CHEMISTRY
INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
2023-24
SETTING OF CEMENT
BY
ZUHA SALMAN
CLASS- XII-Sci
2023-24
CERTIFICATE
THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT ZUHA SALMAN
OF CLASS XII SCI HAS SUCESSFULLY
COMPLETEDTHE RESEARCH ON THE
MENTIONED TOPIC UNDER THE GUIDANCE
OF MR. AJAY MOHAN DAKSH DURING THE
YEAR 2023-24 IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT
OF PRACTICAL EXAMINATION.
SIGNATURE OF EXTERNAL EXAMINER SIGNATURE OF CHEMISTRY TEACHER
INDEX
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
AIM OF THE
EXPERIMENT
INTRODUCTION
THEORY
EFFECT OF QUALITY OF SAND
ON SETTING OF CEMENT
MORTAR
CONSTRUCTION OF
BUILDING USING CEMENT
PORTLAND CEMENT
EFFECT OF TIME ON SETTING
OF CEMENT MORTAR
APPARATUS
REQUIRED
PROCEDURE
OBSERVATION
CONCLUSION
PRECAUTIONS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my
chemistry teacher MR. AJAY MOHAN DAKSH as well as
our school principal MR.PRAVEEN KUMAR
CHATURVEDI who gave the golden opportunity to do this
wonderful project on the topic "SETTING OF CEMENT"
which also helped me in doing a lot of research work and I
came to know about so many new things. I am really
thankful to them.
AIM OF THE
EXPERIMENT
To study the setting of mixture of cement with
sand time and fly ash with respect to time and
strength.
INTRODUCTION
In the most general sense of the word, CEMENT is a
binder, a substance that sets and hardens independently,
and can bind other materials together.
The word "cement" traces to the Romans, who used the
term opus caementicium to describe masonry resembling
modern concrete that was made from crushed rock with
burnt lime as binder. The volcanic ash and a pulverized
brick additive that were added to the burnt lime to obtain a
hydraulic binder were later referred to as cementum,
cimentum, cament and cement.
The most important use of cement is the production of
mortar and concrete.
The bonding of natural or artificial aggregates to
form a strong building materials that is durable n the
face of normal environment effects.
THEORY
EFFECT OF QUALITY OF SAND ON
SETTING OF CEMENT MORTAR
Sand obtained from different sources has different
qualities. For examples, sea sand obtained from sea
contains unwanted salts and retards setting of cement
and is not suitable for making mortar.
On the other hand, Pit sand is obtained from pits
in the soil and the River sand obtained from riverbed is
considered excellent for preparing mortar and concrete.
CONSTRUCTION OF
BUILDING USING CEMENT
Cement used in construction is characterized as
hydraulic or non-hydraulic Hydraulic cement (e.g.
Portland cement) harden because of hydration
chemical reactions that occur independently of the
mixture's water content; they can harden even
underwater or when constantly exposed to wet weather.
The chemical reaction that results when the anhydrous
cement powder is mixed with water produces
hydrates that are not water soluble. Non-hydraulic
cements (e.g. Lime and Gypsum plaster) must be kept
dry in order to retain their strength.
PORTLAND CEMENT
• Cement is made by heating limestone(calcium
carbonate), with small quantities of other
materials (such as clay) to 14500C in a kiln, in a
process known as calcination, whereby a molecule of carbon
dioxide is liberated from the calcium carbonate to form calcium
oxide, or quicklime, which is then blended with the other
materials that have been in the mix. The resulting hard
substance, called 'clinker', is then ground with a small amount
of gypsum in a powder to make ‘Ordinary Portland Cement’,
the most commonly used type of cement (offered referred to as
OPC). Portland cement is a basic ingredient of concrete, mortar
and non specialty grout. The most common use for Portland
cement is in the production of concrete. Concrete is a
composite material consisting of aggregate (gravel and sand),
cement and water.
EFFECT OF TIME ON SETTING
OF CEMENT MORTAR
Time has an important role on strength of developed cement
mortar. When a cement mixture in the ratio of 1:3 with water
is allowed to dry, the strength of solid mass keeps on
increasing with the time given for setting. It acquires a nearly
full strength in 28 days.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
BEAKERS
BEAKERS
WEIGHT BOX MATCH BOX
LIMESTONE
CEMENT FLY ASH
PROCEDURE
1. Prepare mixtures of various compositions as given in
Observation table.
2. Take each of the given mixtures in different beakers
and prepare their pastes by adding minimum
amount of water.
3. Take nine cases of empty match boxes and mark
from 1 to 9.
4. Fill the three cases with the paste of each
composition.
5. Spray water from time to time over the paste, so
that they remain moist all the time.
6. After three days, take out one slab of each
composition and test their strengths.
7. Similarly, take out a set of three slabs after 7 days
after 30 days respectively and test their strengths.
OBSERVATION
S COMPOSITION MINIMUM
NO. OF MIXTURE AND WEIGHT TO
RATIO BREAK THE SLAB
AFTER
3 7 10
DAYS DAYS DAYS
01. CEMENT:RIVER 18g 20g 30g
SAND
(1:3)
02. CEMENT:RIVER 16g 18g 26g
SAND:FLY ASH
(2:9:1)
03. CEMENT:RIVER 10g 15g 20g
SAND:LIME
(1:3:1)
CONCLUSION
THE STRENGTH OF THE SLAB
INCREASES WITH INCREASE IN THE
SETTING TIME ALLOWED.
PRECAUTIONS
Handle the glass wares carefully
Allow the time required to set
Spray only required amount of
water
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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INTERNET
HELP FROM LIBAR/
HELP FROM
TEACHERS
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