electric’, or ‘EV’
– combinations of these are allowed (‘HEV’, ‘PHEV’, ‘Plug-in Hybrid’)
• Colors, designs, fonts, or shapes not specified
• Unique identification allowed
– Should pass responders comprehension per SAE J2830 or ISO 9186-
1:2007
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HIGH VOLTAGE SHUTDOWN
J2990 High Voltage Shutdown Team
Important Terms:
Automatic Disconnect: A device in any type of xEV
which opens the primary high voltage circuit or circuits of
the vehicle, and that is activated by automatic means such
as a crash response or the operation of the vehicle ignition
switch.
Manual Disconnect (MD): A device in any type of
electric vehicle which opens the primary high voltage circuit
or circuits of the vehicle, and that is only activated by non-
automatic means.
12V DC/DC Converter: A device to convert
high voltage electricity into 12V power to charge
the 12V battery and to supply conventional vehicle
electrical loads.
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J2990 High Voltage System Disabling
Generic High Voltage System:
Manual Disconnect Automatic Disconnect
Even with both disconnects open, high
voltage generally exists inside the RESS.
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J2990 High Voltage Shutdown Team
High Voltage Shutdown Methods:
Vehicle OEMs should provide a minimum of two methods of initiating the
disconnection the propulsion system from high voltage sources on electrified
vehicles. To comply with this requirement, the following methods of initiating the
disconnection are allowed:
1. Automatic shutdown of the high voltage system
based on the detection of a significant vehicle < 5 seconds
impact.
2. Switching the vehicle’s ignition switch or power < 10 minutes
button to the OFF position.
3. Cut positive/negative 12V battery and the 12V
DC-DC converter cables. < 10 minutes
4. Remove the manual disconnect if certain criteria
are met (not recommended).
< 10 minutes
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J2990 High Voltage Shutdown Team
Manual Disconnect Considerations:
Removing the manual disconnect (MD) should not be one of the primary methods
for first responders to disable the vehicle’s high voltage circuits.
This position is based on the following considerations:
Because there are a variety of MD designs, as well as
MD mounting locations, it is often not time efficient for
first responders to locate and activate the MD.
First responders do not always have the Personal
Protective Equipment (PPE) that may be required to
activate the MD.
The MD may not be accessible because of impact
damage or because vehicle cargo may block access.
The MD is primarily used for vehicle service.
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J2990 High Voltage Shutdown Team
Manual Disconnect Usage:
If the vehicle manufacturer selects to use the MD as a method of high voltage
shutdown, the following MD design considerations should be complied with:
No personal protective equipment required to operate
the MD, but it can be activated via a gloved hand.
Activation should not expose responder to arch flash.
Ten minute or less high voltage shutdown time.
Should be orange in color.
Tools should not be required to access or activate
unless available on the vehicle.
Vehicle should have a label showing steps for
removal or disconnect.
Note: J2990 does list different subsets of the above
requirements for first and second responders.
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2ND RESPONDERS
TOW & INSPECTIONS
J2990 – Tow Recommendations
Recovery
• Wheels and motors may be connected
– Can generate high voltage when wheels moving
– Slow speeds recommended
– Flat bed encouraged when not sure which wheels are
connected to motors
Caution when towing vehicle with suspected high
voltage damage
• Make plans for towing immediately and directly to offsite
location
• Offload and isolate vehicle once at site
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J2990 – Vehicle Isolation & Inspections
Post – Crash Isolation:
• Defines requirements for vehicle isolation until proven vehicle poses no greater
risk
– Open perimeter option (50’)
OR
– Barrier option constructed of earth, steel, concrete but not fully enclosed
Post – Crash Vehicle Inspection:
• 2 inspections recommended: At scene and in isolation
• Inspection largely relies on sense of smell, sound, and sight
– Avoids tools and PPE except in specific circumstances
• Goal is to ensure vehicle poses no greater risk than a traditional vehicle
– If issues are noted, directs inspector to “Battery Depower Assessment”
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J2990 - Inspection Steps
Mechanical Vehicle
Fire Leaks
Damage Diagnostics
TOOLS
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J2990 – Inspection Steps
Fire
Look, Smell, Hear…
• Evidence of Fire or Arcing
• Past or Present
– Flames, Smoke, Residue, Charring
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J2990 – Inspection Steps
Leaks
Look, Hear…
• Evidence of leaks in battery system
• Examples:
– Puddles under vehicle
– Low coolant level
– Bubbling or gurgling sounds
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J2990 – Inspection Steps
Mechanical
Damage
Look…
• Damage to the high voltage system
• Examples:
– Crushed or pinched orange cables
– Battery housing damaged
– Airbag deployment
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J2990 – Inspection Steps
Diagnostics
Only required if previous inspection steps raise
concerns
• Advanced inspection requiring higher skill, training
• Requires interfacing with energy storage system
• High Voltage training & PPE
• OEM specific tools
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J2990 Battery Depower Assessment
Inspection indicates need for a Battery Depower
Assessment
• To be conducted in consultation with OEM or via an
authorized service organization
– OEM to provide procedures and equipment
– OEM determines safe energy level for the battery system
• Battery systems are unique and proprietary to OEMs
• Based on individual incident scenarios and facts obtained through the
assessment
• And based on OEM’s knowledge of battery system and failure modes
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J2990 / 2 Typical xEV Safety Sytems
Information Report:
• Describes general safety systems and practices employed
by OEM’s
• Help assure the general public of the xEV safety
• Explain why these safety systems and practices do help
protect against high voltage contact
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J2990 / 2 Typical xEV Safety Sytems
Topics Covered:
• Electrical Safety
– High Voltage Vs. Low Voltage
– A.C. Vs. D.C.
• Electrical Isolation “All About Circuits” http://www.allaboutcircuits.com.
• Typical xEV High Voltage System Overview
Protection Methods Described:
• Enclosures
• Labels & Identification
• User and Service Instructions
• Automatic Disconnects
• Hazardous Voltage Interlock Loop
• Crash Detection / Automatic
Shutdown
• Manual Shutdown Process
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SAE xEV Responder Task Force
Work In Progress
J2990/1 Expect to Ballot
Early 2015
J2990
Hydrogen Vehicles
Recommended xEV New focus for 2015
Responder Labels • Battery location
• Disconnect
location
J2990 Review
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THANK YOU!
Questions?
todd.mackintosh@gm.com
(586) 859-8411
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