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Normal Gait

This document discusses normal human gait and locomotion. It provides details on critical gait parameters such as average walking speed, cadence, step length, and stance to swing ratio. The phases of the gait cycle are explained including stance, swing, and comparison of the right and left leg phases. Key factors that influence gait including forward progression, stance stability, and energy conservation are identified. Methods for analyzing gait through kinematics and kinetics are presented. The document concludes with sections on normal sagittal plane gait kinematics, rockers in stance, joint angles and goals in each gait phase, muscle activity, gait determinants, effect of inclines and immobilization on gait, and stairs

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Aastha chandankhede
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215 views40 pages

Normal Gait

This document discusses normal human gait and locomotion. It provides details on critical gait parameters such as average walking speed, cadence, step length, and stance to swing ratio. The phases of the gait cycle are explained including stance, swing, and comparison of the right and left leg phases. Key factors that influence gait including forward progression, stance stability, and energy conservation are identified. Methods for analyzing gait through kinematics and kinetics are presented. The document concludes with sections on normal sagittal plane gait kinematics, rockers in stance, joint angles and goals in each gait phase, muscle activity, gait determinants, effect of inclines and immobilization on gait, and stairs

Uploaded by

Aastha chandankhede
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Normal Gait

Heikki Uustal, MD
Medical Director, Prosthetic/Orthotic Team
JFK-Johnson Rehab Institute
Edison, NJ

1
Critical Gait Parameters

n Average walking speed = 2-3 mph (60-


80m/min)
n Average cadence = 80-110 steps/min
n Average step length = 60 cm
n Stance/swing = 60/40
n Single/double limb support = 80/20
n Running has no double limb support
2
Step or Stride?

3
Phases of the Gait Cycle
Stance Phase – 60%
Swing Phase – 40%

4
Comparison of Right Leg to Left
Leg Phases

5
Three Important Gait
Factors

n Forward Progression
n Stance Stability
n Conservation of Energy

6
Methods of Analyzing Gait
n Kinematics is the method of
observing or measuring the position
of joints and segments through each
phase of gait (visual gait analysis)
n Kinetics is the method of measuring
the Ground Reaction Force at each
joint and then calculating the muscle
activity or soft tissue resistance
present to stabilize the joint
7
Gait Analysis Basic Training

n Assess only one joint at a time


n Look at early stance, late stance,
then swing
n Separate kinetics from kinematics
n KEEP IT SIMPLE!

8
Normal Human Locomotion:
Sagittal Plane Gait
Kinematics
9
10
11
Rockers or Pivot Points in
Stance

12
Initial Contact:
•Double Support

•Hip = Flexed 30*


•Knee = Extended
•Ankle = Neutral
•Goal = Begin Stance

13
Loading Response:
•Double Support

•Hip = Flexed
•Knee = Flexing 5-10*
•Ankle = Plantarflexing to 20*
•Goals = Weight Acceptance,
Shock Absorption, Advance
body over Heel Rocker

14
Mid Stance:
•Single Support

•Hip = Extending
•Knee = Extending but not to 0*
•Ankle = Dorsiflexing
•Goal = Advance body over
stationary foot, ankle rocker

15
Terminal Stance:
•Single Support

•Hip = Extending 15-30*


•Knee = Extend, then Flex
•Ankle =15* DF to Neutral
•Goal = Advance body over
forefoot rocker

16
Pre Swing:
•Double Support

•Hip = Flexing
•Knee = Flexing 30-40*
•Ankle = Plantarflexing 20-30*
•Goal = Prepare for Swing,
transfer load to other limb

17
Initial Swing:
•Single Support

•Hip = Flexing
•Knee = Flexing up to 65*
•Ankle =Dorsiflexing to 0*
•Goal = Clear foot and advance
limb

18
Mid Swing:
•Single Support

•Hip = Flexing to 30*


•Knee = Extending
•Ankle =Dorsiflexing to 0*
•Goal = Advance limb and clear
foot

19
Terminal Swing:
•Single Support

•Hip = Flexed 30*


•Knee = Extending
•Ankle = Neutral
•Goal = Advance limb

20
Initial Contact:
•Double Support

•Hip = Flexed 30*


•Knee = Extended
•Ankle = Neutral
•Goal = Begin Stance

21
Kinetics of Stance Phase

22
Activity of All Major Muscles

23
Activity of All Major Muscles

24
Hip Abductor Activity

25
Determinants of Gait
Stick Figure Model

26
1.Pelvic Rotation
Lengthens Limb at IC and PS

27
2.Pelvic Tilt
Shortens Limb at MS

28
3.Knee Flexion in Stance
Shortens Limb at MS

29
4&5.Foot and Ankle Motion
Lengthens and Shortens Limb

30
Sinusoidal Motion of the COG

31
6.Narrow Base of Support
to Minimize Horizontal Motion

32
Effect of Incline on Energy

33
Effect of Ankle
Immobilization
on Gait

34
Effect of Knee Immobilization

35
Up and Down Stairs

36
Center of
Gravity
Line

37
Base of Support

38
Base of Support

39
Thank You

40

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