v08 $M e" tyf cGtl/If lj1fg

(Astronomy & Geology)

n]vsM /fhdfg rf}w/L

sf]xnk'/–#, ls/gvf]nf, afFs]

For Revision Only

PsfO !$ 9f8 gePsf hgfj/x? (Invertebrates)

/];d ls/f (Silkworm) cEof;sf nflu k|Zgx?

PsfO !% dfgj :gfo' / u|lGy k|0ffnL

(Human Nervous and Glandular System)
dfgj :gfo' / u|lGy k|0ffnL cEof;sf nflu k|Zgx?
1. :gfo' k|0ffnL eg]sf] s] xf] <
2. ;]/]a|dsf b'O{cf]6f sfo{x¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .
3. ;]/]a]ndsf b'O{cf]6f sfo{x¿ s]s] x'g\ <
4. d]8'nf cAnª\u6fsf sfo{x¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .
5. ;]/]a|f]:kfOgn km\n'8 sxfF x'G5 < o;sf] sfo{ s] xf] <
6. ;]/]a|d / ;]/]a]nd lar km/s n]Vg'xf];\ .
7. dl:tisnfO{ ;'/lIft /fVg] ltg txx¿sf] gfd n]Vg'xf];\ .
8. kfodf6/ / P/fSmGjf]O8sf] lardf el/Psf] t/n kbfy{nfO{ s] elgG5 <
9. :j]lR5s rfnnfO{ ;~rfng ug'{ dl:tissf] s'g efusf] sfd xf] <
10. ;'if'Dgf eg]sf] s] xf] < o;sf] d'Vo sfo{ n]Vg'xf];\ .
11. j|m]lgon :gfo' / :kfOgn :gfo' eg]sf s] x'g\ <
12. Go"/f]g eg]sf] s] xf] < Go"/f]g slt k|sf/sf] x'G5 <
13. csfDo lj|mof eg]sf] s] xf] < dflg;df x'g] csfDo lj|mofsf] ltgcf]6f pbfx/0fx¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .
14. Uofª\lnof]g eg]sf] s] xf] < o;sf] Pp6f sfo{ n]Vg'xf];\ .
15. u|GyL eg]sf] s] xf] < u|GyL slt k|sf/sf x'G5g\ <
16. xdf]{g eg]sf] s] xf] < o;sf] Pp6f pbfx/0f lbg'xf];\ .
17. OG8f]j|mfOg u|GyL / PShf]j|mfOg u|GyLlar km/s n]Vg'xf];\ .
18. xdf{]gnfO{ /f;folgs ;Djfbbftf elgG5 lsg <
19. lk6\o'6/L u|GyLnfO{ df:6/ u|GyL elgG5 lsg <
20. Odh]{G;L u|GyL s'g u|GyLnfO{ elgG5 < lsg <
21. ldl>t u|GyLsf] gfdn] s'g u|GyLnfO{ lrlgG5 <
22. lgDg u|GyLx¿n] pTkfbg ug]{ xdf]{gsf] gfd tyf tL xdf{]gx¿n] ug]{ PsPscf]6f sfd n]Vg'xf];\ .
-s_ lk6\o"6/L u|GyL -v_ Pl8«gn u|GyL -u_ yfOGjfO8 u|GyL
-3_ k]lGj|mofh u|GyL -ª_ kf/fyfOGjfO8 u|GyL -r_ uf]gfP8\;
23. yfO/f]S;Lg xdf{]gsf] sdL ePdf s] x'G5 <
24. xdf]{g eg]sf] s] xf] < xdf]{gnfO{ lsg /f;folgs ;+jfbbftf elgG5 <
25. ;]/]a|f]–:kfOgn km\n'8sf] Pp6f sfo{ n]Vg'xf];\ .
26. ;'ifDgfsf b'O{cf]6f k|d'v sfo{ n]Vg'xf];\ . dl:tissf] rf/}lt/ kfOg] t/n kbfy{sf] gfd s] xf] <
27. rfns :gfo' / ;]G;/L :gfo'lar km/s 5'6\ofpg' xf];\ .

© Rajman Chaudhary| Rajman Education Foundation, Kohalpur-3, Kirankhola,Banke 1

 28. lk6\o'6/L u|GyL sxfF x'G5 < o;n] pTkfbg ug]{ b'O{cf]6f xdf]{gx¿sf] gfd n]Vg'xf];\ .
29. d]8'nf cAnª\u]6fsf b'O{cf]6f sfo{x¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .
30. yfO¥jfO8 u|GyL z/L/sf] s'g efudf kfOG5 < o; u|GyLaf6 lg:sg] xdf]{gsf] gfd / sfo{ n]Vg'xf];\ . pSt xdf]{g a9L ePdf
b]lvg] Pp6f nIf0f n]Vg'xf];\ .
31. tkl;nsf cjojx¿sf] sfo{ n]Vg'xf];\ M
i) df]6/ :gfo' ii) d]8'nf cAnª\u]6f iii) lk6\o'6/L u|lGy
32. ld7f] vfg]s'/f b]Vbf jf af:gf cfFpbf d'vdf ¥ofn cfpg'sf] sf/0f s] xf] < of] lj|mof :gfo' k|0ffnLsf] s'g efun] ;~rfng u5{
< dflg;sf] dl:tisdf ePsf] d]8'nf cAnª\u]6fsf] k|d'v sfd s] xf] < n]Vg'xf];\ .
33. Kofª\j|mLofhnfO{ ld>Lt u|GyL elgG5, lsg <
34. ;/]a|f]:kfOgn km\n'8 (Cerebro spinal fluid) sf] Ps sfo{ n]Vg'xf];\ / of] sxfF kfOG5 < n]Vg'xf];\ .
35. ;'if'Dgf sxfF kfOG5 < cfl8«gn u|GyLaf6 lg:sg] cfl8«glng xdf]{gsf] k|d'v sfo{ s] xf] <
36. lk6\o'6/L u|lGynfO{ lsg gfOs] u|GyL elgG5 < Okm/]G6 :gfo'sf] sfd s] xf] <
37. tn pNn]lvt sfo{x¿ dfgj z/L/sf] s'gs'g u|GyLn] ub{5 <
i) /ut / xf8df SoflN;od cfbfgk|bfg lgoGq0f ug'{
ii) cGo u|GyLsf] lgoGq0f ug'{
iii) z/L/nfO{ ljleGg sfdsf nflu tof/L ug'{
38. l/kmn]S; PS;g eg]sf] s] xf] < Pp6f pbfx/0f lbg'xf];\ .
39. dfgj dl:tisdf b]vfOPsf] a, b, c / d efux¿sf] PsPscf]6f sfd
atfpg'xf];\ .

dl:tissf] ;kmf lrq agfO ;]/]a|d ;]/]a]nd / d]8'nf cAnªuf6fsf] gfdf+sg ug'{xf];\ .
51. :gfo' k|0ffnL eg]sf] s] xf] <
52. ;]/]a|dsf b'O{cf]6f sfo{x¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .
53. ;]/]a]ndsf b'O{cf]6f sfo{x¿ s]s] x'g\ <
54. d]8'nf cAnª\u6fsf sfo{x¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .
55. ;]/]a|f]:kfOgn km\n'8 sxfF x'G5 < o;sf] sfo{ s] xf] <
56. ;]/]a|d / ;]/]a]nd lar km/s n]Vg'xf];\ .
57. dl:tisnfO{ ;'/lIft /fVg] ltg txx¿sf] gfd n]Vg'xf];\ .
58. kfodf6/ / P/fSmGjf]O8Eof6/sf] lardf el/Psf] t/n kbfy{nfO{ s] elgG5 <
59. :j]lR5s rfnnfO{ ;~rfng ug'{ dl:tissf] s'g efusf] sfd xf] <
60. ;'if'Dgf eg]sf] s] xf] < o;sf] d'Vo sfo{ n]Vg'xf];\ .
61. j|m]lgon :gfo' / :kfOgn :gfo' eg]sf s] x'g\ <
62. Go"/f]g eg]sf] s] xf] < Go"/f]g slt k|sf/sf] x'G5 <
63. csfDolj|mof eg]sf] s] xf] < dflg;df x'g] csfDo lj|mofsf] ltgcf]6f pbfx/0fx¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .
64. yDalkgn] v'6\6fdf cs:dft\ 3f]Rbf pTkGg x'g] csfDo lj|mofdf pTt]hgfsf] ;~rf/ s;/L x'G5 <
JofVof ug'{xf];\ .
65. Uofª\lnof]g eg]sf] s] xf] < o;sf] Pp6f sfo{ n]Vg'xf];\ .
66. u|GyL eg]sf] s] xf] < u|GyL slt k|sf/sf x'G5g\ <
67. xdf]{g eg]sf] s] xf] < o;sf] Pp6f pbfx/0f lbg'xf];\ .
68. OG8f]j|mfOg u|GyL / PShf]j|mfOg u|GyLlar km/s n]Vg'xf];\ .
69. xdf{]gnfO{ /f;folgs ;Djfb bftf elgG5 lsg <
70. lk6\o'6/L u|GyLnfO{ df:6/ u|GyL elgG5 lsg <
71. Odh]{G;L u|GyL s'g u|GyLnfO{ elgG5 <
72. ldl>t u|GyLsf] gfdn] s'g u|GyLnfO{ lrlgG5 <
73. lgDg u|GyLx¿n] pTkfbg ug]{ xdf]{gsf] gfd tyf tL xdf{]gx¿n] ug]{ PsPscf]6f sfd n]Vg'xf];\ .
-s_ lk6\o"6/L u|GyL -v_ Pl8«gn u|GyL -u_ yfOGjfO8 u|GyL
-3_ k]lGj|mofh u|GyL -ª_ kf/fyfOGjfO8 u|GyL -r_ uf]gfP8\;
74. yfO/f]S;Lg xdf{]gsf] sdL ePdf s] x'G5 <
u|GyL eg]sf] s] xf] < OG8f]j|mfOg / OShf]j|mfOg u|GyLlar b'O{cf]6f km/s b]vfpg'xf];\ .
xdf]{g eg]sf] s] xf] < xdf{]gnfO{ lsg /f;folgs ;+jfbbftf elgG5 <
d]8'nf cAnª\uf6fsf] b'O{cf]6f sfo{x¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .
xdf]{g eg]sf] s] xf] < xdf]{gnfO{ lsg /f;folgs ;+jfbbftf elgG5 <
;'ifDgfsf b'O{cf]6f k|d'v sfo{ n]Vg'xf];\ . dl:tissf] rf/}lt/ kfOg] t/n kbfy{sf] gfd s] xf] <
rfns :gfo' / ;]G;/L :gfo'lar km/s 5'6\ofpg' xf];\ .
lk6\o'6/L u|GyL sxfF x'G5 < o;n] pTkfbg ug]{ b'O{cf]6f xdf]{gx¿sf] gfd n]Vg'xf];\ .
d]8'nf cAnª\u]6fsf b'O{cf]6f sfo{x¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .

© Rajman Chaudhary| Rajman Education Foundation, Kohalpur-3, Kirankhola,Banke 2

 PsfO !^ dfgj z/L/df /St ;~rf/ lj|mof
(Blood Circulation in Human Body)
dfgj z/L/df /St ;~rf/ lj|mof cEof;sf nflu k|Zgx?
xfd|f] /ut s]s] ldn]/ ag]sf] x'G5 < s'g} rf/cf]6f efusf] gfd n]Vg'xf];\ .
/utsf s'g} b'O{ sfo{x¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .
sf/0f n]Vg'xf];\ .
i) lz/faf6 x'g] /St;|fj eGbf wdgLaf6 x'g] /St;|fj vt/gfs x'G5 .
ii) bfofF e]lG6«sneGbf afofF e]lG6«sndf w]/} dfz+k]zL x'G5 .
Pp6f :j:Yo dflg;sf] /Strfk 120/80mmHg 5 eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 < sf/0f n]Vg'xf];\ .
(i) /St cNktf /f]u nfu]sf] dflg; Ps} l5g lxF8\bf klg yfSb5 .
(ii) bfofF cl/sn afofF cl/sneGbf 7"nf] x'G5 .
d'6'sf] w8\sg eg]sf] s] xf] < s'g cj:yfdf d'6'sf] w8\sg a9L x'G5 <
wdgLsf] leQf afSnf] df+zk]zLn] ag]sf] x'G5, lsg <
lsg lz/fsf] eGbf wdgLsf] leQf afSnf] x'G5 < s'g} Pssf] sf/0f pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
dflg;sf] d'6'df kfOg] 6«fOsl:k8 / jfOsl:k8 eNex¿sf] sfd n]Vg'xf];\ .
dfgj d'6'sf] lrq agfO{ o;df kfOg] rf/ cf]6f sf]7fx¿sf] gfds/0f ug'{xf];\ .
kmfOla|gf]lhg, lz/f / :kmfOUof]dfgf]ld6/sf] Ps Ps cf]6f sfo{ n]Vg'xf];\ .
xfd|f] /utdf kfOg] No'sf];fO6\; / Ol/y|f];fO6\;sf] ;ª\Vof ;fdfGoeGbf sd x'g uPdf s] s] k|d'v c;/ b]vf
kb{5g\ <
d'6'sf] w8\sgsf] kl/efiff n]VG'xf];\ . RBC / WBC df x'g] s'g} b'O{cf]6f km/sx¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .
/St rfk eg]sf] s] xf] < o;sf] gfk s'g oGqaf6 lnOG5 <
kNdf]g/L wdgLdf cz'4 /ut x'G5 hals c? ;a} wdgLdf z'4 /ut x'G5, o;sf] sf/0f JofVof ug'{xf];\ .
wdgL / lz/faLr kfOg] tLgcf]6f km/sx¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .
-s_ kNdf]lgs eNe sxfF /xG5 < o;sf] sfo{ s] xf] <
-v_ d'6'df bfofF e]lG6«sneGbf afofF e]lG6«snsf] leQf afSnf] x'G5, lsg <

/ut s]nfO{ elgG5 < /utsf sfo{x¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .

KnfHdf eg]sf] s] xf] < KnfHdfsf] d'Vo sfo{x¿ s]s] x'g\ <
/St sf]ifsf slt k|sf/ x'G5g\ < gfd n]Vg'xf];\ .
/ftf] /St sf]if eg]sf] s] xf] < o;sf] d'Vo sfo{x¿ s]s] x'g\ <
;]tf] /St sf]if eg]sf] s] xf] < o;sf] d'Vo sfo{x¿ s] s] x'g\ <
Kn]6n]6\; s]nfO{ elgG5 < o;sf] sfd s] xf] <
kmfOla|gf]h]g eg]sf] s] xf] <
RBC, WBC / Platelates aGg] 7fpFx¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .
RBC / WBC df kfOg] km/sx¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .
Leukemia eg]sf] s] xf] <
/St cNktf eg]sf] s] xf] <
d'6'sf] ;kmf lrq agfO lgDg efusf] gfdfª\sg ug'{xf];\ .
afFof cl/sn, bfofF cl/sn, afofF elG6«sn, bfofF e]lG6«sn, dfO6«n eNa
k]l/sfl8{on km\No'8 eg]sf] s] xf] < o;sf] sfo{ n]Vg'xf];\ .
afOsl:k8 eNa eg]sf] s] xf] < o;sf] Pp6f sfo{ n]Vg'xf];\ .
sf/0f lbg'xf];\ M
-s_ afofF cl/sn eGbf bfofF cl/sn 7'nf] x'G5, lsg <
-v_ bfofF e]lG6«sn eGbf afofF e]lG6«sn afSnf] df+zk];L o'St x'G5, lsg <
d'6'sf] w8\sg eg]sf] s] xf] <
km/s n]Vg'xf];\ . M
-s_ dflyNnf] e]gfsfdf / tNnf] e]gfsfdf
© Rajman Chaudhary| Rajman Education Foundation, Kohalpur-3, Kirankhola,Banke 3
-v_ afOsl:k8 eNe / 6«fOsl:k8 eNa
-u_ afofF cl/sn / bfofF cl/sn
-3_ kNdf]g/L eNe / 6«fOs:kL8 eNe
k]l/sfl8{od eg]sf] s] xf] <
d'6'sf] bfofF cl/sn / afofF cl/snsf] sfo{ n]Vg'xf];\ .
d'6'sf] bfofF / afofF e]lG6«snsf] sfd s] xf] <
lz/f / wdgLdf # cf]6f km/s n]Vg'xf];\ .
sf/0f lbg'xf];\ M
-s_ wdgLsf] leqf afSnf] x'G5 o;df eNe x'Fb}g, lsg <
-v_ wdgLx¿ z/L/sf] leqL efudf x'G5g t/ lz/fx¿ ;txL x'G5g\, lsg <
d'6'af6 kmf]S;f]lt/ /ut n}hfg] /St gnLsf] gfd s] xf] < o;n] z'b\w jf cz'b\w s:tf] k|sf/sf] /ut n}hfg] ub{5 .
l;:6lds /St ;~rf/ / kNdf]g/L /St ;~rf/ lar km/s 5'6\ofpg'xf];\ .
Pcf]6f{ / e]g]sfeflar km/s 5'6\ofpg'xf];\ .
x]df]Unf]aLg eg]sf] s] xf] < o;sf] sfo{ n]Vg'xf];\ .
lg/f]uL JolStsf] /Strfk slt x'G5 <
wdgL / s]lzsfx¿df axg] /utsf] j]udf s] km/s x'G5 < n]Vg'xf];\ .
dfgj zl// leq b]lvg] b'O{ y/L /St rfk s'gs'g x'g\ <
No's]ldof eg]sf] s] xf] < /utn] xfd|f] z/L/sf] s'g b'O{ k|sf/n] ;'/Iff ub{5 < n]Vg'xf];\ .
k]l/sfl8{on km\n'8 eg]sf] s] xf] < o;sf] Pp6f sfo{ n]Vg'xf];\ .
dfgj d'6'sf] leqL agf]6 :ki6 x'g] u/L lrq sf]/L o;sf ljleGg efux¿sf] gfdf+sg ug'{xf];\ .
d'6'sf] w8\sg eg]sf] s] xf] <
/utsf ltg k|d'v sfo{x¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .
k|To]ssf] Pp6f sfo{ n]Vg'xf];\ .
No'sf];fO6
/ftf] af]g Dof/f]
kmfOla|gf]lhg
y|f]Daf];fO6\;
x]df]Unf]lag
Kn]6n]6\;
;]/]a|f–] :kfOgn km\n'8

© Rajman Chaudhary| Rajman Education Foundation, Kohalpur-3, Kirankhola,Banke 4

 PsfO !& j|mf]df]hf]d / lnª\u lgwf{/0f
(Chromosome and Sex Determination)

PsfO !* -s_ cd}y'lgs / d}y'lgs k|hgg

(Asexual and Sexual Reproduction)
cd}y'lgs k|hggsf] Ps dxTj n]Vg'xf];\ . df5f / ufO{df s'g k|sf/sf] uef{wfg lj|mof x'G5 <
d}y'lgs k|hgg gx'g] eOlbPsf] eP ;+;f/df w]/} k|sf/sf hLjhGt' x'g] lyPgg\ . k'li6 ug'{xf];\ .
cd}y'lgs k|hggaf6 lng ;lsg] b'O{cf]6f kmfObfx¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .
o'Udsdf j|mf]df]hf]d ;ª\Vof l8KNjfO8 (2n) x'g'sf] sf/0f n]Vg'xf];\ .
pv'nfO{ 6'j|mf6'j|mf sf6]/ /f]lkG5 . of] s'g k|sf/sf] k|hgg xf] < pv'df of] k|lj|mof ckgfpg'sf tLgcf]6f sf/0fx¿
lbg'xf];\ .
d}y'lgs k|hgg / cd}y'lgs k|hggsf aLrdf b'O{cf]6f km/sx¿ n]Vg'xf];\ . d}y'lgs k|hggsf] b'O{cf]6f dxTj
n]Vg'xf];\ . afx\o uef{wfg x'g] Pp6f hGt'sf] gfd n]Vg'xf];\ .
Pp6f la?jfsf] kftdf 6';fx¿ lg:s]] / tL 6';faf6 gofF la?jf ljsf; eP . o;/L k|hgg x'g] Pp6f la?jfsf]
gfd n]Vg'xf];\ . o; k|hgg lj|mof cd}y'lgs xf] eg]/ k'li6 ug'{xf];\ . o; k|sf/sf] k|hggn] ls;fgx¿nfO{ x'g]
Pp6f nfe n]Vg'xf];\ .
lgDglnlvt cª\uaf6 cd}y'lgs k|hgg x'g] Ps Ps la?jfsf] gfd n]Vg'xf];\ M
(i) h/faf6 (ii) sf08af6 (iii) kftaf6
hfOuf]6 / Uofd]6aLr b'O{cf]6f km/sx¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .
cd}y'lgs / d}y'lgs k|hgg lj|mofdf b'O{cf]6f km/s n]Vg'xf];\ .
lgDglnlvt hLj tyf la?jfdf x'g] cd}y'lgs k|hggsf k|sf/ n]Vg'xf];\ .
-s_ 6]kjd{ -v_ KnfHdf]l8od -u_ lo:6
:kf]?n];gsf] kl/efiff n]Vg'xf];\ . cldafdf x'g] afOg/L lkm;g lj|mof lrqåf/f b]vfpg'xf];\ .
Uofd]6 / hfOu6df s'g} b'O{ km/s n]Vg'xf];\ .
æls;fgx¿sf nflu e]lh6]l6e k|f]kfu];g kmfObfhgs 5 .Æ of] egfOnfO{ k'li6 ug]{ s'g} b'O{ sf/0fx¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .
kft, h/f / sf08af6 e]lh6]l6e k|f]kfu];g x'g] la?jfsf] gfd n]Vg'xf];\ .
afx\o / cfGtl/s uef{wfg eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 < kftaf6 k|hgg x'g] la?jfsf] gfd n]Vg'xf];\ .
kft / h/faf6 x'g] cd}y'lgs k|hgg lamofsf] Ps Pscf]6f la?jfx?sf] pbf/x0f lbg'xf];\ .
d}y'lgs k|hgg eg]sf] s] xf] < lo:6, cfn', o'lUngf / Rofpdf s:tf] s:tf] k|sf/sf] cd}y'lgs k|hgg x'G5 <
dfgj :kd{ / hfOuf]6df j|mf]df]hf]dsf] ;ª\Vof slt slt x'G5 < lsg <
gd'gf k|Zgx¿
Uofd]6 eg]sf] s] xf] < b'O{ ljk/Lt Uofd]6x¿sf] ;+of]hgaf6 ag]sf] gofF sf]ifnfO{ s] elgG5 < o; k|sf/sf] k|hgg
lj|mofsf] b'O{ dxTj n]Vg'xf];\ .
cldafdf x'g] k|hgg lj|mof s] xf] < pSt lj|mof lrq;lxt j0f{g ug'{xf];\ .
© Rajman Chaudhary| Rajman Education Foundation, Kohalpur-3, Kirankhola,Banke 5
:jk/fu;]rg / k/k/fu;]rgaLr pbfx/0f lbO{ leGgtf b]vfpg'xf];\ . Eofu'tfdf s:tf] uef{wfg x'G5 < j0f{g
ug'{xf];\ .
afx\o uef{wfg / leqL uef{wfg eg]sf] s] xf] < d}y'lgs k|hggaf6 x'g] s'g} b'O{ kmfObfx¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .
cd}y'lgs k|hgg eg]sf] s] xf] < cfn'nfO{ 6'j|mf sf6]/ /f]Kg'kg]{ sf/0f lbg'xf];\ .
u'nfkmsf] xfFuf sf6]/ /f]Kg' s:tf] lsl;dsf] k|hgg\ xf] <
:kf]?n];g eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 <
lj?jfdf x'g] e]lh6]l6e k|f]kfu];gsf s'g} b'O{cf]6f kmfObfx¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .
6]kjd{n] l/h]g/]zgaf6 k|hgg\ ub{5 eGg'sf] cy{ s] xf] <
Sn]dfO8f]df]g; / kf/fd]l;oddf x'g] lkm;gsf k|sf/x¿ s]s] x'g\ <
e]lh6]l6e k|f]kfu]zg ljlwaf6 ag]sf ;Gtltx¿df u'0f oyfjt /xg'sf] sf/0f s] xf] <
Uofd]6 eg]sf] s] xf] < b'O{ ljk/Lt Uofd]6x¿sf] ldngaf6 ag]sf] gofF sf]ifnfO{ s] elgG5 <
k/fu;]rg / uef{wfglar s'g} b'O{ leGgtf n]Vg'xf];\ .
Eofu'tf / s's'/df x'g] uef{wfg lj|mofdf s] km/s 5 <
hLjx¿sf] j|mlds ljsf;df d}y'lgs k|hggsf] s] e"ldsf x'G5 <
hfOuf]6 s;/L aGb5 <
:6fd]gsf] ltgcf]6f efux¿sf] gfd n]Vg'xf];\ .
PlGhof]:kd{df x'g] uef{wfg lj|mofsf] lrq agfO{ k/fugnL, k/fus0f / cf]Eo"n b]vfpg'xf];\ .

plgpFm c¿ km"n gkm'Ng] lj?jf dWo]df ;a} eGbf ljsl;t lj?jf dflgG5 lsg < s'g} b'O{ sf/0fx¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .
k/fu;]rg / uef{wfg lj|moflar b'O{ leGgtfx¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .
x/dfk|mf]8fO6 hGt' eg]sf] s] xf] < e]lh6]l6e k|f]kfu];gsf b'O{cf]6f kmfObfx¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .
efn] Uofd]6 / kf]yL Uofd]6lar s'g} b'O{cf]6f leGgtfx¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .
xfFuf sf6]/ /f]Kbf gofF lj?jf aG5 eg] of] s'g k|sf/sf] k|hgg xf] < o; k|sf/sf] k|hgg\sf] Pp6f kmfObf n]Vg'xf];\
.
plgpFm c¿ km"n gkm'Ng] lj?jf dWo]df ;a} eGbf ljsl;t lj?jf dflgG5 lsg < s'g} b'O{ sf/0fx¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .
k/fu;]rg / uef{wfg lj|moflar b'O{ leGgtfx¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .

PsfO !* -v_ la?jfdf x'g] s[lqd k|hgg

(Artificial Vegetative Propagation in Plant)

PsfO !( j+zfg'j|md (Heredity)

l8PgP / cf/PgPaLr agf]6sf] cfwf/df b'O{cf]6f leGgtf n]Vg'xf];\ .

Pp6f Pp6f km/s n]Vg'xf];\ M
k|an / n'Kt u'0f
df]gf] xfOla|8 / 8fOxfOla|8 j|m;
d]G8nsf] k|antfsf] lgod n]Vg'xf];\ . sfnf] / v}/f] s's'/aLr k|hgg u/fpFbf klxnf] j+zdf ;a} s's'/x¿ sfnf
b]vf k/] . lsg s'g} klg s's'/x¿ v}/f b]lvPgg\ < cfjZos rf6{ agfO{ :ki6 kfg'{xf];\ .
d]G8nsf] n}ª\lus z'4tfsf] lgod n]Vg'xf];\ . x/]s hLjn] cfkm" h:t} ;Gtfg hGdfpF5, lsg < l7dfxf cUnf] s]/fp
(Tt) / xf]rf] s]/fp (tt) aLrsf] ;+of]uaf6 j+z ! df k|fKt s]/fpx¿nfO{ lhgf]6fOk / km]gf]6fOk;lxt b]vfpg'xf];\ .
© Rajman Chaudhary| Rajman Education Foundation, Kohalpur-3, Kirankhola,Banke 6
l7dfxf s]nfO{ elgG5 < sfnf] d';f / ;]tf] d';faLr j|m; u/fpFbf d]G8nsf] lgodcg';f/ k|fKt x'g] klxnf] / bf];|f]
j+z;Ddsf] glthfsf] rf6{ agfpg'xf];\ .
dgf]xfOla|8 j|m; eg]sf] s] xf] < d]G8nsf] k|of]ucg';f/ k|an u'0f ePsf] cUnf] s]/fp (TT) / xf]rf] s]/fp (tt) aLr
j|m; u/fpFbf klxnf] / bf];|f] k':tfdf x'g] ;Gtfgx¿sf] rf6{ agfpg'xf];\ . rf6{df lkmgf]6fOk / lhgf]6fOk klg
b]vfpg'xf];\ .
sfnf] v/fof] (BB) / ;]tf] v/fof] (bb) sf] aLrdf qm; u/fpFbf d]G8nsf] lgodcg';f/ k|fKt x'g] klxnf] / bf];|f]
j+zsf] rf6{ agfpg'xf];\ / lkmgf]6fOk cg'kft n]Vg'xf];\ . ckl/jt{gsf] kl/efiff n]Vg'xf];\ .
kl/j[lQ eg]sf] s] xf] < d]G8]nsf] k|of]ucg';f/ /ftf] km'n km'Ng] / ;]tf] km"n km'Ng] s]/fpsf aLrdf uef{wfg u/fpFbf
bf];|f] k':tf;Dd s:tf ;Gtfg hlGdG5g\ < rf6{ n]Vg'xf];\ . rf6{df lhgf]6fOk / lkmgf]6fOk klg b]vfpg'xf];\ . -/ftf]
u'0f k|an 5_
d]08nnfO{ lsg j+zhsf lktf elgG5 < /ftf] km'Ng] / ;]tf] km'Ng] s]/fpsf] aLrdf k/fu;]rg ubf{ klxnf] / bf];|f]
j+zdf b]lvg] ;Gtfgsf] lkmgf]6fOlks / lhgf]6fOlks cg'kft lkmlnon rf6{åf/f b]vfpg'xf];\ . sf];]afnL nufPsf]
hUuf dlnnf] x'g'sf] sf/0f s] xf] <
k|an u'0fsf] Pp6f pbfx/0f;lxt kl/efiff n]Vg'xf];\ . ljz'4 sfnf] / ljz'4 ;]tf] lulglkuaLr ;+;u{ eO{ lg:sg]
;GtfgnfO{ lhgf]6fOk / lkmgf]6fOk;lxt n]Vg'xf];\ . bf];|f] j+zdf kfOg] sfnf] / ;]tf] lugLlkux¿sf] lhgf]6fOk /
lkmgf]6fOk cg'kft klg n]Vg'xf];\ .

d]08nsf] :jtGqtf u'0f k|;f/0fsf] lgod n]Vg'xf];\ . d]08nsf] k|of]u cg';f/ /ftf] -k|an_ / ;]tf] -n'Kt_ km"n km'Ng]
s]/fpsf] aLr k/ uef{wfg u/fpFbf klxnf] / bf];|f] k':tfdf s:tf] k|efj /xG5< rf6{ n]Vg'xf];\ . bf];|f] k':tfdf x'g]
lkmgf6fOksf] cg'kft klg n]Vg'xf];\ .
l7dfxf s;/L pTkfbg ul/G5 < pbfx/0f;lxt n]Vg'xf];\ .
;Gtfgx¿sf] z'4tfsf] lgod pbfx/0f;lxt JofVof ug'{xf];\ .
ha cUnf] / /ftf] km"n km'Ng] s]/fp / xf]rf] / ;]tf] km"n km'Ng] s]/fpaLr ;+of]u u/fO{ j+z g+= @ k|fKt ubf{ cUnf]
/ftf], cUnf] ;]tf], xf]rf] /ftf] / xf]rf] ;]tf] km'Ng] s]/fpx¿ s'g cg'kftdf kfpg ;lsG5 < rf6{;lxt b]vfpg'xf];\ .
s]/fpnfO{ g} d]08nn] cfkm\gf] k|of]usf] nflu 5fGg'sf] b'O{cf]6f sf/0fx¿ n]Vg'xf];\ . :ynLo kl/l:yltsf hLjlk08sf]
lk/fld8 / hnLo kfl/l:ylts k4ltsf] hLjlk08sf] lk/fld8 lrq agfpg'xf];\ .
d]G8nsf] k|of]udf klxnf] j+zdf Psy/L u'0fdfq b]vf kg'{sf] sf/0f JofVof ug'{xf];\ . klxnf] j+zdf xfOla|8 aLrdf
qm; u/fpFbf klxnf] j+zdf gb]lvPsf] u'0f bf];|f] j+zdf s;/L b]vfk5{ < sf];] afnLn] df6f]sf] pj{/fzlQm klg
a9fpF5, o; egfOnfO{ JofVof ug'{xf];\ .
d]G8nn] cfkm\gf] k|of]usf nflu s]/fp rog ug'{sf] sf/0f n]Vg'xf];\ . Pp6f sfnf] s's'/ / csf]{ v}/f] s's'/sf]
;dfudg x'G5 / klxnf] j+zdf ;a} ;Gtfgx¿ sfnf hGd]5g\, lsg v}/f] /ª\usf] s's'/ b]vf kb}{g, rf6{;lxt :ki6
kfg'{xf];\ .
/ftf] km"n km'Ng] s]/fp (XX) / ;]tf] km"n km'Ng] s]/fp (yy) sf] aLrdf k/k/fu;]rg ubf{ klxnf] / bf];|f] j+zdf
s:tf] glthf k|fKt x'G5 < rf6{ sf]/]/ b]vfpg'xf];\ . lhgf]6fOk / lkmgf]6fOksf] cg'kft n]Vg'xf];\ .
k|an u'0f eg]sf] s] xf] < /ftf] km"n km'Ng] cUnf] s]/fpsf] la?jf / ;]tf] km"n km'Ng] xf]rf] s]/fpsf] la?jfaLr klxn]
k/k/fu;]rg / kl5 :jk/fu;]rg ubf{ d]08nn] k|fKt u/]sf] glthfsf] cfwf/df bf];|f] j+z;Ddsf] rf6{ tof/
ug'{xf];\ . bf];|f] j+zdf x'g] lkmgf]6fOlks cg'kft klg n]Vg'xf];\ .

j+zf0f' / j+zf0f'j|md eg]sf s] x'g\ <

kl/j[lTtsf] kl/efiff lbg'xf];\ .
d]08nn] cfkm\gf] k|of]udf s'g ;hLjsf] k|of]u u/]sf lyP <
d]08nn] cfkm\gf] k|of]usf] nflu s]/fp g} 5fGg'sf] s'g} b'O{cf]6f sf/0fx¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .
k|an / n'Kt u'0fnfO{ pbfx/0f ;lxt :ki6 kfg'{xf];\ .
lkmgf]6fOk / lhgf]6fOksf] kl/efiff lbg'xf];\ .
l7dfxf (Hybrid) eg]sf] s] xf] <
;x j+zf0f'sf] pbfx/0f ;lxt kl/efiff lbg'xf];\ .
df]gf]xfOlj|8 j|m; eg]sf] s] xf] <
8fOxfOlj|8 j|m; eg]sf] s] xf] <
d]08nsf] k|antfsf] lgod eg]sf] s] xf] <
d]08nsf] k|of]u af/] 5f]6s/Ldf n]Vg'xf];\ .
© Rajman Chaudhary| Rajman Education Foundation, Kohalpur-3, Kirankhola,Banke 7
d]08nsf] k[ysLs/0fsf] lgod n]Vg'xf];\ .
d]08nsf] :jtGq u'0f k|;f/0fsf] lgod n]Vg'xf];\ .
Go'lSns cDnsf b'O{cf]6f lsl;dx¿ s]s] x'g\ <
cf/ Pg P / l8 Pg P sf] lar s'g} @ cf]6f km/s n]Vg'xf];\ .

j+zf0f' eg]sf] s] xf] < sfnf] / v}/f] s's'/x¿df ;dfud eO{ hGd]sf ;a} 5fp/fx¿ sfnf] g} ePsf]
kfOof] . o;sf] sf/0f s]s] xf]nf < pSt k|hggnfO{ cfjZos rf6{af6 klg b]vfpg'xf];\ .
k|an u'0f / n'Kt u'0fdf s'g} b'O{cf]6f km/sx¿ n]Vg'xf];\ . d]08nn] cfkm\gf] k|of]usf] nflu
s]/fp g} 5fGg'sf b'O{cf]6f sf/0fx¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .
olb z'b\w uf]nf kx]nf] lap x'g] s]/fp (RRYY) / z'b\w rfpl/Psf] xl/of ] aLp x'g] s]/fp lar
k|hgg u/fOPsf] 5 eg] –
klxnf] j+zdf s:tf s]/fpsf af]6x¿ b]lvG5g\ <
bf];|f] j+zsf] ;Gtfgx¿ aGg] k|lj|mofnfO{ r]s/ jf]8{af6 b]vfpg'xf];\ .
nfdf] kv]6f ePsf 8«f];f]lkmnf (LL) / 5f]6f] kv]6f ePsf 8«f];f]lkmnf (ll) lar k/k|hgg\ x'Fbf klxnf] / bf];|f]
j+zx¿df s] s:tf 8«f];f]lkmnf b]lvG5g\ rf6{af6 b]vfpg'xf];\ / ;fy} bf];|f] j+zsf] lkmgf]6fOlks / lhgf]6fOlks
cg'kft n]Vg'xf];\ .
sfnf] (BB) / ;]tf] (bb) v/fof] lar j|ml;ª\u x'Fbf klxnf] j+zdf Pp6f klg v/fof] ;]tf] gx'g'sf]
sf/0f s]s] x'g ;S5 <

pTkl/jt{g eg]sf] s] xf] < lbOPsf] lrqsf] cfwf/df lgDg k|Zgx¿sf] pTt/ lbg'xf];\ .

of] s'g j+zsf] rf6{ lbOPsf] 5 < o;sf] ;Gtfgx¿sf] lkmgf]6fOk n]Vg'xf];\ .
o; lrqn] d]08nsf] s'g lgod b]vfpF5 < To; lgodnfO{ n]Vg'xf];\ .
ls;fgx¿n] ldl>t v]tL k|0ffnLnfO{ a9fjf lbg' k5 { . lsg <
-v_= l7dfxf (Hybrid) eg]sf] s] xf] < sfnf] v/fof] (BB) / ;]tf] v/fof] (bb) lar k/k|hgg x'Fbf bf];|f]
j+z;Dd aGg] ;Gtfgx¿nfO{ rf6{af6 b]vfpg'xf];\ .
;xj+zf0f' (Allele) eg]sf] s] xf] < sfnf] s's'/x¿af6 v}/f] 5fp/f hGdg] s'g} Pp6f sf/0f s] x'g;S5 < cfkm\gf]
pTt/sf] k'li6df rf6{ klg lbg'xf];\ .
df]gf]xfOla|8 j|m; eg]sf] s] xf] < d]08nn] cfkm\gf] k|of]usf] nflu s]/fp g} 5fGg'sf s'g} ltgcf]6f s/0fx¿ n]Vg'xf];\
.
d]08nsf] n}ª\lus z'b\wtfsf] lgod (Law of purity of gamete) eg]sf] s] xf] < rf6{ klg lbP/
:ki6 kfg'{xf];\ . lkmgf]6fOk / lhgf]6fOkdf Pp6f km/s n]Vg'xf];\ .
lbPsf] lrqsf] cfwf/df lgDg k|Zgx¿sf] pTt/ lbg'xf];\ .

o;n] s'g j+zsf ;Gtfgx¿ b]vfpF5 < o;sf] lkmgf]6fOlks cg'kft n]Vg'xf]; .
o;n] d]08nsf] l;b\wfGtsf] s'g lgodnfO{ b]vfpF5 <

PsfO @) jftfj/0fLo k|b"if0f / Joj:yfkg

(Environmental Pollution and Management)
u|Lg xfp; eg]sf] s] xf] <
© Rajman Chaudhary| Rajman Education Foundation, Kohalpur-3, Kirankhola,Banke 8
xl/t u[x Uof; (green house gas) sf s'g} b'O{cf]6f pbfx/0fx¿ lbg'xf];\ .
xl/t u[x k|efj (green house effect) eg]sf] s] xf] <
k[YjLsf] s'g efun] u|Lg xfp;sf] sfFr jf Knfli6ssf] h:t} sfd ub{5 <
:df]u (smog) eg]sf] s] xf] <
cf]hf]g txnfO{ kftnf] agfpg] s'g} b'O{cf]6f /;fogx¿sf gfd lbg'xf];\ .
cf]hf]g tx kftlnFbf b]lvg] s'g} b'O{cf]6f xfgLsf/s c;/x¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .
cf}b\of]lus Uof;sf s'g} b'O{cf]6f xfgLsf/s c;/x¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .
cf]hf]g eg]sf] s] xf] < o;sf] c0f';"q klg n]Vg'xf];\ .

© Rajman Chaudhary| Rajman Education Foundation, Kohalpur-3, Kirankhola,Banke 9