ANAPHY MODULE 1 – REVIEWER EMBRYOLOGY

- the study of structures that emerge from the

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
time of the fertilized egg through the eight
Study of structure and function of the human weeks in utero.
body.
SURFACE ANATOMY
How the body is put together and how it
- also known as "superficial anatomy"
works.
- the study of external features (bony
landmarks)
Anatomy – (the science of structure and - features that can be studied by sight,
relationship among them) without dissecting.

- the scientific discipline that investigates the

SYSTEMIC ANATOMY
structure of the body.
• study of the body by systems.
- study the internal and external structure
and • example: cardiovascular, nervous, skeletal,
muscular
The physical relationships between body
parts.
REGIONAL ANATOMY

- ANA = UP; TOMY = CUTTING UP • study of specific regions of the body.

(GREEKWORD)
• emphasizes the relationship between
- ANATOMY MEANS TO DISSECT, OR
structures
CUT APART AND SEPARATE.
In a particular region,
- two basic approaches are regional and
• head & neck
Systemic anatomy.
• limbs (ul, ll)

• trunk (thorax & back, abdomen, perineum,

SUBDIVISION of anatomy
pelvis)
gross anatomy
- study the large structures of the human
COMPARATIVE ANATOMY
body that can be seen through normal
dissection. • comparison of anatomic structures in both
- known as “macroscopic anatomy”
- example: heart and bone. Gross and microscopic in different animals.

• helps determine evolutionary relationships

MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY between organisms.
- study the small body structures and fine
details that can be only seen with the help of a
microscope. RADIOGRAPHIC ANATOMY
- commonly used in histology and cytology.
• study of tissues or organs based on
visualization from x-ray films.
 TISSUE LEVEL

• similar cells that have a common function.

PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY
• characteristics of cells and surrounding
- the anatomical study of changes in the
structure or appearance of organs or tissues.
- utilizes post-mortem examinations and ORGAN LEVEL
study of biopsy specimens. • composed of two or more tissue types that
together perform one or more common
PHYSIOLOGY functions.
- study how the body and its part work • complex functions become possible.
together.
- concerned with the body functions and life
processes. ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL

• group of organs classified as a unit because

WHAT IS THE RELATIONSHIP Of a common function or set of functions.
BETWEEN ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY? •11 systems.

- each body part has a specific job or work to

ORGANISMAL LEVEL/ ORGANISM
do to make the body work as one unit.
- structure determines what functions can • synchronized, harmonized, coordinated, and
take place.
Functional of all

• highest level of structural organization.

STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION
- the smallest portion to gross apart. • any living thing considered as a whole.

CHEMICAL LEVEL ORGAN SYSTEMS OVERVIEW

- involves atoms that interact and combine
into molecules.
- functions of the molecules related to the INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
structures. - forms the external body covering
- determine the characteristic of all protects deeper tissues from injury
organisms. - synthesizes vitamin d (to protect our skin
from ultraviolet radiation)
CELL LEVEL - site of cutaneous receptors, and sweat

• cells: basic structural and functional units of And oil glands.

Organisms.
SKELETAL SYSTEM
• molecules combine to form organelles.
  Protects and supports body organs  Disposes of debris in the lymphatic
and provides a framework for the stream
muscle used to cause movement  Houses wbcs.
 Blood cells are formed within bones

MUSCULAR SYSTEM IMMUNE SYSTEM

 Allows manipulation of the  A functional system that protects the

environment body via the immune response.
 For locomotion and facial expression
 Maintains posture
 Produces heat
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

 Keeps blood constantly supplied with

NERVOUS SYSTEM
oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
 The fast-acting control system of the  Gaseous exchanges occur through the
body. air sacs of the lungs.

 Responds to internal and external

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
changes by activating appropriate
muscles and glands.  Breaks down food into absorbable
units that enter the blood for
distribution to body cells
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
 Eliminates indigestible foodstuffs such
 Glands secrete hormones that as feces.
regulate processes such as growth,
reproduction, and metabolism by
URINARY SYSTEM
body cells.
 Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from
the body
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
 Regulates water, electrolyte, and acid.
 Blood vessels transport blood which base balance of the blood.
carries oxygen, carbon dioxide,
nutrients, wastes, etc.
 Heart pumps blood

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

 Picks up fluid leaked from blood

vessels and returns it to the blood
THE BASIC LIFE PROCESSES than cell-destroying activities.

> Quantity
ORGANIZATION

- Organisms have a specific relationship to DIFFERENTIATION

each
- Developmental process by which non-
other and interact to perform specific
specialized cells change into specialized
functions.
cells.

METABOLISM
RESPIRATION
- Ability to use energy to perform vital
> Exchange of gases in cells and lungs.
functions.
*External respiration: lungs to RBC
- All chemical reactions within the body cells.
*Internal respiration: RBC to different issues
> Includes breakdown of complex

substances into simple building blocks.

REPRODUCTION

> Formation of new cells or new organisms.

RESPONSIVENESS
> Production of a new individual.
>Ability of an organism to sense changes in

the environment and make adjustments. DIGESTION

> Aka "IRRITABILITY" - Breaking down food into absorbable

pieces for body utilization.

MOVEMENT

> Includes motion of the whole body, EXCRETION

individual organs, single cells, and even > Ability to eliminate excreta/waste material.
tiny organelles inside cells. > Urine, feces, CO2, etc.
> Includes all activities promoted by the

muscular system.

- Muscular and skeletal system

GROWTH

> Increase in size or number of cells.

> Cell-constructing activities should be faster