UNIT 1

Vocabulary:
 Friendly and outgoing: amigable y extrovertido
 Strong and independent: fuerte e independiente
 Laid-back and relaxed: relajado
 Kind and generous: amable y generoso
 Honest and sincere: honesto y sincero
 Shy and reserved: timido y reservado.
 Wild and crazy: salvaje y loco
 Calm and cool: tranquilo y fresco
 Neat and tidy: limpio y organizado
Verbs followed by gerunds.
Use the gerund form after these verbs.
I enjoy going to parties where I don't know everyone.
I avoid expressing my feelings and ideas in public.
I don't mind giving up my time to help other people.
Use the gerund or infinitive form after these verbs.
I can't stand being / to be in a messy room. (no puedo soportar)
I love taking / to take my friends to cool new clubs.
I hate getting up / to get up for early morning classes.
Use the gerund form after these expressions containing prepositions.
I insist on making my own decisions.
I always feel like going dancing!
I'm into going out to new foreign restaurants.
Noun clauses after be
A noun clause is a part of a sentence with a subject and a predicate that
functions as a noun. That is optional in noun clauses after be. Also notice the
prepositions followed by gerunds in the first part of the sentences.
The only trouble with being a two-income family is (that) we don't spend as
much time together.
The big advantage of having Grandma at home is (that) she can babysit more
often.
Vocabulary:
 Aunt: tía
 Brother: hermano
 Daughter: hija
 Father: papá
 Mother: mamá
 Nephew: sobrino
 Niece: sobrina
 Sister: hermana
 Son: hijo
 Uncle: tío

great-
grand-
great.grand-
-in-law
UNIT 2
Past modals and phrasal modals of obligation
Should have, was supposed to, had to, and needed to all describe
obligations in the past, although they have slightly different uses.
I should have stayed home and studied. (debi haberme)
I was supposed to be studying this weekend. (se suponia que)
I had to wear a uniform. (tuve que)
I didn't have to go with my friends, but I did.(no tenia que)
I thought I needed to have more clothes. (necesitaba)
Vocabulary:
 Aggravate: agravar
 Avoid: evitar
 Cause: causa
 Deal with: lidiar o tratar
 Identify: identificar
 Ignore: ignorar
 Run into: encontrarse con
 Solve: resolver
  A problem: un problema
Modals with multiple uses
To express degrees of certainty, use must (not)(debe: obligación), can't,
(poder: habilidad) could (not)(poder en pasado), might (not}(podría:
posibilidad) or may (not)(puedo:permiso).
I'm certain Banksy must have wanted to win that Oscar.
People thought he could have been trying to get publicity for the movie.
That website hoax might have been planned by Banksy himself.
To express obligation, advice, or opinions, use should (not). Do not use must
(not) have for obligations, advice, or opinions about the past.
Banksy shouldn't have painted on other people's property. (obligation)
He should be more careful. (advice)
The magazine readers shouldn't have expected Banksy to reveal his identity just
because of an article. (opinion)
Also notice how these modals are used in the passive and continuous.
Vocabulary:
 Assume: asumir
 Be certain: estar seguro
 Be positive: ser positivo
 Be sure: estar seguro
 Bet: apuesto que
 Figure: imagino
 Have a hunch: tener una corazonada
 Suppose: suponer
 Doubt: duda
 Guess: suponer
 Know for a fact: saber a ciencia cierta
 Suspect: sospecha
UNIT 3
Defining and non-defining relative clauses
A defining relative clause defines or gives essential information about a
noun.
The Myeong-dong area has dozens of shops that sell the latest fashions.
The spring and fall are the seasons when most people come to visit.
A non-defining relative clause gives optional information about a noun and
cannot begin with the pronoun that. Notice the use of commas.
Most restaurants here stay open until midnight, when many locals are still
enjoying dinner.
Beijing has many popular tourist attractions, which include the Summer Palace
and the Forbidden City.
 Wich: cosa
 Who: persona
 Where: lugar
 When: tiempo
Vocabulary:
 Climate: clima
 Cost of living: costo de vivir
 Crime rate: tasa de criminalidad
 Cuisine: cocina
 Green spaces: espacios verdes
 Hotels: hoteles
 Job market: mercado laboral
 Landmarks: puntos de referencia
 Neighborhoods: barrios
 Nightlife: vida nocturna
 Shopping: compras
 Transportation system: Sistema de transporte
Vocabulary:
 Border town: ciudad fronteriza
 Coastal town: ciudad costera
 College town: ciudad universitaria
 Industrial town: ciudad industrial
 Mountain town: pueblo de montaña
 Port town: ciudad portuaria
 Resort town: ciudad de vacaciones
 Rural town: pueblo rural
 Suburban town: ciudad suburbana
 Tourist town: pueblo turistico
Order of modifiers
When two or more modifiers occur in a sentence, they usually follow this
order.
Quality Size Age Type Noun Descriptive phrase
This exciting large city with bustling streets
A picturesque little resort town with year-round outdoor activities
A run-down old port town that has seen better days
Connecting contrasting ideas
You can use these words and phrases to connect contrasting ideas.
 Despite: a pesar de
 Although: aunque
 However: sin embargo
 On the other hand: por otro lado
 In spite of: a pesar de
 Even though: aunque
 Nevertheless: sin embargo
UNIT 4:
Reduced time clauses
Notice how these clauses show time relationships. If the subject is the same
in both clauses of the sentence, time clauses with (right) before, (right) after,
and while can be reduced.
After I finish / After finishing my workout, I head to the office.
While I take / While taking my lunch break at work, I often sneak a five-minute
nap.
I'm not very approachable right after I wake up / right after waking up!
However, other time clauses cannot usually be reduced.
Ever since I was a kid, I've had trouble getting up early. (desde que)
As soon as I get up in the morning, I race off to the gym. (tan pronto como)
Until I've had my coffee, I'm such a grouch. (hasta)
Whenever you have to work with numbers, plan to do it around noon. (siempre
que)
I've been a night person from the moment I started college. (desde el momento)
Vocabulary:
 Burn out: quemarse
 Calm down:calmarse
 Chill out: relajarse
 Doze off: dormirse
 Perk up: animarse
 Race off: salir corriendo
 Sleep over: dormir mas
 Turn in: entregar:
 Be fast asleep: dormir rapido
 Be sound asleep: estar profundamente dormido
 Be wide awake: estar bien despierto
 Drift off: dejarte llevar
 Feel drowsy: sentirse somnoliento
 Nod off: cabecear
 Have a sleepless night:tener una noche de insomio
 Sleep like a log: dormir como un tronco
 Take a power nap: tomar una siesta
 Toss and turn: tirar y girar
Clauses stating reasons and conditions
Even if introduces a condition that does not influence the main clause.
I sometimes lie awake at night, even if I'm really tired.
Considering that introduces causes and reasons that explain the main
clause.
I'm lucky I can get by on six hours of sleep, considering that most people need
eight.
As long as introduces a condition on which the main clause depends
(siempre y cuando)
I can manage on five hours of sleep, as long as I take a nap during the day.
Unless introduces something that must happen in order to avoid a
consequence (a menos que).
Unless I get a good night's sleep, I can easily fall asleep at school, at work, or
even on the bus.
(Just) in case introduces an undesirable circumstance that needs to be taken
into account.
I always set two alarm clocks {just) in case one of them doesn't go off.
Only if or only ••• if introduces a condition that must be met for the main
clause to be true.
I only wake up early if I have somewhere to be in the morning.
I wake up early only if I have somewhere to be in the morning.
UNIT 5
Infinitive and gerund phrases
It+ be+ adjective/noun + infinitive phrase is often used to comment on
behavior. These sentences can also be restated with gerund phrases.
It's rude to ignore your conversation partner. Ignoring your conversation partner
is rude.
It's a good idea to try out different topics. Trying out different topics is a good
idea.
The word considered may also follow be in this kind of sentence.
It's considered impolite to interrupt people. Interrupting people is considered
Impolite.
These sentences can also include the phrase for+ person/pronoun.
It's customary for the complimenter to say. nice things about others. Saying
nice things about others is customary. for the complimenter.
Reported speech
Statements
"It's a big secret."
"I'm getting a terrible grade."
"They got engaged."
"We weren't talking about you."
"She's been absent since Tuesday."
"We had never been there before."
"I'll meet you at the cafe."
Questions
"Did you know about the layoffs?"
"What are you saying?"
Commands
"Don't say anything!"
General truths
"The sun rises in the east."
Reported statements
He said (that) it was a big secret.
He said (that) he was getting a terrible grade.
He said (that) they had gotten engaged.
They claimed (that) they hadn't been talking about me.
He said (that) she had been absent since Tuesday.
She said (that) they had never been there before.
He said (that) he would meet me at the cafe.
Reported questions
I asked him if he had known about the layoffs:
I asked them what they were saying.
Reported commands
He warned his friend not to say anything.
Reported general truths
She said (that) the sun rises in the east. (No change in tense.)
Vocabulary:
 He claimed that: el afirmo que
 He asked me to: el me pidio que
 He wanted to know: el queria saber
 He warned me not to: me advirtio que no hiciera. .
 He advised me to: me aconsejo
 He encouraged me to: me animó a
 He wondered: el se preguntó
UNIT 6
Present perfect vs. simple past
Use the present perfect to report a recent event without giving a specific time
reference.
I've locked my keys in the car.
Use the simple past to report an event with a specific time reference.
After a day at the mall, the woman went out to her car.
I started teaching her to paint last year.
Present perfect vs. present perfect continuous
Use the present perfect continuous to describe temporary situations and
actions that are not yet completed. The present perfect describes permanent
situations and recently completed actions.
A dog has been stealing all the attention. (temporary situation)
I've always surfed with my dog. (permanent situation)
Maggie has been amazing visitors by painting for her supper. (not yet completed
action)
I've locked my keys in the car. (recently completed action)
Use the present perfect with the passive or with stative verbs such as be,
love, and have.
He's always loved it.
Vocabulary:
 Famine: hambruna
 Hijacking: secuestro
 Kidnapping: secuestro
 Robbery: robo
Adverbs with the simple past and past perfect
Use these adverbs with the simple past to describe something that happened
at a later time.
 Afterwards: despues
 Later: tarde
 The next day: al dia siguiente
  we all laughed about it.
Use these adverbs with the simple past to describe two things that happened
at the same time.
 When
 As soon as
 The moment I got to work, my boss asked to speak to me.
Use these adverbs with the past perfect to describe something that was true
or that happened before another event in the past.
 Up until then: hasta entonces
 Before that: antes de que
 Until that time: hasta ese momento
 I had never lost anything important.