Punctuation

Come in let’s eat grandma.

ROKO MAT JANAY DO
2017
Feminism is not really a third world issue.

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Comma ,
Semi colon ;
Colon :
Full stop .
Question mark ?
Exclamation mark !
Apostrophe ‘
Dash/Hyphen –
Quotation marks / inverted commas “sgdsjhgjsgjfgs”
Three dots (…)

COMMA: (pause- small pause)

Sassi , our English teacher , has brown hair.
Sassi has brown hair.

Allama Iqbal, poet of the east, was born in Sialkot.

Series:
My fav animals are dogs, cats, tigers, and lions.
Oxford comma
I like daffodils, roses, jasmines, orchids and sunflowers.

Proper noun:
Ali, sit down.
Ali is drinking tea.

Ali drinks coffee

Ali, do you want a cup of coffee

When we are addressing a person that is when we put a comma

After transition phrases:

however,
Therefore,
For example,
Finally,
At last,

Furthermore,
Anyhow,
Consequently,
Hence, we are coming

After comma the next word’s first letter is NEVER capital except I
and a proper noun.

OMISSION OF VERBS:

SHE GOT A PEN AND HE GOT A PENCIL.

She got a pen and he a pencil.

She got a pen and he, a pencil.

I AM pretty AND SHE IS beautiful

He is pretty and she is beautiful.
I AM pretty and she, beautiful

I ATE AN APPLE AND SHE ATE A BANANA.

I ate an apple and she a banana.

I have black hair and she has brown.

She has a cat and he has a dog.
She has a cat and he a dog.

COORDINATE CONJUCTIONS: (, BEFORE FANBOYS)

FANBOYS
,FOR (KU KAY) BECAUSE-SINCE
,AND lekin - (he called her, and not me) -(but) XXX
,NOR (WHICH IS USED WITH NEITHER)
,BUT
,OR (WHICH IS USED WITH EITHER)
,YET
,SO
 HE FAILED THE EXAM, FOR (KU KAY) HE HAD NOT PREPARED FOR IT.
I did not prepare for exam.
he got head injury, for he was not wearing helmet.

This for can be replaced with “because”

You like red or black colour?

EITHER SHE STOLE MY PHONE, OR HE DID.

,BUT
I was about to come, but it started raining.

Though he is poor, yet honest.

,AND
AHMAD CALLED SANA, AND NOT ME.
I WAS TRYING TO TEACH, AND SHE WAS DISTURBING ME.

DIRECT SPEECH:
HE SAID , “I AM HAPPY.”
REPORTING SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH

He said, “I am happy.”
“I AM HAPPY” , HE SAID.

EXPLANATORY CLASUSES:
SERIES
Explain 1 object/subject
The vessel was oblong, three feet in length, two feet in breadth and
8 inches in depth.

PRINCIPLE CLAUSES/ SUBORDINATE CLAUSES:

Condition applied..
If you work hard you will pass.
Sequences:
1. Subordinate clause (condition apply)
2. principle clause (full sentence)
you MUST put a comma between the two
if you work hard , you will pass.

IF YOU do not WORK HARD, YOU WILL not PASS.

As he is an old man, he walks slow.
if
When
Because
Unless
As
Even if
Provided that
Only if

WHEN SHE WILL GROW UP , SHE WILL GO TO COLLEGE.

Lekin:
YOU WILL PASS IF YOU WORK HARD

He walks slow as he is an old man.

As she is a smart girl she will qualify CSS.

Because he is old he has no teeth.
When I get my salary I shall buy a new phone.
I am rich because my father has money.
Because my father has money I am rich.
He is panicking as he did not prepare for the exam.

DATES:
1. 25th December 1990
 2. December 25, 1990
3. 25 12 1990 XXXXX

SALUTATIONS:
Dear sir,
Dear madam,
Respected sir,

Dear is NOT OFFICIAL at all..

Your’s truly, xxx

Yours truly,
Yours respectfully,

After an interjection(an abrupt remark):

Yes,
No,
Indeed,
Of course,
Definitely,

Mostly sentence starting with these.

SEMI COLON ;
1. LONGER PAUSE.

1. She coloured her hair red ; he coloured his hair blue.

2. As he is intelligent , he won the presidential election.
 DETECT PAUSE, ADD “AND” , IF IT SOUNDS CORRECT, LONGER
PAUSE, LAGAY GA ;

A. IF YOU WORK HARD YOU WILL PASS

B. i like to read he likes to write

As he is a strong man he can lift this

Exercise makes a man healthy proper diet is necessary.

Detect pause
Put “and”
Correct
Longer pause
; use

Small letter after semi colon except I and a proper noun

2. (COHESIVE DEVICES)
; however,
; therefore,
; for example,

He is a good friend; however, he fights with me

sometimes.

No matter ,however, good he is he will never be my

friend. (jitna bhi/jitna marzi)

It was raining ; therefore , I could not come.

The letter after semi colon always small.

Colon:
- The silent expression of “which is/ as follows”
1. To introduce an example
2. To introduce an explanation
3. To introduce a list/series in a sentence

Definition: Ewkfjheufheuihuirhrithrghirtgh
Explanation: Jksdhuhdhjhjdhd
My favourite books are: Bang e dara, Forty rules of
love, Alchemist and The gift.

Items to be bought from market: Apples, juices,

vegetables and coke.

My favourite animals are: Cats, dogs, elephants and

tigers.

4:30 pm
4:00 am

Always first letter capital after colon.

FULL STOP/ Period:

Letter after full stop always capital.

1. My name is sassi I am 30 years old I teach English

She is a girl She is happy She has got a puppy
Degrees:
B.A.
B.Sc.
M.B.B.S.
M.Phil.
Ph.D.
L.L.M.

Letter capital after full stop

Degree kay baad continuation then small (except I and proper noun)

She has done a degree of B.A.

B.A. is what I did in my college. (exception)
She is doing B.A. She goes to college daily.
M.B.B.S.
My degree is M.A.
M.Sc. is her degree.
Ph.D.

TITLES:
Mister Mr. Ali
Miss Ms. Anum
Missus Mrs. Sassi Malik Sher

My name is Mr. Ali.

Mr. Ali is my name.

Doctor Dr. Sassi Malik

Engineers Engr.

Engineer did his work.

Engr. Arsalan did his work.

Only one title at a time.

Etc.
I like animals like dogs, cats, elephants, etc.
Dogs, cats, etc., are my favourite animals.

Etc means (and the rest so and is included within)

e.g.,
i.e.,

Question Mark (?)

sawal
Direct speech
Always within the inverted commas
“What is your height?”

Question mark always stays within the “----”

The teacher asked me what my height was
The teacher said, “What is your height?”
He said, “What are you doing?”

The next letter after ? should always be capital

No full stop

EXCLAMATION Mark: !
Direct speech
Within inverted commas
Show an expression of sorrow, happiness, wonder.
Words:
“Oh!............”
“Alas! My dog has died.”
“Ouch!
“Hurrah! We have won the match.”
“Wow!
“Ah!

The next letter after ! shall be capital

He said, “I am mad at you.”

Direct speech:
He exclaimed, “I am mad at you!”

Indirect form
He exclaimed with wonder that, that house was beautiful .!

Should be within the inverted commas

No full stop after an !

DASH/ hyphen:

SPECIAL WORDS: (compound word)

Mother-in-law
Coca-cola
No-fly-zone
Covid-19
Use of to:
Lhe-Khi
5-9 pm
Mon – Thu
1947-2009

Explain further: (use of colon)

Dash is supposed to be in centre of two line – (X_)

Allama Iqbal- our national poet was also a great philosopher.

Allama Iqbal, poet of the east, was a great philosopher. (equal

importance)

Allama Iqbal( poet of the east) was a great philosopher. (not imp at
all) XX in CSS

Allama Iqbal - poet of the east - was a great philosopher.

(focus middle information most imp one)

Please call my superviser – Ma’m Anum – to get details of precis

lecture.

Allama Iqbal, poet of east, was born in Sialkot.

I love these things - luxury cars, leisurely drive and soft music. (colon)
He lost everything - love, honour and title. (like a colon :)

Hyphen/dash:
N dash (to + compound words)
M dash (3/2 parts of sentence)
From/ between:
JFK was a president from 1961-1963.
JFK was a president from 1961 to 1963

APOSTROPHÉ:

Malik,s  Malik’s
POSESSION (KA/KI/ KAY)
SASSI’S PHONE
AHMAD’S HOUSE
AMNAH’S BOOK
ALI’S KIDS

NAMES THAT END ON S & Z & X

Sassi’s book
Sundus book

SUNDUS’S BOOK

SUNDUS’ BOOK

MOIZ’S KIDS
MOIZ’ KIDS

Alex’s dog
Alex’ dog

Parent  parent’s advice (1)

Parents  parents’s advice  parents’ advice (2)

Teacher’s advice
Teachers’ advice

PLURALS:
MY STUDENT’S REGISTER (1)
My students’s registers. (many)  my students’ registers

My students’s registers (many)

My students’ registers.

Women’s issues have not been addressed

Girl’s issue (one)
Girls’ issues

TWO APOSTROPHÉS NEVER COME TOGETHER

MY FRIEND’S BROTHER’S WIFE GAVE BIRTH TO A DAUGHTER.
THE WIFE OF MY FRIEND’S BROTHER GAVE BIRTH TO A DAUGHTER.

CONTRACTIONS:
THERE IS - there’s
YOU ARE  you’re
I AM  I’m
YOU WILL  you’ll
HE IS  he’s
SHE IS  she’s

IT IS  IT’S
IT IS RAINING
IT’S RANING

This is a dog, its leg is fractured.

THIS IS A DOG IT IS LEG IS FRACTURED.

IT IS CORRECT  IT’S
IT IS XXXX  ITS
Its a table ; its old.

IT’S (IT IS) A TABLE ; IT’S (IT IS) Old.

Its a table and its legs are broken.

ITS (IT IS) A TABLE and ITS (it is) LEGS ARE BROKEN.
It’s a table and its legs are broken

It is  it’s
INVERTED COMMAS: “___” ‘_____’
“ ” AMERICAN
‘ ’ BRITISH

HE SAID = REPORTING PART

“DKHSKDHSKFHSFKH” = REPORTED PART
THERE MUST BE A COMMA BETWEEN REPORTING & REPORTED

He said , “I am happy.”

“I am happy”, he said.

HE SAID, “Do read the book ‘Alchemist’ as it is a good

read.”

He said are you happy I am happy she said.

He said, “Are you happy?” “I am happy.” , she said.

He said, “Are you happy?” “I am happy” , she said.
He said, “Are you happy?” , “I am happy” , she said.

He said, “Are you happy?”

“I am happy”, she said.

“----”  1st letter always capital but small if reported speech comes
first.

He said, “Are you happy?” The girl in the forest was crying all alone.
“I am happy”, she said.

Ellipsis mark (…)

Direct speech and inside inverted commas
The crow said, “The lion did not run away because of your braying, it
ran away because…” The lion turned back and ate the donkey.

Write whole punctuation in ink, mark your punctuation marks with a

marker + capitalize with marker

Hw: 2017 punctuation!

It has been ages and I have not seen her

It’s been ages and I have not seen her

It is/it has  it’s

Have not  haven’t
Did not  didn’t
Had not  hadn’t